CH681920A5 - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- CH681920A5 CH681920A5 CH1954/91A CH195491A CH681920A5 CH 681920 A5 CH681920 A5 CH 681920A5 CH 1954/91 A CH1954/91 A CH 1954/91A CH 195491 A CH195491 A CH 195491A CH 681920 A5 CH681920 A5 CH 681920A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- grating
- light
- diffraction
- sensitive
- field
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000002512 chemotherapy Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910003327 LiNbO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910020442 SiO2—TiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009830 antibody antigen interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001900 immune effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000984 immunochemical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001028 reflection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
- G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
- G01N21/7703—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides
- G01N21/774—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides the reagent being on a grating or periodic structure
- G01N21/7743—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides the reagent being on a grating or periodic structure the reagent-coated grating coupling light in or out of the waveguide
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
- G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
- G01N2021/0385—Diffusing membrane; Semipermeable membrane
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By The Use Of Chemical Reactions (AREA)
Abstract
The invention describes a process for the selective detection of substances in chemical, biochemical and biological measuring samples (13) by the determination of changes in the effective refractive index of an executed mode (16) with the aid of a grid coupler (10). The essential feature of the invention is that a grid (4) of the grid coupler (10) is illuminated by a fanshaped field of light (9), a mode (16) is excited and emitted virtually as a plane wave (17) owing to weak coupling, a position-sensitive detector (7) is in the light field (9) of a diffraction order and thus the shift in a bright spot of light (12) formed by the emitted light field (17) is measured.
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum selektiven Nachweis von spezifischen Substanzen in einer Messprobe durch Bestimmung von Änderungen der effektiven Brechzahl mit einem Gitterkoppler nach dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.
Die Gitterkopplung ist eine bekannte Methode, um in einem Lichtwellenleiter einen geführten Mode anzuregen. Wird das Beugungsgitter als integriert optischer Sensor betrieben, so ändert sich die effektive Brechzahl (im Gitterbereich) infolge des Sensorexperiments, d.h. beispielsweise infolge der Kopplung der spezifischen Substanzen an den chemoempfindlichen Wellenleiter. Diese Änderung der effektiven Brechzahl kann auf verschiedenste Weise abgetastet werden. In der PCT/CH86/00072 (US-A 4 815 843) sind ein paar dieser Möglichkeiten beschrieben, beispielsweise wird vorgeschlagen, zur Bestimmung von effektiven Brechzahländerungen die Intensität einer nicht eingekoppelten Beugungsordnung mit einer Photodiode zu messen.
Diese Art der Messung hat einen kleinen dynamischen Bereich und benötigt bewegliche Mechanik zur Einstellung der Kopplungswinkel und ist zudem empfindlich auf Lichtintensitätsschwankungen, die von der Lichtquelle herrühren.
Ferner ist aus EP-A 0 031 523 und 0 404 900 bekannt, das Beugungsgitter mit Licht aus verschiedener Richtung zu beleuchten.
Die Erfindung, wie sie in dem Patentanspruch 1 gekennzeichnet ist, löst die Aufgabe, ein Verfahren zu schaffen, welches unabhängig von Lichtintensitätsschwankungen ist und die Abtastung der effektiven Brechzahländerungen ohne Einsatz beweglicher Mechanik erlaubt.
Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand von Zeichnungen näher erläutert.
Fig. 1 zeigt eine Messvorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens.
Fig. 2 zeigt eine weitere Messvorrichtung für eine biochemische Applikation (z.B. Messung von Antigen-Antikörper Wechselwirkung) unter Einbezug einer Küvette.
Gemäss Fig. 1 enthält in an sich bekannter Weise ein Gitterkoppler 10 ein Substrat 2 und einen damit verbundenen wellenleitenden Film 3 als Wellenleiter 1 sowie ein Gitter 4, auch Beugungsgitter genannt, wobei entweder der Film 3 selbst chemoempfindlich gewählt oder dieser mit einer chemoempfindlichen Schicht versehen wird und das Gitter 4 an der oberen oder unteren Fläche des Films 3 angeordnet sein kann. Ein Lichtstrahl 5 einer nicht dargestellten Lichtquelle, vorzugsweise mit monochromatischem Licht, der auf das Gitter 4 gerichtet ist, kann über das Gitter 4 eingekoppelt bzw. über dasselbe Gitter 4 ausgekoppelt werden, wobei die Kopplungswinkel alpha 1 durch die Kopplungsgleichung
N = sin alpha 1 + 1 ( lambda / LAMBDA )
gegeben sind. Dabei sind: N die effektive Brechzahl des Modes; alpha 1 der Ein- bzw.
Auskopplungswinkel; 1 die dazugehörige Beugungsordnung; lambda die Wellenlänge; LAMBDA die Gitterperiode.
Bei Verwendung von SiO2-TiO2 Wellenleitern 1 und Gitter 4 mit beispielsweise einer Linienzahl von 1200 Linien/mm kann über die +-1te, +-2te und +-3te Beugungsordnung ein- bzw. ausgekoppelt werden. Insbesondere kann beispielsweise über die +-1te Beugungsordnung eingekoppelt und über die -+2te Beugungsordnung ausgekoppelt werden oder beispielsweise über die +-2te Beugungsordnung eingekoppelt und über die -+1te Beugungsordnung ausgekoppelt werden.
Um bei der Lichteinkopplung eine bewegliche Mechanik zu vermeiden, wird vorzugsweise ein fächerförmiges Lichtfeld 6 auf das Gitter 4 angeboten. Dies erlaubt ständige Modenanregung bei fester Geometrie, auch wenn sich die effektive Brechzahl aufgrund eines Sensorexperiments ändert, die Wellenleiterkonfiguration produktionsbedingt leicht variiert und/oder bei (bio) chemischen Experimenten eine flüssige Messprobe (z.B. Serum) ihre Brechzahl von Charge zu Charge ändert.
Ein positionsempfindlicher Detektor (7) befindet sich in einem Bereich eines Lichtstrahles 9 einer nicht eingekoppelten bzw. abgestrahlten Beugungsordnung, die nicht einem direkt transmittierten bzw. direkt reflektierten Lichtstrahl 11 bzw. 8 entspricht, wobei das einfallende fächerförmige Lichtfeld 6 jedoch bewirkt, dass die erwähnten Beugungsordnungen ebenfalls als fächerförmige Lichtfelder erscheinen.
Auf dem fächerförmigen Lichtfeld des Lichtstrahles 9 befindet sich überlagert ein heller Lichtfleck 12, der durch die Auskopplung des geführten Modes am Gitter 4 entsteht, und einen durch die Kopplungsgleichung gegebenen Auskopplungswinkel alpha 1, aufweist. Ändert sich nun die effektive Brechzahl des Modes aufgrund eines Sensor-Experiments, bei dem eine Messprobe 13 auf den Gitterkoppler 10 aufgebracht wird, so ändert nach der Kopplungsgleichung der Auskopplungswinkel alpha 1, was eine Bewegung des hellen Lichtflecks 12 im Lichtfeld zur Folge hat. Diese Verschiebung des Lichtflecks 12 kann mit dem positionsempfindlichen Detektor 7 registriert werden. Diese Art der Registrierung ist unabhängig von Schwankungen in der Lichtintensität der Lichtquelle.
Das erfindungsgemässe Messverfahren ist besonders für die Bioanalytik interessant. Als Beispiel sei der Nachweis einer immunchemischen Reaktion erwähnt. In diesem Fall befindet sich gemäss Fig. 2 auf dem Gitter 4 eine Antikörper- bzw. Antigenschicht, die eine sogenannte chemoempfindliche Schicht 14 darstellt und somit als mit dem Wellenleiter 1 integriert zu betrachten ist. Die flüssige Messprobe 13 mit dem Antigen bzw. Antikörper wird in die Küvette 15 eingespritzt. Die Kopplung der beiden immunologischen Partner bewirkt eine Änderung der effektiven Brechzahl und damit eine Änderung des Lichtflecks auf dem positionsempfindlichen Detektor. Das Messprinzip kann natürlich auch für andere bindungsspezifische Partner verwendet werden.
Das Messprinzip kann auch im Zusammenhang mit einem Competition Assay oder "Sandwich Assay" verwendet werden. Zur Signalverstärkung werden oftmals bindungsfähige Makromoleküle oder Kügelchen aus Kunststoff (Polystyrol, Latex), hochbrechendem Glas (TiO2, LiNbO3, Glas) oder Metall (Gold) verwendet. Diese bindungsfähigen Makromoleküle können reversibel wie auch irreversibel gebunden werden. Diese bindungsfähigen Makromoleküle bilden neben der immobilisierten bindefähigen Substanz und der nachzuweisenden Substanz ein drittes Reagenz.
Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren lässt sich auf einfache Weise mehrkanalig betreiben, da das Messverfahren ein Quasi-Reflexions-Verfahren, d.h. Reflexion kombiniert mit Beugung darstellt. Für diesen mehrkanaligen Betrieb können mehrere Gitter, Gitterstreifen oder grössere zweidimensionale Gitter verwendet werden. In der Bioanalytik werden dann die verschiedenen Gitterregionen mit verschiedenen chemoempfindlichen Schichten belegt.
The present invention relates to a method for the selective detection of specific substances in a measurement sample by determining changes in the effective refractive index with a grating coupler according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
Lattice coupling is a known method for exciting a guided mode in an optical waveguide. If the diffraction grating is operated as an integrated optical sensor, the effective refractive index (in the grating area) changes as a result of the sensor experiment, i.e. for example, due to the coupling of the specific substances to the chemo-sensitive waveguide. This change in the effective refractive index can be sensed in a variety of ways. PCT / CH86 / 00072 (US-A 4 815 843) describes a few of these possibilities, for example it is proposed to measure the intensity of an uncoupled diffraction order with a photodiode in order to determine effective changes in refractive index.
This type of measurement has a small dynamic range and requires movable mechanics to adjust the coupling angle and is also sensitive to light intensity fluctuations that result from the light source.
Furthermore, it is known from EP-A 0 031 523 and 0 404 900 to illuminate the diffraction grating with light from different directions.
The invention, as characterized in claim 1, solves the problem of creating a method which is independent of fluctuations in light intensity and allows the scanning of the effective changes in refractive index without the use of moving mechanics.
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to drawings.
1 shows a measuring device for carrying out the method.
Fig. 2 shows another measuring device for a biochemical application (e.g. measurement of antigen-antibody interaction) including a cuvette.
1, in a manner known per se, a grating coupler 10 contains a substrate 2 and an associated waveguiding film 3 as a waveguide 1 and a grating 4, also called a diffraction grating, the film 3 itself being selected to be chemo-sensitive or provided with a chemo-sensitive layer and the grid 4 can be arranged on the upper or lower surface of the film 3. A light beam 5 from a light source, not shown, preferably with monochromatic light, which is directed onto the grating 4, can be coupled in via the grating 4 or can be coupled out via the same grating 4, the coupling angle alpha 1 being given by the coupling equation
N = sin alpha 1 + 1 (lambda / LAMBDA)
given are. Here: N is the effective refractive index of the mode; alpha 1 the input or
Decoupling angle; 1 the associated diffraction order; lambda the wavelength; LAMBDA the grating period.
When using SiO2-TiO2 waveguides 1 and gratings 4 with, for example, a number of lines of 1200 lines / mm, the + -1th, + -2th and + -3th diffraction order can be coupled in or out. In particular, for example, the + -1th diffraction order can be coupled in and the - + 2nd diffraction order can be used or, for example, the + -2th diffraction order can be coupled in and the - + 1st diffraction order can be used.
In order to avoid a moving mechanism when coupling in the light, a fan-shaped light field 6 is preferably offered on the grating 4. This allows constant mode excitation with fixed geometry, even if the effective refractive index changes due to a sensor experiment, the waveguide configuration varies slightly due to production and / or in (bio) chemical experiments, a liquid measurement sample (e.g. serum) changes its refractive index from batch to batch.
A position-sensitive detector (7) is located in a region of a light beam 9 of a non-coupled or emitted diffraction order that does not correspond to a directly transmitted or directly reflected light beam 11 or 8, the incident fan-shaped light field 6, however, causing the aforementioned Diffraction orders also appear as fan-shaped light fields.
Superimposed on the fan-shaped light field of the light beam 9 is a bright light spot 12, which is created by coupling out the guided mode on the grating 4 and has a coupling angle alpha 1 given by the coupling equation. If the effective refractive index of the mode changes due to a sensor experiment in which a measurement sample 13 is applied to the grating coupler 10, the coupling angle alpha 1 changes according to the coupling equation, which results in a movement of the bright light spot 12 in the light field. This displacement of the light spot 12 can be registered with the position-sensitive detector 7. This type of registration is independent of fluctuations in the light intensity of the light source.
The measuring method according to the invention is particularly interesting for bioanalytics. The detection of an immunochemical reaction may be mentioned as an example. In this case, according to FIG. 2, there is an antibody or antigen layer on the grating 4, which is a so-called chemo-sensitive layer 14 and is therefore to be regarded as integrated with the waveguide 1. The liquid measurement sample 13 with the antigen or antibody is injected into the cuvette 15. The coupling of the two immunological partners causes a change in the effective refractive index and thus a change in the light spot on the position-sensitive detector. The measuring principle can of course also be used for other binding-specific partners.
The measuring principle can also be used in connection with a competition assay or "sandwich assay". Binding-capable macromolecules or beads made of plastic (polystyrene, latex), high-index glass (TiO2, LiNbO3, glass) or metal (gold) are often used for signal amplification. These bindable macromolecules can be bound reversibly as well as irreversibly. In addition to the immobilized bindable substance and the substance to be detected, these bindable macromolecules form a third reagent.
The method according to the invention can be operated in a simple manner in multiple channels, since the measuring method is a quasi-reflection method, i.e. Represents reflection combined with diffraction. Several grids, grating strips or larger two-dimensional grids can be used for this multi-channel operation. In bioanalytics, the different lattice regions are then covered with different chemo-sensitive layers.
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH1954/91A CH681920A5 (en) | 1991-07-02 | 1991-07-02 | |
| PCT/CH1992/000117 WO1993001487A1 (en) | 1991-07-02 | 1992-06-19 | Optical process for the selective detection of specific substances in chemical, biochemical and biological measuring samples |
| EP92912252A EP0551456A1 (en) | 1991-07-02 | 1992-06-19 | Optical process for the selective detection of specific substances in chemical, biochemical and biological measuring samples |
| JP4511206A JPH06500636A (en) | 1991-07-02 | 1992-06-19 | Optical method for selectively detecting specific substances in chemical, biochemical, and biological measurement samples |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH1954/91A CH681920A5 (en) | 1991-07-02 | 1991-07-02 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CH681920A5 true CH681920A5 (en) | 1993-06-15 |
Family
ID=4222477
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH1954/91A CH681920A5 (en) | 1991-07-02 | 1991-07-02 |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0551456A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH06500636A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH681920A5 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1993001487A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4424628A1 (en) * | 1994-07-13 | 1996-01-18 | Matthias Dipl Ing Lau | Method and arrangement for measuring the refractive index of different media |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE59410197D1 (en) * | 1993-03-26 | 2002-11-21 | Hoffmann La Roche | Optical method and device for analyzing substances on sensor surfaces |
| GB9314991D0 (en) * | 1993-07-20 | 1993-09-01 | Sandoz Ltd | Mechanical device |
| EP0679250B1 (en) * | 1993-11-15 | 2000-03-15 | CARL ZEISS JENA GmbH | System for analysing substances at the surface of an optical sensor |
| DE4345225A1 (en) * | 1993-11-15 | 1995-05-18 | Hoffmann La Roche | Arrangement for analysis of substances on surface of optical sensor |
| GB9602542D0 (en) * | 1996-02-08 | 1996-04-10 | Fisons Plc | Analytical device |
| US6211954B1 (en) | 1996-03-30 | 2001-04-03 | Novartis Ag | Integrated optical luminescence sensor |
| DE19615366B4 (en) * | 1996-04-19 | 2006-02-09 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Method and device for detecting physical, chemical, biological or biochemical reactions and interactions |
| KR20000048736A (en) * | 1996-09-30 | 2000-07-25 | 아벤티스 레제아르히 운트 테히놀로기스 게엠베하 운트 콤파니 카게 | Optical sensor for detecting chemical substances dissolved or dispersed in water |
| US8111401B2 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2012-02-07 | Robert Magnusson | Guided-mode resonance sensors employing angular, spectral, modal, and polarization diversity for high-precision sensing in compact formats |
| WO2004067162A2 (en) | 2003-01-30 | 2004-08-12 | Ciphergen Biosystems Inc. | Apparatus for microfluidic processing and reading of biochip arrays |
| JP5365594B2 (en) * | 2010-09-13 | 2013-12-11 | 株式会社島津製作所 | Refractive index measuring apparatus and refractive index measuring method using guided mode resonance grating |
| EP2824446A1 (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-14 | F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG | Device for use in the detection of binding affinities |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1986007149A1 (en) * | 1985-05-29 | 1986-12-04 | Kurt Tiefenthaler | Optical sensor for selectively determining the presence of substances and the variation of the refraction index in the measured substances |
| DE3723159A1 (en) * | 1986-07-17 | 1988-01-21 | Prosumus Ag | Chemical sensor and method which can be performed with it |
| EP0455067A2 (en) * | 1990-05-03 | 1991-11-06 | F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag | Micro-optical sensor |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5082629A (en) * | 1989-12-29 | 1992-01-21 | The Board Of The University Of Washington | Thin-film spectroscopic sensor |
| DE4033912C2 (en) * | 1990-10-25 | 1995-05-24 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Optical sensor |
-
1991
- 1991-07-02 CH CH1954/91A patent/CH681920A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1992
- 1992-06-19 JP JP4511206A patent/JPH06500636A/en active Pending
- 1992-06-19 WO PCT/CH1992/000117 patent/WO1993001487A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-06-19 EP EP92912252A patent/EP0551456A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1986007149A1 (en) * | 1985-05-29 | 1986-12-04 | Kurt Tiefenthaler | Optical sensor for selectively determining the presence of substances and the variation of the refraction index in the measured substances |
| DE3723159A1 (en) * | 1986-07-17 | 1988-01-21 | Prosumus Ag | Chemical sensor and method which can be performed with it |
| EP0455067A2 (en) * | 1990-05-03 | 1991-11-06 | F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag | Micro-optical sensor |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| SENSOR AND ACTUATORS. Bd. B, Nr. 1/6, 1990, LAUSANNE CH Seiten 585 - 588; W.LUKOSZ ET AL.: 'OUTPUT GRATING COUPLERS ON PLANAR WAVEGUIDES AS INTEGRATED OPTICAL SENSORS' * |
| SPIE, 5TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATED OPTICS Bd. 1141, 1989, Seiten 192 - 200; W. LUKOSZ ET AL.: 'OUTPUT GRATING COUPLERS ON PLANAR WAVEGUIDES AS INTEGRATED OPTICAL SENSORS' * |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4424628A1 (en) * | 1994-07-13 | 1996-01-18 | Matthias Dipl Ing Lau | Method and arrangement for measuring the refractive index of different media |
| US5812255A (en) * | 1994-07-13 | 1998-09-22 | Lau; Matthias | Process and device for determining the refractive index of different mediums |
| DE4424628B4 (en) * | 1994-07-13 | 2005-11-17 | Lau, Matthias, Dipl.-Ing. | Method and arrangement for measuring the refractive index of different media |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO1993001487A1 (en) | 1993-01-21 |
| JPH06500636A (en) | 1994-01-20 |
| EP0551456A1 (en) | 1993-07-21 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL | Patent ceased |