CA2085752A1 - High efficiency concentrating type pv generator system with possibility of direct ac production - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention consists of a thermophotovoltaic system of concentrating type photovoltaic cells, which presents the following improvements : a) the efficiency of the crystalline photovoltaic cells can be more than doubled by the transformation of the solar radiation spectrum into a narrow band infrared spectrum (852 to 894 nm wavelength) representing the maximum sensitivity of the cells;
b) stabilisation and control of the temperature of the emissive tungsten mantle resulting in maximization of the system efficiency; c) possibility of direct current production with the maximum sensitivity of the photovoltaic cells; d) possibility of alternating current production, with the photovoltaic cells appropriately wired, by rotation of the tungsten mantle with or without cooperation of the control grids; e) possibility of direct conversion of the thermal radiation produced by the combustion of conventional fuels, such as H and O, by the transformation of the thermal energy into a narrow band infrared radiation, and its conversion into direct or alternating current by the thermophotovoltaic system.

Description

WOgVlgOI~ PCT/GR32/~H~2 2 ~ 2 1~igh Effi~iency concen~rat.ing t~pe PV Generator System 2wi~h possibility o~ direct AC production 4The invention refers to systems for the direct conversion of solar enersy into ~lectricity with the use 6 of concentrating type PV cells.
7 Photo~oltaic (PY) cells of sev~ral types are widely 8 used for the direct conversion of solar e~ergy i~to ~irect 9 Cur_ent ~DC)O
From the technology point of view the electricity 11 produced by the PV cells (which when incorporated into 12 compound systems of the conce~trating or ~he ?lanar type 13 will be re~erred to in the following as PV Generators or 14 sLmply as PV) can be produced in desirably high power levels and serve consumer of both DC as well as ~C (by 16 convert-ng DC to ~C with elec~ronic ~C ~o AC i~verters), 17 . it can be stored in hatteries, or as hydraulic energy in 18 storage dams or as chemLcal energy in the form of Hydrogen '9 by electrolysing ~Ja~e~. ~q a source of energy solar e~ergy is clean, abundant and rel~ival~ equally distribu~ed at 21 least in the ~ild clLmate and tropical countri~s. Its ~2 exploi~ation with PV could solve in a great extend the 23 problem of ~he environmental pollution as well.
24 The Sy5tem5 ` of planar PV Generators known ~oday are consisted on the one ha~d of ~he PV Generators, which have 26 alone a cost ~-til7- 5 times higher than the feasibilit~
27 cost level for PV, which amounts to 1500 S/;cWp 2~ approxim2tely, an~ on the other hAnd of the Balance. of the 29 System (~OS) whi_h consists o4 the lec~~onic devices -G_ SUBSTITUTE SHEET

- , -- . ~ , . . .

~VO~2~1901~ PCr/~R92/~2 208~7~2 2 - .
1 the cohtrol and conversion o~ the DC into AC, the 2 supports, the conneciions, the cables etc, which have a 3 cost 1 till 2 times higher tha~ the a~ove mentioned 4 feasibility cost level for the PV Systems, which become so for the present and the near future till at least the year 6 2000 not feasible.
7 Correspondingly the concentrating type Systems of Pv ~ Generators known today consist on the one hand o~ the PV
9 Generators with the correeponding concéntrating and sun-tracking system, which have a cost 2 till 3 tlmes 11 higher than the above feacibility cost level of the PV
12 Systems and on the other ha~d of the Balance of the Svstem 13 (BOS), which is approxLmately the same with this one of 14 the planar PV Generators a~d costs also 1 till 2 times higher th~n the ~easibility cost level ~f PV, thus making 16 and the concentra ing type PV Generator Sys.ems 17 unfeasible, too.
18 The efforts for the construction of simple 19 concentratiny type PV Generators with heating of an intermediate Tungsten Mantle which would consequently 21 reradiate onto suitable PV ce}ls or shi~ting the solar 22 sp~ctrum towards the infraxed and improvemen~ of the 23 relative ef~iciency (without connection to Ceslum Plasma) 24 were not ~ruitful because o~ their inability to stabilize 2~ the operat'on-temperature o~ the Tungsten ~antle during 26 the~:wide variations in the energy density o~ the incident -27 solar radiation. ; .
28 On the other hand the ~xistence only of the 29 conYentional electronic in~erters and the rast electronic :- .. ..

SVBSTITUTE SHEE7 ~ ~

~V092~1gn1~ PCT/~R92/~W~2 ` 2~7~2 l equipment o~ th~ BOS ~or the control and conversion o.~ the ? DC into AC, with a cost o~ itself alone higher than the 3 ~easi~ility cost lev~l of PV (and small hope to drop it 4 drastically with mass produ~tion) discouraged mass S investments by the indu~try for the improvement and 6 commercialisation of the PV, inspite of their decisi~e 7 rest advantages, 8 The same as above fac~ors ( high cost and low 9 afficieQcy) discouraged up to now the use of PV for the direct conversion of the thermal energy radiated during 11 the combustion of several elements into electricitv as it 12 was proposed in several occasions, too.
13 The present invention co~stitutes a practically 1~ applicable (with already existing known materials) and economically feasible way for the soluti~n of ~he above lS problems and making feasible and commer~ially a~tractive 17 the proposed concentrating type PV Generator Systems i.e.:
18 I. ~ith the tra~sformation of thè solar or thermal 19 radiation spectrum into a Radiation Spectrum 1-70 in a narrow band o the i~frared, exactly on the maxLmum 2l of the sensiti~ity curve of ths PV cells, .it results ~2 in more than doubling the e~ficiency af the 23 inc:o:rporat{~d in th~ new system o~ PV Generators, 24 comme:ccially available today, concentra~ing type PV
. .
cells from crystalline Silicor. or InP or GaAs etc.

26 (Possibili~y of Amplification (I)] or System of ~ Amplification (I~) and in this case the cost of the 28 P-~ Generators ( including the cos~ of the 29 co~centrating system without th~ cost of 30S) drops SUB~ITUTE St~E~

~V~9~1901~ ` ` P~T/~92/~W~2 ` 20~57~2 l down around 1000$/kWp (i.e. to 2~3 of the teas billty 2 cost level for PV e~en for moderate annual ~roductlon 3 ~olum~s).
4 I~. A system is fu~ther foreseen for the stabilisation of S the temperature of the Tungsten Mantle (Possibillty 6 of Stabilisation (II)~ or System of Stabilisation 7 tII)~) resulting in the nticipation of a reliable 8 system operation period exceeding the 20 years and at 9 the same t~me in the optimisation of the PV System efficiency.
11 III. It gi~es the possibility to produce Direct Current 12 (Possibility of DC ~III)~) with more than double the 13 efficiency presented by the same PV cells for-the 14 same amount of concentrated Solar Energy 1-51 without transformation of its spectxum from AM1,5 or AM1,0 16 etc into a R?diation of infrared Spectrum l-70 and 17 cost of the PV Generators in the order of 1000$~kWp 18 as above. The C08t of the Balance of the System (BOS) 19 for the production of DC only, includes mainly t~e electrical connections, the electrical switchboards 21 o~ power and electronic~t the cost of land and the ~ 2 . C08~ ite praparation, cost of studies etc., which 23 is anticipated to be in the order o~ 300-4Q0 S/kWp . . . , ~ .
24 . i.e. total cost o~ the System o P~ Generators below .. -. 25. the feasibility cos~ level OL PV eYen for moderate . . .................................. ., . ,.. ;, .-26 ~ annual production-volumes. l .
27 IV. The in~ention permits the direct generation or AC ;::
28 current wi_h a di~ferent use of the components of the ;
29 System in paragraph III above which means that the :
SUBSTITUTF SHE~

~O9~lg~l~ PCT/GR32/~2 5 20 g~7~2 .
1 cost of electronics of _he conventional 30S is 2 practically elLminated and the tot~l cost of the new 3 ~OS f or d.irect productlon of AC with its connections, 4 the switchboard, the cables, studi~s etc drops below S the 500 S/k~p thus re~ulting in making ~easible the 6 cost o~ ~he total new System of concentrating type PV

7 Gen~rators aYld c:ompetitive to the cost of the 8 conventional power production units t l?ossibility of 9 AC (IV) ji).

10 ~rO Also the new System o~ c:oncentratirlg type PV

11 Generators wi~h its high ef~iciency and its feasible 12 cost, permitting at the ~ame time or alterna .i~ely 13 the possibility of direct ~onversion to elect~icity 14 of the thermal radiation too, ~or example from the 1~ combustion of ~ydrogen and Oxyge~, makes feasible the 16 realisation of the Solar ~ydrog2~ Economy in all 17 sections ~Possibility of Ther~al Radiation Conversion 18 to Electricity (V)~, for example the construction 19 sf the first really autonomous and economical e}ectric c~r, which will be moved el~trically by the 21 direct conversion into DC or AC o~ the thermal Z2 radiation from the aombus~ion of Solar Hydxogen and ~3 0 ~ gen (~or example in vacu ~ or under pressure 24 without emi~ion of any poll~tant whatsoever and -2~ which -will be in addition capable,. by us-ing an 26 independent "~ous~hold~ or portable -concentration 27 - system of the solar radiation,to produce itself from 28 the sun, when it doesn't move, the solar Hydrogen and 29 Oxygen which it needs for its annual operation (with SUBSTITUTE SHEET

~0 QVIgOI~ . P(~/~ D02 ~o8~7s2 6 production of electric curren~ and subsequent water electrolysis ), or the construction or really 3 independent solar power st~Ltions in islands etc, 4 which will l~_oduce electrici~y for the grld and will store the excess electricity which will not be 6 absorbed by the grid in the form of ~ydrogen and 7 Oxygen from water electrolysis. Afterwards these same 8 stations will be capable, without other in~estments ~ -9 to conYert ba~ to electric ourrent DC or AC the stored Hydrogen and Oxygen ( by their relative I1 com~us~ion in va~uum or under pressure and without 12 emission of any pollutan~ to the en~ironment), when 13 they need to ~o~er the load during the night or 14 during hours of low intensity of solar radiation etc. . ~:

16 The det~iled analysis of how the above innovative 17 charaoteris~ics and Pos-~ibilities I, II, ~II, IV and v o f 18 the concentrati~g type PV Ge~erators ~ of the present 19 in~ention ar~ succ~eded is gi~en in the following~
For the Possibilities I, II, III and IV it is given 21 - by using as example the desc:xiptlon of the System of 22 concentrating ~ype p~r Generators Al ( ox PV Generator Al 23 or ~imply A1) which ~ollow-~, while the anaLysis of the Z4 Po~lbility V i5 giverl uqing as example ~h~ des ::ription of 25 - the ~amily of Syst~ms of PV Generators ~ in the 26 .- IOllOwi~g, where the lower index j.denotes the basic 27 Family of Systems of P~ Generators, where the said System 28 of PV Generator ~elongs and it is identLcal with the 29 number of the relative Claim as well ~s with the numDer of -,:
SU~3SJ7TUJ SHEE7: ~

. - - : . .. . .- - i - . - - - - - ~ -WO92JlgDl~ PC~/GR92/~W~2 ,.... ~ . ~ ,.... .
2~!8~752 1 the relative Drawiny, while the higher index i denotes th~
7 5ubfamily o~ Syste~s o~ PV Generators Ai within a Familv 3 of Systems o~ PV Generators ~j as abo~e and is usually 4 .identical with the relative lower index j of the System of S PV Genarators of another Claim, whi~h we make ~ember of 6 the said Family of Systems of PV Generators by changing 7 one or more of its co~ponents or characteristics.

`9 1. A System of conce~ratinq type PV~G~nerator AT

11 In the following is gi~en the description of a 12 typical System of concentrating type PV Generator Al with 13 high efficiency and direct production o~ AC curre~t.
14 Such a typical System o~ PV Generator A1 is shown in ~he Drawing No 1 and is co~sisted from the Primary 16 Concentration System of the Solar Radiation 1-51 ~for 17 ex~mple the P~abolic Reflector l-SZ which tracks the sun 18 rotating around two axis, the ~orizo~tal one 1-55 a~d the 19 Vertical one 1-56, supported by the supporting Leg 1-57 which is rooted iQto the Poundation 1-58 and i9 tracking 21 th~ sun by a con~e~onal su~-tracking system with 22 photo-cell~ and microprocessor) and the Secondar~ System 23 o~ ~oncentration o~ the Solar Radiation (i.e. the 24 Secondary Reflecto~ l-1, which consists o~ the incoming window 1 62, the Internal Reflector 1-60~ t~e-External 26 RefIector 1-61j the Outcoming ~intow 1-~3 and the Cooling 27 System 1-~9) which directs the Solar Rays 1-51, which ha~e 28 been first reflected by the ~arabolic Reflector 1-52, into 29 the System 1-54, which incorporates the following SUBSTITUTE SHEET

WO ~1!?011~ P~/GR92/~02 ~o8~7s2 8 1 innovative characteristics and Possibilities i.e.
2 a) the Po~sibility o~ Amplification (I)l of th~
3 er~icien~y with the transformation of the spectrum of the 4 solar or thenmal radiation into a sp~ctrum 1-70, b) t;~e Possibility of Stabilisation (II)l of the temperatur~ of 6 the Tungsten M~ntle 1-5 c) tha Possibility of D.C, 7 (III)l of DC production with more than double the normal 8 conven~io~al efficiency a~d d) the Possibility of A.C.
9 (IV)1 of the dir~ct production of ~C from the PV ~antles l-lOa,b of the System.
11 The detailed description of the above innovative 12 charactexistics a~d Possibilities follows b~low- .
13 . .
14 I. Amplification Pos~ibility (I)1 or ~mplification 15 Syste~ of the efficiency of ~he PV ~ell~ 1-43 .: -17 The Ampli~ication. Possibility (I)1 is a system of 18 amplification of th~ efficiency of the PV c lls 1-43 of 19 the th~rmophotovoltaic conversion, with transformation of the spec~r~m of the incoming concentrated solar (or 21 thermal) radiatio~ from a spectrum AM1,5 or ~M1,0 (or ..
22 spectrum of thermal radiation) into a spectru~ o~ a narrow 23 band o~ the in~rar~d from 852 tiL1 894 ~m. This is 24 succeeded by the uni~orm concentration of the radiation hosted into the Cavity-Light Trap 1-3, Solar 1-51 (or 26 --other) onto a thin ~antle-1-5 made of a material resis~ant 27 to high temperature, for example Tungsten, which is :

28 located in a separate Vacuum Cavity 1-2 and is heated to 2~ an optimised operating temperature for example 1800C, .

SUBSTITIJTI~ SHEET ~:

.

WO 92tl90t~ PCl'/GR92~0~02 4 2~8~7~2 where the evaporation rate of Tungsten is ne~ligible.
2 Inside the s~me Vacuum Cavity 1~2 with Tungsten Mantle l-~3 there exis ts also a small quantity of ce sium ( Cs ), whi~-r.
4 with the heating of the vacuum Ca~ity 1-2 and the Tun~sten S Mantle 1-5 by the c:oncentrated solar radiation 1-51 it 6 evaporat~s and produces Ce sium Vapor 1-6, which must have 7 an atom density of 1 till 8X1021 atoms of Cesium per cubic 8 ~eter of volume, in order to get high e~ficier~cy in the 9 transformation of the solar spectrum. The density can be 10 gi~en by the relation of Cesium vapor pressure to 11 tenlperature, which is:

}3 PCs ~ 2,45x108(Tcs)-l/2 exp~ -8910/Tcs) 14 . --Suc~::essively theref ore ir the Vacuum Ca~ity 1-2 of 16 the PV 5enerator ~1 would be conn~c~ed to a Cesium boiler 17 and the whole system be heated up to 250 till 270C, till 18 the Cesium Vapor 1-6 pr~ssure reaches th~ 5-10-7 Torr and l9 then the Vacuum Ca~ity 1-2 be s@aled, the~ the Cesium V por a~oms density will be in ~he above mentioned lLmits.
21 In the Vacuum Ca~ity 1-2 ant in small digtance ~-o~ ~he 22 Tungsten Mantle 1-5 for ~xample 1 cm ~or a diameter of 23 the Tung~ken Mantl~ 1 5 o~ ~he order of 10 till . 20 cm, 2~ l~ngth of the Mantle 1-5, of the order ~f 20 till 60 cm and po-.er of the PV Generator Al of the order of l till 26 ! 1~ kWp) w~ put a ~olybd~num Grid 1-7-with a-corespondent 27 shape. :
28 Tungsten in 1800C emits a cloud of thermal 29 electrons, which excites . the atoms of Cesium Vapor l-o to .

SUBSTITUl F SHIFET

.. , . ~ . . .. .

WO92/l9DIS 2 O ~ `S 7, 5 2 1 o PCr/GR92/~2 l radiate in their two main spectral lines i.e. at the 852 ~ and 894 nm of wavelength, which correspond to 1,46 anc 3 1,39 eV respe~tively (i.e. an ideal spectrum for coupling 4 with PV cell~ of Crystalline Silicon (Si), Gali~m-Arsenide (GaAs) and Indium Phosphide tInP) with band gap energies 6 1,12r 1!43 and 1,3~ eV respectively).
7 It has been pro~en experimentally t~at for Cesium 8 plasma atoms density in the region (1r8)x1021 atoms per m3 9 and for temperatures o~ the e~itt~d electrons in the region of 2000-3000~ (1730-2730~C), then the Cesium 11 Plasma vapor 1-6 can tra~sfo~m up to 70 till 80~ of the 12 emitt~d sadiation in radiation within the band 852 till 13 894 nm of wavelength (the emitted thermal electrons from 14 the glow~ng Tungsten Mantle 1-5 aftex they have excited in radiation ~he Ce~ium Plasma atoms, they are collected by 16 ~he opposite laying in small dis~ance ~olybd~num Grid 1-7 17 and through a Conductive Conne~tion 1 8 which can bear 18 also an ~xternal sy~m for the regula~ion and control of l9 ~he resistance of the conducti~e connection they close a circuit a~d return to the Tungste~ Mantle 1-SJ.
21 Because of the shape of the Cavity-Light-Trap 1-3, 22 about 90.till 95% o~ the incoming Solar Radiation 1-S1 23 ~ocu~e~ uni~ormly onto the Tungst~n ~antle ~-5 and finally 2.4~ . i8 . tran~ferred 4~ incomingtoutcoming radiation ~o ~he Cesium Plasma ~apor .1-6a,b. - The ou~er. glass 26 Window-Infraret Filtex 1-~ of the Vacuum Ca~ity 1-2 (whlch 27 forms .hP ~Wi~dow~ of commun.cation and radiation of the 28 system Oc Cesiu~ Plasma 1-6~,b towards the ~antle of PV
29 cells l-10-~,b which surrounds it) can bear suitable SUBSTlTl)T~ SHEET.

- . `. , . .; ., ' - : -, . . ~........... . - . . ..

~- .. .. . .. ~ ... .. .. .. .

WDg2~lgO~ PCT/GR92~ 2 7 ~ 2 1 layers, which tran~3rm it to a selsctive ~ilter wnere 2 only ~he narrow infrared Radiation band 1-70 from 852 .ill 3 894 nm can pass through, while all the rest radiation 4 outside the transmission band i5 reflested back to the insi~e and onto the glowing Tungsten Mantle 1~5 thus 6 contributing in maintaining its temperature, and 7 afterwards through the known mechanism above, it is 8 transformed again by 70;80% into radiation inside the ~and 9 852 till 894 nm which passes through the outer selective Window Filter 1-9 and reaches ~he Mantle of PV celis ll l-lOa,b while the rest percentage is refle~ted on~e more 12 inwards and so on.
13 In this way more than 90% of the energy concentrated 14 in the Cavity Light-Trap 1-3 by t~e Concentrating System lS 1-52 and 1 1 as Solar Radiation 1-51 with spectrum type 16 AM1,5 or ~Ml,O is finally transformed by the Cesium Plasma 17 ~apor 1-6 into infrared Radiation 1-70 i~ the band 85 18 till 394 nm, it passes through the 3elective outer 19 Window-Filter 1-9 and ~alLs on the Mantle o~ PV cells l-lOa,b which surrounds it. Due to the fact that the PV
21 c~lls 1-43-have be~ ~ele~ted, as mentioned above, ~o 22 present theix maXimum ~ iency~ in the in~raxed band 852 23 till Bg4 n~, .r~sults a total efficiency ~ the PV cells 24 1-~3, whi~h is more than double the efficiency they would 25 presènt if they had been e~po~ed di:rectly to the 26- concentrated Solar Radiation 1-S1 (of the Concentrating 27 Systsm 1-52 and l-l) with spectrum A~il,5 or AMl,O, without 28 the interference of the AmplificatLon System (~

- ,.
SUBSTITUTE S~IEE7~

WO9~/190~5 P~T~9~ 2 ~ .
' 208S~2 ~
1 II~ Sta~ilisa~ion Possibility (II)1 or Stabilisation System (IX)1 o~ th~ T~gsten Mantle temperature 4 ~11 pL~VioUs patents ~ox the realisation of 5 Thermophotovoltaic Systems with intermediate he~ting of a 6 Tuug~t~n Mantle in order to ~o~e the ~olar spectrum 7 towards the infrared, didn't foresee any system for ~he 8 regulation of temperature of the Tungsten Nantle in order 9 to kesp it constant arou~d 1800C (which is considered as optimised temperature for the emmitance of infrar~
11 spectrum be~aus~ it results in negligible e~aparation of 12 Tungsten).
13 Indeed for a change of the energy of the incident 14 solar spectrum ~ype AMl,5 from 100 till 1000 W~m2, as it is usual during the year, then the ~emperature of the 16 relative Tu~gsten ~antle for glowi~g and emission of 17 in~- ~e~ spectrum ~o the relative PY cells would ~ary from lB 900C under, till 16~0C over the optimis~d operation 19 temperature of 1800C, depending if the temperature of 1800C had be~n cal~ulated to correspond to 1000 W/m2 or 21 to 100 W~m2 respectively (i.e~ the thermophotovoltaic 22 sy~tem would be ~ncap~ble to oparate or would operate with 23 high evaporation Xa~e o the relative Tungsten Mantle in ~4 80 till 90~ o~ khe real range of change of ~he solar radiation energy). (The 1800C .consists a first 26 ~ approximation of the optLmum operation ~mperature of ~he 27 Tungsten Mantle and th~y are only an indi~atLve 28 temperature for the present invention, which extends to 29 whatsoe~er optimised temperatnre o~ oper tion o~ th*
', SUBSTJTUTE SHEEl .. - - ~ .... . . . . - . .. ~ - . . .. .. . . . ..
.-- - . ., . .. -. - . - . -. .. .

WO92/~901~ P~r/GR32)~N~2 1~ , ?~ 7~,2 -elat~ve Tungsten Mantle).
2 It is ~hereore eviden' from the above that it is 3 necessary to de~-elop a system o temperature c~n~rol of 4 the Tungst~n Mantle i-5 in order to k~ep its temperature near the 1800C (for example 1800'30C) wi~hout affecting - 6 the reliability or the ef~iciency of th~ System of the PV
7 Generator ~1 as a whole.
8 One solution given for the above problem (without 9 being limit~ting for this invention) consists in changing the volume of the Cavity Light Trap (i.e. of 1-3), which 11 ac~epts the ehanging amount of the concentrated solar (or 12 thermal) radiation energy, in order to keep con~tant (or 13 regulated) the energy density of the concentrated Solar 14 Radiation 1-51 (in W~cm3 of volume of 1-3 or in W/cm2 of the a~tive slde-wall surface of the Cavity Light Trap 16 1-3~ this.way the density of the e~ergy coming through 17 the Glass Cover 1-4 and is ab~orbed by the Tungsten Mantle ~.
18 1-5a,b remains constant or regulated and consequently does ~
19 so the temperature of the Tungsten Mantle l-Sa,~, too. : -To this purpose at the one end of the passing-th~ough 21 cylindrical Cavity-hight Trap 1 3 is situated the system 22 o~ the secondary Reflecto_ 1-1, which brlngs into the 23 interior of the 1-3 the concentrated Solar Radiation 1-S1.
24 The Secondary Reflector 1-1 can slide along ~he whole ~S length o~ the ra~ity Light Trap .1-3 independentlv or symmetriGally to:the middle of 1-3 in coordination ~ith ?7 the R~flective Pi~ton 1-16 below. - -- : . .
28 The other end of the Cavity Lisht Trap 1-3 is closed 29 by a Reflective Piston 1-16 (which can be moved along the SUE~9TITl.JTE SHEET -W092/t~ PCrlGR~2/00002 ~0~:~7S2 14 1 whole l~ng~h of 1-3 independently or symmetxically and in 7 coordination wi~h the Secondary Reflector 1-1 as abo~e~so 3 ~hat it covers as a reflector the cross sectlon of 1-3 4 (which either it close~ hermeticaly or alternatively it ; lea~es along its periphery a suitable Passage 1-18c fo_ the cooling air, but which would not reduce the Reflectiv2 7 Surface 1-151~ of the 1-16), and reflec~s towards tAe 8 inner of 1-3 and onto its side wall surface practically 9 all the concentrated solar radiation which reaches it.
In ~his ~ay i~ is possible with suitable continuous 11 movement (or movement in steps equal to th~ height of 12 predetermined zones of the Ca~ity ~ight Trap 1-3) of the 13 Reflecti~e Piston 1-16 alone independently or in 14 collaboration and symmetri~al movement toward the middle of the Ca~ity Light Trap 1-3 with the Secondary ~eflec~or 16 1-1 as above, to keep consta~t the operating temperature 17 o~ the Tsngsten Mantle l-Sa,b and the relative density of 18 electric current production from the relative part of ~he 19 Mantle of PV cells l-lOa,b.
The regulation of th~ movement of the Reflective ~1 Pi~ton 1-16 or/and the Secondaxy Re~lector 1-1 can be 22 ef~ectad. either el~c~ronLcally w.ith an ~ppropriate 23 sexvomachanism or ~echanic~lly or hydraulically with an 24 appropriate hydraulic or hydraulic-pn~umatic expansion 25 : mechanism (which .will oper,te.based or the ~hanging 26 ~~-quantity;of incoming heat into the expanslon mechanism, 27 proportional to the primary solar radiation 1-51~ which 28- will affect and regulate the reciprocation within a bow of 29 90 of a System of Double Reciprocation (1-35, 1-36a,b, .

S~JBSTITUT~= SHEET

WO9~/lgOI~ PCT/GR92/0~2 lS 2Q85~52;
l 1-37a,b and 1-38a,b) as m~n~ione~ below~
2 In case o~ an electronical servomechanism the movino 3 control of the Re~lective Piston 1-16 or/and o~ ~he 4 Se~ondary Reflector l-l will be p~rfo~med on the basis o~
~ lectronic measurement of. the solar energy with an 6 appropriate pyranometer and mi~roprocessor or loeal 7 automation system.
8 '~
III. Possibility of DC Production with more t~an dollble the normal efficieQc~y of the PV cells ~:

12 ~he System of the concentratLng ~ype PV Generator A~
13 (for example the Al), besides its completely inno~ative 14 chara~teristic of producing directly Alternat~ve Current, it yives the possibility o~ Direct Current production with 16 mora than do~ble the efficieney presented by the same PV
17 cells 1-43 of ths Mantle of PY cells l-lOa,b if they ~.
18 acceptet directly the concentrated Solar Radiation 1-51, 19 without its transformation into i~frAred spectrum 1-70 Radiation ~DC Possibility (III)l)~ Thi~ results from the 21 Diagram 1-63 which shows the c~r~e 1-64 of ~hs Solar 22 Spe~trum type AMl,O as a unction of the Spactrum Energy 23 1-68 ~in kW/m2 ~m~related to the core~pondent Wavelength 24 1-69 (in ~m). ~th~ 1 66 corre~ponds ~o the visible part of 1-64).
26. ` --~-Fur~her-on the same ~iagram 1-63 shows the 27 Sensitivity ~urve 1-67:of a kypical concentratina type 28 cell 1-43 Irom crystalline Sili~on, selected so ~hat _ts Z9 maximum sensitivity correlates wlth the wavelengths of the ~ ' SUE3STITUTE SHEFI.

9~1902~ PCr~ g2/0~002 2~8S752^ `` 16 1 spectral lines 1-70 emitted by the Cesium Plasma ~apor 1-6 (85~ till 8~4 nm).
3 ~he above typical sensitivity ~u~ve 1-67 lies within 4 the wider area 1-65 which represents the range of values for sensitivities of different types of crystalline 6 Silicon PV cells to a source with constant brightness. The 7 efficiency of the said concentrating type crystalline.
8 Silicon PV cells 1-43 of the Mantle of PV cells l-10, 9 which have the sensitivity curve 1-67 for intercepting tha solar spe~trum with energy curve 1-64 (AM1,0), results as 11 the integral o~ the energy P~ for each wavelength of 1-64 12 multiplied by the relative sensiti~ity value ~ of the i3 sensitivity curve 1-67 for the corresponding wavelength ;4 from ~-0,3 ~m till ~-1,2~m multiplied by the maxLmum 1~ ef~iciency nmaX of the PV cells 1-43 for the area of their 16 max sensiti~i~y (The ~alue maX of the sensiti~ity of the 17 ~ur~e 1-67 for its maximum at ~pproximately 870 nm is 18 taken equal to 1,0 and for its other regions it is taken 19 as a relati~e portion of unity) this means that it will 20 be~

'~Yl,2 22 nl 6~ nmax , ~P~d~ .

23 The relative e ~iciency nl_70 of the same PV cells ~4 1-43 o~ the Mantle o~ PV CelL~ l-lOa,b when they accept t~e ~pectrum AMl,O with cur~e 1-64 transformed into a 2~ spectrum with-energy curve 1--70 which is emit~ed by`the -27 Cesium Plasma vapor 1-6 o~-the Amplific tion Svstem (I)l, 28 will be equal to SUBSrlTUTE SHEET . ~:

~YO9~l901~ PCr~GR92/~2 17 2~8S7~

nl-70 ~ nmax Fmax n(I)1 whe~e ~max a 1,0 and n 1 is the efficiency of 4 the system of transformation o~ the spectrum A~l,0 wi~n curve 1-64 L~to an infrared spectrum with ~urve 1-70, 6 which is here estLmated to be equal to 0,90).
7 The incre~se of the P~V cells 1-43 efficiency 8 will then rPsult from the equatlon: :
g nl_70 nmax ~ 0 ~ 90 0 ~ 90 ' ' -- = 2,043 onl-64 r~=l, 2 0 t 4405 11nmax J~= 3&~ P~ d~ ~
12or nl_70 = 2,043 nl 64 13 ~ :~
14 that is more than doubli~g of the normal efficiency of the PV c~lls 1-43 of the Mantle of PV cells 1 lOa,b (valid ~or 16 solar radiation spectrum }-~4 (AM1~0 etc)).
For the production of DC as abo~e besides the AmplLfication System (I)1 and the Stabilization System :~
tII)l of the temperatur~ of the Tungsten Mantles 1-5a,b described above, participate also the ollowing components alone or in collaboration wi~h others as d~scribed below.
~1 ' The Mantle o~ PV cells 1 lOa,b has the same Geometry 2~ . .
with tho Components o~ thQ AmpLi~ication System (I)l of the e~iciency (in this caRe it is cylindrical) and:. .
~4 . .
surrounds the Window I~frared Filter 1-9 at a short - - - . .
distance (for ex~mple 5-lOmm).
2~
The ~antle of PV cells 1-lOa,b is divided in two -::
-27 ' :

SUBSTITUTE SHEET

g~
2 Q 8 ~ 7 ~ 2 PCT/G~92~0~2 1~

1 equal semicylindrical parts the 1-lOa .and l-lOb each 2 consisting of thin, long ortho~onal PV celLs 1~43 r-om 3 crystalline Silicon (or InP or GaAs etc) connected in 4 saries in thin semirings of PV cells 1-44 with Blocking Diodes 1~45 at the ends, which are connected amony them in 6 parallel, in order to create the two indepandent Mantles 7 of PV cells the l-lOa and 1 lOb each with semicylindrical 8 shap~ ant connection between them of the type 1 41 (in 9 parallel) for the case of DC productio~ or with connection.
between them of the type 1-42 (in series with earthed the 11 middle ~ommon terminal 1-47 so that the end terminals 1-25 12 to present symmetric lly opposite voltage ~VO and -VO for 13 symmetrical, uniform illumination of the l-lOa and 1-lOb) 14 for the case of AC production as described beiow.
The change-over from Connection type 1-41 ~DC
16 Production) to Connection type 1~42 ~AC ProducLion) is 17 effected by a Change~Over Switch 1-48 ~rom position A
18 (Connection 1-41) to position B ~Connection 1-42) and 19 ~ice-versa ~or by an~ther equi~alent combination o~
change-over swit~hes).
.. ,~g;_ ~
21 The width of each Samiring 1-44 of in series 22 ~onnected PV-cells 1-43 may begin from a percentage o~ a 23 mm till ~e~eral mm.
.. . .

24 As t~pe o~ PV cells 1-43 may be used for example the .

25 ~ack Point Con~a~t PV cells of Crystalline Silicon of-Dr. :.`

Z6 R. M. Swanson of Stanford University with efficiency in 27 the range of 22% till 28~, which when incorp~rated for 28 example i~ the Mantle of Pv Cells 1-10 a,b of the present 29 in~ention they ~an result, for DC production (DC
, WOg~tlgOI~ PCT/GR~2/~W~2 l Possibility (III)l), in an e~ iency o~ the System of PV
2 Generator A1 of the order of 45% till 57~ (i.e. we can 3 approach the theoretical efficiency limit of the PV
4 convercion (which is e~timated to 65-70%), somethi~g expe~ted, since a well developed PV cell as ab~ve accepts 6 almost monochromatic radiation on the maxImum of its 7 sensiti~ity curve 1-67), while at the same time such an 8 efficiency be~omes ~ompetitive or even better from the 9 corresponding ones of the most efficient known today cycles of trans~ormation of whatsoever kind of chemical or 11 therm~l energy into electric current.
12 Furthermore could be used the high voltage microchip 13 PV cells of John Evans of the US PV Coxporation (Microchip 14 Planar Multij~nction High Voltaye Silicon Solar Cells) with co~tacts at the back-side a~d co~sta~t voltage of 16 about 3,0 V each for solar concentration o~er 10-15 suns 17 etc O ' i8 The intermediate Passage 1-18b ii going through 2nd 19 is fr~e to air draught cLrculation, which cools the Window 20 Infrared Fil~er 1-9, ~he ReflectLve Mantle 1 17 and the ..
2} ~ront surface o~ the PV Cells 1-43 of the Mantle of PV
22 Cells l-lOa,b~ :
23 Inside the cylindrical Passage l-l~b- i5 located the 24 Reflective Mantle 1-17 in order to reflect back to the 25 Tu~gsten Mantle 1-Sa,b the Radiation with spectrum 1-70 i :
.

26 during certaLn operation phases. -- ~

27 For the production of DC only (DC Possibility ~ :

28 (III)l) the Re~lective Mantle 1-17 i~ divided in two 29 equal cylindrical Reflective ~antles the 1-17c and 1-17d ..

SUBSI ITUTE SHEET

W~9~1gO~ . PCT/GR92/~2 2~5~52 ~o ~

; each of length equal to half the length of the Mantle of 2 PV Cells l~lOa,~, which move in combination, at the same 3 neiyht and in absolute coordination with the reflective ~ surfaces 1-1516 (o the Reflective Piston 1-16) and 1-15 S (of the Secondary Reflector 1-1) respectively~
6 In this way they rerlect back inwards on the Tungsten :
7 Mantle 1-5a,b the parasitic Radiation 1-70 which is 8 emitted outside the de~ired Zone 1-3a of constant energy 9 density Radiation 1-70 of the Mantles of Pv Cells l-lOa,b.
lQ The coordination of the movement of the 1-17c and 11 1-17d with the 1-16 and 1-1 respectively is performed by 12 the System of Double Reciprocation of the Crankshaft 1-35, 13 the Shovers 1-36a,b, the Pistons 1 37a,b and the Arms 14 1-38a,b with a Crank~haft }-35 diameter D equal to the .. -length of the ~antle vf PV Cells l-lOa,b (the Reflective 16 Mantles 1-17c and 1-17d can alternati~ely for the 17 production of DC only ~DC Possibility (III)l) to be 18 removed comple~Ply with a slight deterioration of the 19 efficiency due to losses of parasitic R diation 1-70).
The back side o~ the PY cells 1 43 of the Mantle of 21 PV Cells l-lOa,b is in contact and cooled by tha metallic 22 (for example o~ coppert Cooling Mantle 1-11, which 23 together with ~he external insulated metal Insulatlng 24 Mantle 1-13 creates the Cooling Medium Space of 25 - circulation 1-12, which through the Tubes of Circulation 26 1 14 r~moves the heat from the PV cells 1-43 and kee~s , . .
27 th~i- temperature to low levels (for example below 60C) 28 Ln order to have higher efficiency. ~he cooling medium can 29 be water or other liquid which circu~ates with natu-al ~3UBSTITUTE SHEET , -w~ 9~1gOI~
2~8~7~2 ~1 ` ` ' .' ' .

l circulation or by maans o~ a circulating pump and 2 transfers the remo~ed heat to a special Insulated 3 container 1-46 of appropriate c~pacity for further use 4 (for example hot wate- f or household uses ) .
The whole system ~reates therefore a hybrid solar 6 colleotor with simultaneous prod~ction of electricity by - 7 PV cells.
8 Alt~rnativ~ly the heat tra~s~er from the Cooling 9 Mantle 1-11 of the PY cells 1-43 to the Insulated hot . .
water Container 1 46 can be effected by heat pipes, whicn ll are circulated by a special organic evaporating ~luid as 12 the cooling medium, cal~ulated to evaporate and keep the ~ i 13 PV Cells 1-43 temperature to the desired low level in 14 order to succeed high efficiency.
15 In this case the external surface of the Cooling ~ .
16 Mantle } 11 bears a danse bundle of parallel cooling fins, 17 which consist the prolongation of the i~ternal fins of the 18 heat pipe, so that the tot2l1 operates as a 19 transporter-evapora~or of the ~ooling liquid of the heat pipe. The other end o~ tha heat pipe is dived in the water 21 of the hot water contain~r 1-46 to whi~h it delivers, by 22 condensation o~ the ~apor of the cooling medium, the heat 23 ab~orbed ~rom the PV C~lls 1~43.
24 ..
25 IV. Pos~ibility of dire~t A.C. pr~du~tion from the ~
.. ,, . . ; . . . :
26 Mantles of PY cells 1-lOa,b 2~
28 The invented innovative System of a concentratina 29 type PV generator A~ (f or example the A1 ) incorporates a - ~
".

SU~SrlTUTE SHEET ~ -:

, , ., ,:, , . - :

~V~g2/lgOl~ PCT/CRg2~W~2 2o~5752 ~2 1 revolutionary possibility (~C. Possibilit~ (IV)1) o~
2 direct t~ansformatinn o~ the DC produced by th2 PV Cells 3 1 43 o~ the Mantles of PV Cells l-lOa and 1-lOb (wired 4 with a connetion type 1-42) into AC with desired 5 frequency and wavefo~m (for example 50 Hz, sine form) and 6 efficiency of the transformation greater *han 0,90 and for 7 cer~ain variations of the AC Possibility ( IV ) 1 ( for 3 example for cooperation of the Reflecti~e Mantles 1-17a,b 9 with ~he Control Grids 1-27a,b) with efficiency ~ery close to unity, in collaboration with the rest compunents as 11 described in the f OllOWLS~g .
12 The AC Possibility (I~)1 results from the DC
13 Possibility (III)l as follows: : :
14 The Change-Over Switch 1-48 i5 transferred from the 1~ position A (Connection 1-41) to the position B (Connection 16 1-42). The reflecti~e Mantles 1-17c,d either, ~i) they 17 continue to work as in the operation of tha ~C Possibility 18 (III)l, or (ii) they are completely remo~ed (as for 19 example in the case of using only the control grid 1-27a,b and the control voltage reguLator 1-2Ba,b for AC
~- .
21 production) or (iii) they are trans~ormed into two equal 22 qemicylindri~al Re~lective Mantles the 1-17a and 1 17b 23 with length each equal to the double length of the PY

24 Mantle 1-lOa,b (~or example by constructing each of the 1-17c,d from two suc~essiYe Reflecti~re Mantles 1-17cl 2 26 and lo.l7tl 2 with possibility o~ dividing them in 27 semicylinders, which will f3ach four of them compose the 28 new semlcylindric 1 Reflective Mantles 1 17a and 1-17b) or 29 (iv) they remain in use as in (i) above with additional SUBSTITUTE S~IEEI

WOg2/1901~ PCT/GR92J~2 2~8~7~2 i use o~ reserve onepiece~each semicylindrical re~lective 2 ~lantles 1-17a and 1-17b, which are d~i~en in a com~ined 3 doubla recipsocat~on in f~ont of the PV Mantles 1-lOa,b ~ with successive phases of opera ion the 1-19a and 1-19~
respectively, with a phase differenoe of 180 between 6 them, driven by the double reciprocation system 7 (consisting of the Crankshaft 1-35 the Shovers 1-36a~b, 8 the Pistons 1-37a,b and the Arms 1-38a,~) which permits 9 variation of the length of reciprocation of the Reflective Mantles 1-17a and 1-17b (by changing the length of the 11 ~rms 1-38~,b of the Crankshaft 1-35 as well as of the 12 Shovers 1-37a,b), depending on the position o~ the i,!' ~.
13 Stabilisation System (II)1 of the Tungsten Mantles 1-5a,b 14 temperature, i.e. of the position of the Reflective Piston 1-16 and of the Second~ry Reflector 1-1 in the cylindric 1 16 Cavity Light.~rap 1-3.
17 The Dauble Reciprocation System (1-35, 1-36a,b~
18 1-37a,b, 1-38a,b~ is foreseen to exist twice and at the ~C
19 Possibility (III)l works only one of them reciprocating back and forth within a bow of 90 coordinating the 21 symmetrical with respect to the middle of the Ca~ity Light 22 rrap 1-3, movement of tha 1-17c, 1~17d, 1-16, ~nd 1-1 ~3 respe~tively~ while in the AC Possibility (IV)l operates 24 ::also the seco~d Double Raciprocation System connected with 2r the semicylindrical ~eflective Mantles 1-17a and 1-17b, --26-- where by ~~rotating the .Crankshaft 1-35 with constant 27 angular speed and the desiret frequency (of the AC to be 28 produced) it forces the two Reflecti~e MantLes 1-17a and 29 1-17b to a double reciprocation with the s ~ e frequency - ~U~STITUTE SHEE~

~g~l9~1~ p~T~R92/0~2 ~8S 15~, ` 24 1 and a phase differe.nce o~ 180 in ~ront of the respectLve ~ PV Mantles l-lOa ant l-lOb, where for the suocession of 3 oDera~ion phases 1-19a and 1-19b respectively, results the 4 ~inuisodal Curve of com~ined Current Production 1-21 lrom the two PV MantLes l-lOa and l-lOb.
6 It is evident that only the Semirings of PV cells 7 1-44 of the PV Mantles 1 lOa and l-l~b which are not 8 shaded each time from the Reflective Mantles 1 17a and 9 1-17b produc~ electricity whil~ the rest of them not.
In addition since the surface of the PV Cells 1-43 11 producing ele~tricity each time (which are not shaded as 12 ab~e) in the PV Mantle l-lOa or l-lOb varies sinusoidaly 13 with th~ time, it is proved that (for constant en~rgy 14 density of the Radiation 1-51 in the Cavity Light Trap ~ 3, which results in constant temperature o~ the Tungsten 16 Mantles 1-5a. and 1-5b and the resulting constant energy 17 d~nsity of the Radiation with infrared spectrum 1-70 from 18 the Cesium plasma 1-6a,b the resulti~g Current Production 19 Curve 1-21 is sinuisodal with th~ same frequency as this one of the recipro~ation of the re1ective Mantles 1-17a 21 and 1-17b.
2~ ThQ energy o~ the In~rared Radiation 1~70 destined 23 or thc PV Cells 1-43 whi~h are shaded is not lost ~ut is 24 ~eflected by the relative ~eflecti~e Mantle 1-17 back into the ~mplificatio~ Syste~ (I~l wh~re~it increases slightly 26 ~ (by certain few degrees Celsius only) the temperature of 27 this part of the Tungste~ Mantle 1-5 which is opposite to 28 the reflecting part of the relative Reflecting Mantle 29 1-1-. In this way th~ refle~ted Infrared Radiation 1-70 is ~1TUTE SHEET

W092~1~01~ PCT/G~92~N~2 ~5 2~7~2`
l tempora-ily stored as thermal energy in ~he ~ungsten 2 Mantle 1-5 and is delivered back a5 Infrared Radiation 3 1-70 to the PV Cells 1~43 of the PV Mantle l-lOa,b during 4 the next phase o~ reciprocal movement of the relative ~antle 1-17 during which they are not shaded (with 6 respective reduction by certain few degrees of the 7 temperature of the opposite located part of the Tungsten 8 Mantle 1-5l, The reflective Mantle 1 17a,b for reasons o~
9 better energy ef~iciency must have high reflectivity, while it will be cooled by an air draught ~which can 11 create itself with its movement) inside the cylindrical 1~ Passage 1-18k between the Window Filter l-9 and the PV
13 MantLe 1-lOa,b. In this way the systems of the PV Cells 14 1-43 and the PV Mantles l-lOa and l-lOb ~bove, when subject to the periodical shading radiation with Radiation 16 of spectrum 1-70 ~ ~or example wit~ sinuisodal frequency of 17 50 cycles per second) produce a combined Current 18 Production Curve 1-21 of si~ui~odal form, SO Hz, whose }9 inte~ity and active value are proportional to the respective total enerqy of the incident Solar ~adiation 21 1-51 (wit~ spectrum ~or example 1-64) and to the 22 ra~pectively resulting total energy o~ the transformed 23 In~rarad sp~ctrum Radiation 1 70.
24 The periodic reciprocatin~ movement of the Reflective Z5 Mantles 1-17a,b,c,d can be gi~en easily and with low cost 26 by ~wo Double Reciproc tion Systems as merltioned~above, 27 but their nse is only indicat_~e and doesn't restrict the 28 present invention only to them.
29 The described above AC Possibility (IV)l ~without SLIE3SllTUTE Sl 1EET

;' ' ''" '' ' ' '' ' '','' " " ',' ` ' ', "'` `"' " "" ', .. ' ' . '" ."', ' " '' ~" "` 1 '. ,'' .;' '' ' ' ~' ' . ' ' ' ' '' ' ~092~ PC~/C W2/~N~2 2bs'~7s~
1 the activation of the Control Grids 1-27a,b and the ~ Control Voltage Re~ulators 1-28a,b) c~nstitutes the fi~st 3 me~hanical arrangement for the transformation of DC to AC
4 with desired frequency ~which is defined ~y the RPM or the S Crankshaft 1-35 as abo~e). But the complete operation of 6 the AC Possibility (IV)l includes alsp the activation of 7 the Control Grids 1-27a~b in combination with the 8 operation of the Control Voltage Regulators 1-28a,b as 9 des~ribed below.
The Control Grids 1~27a,b and the Control Voltage 11 Regula~ors 1-28a,~ which remained inactive in the DC
12 Possibility (III~l, here in the Complete AC Possibility 13 (IV)1 are activated for th~ regulation (with appropriate 14 control voltages) of the flow of thermal electrons from the Tungsten Mantles 1-Sa,b towards the Molybdenum Grids 16 1-7a,b, in collaboration with the operation Qf the 17 Reflective Mantles 1-17a,b in order to improve the 18 efficien~y of the DC to AC transformation.
19 As a matter o~ fact during the phases of operation O r the AC Po~si~ility (IV)l, at the areas where the 21 Re~lective Man~les 1-17a,b, are shading a part o~ the PV . .-22 Ma~tles l-lOa,b, there they reflect bacX i~wards to the 23 ~mpli~ication System ~II)l the total of the ~mmited by 24 the Cesium 21asma 1-6a,b ~n~rared Radiati~n 1-70 resulting to the -production of losses because of imperfect 26 reflection by th- 1-17a,b, Lmp~rfect permeability of ~he 27 Window }nfrared Filter 1-9 during two coming-through etc 28 which are estLmated at 10% approximately of the energy or :, 29 ` the Radiation 1-70, bu~ if during the phase of shadins of : ., ~ . .

SlJBSTITUTE~ SHEET

W~g2/1~15 PCT/~R9~t~2 27 208~7~2 ;!
l a PV M~ntle l-10 in total or part of it ~or example of 2 the 1-lOa o_ ~he l~lOb), the relati~e Control Grid 1-27a 3 or 1-27b (the whole or part of it) imposed a "Cut-Off~
4 Voltage (i.e. a neg~tive control ~oltage ~uch as to 5 annihilate tne flow o~ thermal electrons from the relative ~ Tungsten Mantle 15a or 1-5b ~as a total or part of it) to 7 the relative Molybdenum Grid 1-7a or 1-7b), then in this 8 case should theoretically stop the emission by the Cesium 9 Plasma 1-6a or 1-6b of the corresponding Radiation of Infrared speGtrum 1-70, resulting to the annihilation of 11 the relative losses.
12 ~ut in faot there remains a small percentage (about 13 10%) of Radiation 1-70 (either by radiation of the glowing 14 Tungsten Mantle 1-5a,b in the area of the infrared -:. .
spectrum 1-70 or by parasitic irritation and radiation of 16 the Cesium Plasma 1 6a,b), which causes a corresponding 17 ~mall-per~entage of losses (approx. lO~ of the initial 18 ones) as above, thus resulting to the drastic ~mprovement 19 of the efficiency of the DC to AC trans ormation, which approachas this way the unity.
~1 During the operation phase where the Raflective 22 Mantle 1-17a,b doesn't shade the r~lative PV Cells 1-43 of 23 ~he relative PV Mantl~ l-lOa,b, the Control Grid 1 27a,b ~4 may Lmpose there positive constant Control Voltages for example 'he 1-31 or 1-32 or Contxol Voltages with spe~ial 26 desired waveform (for example a corrective one etc) in 27 order to optimise the efficiency or the wave~or~. of the 28 produced ~.C. Curve 1-21.

29 The desoribed above A.C. Possibility (IV)1 (with the ",~
~;UE3S~ITUTE SHEE~
,,,,.. ,,, , . ,,, , .., ., ...-.. . '': ~

WO9~ 01~ PCTJ&~9~ 2 7 S~ ` 28 1 collabora~ion of the Control Gri~s 1-27a,b and the Control 2 Voltage Regulators 1-28a,b etc) constitute th~ Complete 3 ~.C. Possibility (I~)l, which presents high efficiency of 4 DC to AC transformation and re~ults in high quality of the desired AC wave forms.
6 The abo~e ~onstitute the description of the System of 7 the concentrating type PV Generator Al with its 8 innovati~e characteristic:s and Possibilities.

2. A Svstem o~ a_Concentratinq tvpe PV Generator A2 12 A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A2 as 13 it is described above in the System of PV Generator Al 14 whi h is charact~rised by that for the production of Alternating Current the cylindrical Mantle o~ PV Cells 16 2-10 is divided in two e~ual, symmetrical with respect to 17 its ~iddle, cylindrical PV Ma~tles the 2~10a and 2~10b, 1~ where the PV Cells 2 43 are connected in series in thin, 19 parallel, adja~ent Rinys 2-44 with Blocking Diodes 2-45 at the ends and the Ri~gs of PV Cells 2 44 are connected ~1 among themselves in parallel, in ord~r to create two 22 independent PV Mantles the 2-lOa ~nd 2~10b1 ea~h with a 23 eylinder ~hape and are wired betwe~n them in a Connection X4 type 1~ or DC production only) or in a C~n nection 2S typ~ 1-42 (for the production ~f DC or AC] and the:
2S change-over.::from the Connection 1-41 to the Connection 27 -1-42-and vice-versa is perfonmed by the Change-Over Switch 28 1-45.
29 Also by that the components of the ~mplification SUE~STITUTE SHEET

~VO9~/~90~ PCT~92/~N~2 29 2~8~ 2 1 System (I)2 of the efficien~y of the PV Cells 2-42 ~ (Tung~en Mantle 2-5, Cesium Plasma 2-6, Control Grid 3 2-27~ ~olybdenum Grid 2-7 and Reflective Mantle 2-17) are 4 each divided in two equal ~ylindrical mantles 2-5a and 2-5b, 2-6a and 2-6b, 2-27a and 2-27bj 2-7a and 2-7b as 6 well as 2-17a and 2-17b correspo~ding to the 2-lOa and 7 2-lOb while there exist two independent Control Voltage 8 Regulators the 2-28a and 2-28b and two ind~pendent 9 Conductive Connections 2-8a and 2-8b ( of the 2-~a, b and 2-7a,b respectively) with possibility of external 11 regulation of the conduckion resis~ance.
12 Also by that for the stabilisation of the temperature 13 of the Tungsten Mantle 2-5a and 2-5b the Reflective Piston 14 2-16 and the Secondary Reflector 2-1 move symmatrically alo~g the caYity Light Trap 2-3 from th~ ends (maximum 16 intensity o~ solar radiation) to its middle (minimum 17 inte~sio~ respecti~ely)O
18 Also by th~t the direct production of Alternating 19 Current from the PV Mantles 2-lOa and 2 lOb results either 20 - (i) from the independent operation of the Reflective 21 Mantle 2-17, a~ a compositio~ to a united cylindrical 22 Reæl~c~ive Mantl~ 2 17 o~ the two partial Reflective 23 Mantles 2-17a and 2 17b which takQs place as follvws:
~4 Por the maxLmum intensity of the Solar Ra~iation 1-51 - - and outer position..at the ends-of the Ca~ity Light ~6 -` Trap 2-3 of the 2-16 and 2-1, the Reflective Mantles 27 2 17a ~nd 2 17h located at a telescopic arrangement 28 (which permits variation of the length of the 29 composite Reflective Mantle 2-17 from a maxLmum equal , ~:

SlJB8TlTlJTE SHEET

~09~ PCr/C~92f~2 ~Q 8~7~5 2~ ` 30 1 to ~he double length o~ each of the indi~idual PV
~ Mantles 2-lOa or 2~10b till a minlmum (~or example 3 equal to hAlf the maxLmum l~ngth of 2-17a,b or e~en 4 smaller fraction of the same depending on the S sections of di~ision of the telescopic system of the 6 Reflecti~e Mantle~ 2-17a and 2-17b)), then will have 7 opened tele~copically in order to present the maxLmu~
8 le~gth of the united ~e~lective Mantle 2-17 as above, 9 while for intermediate intensities o~ the Solar Radiation 1~51 the composit~ Reflecti~e ~antle 2-17 11 will present relati~e inteDm diate telescopic lengths 12 respectively. The ~omposite Reflective Mantle 2-17 as 13 abova will be driven reciprocating at the successive 14 phases of its operation 2-19 with the desired fre~uency and ~7ariation of ~ts linear veloc:ity ( for 16 example sinuisodal) by the R@ciprocation System (the 17 Crankshaft 2-35 .(with diamet~r egual to the total 18 length of the PV Mantle 2-lOa,b), the Shover 2-36, 19 the Piston 2-37 and the ~ 2-38 ) whi~h permits also -20 variation of the length of reciproGation o~ the 2-17 21 (fos intermediate values of th~ i~tensity of the ~2 Solar Radiation 1-51 and xelat i ve intermediate 23 po~itions, symmetr~cal to the middle of the Cavi~y 24 ; Light Trap 2-3 of the 2-16 and 2 1 and relative 2S - - telescopic symmetrical~to its middle shortening of -- 26 - the leng~h cf 2-173---resulting to the production of - 2? the sinuisodal Current Production Curve 2-21,--~even 28 for ~ero ~alues of the Control Voltaqes as the 29 2-33a,b (lack of inteff erence from the 2 27a,b~ or SUE~TITUTE SI~EET

., . ~ , .. .

W092~1~t~ PCT/GR92~X~2 31 ~0~7~ :

l (ii) ~rom the combined operation of 2-27a and 2-27b wlt~
2 the reciprocal mo~e~ent of 2-17 as above where ~he 3 Control Grids 2-27a,~ LmpOse appropriate Control 4 Voltages or "Cut Off~ Voltages for example lik~ the , . .
2-31a,b or the 2-32a,b, with which the efficiency of 6 the direct DC to AC transformation by the 2-17a,b, 7 2-27a,b, 2-28a,b and 2-lOa,b respectively is 8 improved.

10 ~. A System of a Concentratinq type PV Generator A3 12 A. System of concentrating type PV Generator A3, as 13 it is described abo~e in the Systems of the PV G~nerators 14 ~1 and A2, which is characterised by that for the direct production of Alternating Current, the following 16 c:omponents i.. e . the cylindrical PV Mantle 3-10, the Glass 17 Cover 3-4, the Tungsten Mantle 3-S, the Cesi~rm Plasma 3-6, 18 tha Control Grid 3-27, ~he Molybdenum Grid 3~7 and the 19 Window Infrared Filter 3-9 a~e divided in a number of, ~or example 15 Subinverters 3-24, which are separated among 21 them by an equal number minu~ one;of Empty (re~lective 22 outwards) Spacing Ri~g3 3-23a, where in each Sub-inverter 23 3-24 each of it~ components 3-10, 3~5, 3-27 a~d ~-7 has 24 the st~ucture of a double mantle (i.e. 3-lOa and 3-lOb, 3-5a and 3~5br 3-2'a and 3-27b as well-as 3-7a and 3-7b -26 (where the SpaGing Zones 3~22 of the 3-lOa,b are ~zones 27 reflective inwards) of constr~ction and connection as the 28 relative components 2-l~a and 2-lOb, 2 5a ~nd 2-51~, 2-27a 29 and 2-27b, 2 7a and 2-7b in the System of PV Generator A2 SU~3STITUTE SHEET
-', ' ~9~ 01~ ~ p~T/~R92/~2 ~ 8~7 52 32 1 abov~ while there exist 10 rela_ive pairs of components 2 3-~8a and 3~28b (Contxol Voltage Regulatoxs) and 3-8a and 3 3-8b (Conductive Connactions of the 3~5a,b and 3-7a,h 4 raspectively with external regulation of the eonduction resistance).
6 Al~o by that the Reflective Mantle 3-17 is 7 constxuctet by an e~ual number (and equal width with the 8 Sub-inverters 3-24), Reflective Zo~es 3-17 ~each of which 9 is neighboring with an equal number of Transparent Zones 3-23, each of width equal to the width or the Spacing 11 Rings 3 23a or e~ual to th2 half-width of the 3~24 and 12 3-17).
13 Also by that the Reflective Mantle 3-17 reciprocates 14 with the desired frequency and form of variation of the linear re~iprocation-velocity ~for example sinuisodal) 16 driven by a..sLmple Reciprocation Sygtem with Crankshaft 17 3-35 (for example without variation o~ th~ reciprocation lB length), where the movement o the Reflective Piston 3~
19 or/and the Secondary Reflector 3-1 will be not continuous ~ut in steps e~ual to the width of each Subinverter 3-24 21 plus the width o a Spaci~g Ring 3-23a, with lo~ation each 22 time of th~ 3-16 ox~a~d 3-1 at the beginning o each 23 Sub-lnverter 3-24 (with direction each time towards the 24 middle o~ the Cavity 1ight Trap 3-3 ), resulting to the production of the.sinuisodal Curve o~ electric Current .:26 - 3-21 even for zero Control ~oltages by the Control Grlds - 27 3~27a,b.
28 Also by that in a combined operatio~ of the Control 29 Grids 3-27a,b ~nd the relative Control Voltage Regulators SUB~ITUTE SHEET

WO92/1~l~ PC~/GR92~W~2 33 2~8~5752 1 3-28a,b with the Reflective Mantl~ 3-17 and by imposing of 2 appropria~e Control Voltages in combination with 3 corresponding "~ut-Off" Voltages (for example the 3-31a,D) 4 result the desired A~C. Curve~, for example sinuisodal 5 with improved e~ficiency as for example the 3-21.

i 4. ~ A4 ~ .
9 A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A4 as it is described in the Systems of the PV Generators Al, 11 A2 and A3 abo~e, which is characterised by the 12 arrangement of ~h~ System in a number o~, for example 10 13 Sub-Inverters 4-24 without Spa~ing Rings 3-23a and 14 arrangement of the Reflective Mantle 4-17 in two successi~e Reflective Mantl2s 4 17a and 4-17b e~ch divided 16 in an equal ~umber of pairs of Refleetiv~ Zones ~-17a,b 17 and Transparent Zones 4-23a,b each of width equal to the 18 half of the width of each Sub-Xnverter 4-24.
19 Also by that with appropriate combination of the suc~ession of the rec~procating movem~nts 4-19a ant 4-19b 21 of the 4-17a and 4-17b, results the ~orresponding, ~or 2~ Rxample sinuisodal Curve of Current Productio~ 4-21.
23 Also by that wi~h the combined operat~on of the 24 4-17a,b with the Grids 4-27a,b and the Regul~tors 4 28a,~
2S and by i~posing-of appropriate Control Voltages and 26 ~Cut-O~f" Voltages, for example the 4-31a~b~ result A.C.
27 Curves as the 4-21 with Lmproved e~fi~iency.

- SUBST7rUTE SH~FI

WO~/IgOI~ PCT~GRg2t~2 2 ~& ~ ~! S`,~' 3 ~ .
1 5. A Sy~tem o~ a Concentrating~ e~ YV' Generator A5 3 ~ System of a concantratlng type PV Generator A5 as 4 it is described in the PV Gen rato~i~ A1, A2, A3 and A4 above which is characterised by that for the production of 6 Alterna~ing Current the cylindrical PV Mantle 5 10 is 7 di~ided in four equal cylindrical ~uadrants which form the 8 ~V Mantles 5-lOal, 5 lOa2, 5-lObl a~d S-lOb2 where the PV
3 Cells 5-43 are connected in sexies in thin Strips 5-44 along the generator-line of the Cylinder with Blocking 11 Diodes 5~45 at the end of e ch Strip and afterwards the 12 Strips 5-44 of each Quadrant are connected in parallel, 13 and then the pairs of opposite Quadran~s i.e. the 5-lOa 14 and 5-lOb1 as well as the ~-lOa2 and 5-~Ob2 are wired between them either with Connection type 1-41 (for D.C.
16 production with re~oval o~ the Re~lective Mantle 5-17), or 17 with a Co~nection type 1-42 (for AoC~ production in 18 combination with rotationa~ moveme~t of the Reflective 19 ~antle 5-17~, in order to create the two i~dependen_ systems of PV Mantles i.e. the 5-lOal,bl and S lOa2,b2.
21 Also by that the Reflecti~e Mantle 5~17 is dividet 22 also in 4 equal cylindrical Quadrants, ~rom which the 23 three re~lecti~ i~wards and the fourt~ transparent, as 24 wall a~ by that for th~ production of Alternating Curren~
25 of oinuisodal ~onm the Reflecti~e Mantle.5-17 rotates 26 in~tead of re~iprocating,~ with the desired frequency and 27 angular speed, which is varied si~uisodaly in each period 28 of operation ~for example dri~en by the Rotational System 29 of Crankshaft and Belt 5-30, where for constant angular ~U~STiTUrE SHF~T

~VO 92/l~ P~/GR92/0~02 2~5;75,2 spaed o~ the Crankshaft 5-39 with diame~er D2, the angula.
2 ( anà th~ tan~ential ) speed o:E the PuLleys 5-~0, the Belt 3 5 -41' and the ~e~lectiv~ Mantle 5-1~, as well as the linear 4 speed of reciprocating of the Piston 5-42) are varied sinuisodaly with the time (for D2~.D1/2) and consequently 6 the two inde~ndently produced Current Curves 5-21(1) and .
7 5-21(2) (even without the influence of the Co~trol Grids 8 5-27al,bl and 5-27a2~b2) are sinuisodal with phase 9 dif f erence of 90 C between them.
ALco by that in the ease of cooperation of the 11 Reflective Mantle 5-17a1,bl and 5-17a2,b2 with the ~, 12 respective Contr~l Grids 5-27al,bl and 5-27a2,b2 and the 13 Control Voltage Regulators 5-28al,b~ and 5-28a2,b2 and by 14 imposing of appropriate Control Voltages an~ ~Cut-Off" ..
Volta~es ~for example like the 5-31a1,bl and 5-31a2,~2) 16 result the same iOe. sLnuisOtal A.C. Cur~es 5-21(1~ and 17 5-21(2) but with better ef~ici~ncy.

19 6. ~ 6 .
21 A System o~ a co~centrating type PV ~enerator A66 as 22 it is describ~d in the PV Generators Al, A2, A3, A~
23 and A5 above which is characterised by that the angular ~4 speed o~ rotation o~ the cylindri~al Reflecti~e Marl~le 25 : ~-17:is constant with desire~ frequency,~ resulting in the --26 A~C.- Curves 6-21c and 6 21d, produced by the systems or 27 the PV Mantles 6-lGa1, 6-lObl and 6-lOa2, 6-lOb2 (with 28 phase difference 90~ C between them) have a triangular 29 wavef orm with the same frequency ~-ith that of the SVBSTITUTE SHFET ::

. - - ,., , i . , . , . .. .. , -,: , . . . . ....

WO 92/l~ PCl/GR92/00~2 2~8S7~Z 36 Reflectlve Mantle 6-17 ~without cooperat.ion with the 2 Control Grids 6-27al,bl and 6-27a2,b2 (Zero Control 3 Voltages ) .
4 A}so by that when there is a cooperation of the S Control Grids 6 27a1,b1 and 6-27a2,b2 with the rotation of 6 the Reflecting Mantle 6-17 as above, then by imposing of 7 appropriate Control Voltages, for example like the 6-32al, 8 6-32~1, 6-33a2 and 6-33b2 (or of other shape ~, by the 9 Control Grids 6-27a1,b1 and 6-27a2,b~ and the Control Voltage Regulators 6-28al,b1 and 6-28a2,b2 respectively, 11 the waveform of the Curves of A.C~ Production 6-21t1) and 12 6-21(2) becomes sinuisodal ~or of other waveform 13 respectively).

1~ 7. A system of a~Con~entratin~ tyDe PV Generator A7 17 A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A7i as lB it is described in the PY Gen~rators Al,till A6above 19 (where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 respectively depending on if the respective PV Generator 21 Al or th~ corresponding component refers to the PV
22 Genera~or ~1 or ~ or A3 or A4 or A5 or A6 ~3 respectively), wh~ch is characterised by that ~or the 2 4 production o~ Alternatitlg Current op~rate or:~ly the Cont:col -G~ids `i-27/ in- cooperation with the resp~ctiva. Control 26 - Voltage Re~lllators i-28~and without cooperation with the 27 respecti~e R~flective Mantles i-17, which in this case are 28 aither restricted to cooperation only-with the Reflecti~e 29 Pistons i-16 or/and the Secondary ~.eflectors i-l for the Sl.113STlTUTE SH~

. - .. ~. .. . ~. .. .. ... ... , . . .. -. . . - ` - .

YO9~/1~15 PCT/~R92/~W~ .
37 2~8~7~2 ... , 1 stabilisation o~ the temperature o the respective 2 Tungs~en MantLes i-5 ~s mentioned above, or they a`re 3 removed completely.
4 ~lso by that the Control Grids i-27a and i 27b in cooperation with the Control Voltags Regulators i-28a and 6 i-28b respectively, impo3e by turns (with the desired 7 frequency) desired Control Voltages (for example varying 8 sinuisodaly with the tLme) in front of the Tungsten 9 Mantles i-5a and i-5b in combination wi~h "Cut-3ff~
Voltages in fron_ of the Tunqsten Mantles i-5b and i-5a 11 respectively, so that the produced A.C. Curve i-21d from 12 the System of the PV Mantles i-lOa~b to ha~e a sinuicodal 13 shape with the same desired frequency of the combined 14 Control '~oltages i 81 or i-82 or i-83, while at the same t~me ~lso a small symmetrical to zero Component of Dir~ct 16 Current i-21e is produced (fro~ the p~rasitic Radiation 17 1-70 of the i-5a,b and i-6a,~), whic~ with an appropriate 18 electronic filter of pass~ge can be separated from the 19 A.C. Component i-21z and can either be used as it is for eventual needs in D.C~ or be trans~onmed and this in ~1 Alte~nating ~urrent u~ing a con~ntio~al eloctronic 22 Inv~:rter DC to P~C.
'~ 3 ~4 - 8. .

26. A-System of a conce~trating type PV Generator A8L as -27 it is described in the PV Generators Al.,till A7above, 28 (where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 29 depending on if the respectiv~ PV Ge~erator Ai or the ~'' , SlJBSTlTUTE SH ET

. . - . . - -, . . .. .: - - . .

~ ~lgDI~ pCT/~92~N~2 `2d8~;752 3~
1 respectlve component refers to the PV Generator A1 or A2 2 or A3 or A4 or A5 or A6 or A7 respectively), which is 3 chara~terised by that the Cavity Light Trap i-3 is put ~ under vaouum (or under pressure of a gas or mixture of gases), i.e. the Passages of cooling air i-18a,c to the .
6 respective Cavity Light Trap i-3 are eliminated and the ~-7 space outside the relative Reflective Piston i-16 and the 8 Secondary Reflector i-1 ~s air-tiyhted, with exte~sion of 9 the space air-tighting to all heir m~ving distance, while at the same tLme the Glass Cover i 4 is ieliminated and its 11 place is taken directly by the relati~e Tungsten Mantle 12 i-5, which separates now the Cavity Light Trap i-3 from 13 the Vacuum Cavity i-2.

1~ 9. ~ ,gi 16 . .
17 A System of a concentrating type PV Generator Agi as 18 it i5 described in the PV Generators A1,till A8above, 19 (where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or j or 6 or 7 or 8 2 0 respectively depending on if the relative PV Generator Ai 21 or the relative Component refers to the PV G~n~rato.r A
22 or A2 or A3 or A4 or A5 or A6 ~ A7 or A8 23 respactively), which i5 char~cterii~ed by the in~ovative 24 Possibility of Conversion of Thermal Radia~ion in~o ~ .
25 Electricity (~T) g i~e. by that the radiation, which is :
26 dissipated in thè Cavlty Light Trap i-3 and is absorbed ~:
27 sucr~ssively by the Tungsten Mantles i-5a,b etc in order 28 to be transformed finally into Radiation with spactrum -~
~9 1-70 as abova, does~'t come from the concentration of - i -: ' . .
SUBSTITUTE Sl IEFr . : ~;

.. ., . . ~, W~9~1~ PCT~9~/~M~2 39 2 0 8 ~ 7~2 1 Solar Radiation l-S1 from the Concentra~ion System 1-52, 2 1-5~, 1-56, 1-57, 1~8 ~nd 1-1 but it comes ~rom ~ co~bustion o~ two or mor2 gaseous (or other) fuels, ~o-4 example Hydrogen and Oxygen in vacuum (or under pressure, S alone or in presence of air) inside the specially shaped 6 Cavity Light Trap i-3, in high temperature, so that the 7 biggest part of the released chemi~al energy of the 8 combustion to be delivered in the form of thermal 9 radiation, ~hich will be trans~ormed with the same mechanism of heating the Tungsten Ma~tles i-5a,b, 11 i_ritation of the Cesium Plasma 1-6a,b etc. into a 12 Radiation of spectrum 1-70 as above and afterwards by 13 using the PV Mantles i-lOa,b, the Control Grids i-27a,b 14 and the Control Voltage Regulator i-28a,b, it will be transformed into electric current direct or alternating 16 with desir~d frequen~y a~d wa~form and with high 17 efficiency.
i8 Also by that the Secondary Reflector i-l for the 19 incoming of the conce~trated Solar Radiation i-52 is replaced by a specially arranged Burner and Combustion ~1 Gases Remo~al System for example the Incoming Outcoming 22 System i-29 of the yaseous (or other) ~u~s and tha 23 combustion gase~ raqpectively ( or whatsoever other Burner 24 System and Combustion Ga~es remo~al arrangement, where the pres~nt application ex~mple is only indi-ati~ and is no~
26 binding ~ for the . present inven~ion) for example - for 27 co~bustion of Hydrogen and Oxygen under ~acuum or under 28 pressure, the i-29 consists of the Central Oxygen Orifice 29 i-29~, the coneshaped Combustion Gases Orifice i-29b, the ', ~
S~BSTITUTE SHEET.

WO9Vl90l5 PCT/GR92/~
2~8~7~2` 40 1 Inner ringshaped Hydxogen Orific~ i-29c and the Outer 2 ringshaped Cooling Hydrogen Orifice i 2~d.
3 ~lso by that the Orifices i-29~ 29b and i-29c of 4 the Incoming-Outcoming System i 29, they continue as ~oaxial Tubes and create the Tu~e Heat Exchanger i-26, 6 along which the greatest part of the wasteheat of the hot 7 combustion gase. (in this case steam) is recuperated and 8 returns to the combustion room of the Cavi~y Light Trap 9 i-3 as preheating of the co~bustion gas~s, thus i~c~easing the total efficiency of transformation of the chemical 11 en~rgy of combustion into electricity and consists of a 12 C~ntral O~yge~ Tube i-26a, the intermediate Removing Tube 13 i-2 6~ ~f the ~ombustion gas es, the outer Hydrogen Tube 14 i-26~, the Tubes of the Cooling Hydrogen i-26d and the External Insulation i-26e.
16 Also by that the Re1ective Piston i-16 has its ~ront 17 Reflective Surfa~e i-1516 specially shaped in order to 18 direct appropriately with its Addressers i 16d a~d i-16e 19 the preheat~d gases of combustion to the hollow cylin~rical Combustion Zone i 3c maintaining always 21 between them and its Reflective Surface i-1516 2~ corresponding cooLing gas :Eilms (which are ejected ~ "!.`:.` `
23 appropriat~ly, thQ Hydrogen from the Orifice i-29d and the 24 Oxygen from the System of the Orifice i-16z and the Addresser of Coolin~ Oxygen i-16g) while on special 26 ~ projections of the ~ddresser--i-16d it bears arrangements .

27 for the ignition-or/and maintaining of the ~ombustion, ~he ` :~

28 Ignitors i-16n, while behlnd the Reflective Surface i-16a 2g it bsars the Tubes of incoming outcoming of the Coolins ~3~J8STITIJTF 5HEET . ¦
., ~.,, . . I, ,- ............. . - .. . . . . - . . ... `

WO 92/l9~l~ P~/GR92~00002 41 2~7~2 Hyd~ogen i-16b and the ~ube of incoming of the Coollrlg 2 Oxygen i~l6c.

4 10. ~ System of a Concentr~tinq t~ype PV Generator Alo 6A System o a cono~tratirlg type PV Generator Aloi as 7 it is descri}: ed in the PV Generators Al,till Agabove, 8( where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 9 or 9 respectively depending on if the rel ative PV
i0 Generator Ai or the relative component refers to the PV
11 Generator Al or A2 or A3 or A~ or A~ or A6 or A~ or 12 A8 or Agi respe~tively) which is characterised by tha~
13 the Secondary Reflector i-1 is maintained ( i . e. it is not 14 dale~ed) as well as the System of Soiar Energy Conce~tra~ion 1-52, 1-5~, 1-56, 1-57, 1-58, while the 16 ~nrner and Combustion Gase~ Removal System for ex~mpl2 the 17 Incoming-Outcoming System i-29 and the Tube ~eat Exchang r 18 i-26 are appropriately shaped around the Secondary 19 Re$1ector i-l tor in whatcoever other position, this arrangement being 3nly indicati~g and not b~ nding or 'he 21 pre ent inventio~) in order to make pos~ible the incoming 22 of ~oncentrated Solax Radiation 1-51 too, ~s well as the 23 operation o~ the ~y~tem either only with concentrated 24 Solar Radiation l-Sl, or o~ly with The~mal RadiatiQn f rom the ~omhustion of, Eor example Oxygen and Hydroqen, or 26 with what~oever combination of solar and thermal 27 radiation.
28 Also by that the Incoming-Outcoming System }-29 29 consists of the Inner CooLing Oxygen Qrifice i 29e, the ,.

SUE~SllTVTE SHEET

.
~-. . . ~ -~YO9~ Ol~ PCT/GR9t/~W~2 20857~`2 42 1 Inne_ Oxygen Ori~ice i-29a, the inkermediate Remo~ing 2 O_irice of the combustion gases i-29b, the Outer inner 3 Hydrog~n Orifice i 29c and the Outer Cooling Hydroge 4 Orifice i-29~ while the Tube Heat Exchanger i-26 consists of the Inner Cooling Oxygen Tube i-26e, the I nnQr Oxygen 6 Tube i-26a, the intermediate Remo~ing Tube of the 7 com~ustion gases i-26b, th0 Outer ~ydrogen Tube i-26~, the 3 Outer Cooling Hydrogen Tube i-26d and the Outer Insulation 9 i 26z. .
. ~, 11 11. A SYstem of a_Con~entratin~ type_PV Generator 12 .
13 A System of a concentrating type PV G~nerator Alli as 14 it is described in the PV Generators A1,till A1o above, 15 (where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 .~ .
16 or 9 or 10 respectively, dependi~g on if the corre pondinq 17 P~ Generator Ai or the corresponding Component rerers o 18 the PV Generator A1 or A2 or A3 or A~or As5or A66or 19 A7 or A8 or ~9 or Alo respecti~ely), which is charac~rised by that tha Ca~ity Light Trap i-3, the Glas~
21 Cover i-4, the Tun~sten Man~le i-S, th~ ~mpty Ca~ity i 2, 2~ the Control Grid i-27, the Molybdenum Grid i-7, the Window 23 Infrar~3d Filter i-9, the Mantle of PV C~ells i- 10, the 24 Cooling Mantle i-ll, the Cooling Medium Space i-12 and the~ ~ :
2~ Outer Insulation i-13, ~o not ha~e~the.shape of coaxial ;~
2 6 cylir.ders `as in the Claims 1 till 10 but the shape of 27 coaxial (o~ not~ prisms with n number of sides equal (or l~
28 not~ (where n is an integral number greater or equal to 3~ ::
29 where for n nearing the infinity results a shape of SUE~STITUTF SHEET

WO 9:2~tgOl~; PC7~'~GR92/OOtlO2 ~L3 2n`8~752 1 elliptical or other cur~ed form r~gular (or not) with its 2 rest components adjusted ~ach time to the relati~e form of 3 the a~ove basic c~mponents.
12. ~ ator A12 7 A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A12i as 8 it is described i~ the PY Generators Al,till All above, 9 (wh~re i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 respectively, depending on if the corr~sponding 11 PV Generator AL or the corresponding Component refers to 12 the PV Ganerator Al or A2 or A3 or A4or A55or A66or 13 A7 or A8i or Ag or Alt resp~ctively), which is 14 characterised by that the Components i-2, i-3, i-4, i-5, i-6, i-7, i-9, i-10, i 11, i-12, i-13, a~d i-27 have the 16 shape of concentric spheres or concentric polyedrals with 17 n numher of sides regular (or not) where n is an integral 18 number greater or ~qual to 4 and where all the rest 19 components are atjusted to the shape of the above basic co~ponents, as w~ll a~ by that the diameter of the 21 Reflecti~e Piston i-16 can alternati~ely be reduced till 2~ the complet~ disappearance of the i 16, as weLl as by that 23 ~or i~l, Z, 3 and 4 th~ Re~Lective Mantle~ i-17 may be 24 omit~ed and may r~sult production o~ DC only or AC with a 2~ small.DC co~ponent ~operation o~ly with the Control. Grid 26 i-27 a~d the Con~rol ~oltage Regulator i-28). :

- .

~;UBSTITUTE~ SHEE~

-, ., , - i - . , .. . ., . ,, . . - - ", ., ; , . ,- . . - . . ~ . ~: . ` . . ..

,~ . . . . , . . , . . ., , . . -

Claims (16)

1. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A?, consisting of the Primary Concentrating System of the Solar Radiation 1-51 (for example of the Parabolic Reflector 1-52, its Horizontal Axis of rotation 1-55, its Vertical Axis of rotation 1-56, its Pedestal 1-57 and its Foundation 1-58 ) and of the Secondary Concentrating System (i.e. the Secondary Reflector 1-1 with its Incoming Window 1-62, its Internal Reflector 1-60, its External Reflector 1-61, its Outcoming Window 1-53 and its Cooling System 1-59) which direct the Solar Rays 1-51 into the System of PV Conversion 1-54, which is characterized by the following innovative components, characteristics and operational Possibilities I, II, III and IV:
I) By that it amplifies up to more than doubling the efficiency of the PV Cells 1-43 from Crystalline Silicon or InP or GaAs etc. (Amplification Possibility (I)? or Amplification System (I)? with transformation of the Solar Radiation with spectrum for example 1-64 of the type AM 1,0 (or AM 1,5 etc) into Infrared Radiation 1-70 (with wavelength 852 till 894 nm) exactly on the maximum of the Sensitivity Curve 1-67 of the PV Cells 1-43 of Crystalline Silicon (or InP or GaAs etc), directing the concentrated Solar Rays 1-51 through the Cavity Light Trap 1-3, the Reflective Surfaces 1-1516, 1-151 and 1-154-, the Glass Cover 1-4, and the Vacuum Cavity 1-2, onto the Tungsten Mantle 1-5a,b, which glows at about 1800° C and emits a cloud of thermal electrons, which after irritating the Cesium Vapor Plasma 1-6a,b to Infrared Radiation 1-70, they pass through the Control Grid of Molybdenum 1-27a,b, which regulates their flow by imposing of appropriate Control Voltages from the Control Voltage Regulator 1-28a,b, they are collected by the Molybdenum Grid 1-7a,b and they return to the Tungsten Mantle 1-5a,b, through the Conductive Connection 1-8a,b with external device of regulation of the resistance of conduction. Also by that the Window Infrared Filter 1-9 permits the outcoming of Radiation only with spectrum 1-70, while the radiation with spectrum outside the region of 1-70 is reflected back inwards, thus increasing significantly the efficiency of the transformation of the original Solar Spectrum 1-64 into spectrum 1-70.
Also by that the Mantle of PV Cells 1-10a,b consists of the semicylindrical PV Mantles 1-10a and 1-10b, each of which consisting of the PV Cells 1-43 of Crystalline Silicon (or InP or GaAs etc) connected in series in thin PV Semirings 1-44, with Blocking Diodes 1-45 at their ends, which are connected among them in parallel, in order to create two independant PV Mantles 1-10a and 1-10b, wired between them with a Connection 1-41 (in parallel) with End-Terminals the 1-25DC for the case of DC
Production or with Connection type 1-42 (in series with their middle common Terminal 1-47 earthed, so that the End-Terminals 1-25AC to present symmetrically opposite potential +Vo and -Vo) for the case of AC production (or even D.C., too), while the change-over from the Connection 1-41 to 1-42 and vice-versa is effected by the Change-Over Switch 1-48.
Also by that the Components 1-5a,b, 1-6a,b, 1-27a,b, 1-7a,b and 1-17a,b (for the case of AC production), are consisted each of them of two semicylindrical mantles 1-5a and 1-5b, 1-6a and 1-6b, 1-27a and 1-27b, 1-7a and 1-7b as well as 1-17a and a-17b corresponding to the 1-10a and 1-10b, while there exist two independent Control Voltage Regulators the 1-28a and 1-28b and two independent Conductive Connections 1-8a and 1-8b with possibility of external regulation of the conduction resistance.
Also by that the PV Mantles 1-10a and 1-10b are cooled by the common Cooling System, which consists of the Cooling Mantle 1-11, the Space of Cooling Medium 1-12, the Insulation Mantle 1-13, the Cooling Medium Tubes 1-14 and the Insulated Container heat exchanger 1-36, thus creating a hybrid solar collector.
Also by that the components 1-3, 1-4 and 1-6 are cooled by a draught of incoming-outcoming air from the Passage 1-18a (around the Secondary Reflector 1-1), which may be coming-through (i.e. existence of a corresponding Passage 1-18c around the Reflective Piston 1-16), while the components 1-9, 1-10a,b and 1-17a,b are cooled by an air-draught through the Passage 1-18b, and the Reflective Piston 1-16 is cooled additionally and from behind from the Passages 1-18d.
Also by that the Components 1-3, 1-2, 1-4, 1-9, 1-17c,d, 1-18a,b,c,d, 1-11, 1-12 and 1-13 have a cylindrical shape while the 1-5a, 1-5b, 1-6a, 1-27a, 1-27b, 1-7a, 1-7b, 1-17a, 1-17b, 1-10a and 1-10b have semicylindrical shape respectively.

II) By that it can succeed the desired temperature of operation of the Tungsten Mantles 1-5a,b (for example the optimised temperature of 1800° C) and after this to keep it constant by moving in and out from the Cavity Light Trap 1-3, the Reflective Piston 1-16 or the Secondary Reflector 1-1 or both together (i.e. 1-16 and 1-1) symmetrically to the middle of the Cavity Light Trap 1-3, in order to keep constant the energy density of the concentrated Solar Radiation 1-51 ( Stabilization Possibility (II)? of the Tungsten Mantle 1-5a,b temperature or Stabilization System (II)?).

III) By that it can produce Direct Current (DC Possibility (III)?)) with more than double efficiency (compared to relative conventional .PHI./B Generators of equivalent concentrating type with the same PV Cells 1-43) for wiring of the PV Mantles 1-10a and 1-10b between them in parallel in a Connection type 1-41 (by the Change-Over Switch 1-48). Also by that the Reflective Mantle 1-17 either is removed completely or is divided in two cylindrical equal Reflective Mantles the 1-17c and 1-17d each with length equal to the half of the length of the PV Mantle 1-10a,b, which move at the same height and in coordination with the Reflective Piston 1-16 and the Secondary Reflector 1-1 respectively, all coordinated (i.e. the 1-17c, 1-17d, 1-16 and 1-1) by the one set of the two Double Reciprocation Systems, consisting of the Crankshaft 1-35', the Shovers 1-36a,b, the Pistons 1-37'a,b and the Arms 1-38'a,b (with a (=1/2 D of ?-35) diameter D.gamma. of the Crankshaft 1-35 equal to the Length of the PV Mantle 1-10a,b) for movement in and out the Cavity Light Trap 1-3, to positions symmetrical to its middle, which define the limits of the Zone 1-3a (by moving forwards and backwards the Crankshaft 1-35' in a rotation bow of 90°).

IV) By that it can produce directly Alternating Current (AC Possibility (IV)?) from the Mantles of PV Cells 1-10a and 1-10b, wired in series in a Connection 1-42 through the Change-Over switch 1-48, either by an independant from the Control Grids 1-27a,b operation of the semicylindrical Reflective Mantles 1-17a and 1-17b, which with appropriate double reciprocative movement with desired frequency, driven by a second System of Double Reciprocation (consisting of the Crankshaft 1-35, the Shovers 1-36a,b, the Pistons 1-37a,b and the Arms 1-38a,b and permitting variation of the reciprocation length of the Reflective Mantles 1-17a and 1-17b (by changing the length of the Arms 1-38a and 1-38b of the Crankshaft 1-35 and the Shovers 1-37a and 1-37b), depending on the position of the Reflective Piston 1-16 and the Secondary Reflector 1-1 inside the Cavity Light trap 1-3 ) in front of the PV
Mantles 1-10a and 1-10b or by the combined operation of the Reflective Mantles 1-17a,b as above with the operation or the Control Grids 1-27a,b and the Control Voltage Regulators 1-28a,b (which with several appropriate Control Voltages or "Cut-off" Voltages for example as the 1-31 and 1-32, improve the efficiency and the shape of the waveform). (For example the successive phases of reciprocation 1-19a and 1-19b of the Reflective Mantles 1-17a,b alone or in combination with the respective Curves of the Control Voltages i.e. the 1-33 or the 1-31 and 1-32, they result in the sinuisodal Curve of the directly produced Alternating current 1-21).

2. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A? as it is mentioned in Claim 1 above which is characterized by that the PV Mantle 2-10, the Tungsten Mantle 2-5, the Cesium Plasma 2-6, the Control Grid 2-27, the Molybdenum Grid 2-7 and the Reflective Mantle 2-27 are divided each in two equal cylindrical mantles a and b i.e. 2-10a and 2-10b, 2-5a and 2-5b, 2-6a and 2-6b, 2-27a and 2-27b, 2-7a and 2-7b as well as 2-17a and 2-17b while there exist two independant Control Voltage Regulators 2-28a and 2-28b and two independant Conductive Connections 2-8a and 2-8b with external possibility of regulation of the conduction resistance.
Also by that for the production of the Alternating Current the PV Mantles 2-10a and 2-10b are wired in series with a Connection type 1-42 through the Change-Over Switch 1-48,-while the Reflective Mantles 2-17a and 2-17b are composed to a united Reflective Mantle 2-17, the two halves of which can slide telescopicaly one into the other thus increasing or decreasing its length from 100% till 50% (or even to a smaller fraction depending on the number of telescopic parts of the 2-17) and the composite telescopic Reflective Mantle 2-17 reciprocates with the desired frequency in front of the PV Mantles 2-10a and 2-10b driven by the Reciprocation System (Crankshaft 2-35', Shover 2-36', Piston 2-37' and Arm 2-38'), which permits also change of the reciprocation length of 2-17 (depending on the position of the Reflective Piston 2-16 and the Secondary Reflector 2-1, to the middle of the PV Mantle 2-10a,b) with relative telescopic, symmetrical to its middle shortening of the 2-17) resulting to the production of the desired, for example sinuisodal Current Curve 2-21 even for zero Control Voltages for example 2-33a,b (lack of influence of the Control Grids 2-27a,b).
Also by that for combined operation of the 2-27a,b with the reciprocating movement of 2-17 above, by imposing of appropriate Control Voltages or Cut-Off Voltages or example of the 2-31a,b or 2-32 a,b we have again production of the desired i.e. sinuisodal Current Curve 2-21 but with improve efficiency.

3. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A?, as it is mentioned in the Claims 1 and 2 above, which is characterised by that for the direct productions of Alternating Current, the following components i.e. the cylindrical PV Mantle 3-10, the Glass Cover 3-4, the Tungsten Mantle 3-5, the Cesium Plasma 3-6, the Control Grid 3-27, the Molybdenum Grid 3-7 and the Window Infrared Filter 3-9 are divided in a number of, for example 10 Subinverters 3-24, which are separated among them by an equal number minus one of empty (reflective outwards) Spacing Rings 3-23a, where in each Sub-inverter 3-24 each of its components 3-10, 3-5, 3-27 and 3-7 has the structure of a double mantle (i.e. 3-10a and 3-10b, 3-5a and 3-5b, 3-27a and 3-27b as well as 3-7a and 3-7b (where the Spacing Zones 3-22 of the 3-10a,b are zones reflective inwards) of construction and connection as the relative components 2-10a and 2-10b, 2-5a and 2-5b, 2-27a and 2-27b, 2-7a and 2-7b in the System of PV Generator A?
above while there exist 10 relative pairs of components 3-28a and 3-28b (Control Voltage Regulators) and 3-8a and 3-8b (Conductive Connections of the 3-5a,b and 3-7a,b respectively with external regulation of the conduction resistance).
Also by that the Reflective Mantle 3-17 is constructed by an equal number (and equal width with the Sub-inverters 3-24), Reflective Zones 3-17 (each of which is neighboring with an equal number of Transparent Zones 3-23, each of width equal to the width of the Spacing Rings 3-23a or equals to the half-width of the 3-24 and 3-17).
Also by that the Reflective Mantle 3-17 reciprocates with the desired frequency and form of variation of the linear reciprocation-velocity (for example sinuisodal) driven by a simple Reciprocation System with Crankshaft 3-35' (for example without variation of the reciprocation length), where the movement of the Reflective Piston 3-16 or/and the Secondary Reflector 3-1 will be not continuous but in steps equal to the width of each Subinverter 3-24 plus the width of a Spacing Ring 3-23a, with location each time of the 3-16 or/and 3-1 at the beginning of each Sub-inverter 3-24 (with direction each time towards the middle of the Cavity Light Trap 3-3 ), resulting to the production of the sinuisodal Curve of electric Current 3-21 even for zero Control Voltages by the Control Grids 3-27a,b.
Also by that in a combined operation of the Control Grids 3-27a,b and the relative Control Voltage Regulators 3-28a,b with the Reflective Mantle 3-17 and by imposing of appropriate Control Voltage in combination with corresponding "Cut-Off" Voltages (for example the 3-31a,b) result the desired A.C. Curves, for example sinuisodal with improved efficiency as for example the 3-21.

4. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A? as it is mentioned in the Claims 1, 2 and 3 above, which is characterised by the arrangement of the System in a number of, for example 10 Sub-Inverters 4-24 without Spacing Rings 3-23a and arrangement of the Reflective Mantle 4-17 in two successive Reflective Mantles 4-17a and 4-17b each divided in an equal number of pairs of Reflective Zones 4-17a,b and Transparent Zones 4-23a,b each of width equal to the half of the width of each Sub-Inverter 4-24.
Also by that with appropriate combination of the reciprocating movements 4-19a and 4-19b of the 4-17a and 4-17b, results the corresponding, for example sinuisodal Curve of Current Production 4-21.
Also by that with the combined operation of the 4-17a,b with the Grids 4-27a,b and the Regulators 4-28a,b and by imposing of appropriate Control Voltages and "Cut-Off" Voltages, for example of the 4-31a,b, result A.C. Curves as the 4-21 with improved efficiency.

5. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A? as it is mentioned in the Claims 1,2,3 and 4 above which is characterised by that for the production of Alternating Current the cylindrical PV Mantle 5-10 is divided in four equal cylindrical quadrants which form the PV Mantles 5-10a1, 5-10a2, 5-10b1 and 5-10b2 where the PV Cells 5-43 are connected in series in thin Strips 5-44 along the generator-line of the Cylinder with Blocking Diodes 5-45 at the end of each Strip and afterwards the Strips 5-44 of each Quadrant are connected in parallel, and then the pairs of opposite Quadrants i.e. the 5-10a1 and 5-10b1 as well as the 5-10a2 and 5-10b2 are wired between them either with Connection type 1-41 (for D.C. production with removal of the Reflective Mantle 5-17 ), or with a Connection type 1-42 (for A.C. production in combination with rotational movement of the Reflective Mantle 5-17), in order to create the two independant systems of PV
Mantles i.e. the 5-10a1,b1 and 5-10a2,b2.
Also by that the Reflective Mantle 5-17 is divided also in 4 equal cylindrical Quadrants, from which the three reflective inwards and the fourth transparent, as well as by that for the production of Alternating Current of sinuisodal form the Reflective Mantle 5-17 rotates instead of reciprocating, with the desired frequency and angular speed, which is varied sinuisodaly in each period of operation (for example driven by the Rotational System of Crankshaft and Belt 5-30, where for constant angular speed of the Crankshaft 5-39 with diameter D2, the angular (and the tangential) speed of the Pulleys 5-40, the Belt 5-41 and the Reflective Mantle 5-17, as well as the linear speed of reciprocating of the Piston 5-42') are varied sinuisodaly with the time, (for D2=.pi..D1/2) and consequently the two independently produced Current curves 5-21(1) and 5-21(2) (even without the influence of the Control Grids 5-27a1,b1 and 5-27a2,b2) are sinuicodal with phase difference of 90° C between them.
Also by that in the case of cooperation of the Reflective Mantle 5-17a1,b1 and 5-17a2,b2 with the respective Control Grids 5-27a1,b1 and 5-27a2,b2 and the Control Voltage Regulators 5-28a1,b1 and 5-28a2,b2 and by imposing of appropriate Control Voltages and "Cut-Off"
Voltages (for example like the 5-31a1,b1 and 5-31a2,b2) result the same i.e. sinuisodal A.C. Curves 5-21(1) and 5-21(2) but with better efficiency.

6. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A? as it is mentioned in the Claims 1,2,3,4 and 5 above which is characterised by that the angular speed of rotation of the cylindrical Reflective Mantle 6-17 is constant with desired frequency, resulting in the A.C. Curves 6-21c and 6-21d, produced by the systems of the PV Mantles 6-10a1, 6-10b1 and 6-10a2, 6-10b2 (with phase difference 90° C
between them) have a triangular waveform with the same frequency with that of the Reflective Mantle 6-17 (without cooperation with the Control Grids 6-27a1,b1 and 6-27a2,b2 (Zero Control Voltages).
Also by that when there is a cooperation of the Control Grids 6-27a1,b1 and 6-27a2,b2 with the rotation of the Reflecting Mantle 6-17 as above, then by imposing of appropriate Control Voltages, for example like the 6-32a1, 6-32b1, 6-33a2 and 6-33b2 (or of other shape), by the Control Grids 6-27a1,b1 and 6-27a2,b2 and the Control Voltage Regulators 6-28a1,b1 and 6-28a2,b2 respectively, the waveform of the Curves of A.C. Production 6-21(1) and 6-21(2) becomes sinuisodal (or of other waveform respectively).

7. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A? as it is mentioned in the Claims 1 till 6 above (where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 respectively depending on if the respective PV Generator Ai or the corresponding component is mentioned in the Claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 respectively), which is characterised by that for the production of Alternating Current operate only the Control Grids i-27 in cooperation with the respective Control Voltage Regulators i-28 and without cooperation with the respective Reflective Mantles i-17, which in this case are either restricted to cooperation only with the Reflective Pistons i-16 or/and the Secondary Reflectors i-1 for the stabilisation of the temperature of the respective Tungsten Mantles i-5 as mentioned above, or they are removed completely.

Also by that the Control Grids i-27a and i-27b in cooperation with the Control Voltage Regulators i-28a and i-28b respectively, impose by turns (with the desired frequency) desired Control Voltages (for example varying sinuisodaly with the time) in front of the Tungsten Mantles i-5a and i-5b in combination with "Cut-Off"
Voltages in front of the Tungsten Mantles i-5b and i-5a respectively, so that the produced A.C. Curve i-21d from the System of the PV Mantles i-10a,b to have a sinuisodal shape with the same desired frequency of the combined Control Voltages i-81 or i-82 or i-83, while at the same time also a small symmetrical to zero Component of Direct Current i-21e is produced (from the parasitic Radiation 1-70 of the i-5a,b and i-6a,b), which with an appropriate electronic filter of passage can be separated from the A.C. Component i-21z and can either be used as it is for eventual needs in D.C. or be transformed and this in Alternating Current using a conventional electronic Inverter DC to AC.

8. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A? as it is mentioned in the Claims 1 till 7 above, (where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 depending on if the respective PV Generator Ai or the respective components is mentioned in the Claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 5 or 6 or 7 respectively), which is characterised by that the Cavity Light Trap i-3 is put under vacuum (or under pressure of a gas or mixture of gases), i.e. the Passages of cooling air i-18a,c to the respective Cavity Light Trap i-3 are eliminated and the space outside the relative Reflective Piston i-16 and the Secondary Reflector i-1 is air-tighted, with extension of the space air-tighting to all their moving distance, while at the same time the Glass Cover i-4 is eliminated and its place is taken directly by the relative Tungsten Mantle i-5, which separates now the Cavity Light Trap i-3 from the Vacuum Cavity i-2.

9. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A? as it is mentioned in the Claims 1 till 8 above, (where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 respectively depending on if the relative PV Generator Ai or the relative Components is mentioned in the Claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 respectively), which is characterised by the innovative Possibility of Conversion of Thermal Radiation into Electricity (V)? i.e. by that the radiation, which is dissipated in the Cavity Light Trap i-3 comes from the combustion of two or more gaseous (or other) fuels, for example Hydrogen and Oxygen in vacuum (or under pressure, alone or in presence of air) inside the specially shaped Cavity Light Trap i-3, and which is further transformed with the same mechanism of heating the Tungsten Mantles i-5a,b, irritation of the Cesium Plasma 1-6a,b etc. into a Radiation of spectrum 1-70 as above and afterwards by using the PV Mantles i-10a,b, the Control Grids i-27a,b and the Control-Voltage Regulator i-28a,b, it is further transformed into electric current direct or alternating with desired frequency and waveform and with high efficiency.
Also by that the Secondary Reflector i-l for the incoming or the concentrated Solar Radiation 1-52 is replaced by a specially arranged Burner and Combustion Gases Removal System for example the Incoming-Outcoming System i-29 of the gaseous (or other) fuels and the combustion gases respectively (or whatsoever other Burner System and Combustion Gases removal arrangement, where the present example of application is only indicative and is not binding for the present invention) for example for combustion of Hydrogen and Oxygen under vacuum or under pressure, the i-29 consists of the Central Oxygen Orifice i-29a, the coneshaped Combustion Gases Orifice i-29b the Inner ringshaped Hydrogen Orifice i-29c and the Outer ringshaped Cooling Hydrogen Orifice i-29d.
Also by that the Orifices i-29a, i-29b and i-29c of the Incoming-Outcoming System i-29, they continue as coaxial Tubes and create the Tube Heat Exchanger i-26, which consists of a Central Oxygen Tube i-26a, the intermediate Removing Tube i-26b of the combustion gases, the outer Hydrogen Tube i-26c, the Tubes of the Cooling Hydrogen i-26d and the External Insulation i-26e.
Also by that the Reflective Piston i-16 bears the Reflective Surface i-1516 with its Addressers i-16d and i-16e the System of the Orifice i-16z and the Addresser of Cooling Oxygen i-16g) while on special projections of the Addresser i-16d it bears arrangements for the ignition or/and maintaining of the combustion, the Ignitors i-16n, while behind the Reflective Surface i-16a it bears the of the Inner Cooling Oxygen Tube i-26e, the Inner Oxygen Tube i-26a, the intermediate Removing Tube of the combustion gases i-26b, the Outer Hydrogen Tube i-26c, the Outer Cooling Hydrogen Tube i-26d and the Outer Insulation i-26z.

11. A System of concentrating type PV Generator A11i as it is mentioned in the Claims 1 till 10 above, (where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 respectively), depending on if the corresponding PV
Generator Ai or the corresponding Component is mentioned in the Claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 respectively), which is characterised by that the Cavity Light Trap i-3, the Glass Cover i-4, the Tungsten Mantle i-5, the Empty Cavity i-2, the Control Grid i-27, the Molybdenum Grid i-7, the Window Infrared Filter i-9, the Mantle of PV Cells i-10, the Cooling Mantle i-11, the Cooling Medium Space i-12 and the Outer Insulation i-13, do not have the shape of coaxial cylinders as in the Claims 1 till 10 but the shape of coaxial or not prisms with n number of sides equal or not (where n is an integral number greater or equal to 3) where for n nearing the infinity results a shape of coaxial (or not) cylinders with cross sections of elliptical or other curved form regular (or not) with its rest components adjusted each time to the relative form of the above basic components.

12. A System of concentrating type PV Generator A12i as it is mentioned in the Claims 1 till 10 above, (where i is Tubes of incoming outcoming of the Cooling Hydrogen i-16b and the Tube of incoming of the Cooling Oxygen i-16c.

10. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A10i as it is mentioned in the Claims 1 till 9 above, (where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 respectively, depending on if the relative PV Generator Ai or the corresponding component is mentioned in the Claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 respectively) which is characterised by that the Secondary Reflector i-1 is maintained (i.e. it is not deleted) as well as the System of Solar Energy Concentration 1-52, 1-55, 1-56, 1-57, 1-58, while the Burner and Combustion Gases Removal System for example the Incoming-Outcoming System i-29 and the Tube Heat Exchanger i-26 may be appropriately shaped around the Secondary Reflector i-1 (or in whatsoever other appropriate position or arrangement) in order to make possible the incoming of concentrated Solar Radiation 1-51, too, as well as the operation of the system either only with concentrated Solar Radiation 1-51, or only with Thermal Radiation from the combustion of, for example Oxygen and Hydrogen, or with whatsoever combination of solar and thermal radiation.
Also by that the Incoming-Outcoming System i-29 consists of the Inner Cooling Oxygen Orifice i-29e, the Inner Oxygen Orifice i-29a, the intermediate Removing Orifice of the combustion gases i-29b, the Outer inner Hydrogen Orifice i-29c and the Outer Cooling Hydrogen Orifice i-29d while the Tube Heat Exchanger i-26 consists of the Inner Cooling Oxygen Tube i-26e, the Inner Oxygen Tube i-26a, the intermediate Removing Tube of the combustion gases i-26b, the Outer Hydrogen Tube i-26c, the Outer Cooling Hydrogen Tube i-26d and the Outer Insulation i-26z.

11. A System of concentrating type PV Generator A11i as it is mentioned in the Claims 1 till 10 above, (where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 respectively), depending on if the corresponding PV
Generator Ai or the corresponding Component is mentioned in the Claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 respectively), which is characterised by that the Cavity Light Trap i-3, the Glass Cover i-4, the Tungsten Mantle i-5, the Empty Cavity i-2, the Control Grid i-27, the Molybdenum Grid i-7, the Window Infrared Filter i-9, the Mantle of PV Cells i-10, the Cooling Mantle i-11, the Cooling Medium Space i-12 and the Outer Insulation i-13, do not have the shape of coaxial cylinders as in the Claims 1 till 10 but the shape of coaxial or not prisms with n number of sides equal or not (where n is an integral number greater or equal to 3) where for n nearing the infinity results a shape of coaxial (or not) cylinders with cross sections of elliptical or other curved form regular (or not) with its rest components adjusted each time to the relative form of the above basic components.

12. A System of concentrating type PV Generator A12i as it is mentioned in the Claims 1 till 10 above, (where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 respectively depending on if the corresponding PV
Generator Ai or the corresponding component is mentioned in the Claims 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 respectively), which is characterised by that the Components i-2, i-3, i-4, i-5, i-6, i-7, i-9, i-10, i-11, i-12, i-13, and i-27 have the shape of concentric spheres or concentric polyedrals with n number of sides regular (or not) where n is an integral number greater or equal to 4 and where all the rest components are adjusted to the shape of the above basic components, as well as by that the diameter of the Reflective Piston i-16 can alternatively be reduced (till the complete disappearance of the i-16) as well as by that for i=1, 2, 3 and 4 the Reflective Mantles i-17 may be omitted and may result production of DC only or AC with a small DC component (operation only with the Control Grid i-27 and the Control Voltage Regulator i-28).

13. A System of concentrating type PV Generator A13i, as it is mentioned in the Claims 1 till 11 above (where i is defined in the Claim 11 above with extension of the index i till 11), which is characterised by that it is equipped with one or more pairs of Mantles of PV Cells i-10a and i-10b, in which the PV Cells i-43 are connected in line in thin Rings of PV Cells i-44 (or in thin Strips i-44 parallel to the generator line of the cylinder or the edges of the prisms, with Blocking Diodes i-45 at the ends and successively the thin PV Rings i-44 (or the corresponding thin PV Strips i-44) are connected in parallel within each PV Mantle i-10a or i-10b and successively each two PV Mantles i-10a or i-10b are connected between themselves either with a Connection type i-41 (for DC production with eventual removal of the Reflective Mantles i-17 or change of their operation which becomes in this case cooperation with the Reflective Piston i-16 or/and the Secondary Reflector i-1 for the stabilisation of the temperature of the Tungsten Mantle i-5), or with Connection type i-42 (Production of DC or A.C.) through the Change Over Switch i-48.
Also by that if in front of the above pairs of the Mantles of PV Cells i-10a and i-10b moves either reciprocating an appropriate Reflective Mantle i-17 (where i is equal to 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11) with the suitable Succession of Operation Phases i-19 with desired frequency and form of variation of its linear reciprocating movement (for example sinuisodal), or rotationally with the Respective Mantle i-17 (where i is equal to 5 or 9 or 10) to be rotated appropriately by the Rotation System of the i-30, i-39, i-40, i-41' and i-42' then will result directly the production of the alternating sinuisodal Current Curve i-21 (or 5-21(1) and 5-21(2) respectively) from the above systems.

14. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A14i, as it is mentioned in the Claim 13 above (where i is defined in Claim 13 above), which is characterised by that it is equipped in addition with a Control Grid i-27 and a Control Voltage Regulator i-28 which can either cooperate alone with the corresponding pair of PV Mantles i-10a and i-10b without the Reflective Mantle i-17 (which is removed or cooperates only with the i-16 and i-1) for the direct production of alternating current, for example of sinuisodal form, by imposing alternatively in front of the corresponding Tungsten Mantles i-5a,b of appropriate Control Voltages, for example to the one of them of a Control Voltage changing sinuisodaly with the time in combination with "Cut-Off" Voltage to the other, resulting in the production by the PV Mantles i-10a,b of the sinuisodal Curve of Current i-81d with an AC component i-81z and a small DC Component i-81e symmetrical to zero, as mentioned above in Claim 7 or they can operate together with the respective pair of PV Mantles i-10a and i-10b and in cooperation with the reciprocating or rotating movement of the respective Reflective Mantle i-17, where by imposing of appropriate Control Voltages and "Cut-Off"
Voltages respectively results in the production of the Current Curve i-21 of alternating form only with desired waveform (for example sinuisodal) and frequency as above in Claim 12 but with improved Efficiency.

15. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A?
as mentioned in the Claim 13 above (where the index i is defined in the Claim 13 above), which is characterised by that it is equipped with an Amplification System (I)? of the efficiency of the PV Cells i-43, which is consisted by the Cavity Light Trap i-3, the Glass Cover i-4, the Empty Cavity i-2, the Tungsten Mantle i-5, the Cesium Plasma i-6, the Control Grid i-27, the Control Voltage Regulator i-28, the Molybdenum Grid i-7, the Conductive Connection i-8, the Window Infrared Filter i-9, the Reflective Mantle i-17, the Mantle of PV Cells i-10, the Cooling Mantle i-11, the Cooling Medium Space i-12, the Insulating Mantle i-13 and the Cooling Medium Tubes i-14.
Also by that the above components may by divided in two or more mantles, cylindrical, semicylindrical, quarter of cylinder-shape etc as it is required by the relative PV
Generator A? for the production of DC or AC
respectively.

16. A System of a concentrating type PV Generator A? as it is mentioned above in the Claim 13 (where the index i is defined in the Claim 13 above), which is characterised by that it is equipped with a stabilisation System (II)?
of the temperature of the Tungsten Mantle i-5, which consists from the Cavity Light Trap i-3, the Reflective Surfaces i-1615, i-115, i-415, the Reflective Piston i-16, the Secondary Reflector i-1 and the System of drive and coordination of the movement of the i-16 and i-1 inside the i-3 for example the Double Reciprocation System consisting of the Crankshaft i-35', the Shovers i-36', the Pistons i-37 and the Arms i-38 or by a relative system with servomechanism, Pyranometer and local microprocessor etc.

A Summary of a concentrating type PV Generator with high efficiency and possibility of direct production of A.C., too.

SUMMARY

The invention consist in the realisation of a System of concentrating type PV Cells incorporated in an innovative system of production of electricity from concentrated Solar or Thermal Radiation which presents the following innovative possibilities.
I. Possibility (or System) of Amplification till more than doubling of the efficiency of PV Cells from Crystalline Silicon or InP or GaAs with transformation of the spectrum of the Solar (or Thermal) Radiation into Radiation with spectrum 1-70 within a narrow band of the infrared (852 nm till 894 nm) where present their maximum sensitivity the PV Cells from Crystalline Si (or InP or GaAs etc).

II. Possibility (or System) of Stabilisation and regulation of the temperature of the Tungsten Mantle i-5 with appropriate movement along the specially shaped (for example cylindrical) Cavity Light Trap i-3 of the Reflective Piston i-16 or/and the Secondary Reflector i-1 in order to keep constant the density of Solar (or Thermal) Radiation on the active sidewall surface of the i-3 resulting in constant (or regulated) density of radiation and temperature on the Tungsten Mantle i-5.

III. Possibility (or System) of D.C. production with efficiency of the PV Cells i-43 (of the PV Mantles i-10a,b in connection type i-41) more than double of this one presented by the same PV Cells i-43 for incidence of a Solar spectrum AM 1,0 or AM 1,5 etc. This is succeeded on the one hand with the System of Amplification I above by transformation of the Solar (or Thermal) spectrum into a spectrum 1-70 as above where the Curve of Sensitivity of the PV Cells of Crystalline Si (or InP or GaAs etc) presents its maximum and on the other hand with the Window Infrared Filter i-9 which permits to pass through only to the spectrum 1-70, while the radiation outside the region of the spectrum 1-70 is reflected back on the Tungsten Mantle i-5 in order to be emitted once more as cloud of thermal electrons, irritation of the Cesium Plasma 1-6 etc.

IV. Possibility (or System) of direct AC production from the Mantles of PV Cells i-10a and i-10b wired in a connection type i-42, either with appropriate reciprocation (or rotation) in front of the PV Mantles i-10a,b of the Reflective Mantle i-17a,b -without cooperation with the-Control Grids i-27a-,b, or with cooperation of the Control Grids- i-27a,b, with the reciprocating (or rotating) as above Reflective Mantles i-17a,b, and by Imposing of appropriate Control Voltage and "Cut-Off" Voltage (for improvement of the efficiency) in which case result the Curve of Current Production i-21 of desired alternating waveform and frequencies for example sinuisodal, 50 Hz.

V. Possibility (or System) of direct conversion or the Thermal Radiation (produced by appropriate combustion in the Cavity Light Trap i-3 of Gaseous (or other) fuels like Hydrogen and Oxygen into electric current, by the transformation of the Thermal Radiation into Radiation of Infrared spectrum 1-70 as above and successively with the known mechanism as above, transformation of the Radiation with spectrum 1-70 into electric current direct or alternating with desired frequency and waveform and high efficiency.