EP0287350A2 - Vacuum sewage collecting system - Google Patents

Vacuum sewage collecting system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0287350A2
EP0287350A2 EP88303325A EP88303325A EP0287350A2 EP 0287350 A2 EP0287350 A2 EP 0287350A2 EP 88303325 A EP88303325 A EP 88303325A EP 88303325 A EP88303325 A EP 88303325A EP 0287350 A2 EP0287350 A2 EP 0287350A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
vacuum
chamber
tank
pump
pipe
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88303325A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0287350A3 (en
EP0287350B1 (en
Inventor
Olav Hofseth
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
JETS SYSTEMER AS
Original Assignee
JETS SYSTEMER AS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by JETS SYSTEMER AS filed Critical JETS SYSTEMER AS
Publication of EP0287350A2 publication Critical patent/EP0287350A2/en
Publication of EP0287350A3 publication Critical patent/EP0287350A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0287350B1 publication Critical patent/EP0287350B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
    • E03F1/00—Methods, systems, or installations for draining-off sewage or storm water
    • E03F1/006—Pneumatic sewage disposal systems; accessories specially adapted therefore

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to collecting arrangement for vacuum sewage collecting systems and comprises a vacuum tank which through a supply pipe is connected to toilets, drainage tanks for urinals, greywater tanks etc., and a vacuum pump which through a suction pipe provides the necessary vacuum in the vacuum tank.
  • Vacuum sewage colleting systems for toilets have already been known for several decades. Such systems were primarily developed for use onboard airplanes and railway trains. Espesially with regard to the airplanes, it was necessary to reduce the amount of water being carried with the planes to reduce the total weight.
  • an important advantage with the vacuum drainage systems for toilets is that the amount of water being used for each flushing operation is very small. While the conventional toilets use 8 - 10 litres of water for each flushing opera­tion, the vacuum toilets needs less than 1,5 liter.
  • vacuum sewage collecting systems As the vacuum drain pipes and vacuum sewage collecting tanks also may be mounted in an up-stream arrangement.
  • the mounting arrangement for vacuum sewage collecting systems there­fore are more flexible. -
  • the possibility of leakage from a vacuum sewage collect­ing system is less than with conventional systems as the sewage is transported by means of air under vacuum.
  • vacuum sewage collecting systems are also encumbered with practical as well as operational problems.
  • the vacuum in the vacuum tank is provided by means of a vacuum pump, while the sewage in the vacuum tank is pumped out of the tank by means of a separate centrifugal pump.
  • the vacuum pump has to be stopped, resulting in operations stoppage (the toilets can not be used).
  • the users are using the toilets for other purposes than what they were initially intended for, i.e. the users are throwing garbage in the form of plastics bags, bottle caps, hand towels, sanitary ware or the like into the toilets.
  • Such articles tend to pack the impeller of the centrifugal pump and prevent emptying of the vacuum tank, which again results in opera­tions stoppage and an increase in maintenance costs.
  • the vacuum sewage collecting system consists of a vacuum tank 1, which on one side is connected to a supply line 6 and on the other side is con­nected to a suction pipe 7 coupled to vacuum pumps 4.
  • the vacuum tank 1 is divided into two chambers by means of a "dividing plate" 10.
  • the dividing plate consists of a grating, a perforated plate or the like, and is partly conical with a partly bent pipe piece 16 which protrudes dowmwardly from the centre of the plate 10 and partly in to the lower, first 8 of the two chambers 8 and 9. Sewage in the form of water mixed with stools, urine, sanitary ware etc. flows into the first chamber 8 from toilets, urinals etc. (not shown) through the supply pipe 6. Water, or more correctly, fluid components flowing into the first chamber 8 can freely flow into the upper, second chamber 9 through the grating 10.
  • the solid components arriving in the first chamber 8 are, however, ground by means of a macerator or grinder 3 which is provided in connection with the lower part of the chamber 8 and is pumped together with the liquid present to the second chamber 9 via a connecting pipe 11.
  • the macerator may be a combined grinder/pump device, or a separately driven grinder which is connected to a separately driven pump. Further, the macerator may be continiously or intermittently driven. The kind of operation to be choosen in this connection depends upon the capasity of the macera­tor, the amount of material to be macerated and so on.
  • Sewage, air and ground, solid materials which is present in the second chamber 9, is pumped via the suction pipe 7 out of the chamber by means of a vacuum pump in the form of a screw pump 4.
  • the sewage and the solid particles are further transported through the drain pipe 13 to a not shown storage tank, purifying plant or the like, while the air is ventilated through an air escape pipe 16.
  • the vacuum collecting unit is provided with two separately driven screw pumps 4, which by means of pipes 14, 15 and two-way valves 5, can be driven separately, or be coupled in parallel and driven simultaneously. This is done for safety reasons to avoid operational stoppage, and to maintain a reserve capasity for the unit.
  • the vacuum in the vacuum tank 1, is maintained on an adequate level, i.e. 30 - 40 %, by means of the screw pumps 4 which is started and stopped by means of an operating unit, not shown.
  • the pump operation unit may be in the form of a vacuum sensor (pressure switch) disposed in the tank 1 and which is coupled to a starter relay for the pumps.
  • supply pipes 12 are coupled to the suction inlet of the pumps to supply feed water to these.
  • the feed water is supplied via the pipes 12 from a feed water tank 2 which is disposed on the drain pipes 13.
  • the feed water is sewage from the pumps 4. It is, however, also possible to use waste water or fresh water instead of sewage.
  • Fig. 2 reveals an other vacuum tank 1 according to the invention. Also in this example the vacuum tank is divided into two chambers 8, 9.
  • the dividing plate consists, however, of a plate 17 which is provided with an upwardly protruding pipe 18.
  • the pipe 18 reaches some distance up into the upper chamber 9, and connects this chamber with the lower chamber 8. Air entering the lower chamber 8 will flow through the pipe 18 and into the upper chamber 9, while the sewage together with solid particles entering the lower chamber 9 will be macerated by the macerator and thereafter transported to the upper chamber 9 via the connecting pipe 19.
  • the macerator is started by a signal from a level switch 20 which is disposed in the lower chamber 8 and is stopped by means of a timing relay.
  • the object of the pipe 18 is, as indicated above, primarily to let the air flow freely into the upper chamber 9 to obtain equal pressure in the two chambers 8, 9. However, the pipe 18 will also serve as a return pipe if the sewage in the upper chamber reaches the level where the pipe 18 ends.
  • the advantage with the vacuum tank shown in Fig. 2 is that the macerator will be in operation only when necessary, i.e. when the sewage reaches above the level where the level switch 20 is activated. In the example shown in Fig. 1, the macerator has to be in operation longer periods of time to be sure that all of the solid components in the chamber is macerated.
  • the supply lines 6 and the macerator 3 is coupled to the lower chamber 8, whilst suction pipe 7 is coupled to the upper chamber 9. It is, however, within the frame of the invention possible to arrange these coup­lings opposite, i.e. by coupling the supply line 6 and the macerator 3 to the upper chamber 9 and by coupling the suction pipe 7 to the lower chamber 8. In such instance it is natural to use a macerator 3 in the form of a grinder without a pump and arrange this in close connection to the dividing plate 10, 17 so that the solid particles being present in the chamber 9, and which are ground by grinder, falls freely into the lower chamber 8.
  • a vertical dividing wall or plate thereby having two side by side disposed chambers, instead of a horisontal dividing plate 10, 17 as shown in Fig. 1 and 2.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Sewage (AREA)
  • Cleaning In General (AREA)
  • Sink And Installation For Waste Water (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Cyclones (AREA)

Abstract

A vacuum sewage collecting system, comprises a vacuum tank (1) which through a supply pipe (6) is connected to toilets, drainage tanks for urinals, greywater etc., and a vacuum pump (4) which through a suction pipe (7) provides the vacuum in the vacuum tank (1). By means of an air and liquid permeable dividing plate or wall (10) the vacuum tank (1) is divided into two chambers, a first chamber (8) on to which the supply pipe (6) is connected and a second chamber (9) on to which the suction pipe (7) is connected. A macera­tor or grinder (3) is disposed in connection with the first chamber (8), to grind solid particles and transport these together with the liquid (sewage) which is present in the first chamber (8) to the second chamber (9) through a connecting pipe (11). Further, the vacuum in the vacuum tank (1) is generated by means of a vacuum pump (4) which is adapted to pump the liquid as well as the grounded, solid particles from the tank (4) to a storage tank or the like.

Description

  • The present invention relates to collecting arrangement for vacuum sewage collecting systems and comprises a vacuum tank which through a supply pipe is connected to toilets, drainage tanks for urinals, greywater tanks etc., and a vacuum pump which through a suction pipe provides the necessary vacuum in the vacuum tank.
  • Vacuum sewage colleting systems for toilets have already been known for several decades. Such systems were primarily developed for use onboard airplanes and railway trains. Espesially with regard to the airplanes, it was necessary to reduce the amount of water being carried with the planes to reduce the total weight.
  • Thus, an important advantage with the vacuum drainage systems for toilets is that the amount of water being used for each flushing operation is very small. While the conventional toilets use 8 - 10 litres of water for each flushing opera­tion, the vacuum toilets needs less than 1,5 liter.
  • From being used for purposes as mentioned above, the vacuum drainage systems have gone through further developments the last two decades and are now to a larger extent being used on board ships and on shore. Further advantages have also been revealed:

    - The demands for sewage purification are steadily increas­ing. As the amount of flushing water is less than in conventional systems, the amount of sewage to be purified is reduced and the purification costs are lowered.

    - The lack of fresh water (drinking water) due to dry spell, pollution and such, is steadily increasing. Vacuum sewage collecting systems contribute positively to reduce the fresh water consumption.

    - In conventional sewage collecting systems the drain pipes and possible sewage collecting tanks have to be mounted in a down-stream arrangement relative to the toilets etc. (height of fall). This is not necessary for the vacuum sewage collecting systems as the vacuum drain pipes and vacuum sewage collecting tanks also may be mounted in an up-stream arrangement. The mounting arrangement for vacuum sewage collecting systems there­fore are more flexible.

    - The possibility of leakage from a vacuum sewage collect­ing system is less than with conventional systems as the sewage is transported by means of air under vacuum.
  • These are some of the advantages to be mentioned. However, the vacuum sewage collecting systems are also encumbered with practical as well as operational problems.
  • In a knowm type of vacuum sewage collecting system the vacuum in the vacuum tank is provided by means of a vacuum pump, while the sewage in the vacuum tank is pumped out of the tank by means of a separate centrifugal pump. To be able to empty the tank, the vacuum pump has to be stopped, resulting in operations stoppage (the toilets can not be used). It has also been revealed that the users are using the toilets for other purposes than what they were initially intended for, i.e. the users are throwing garbage in the form of plastics bags, bottle caps, hand towels, sanitary ware or the like into the toilets. Such articles tend to pack the impeller of the centrifugal pump and prevent emptying of the vacuum tank, which again results in opera­tions stoppage and an increase in maintenance costs.
  • It is a main object of the present invention to provide a vacuum sewage collecting system which is not encumbered with the above disadvantages, i.e. where the package of the pumps is prevented and which is based on continous operation.
  • It is also an object of the invention to provide a vacuum sewage collecting system which is less energy consuming, based on the fact that more efficient vacuum pumps are used.
  • The above advantages are achieved by means of a vacuum sewage collecting system as described in the characterizing part of the attached claim 1. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are described in the dependent claims 2 - 5.
  • The invention will now be further described by means of examples and with reference to the drawings in which:
    • - Fig. 1 shows a vacuum sewage collecting system according to the invention schematically, and
    • - Fig. 2 shows another embodiment of the vacuum tank for the system according to Fig. 1.
  • As will be apparent from Fig. 1, the vacuum sewage collecting system consists of a vacuum tank 1, which on one side is connected to a supply line 6 and on the other side is con­nected to a suction pipe 7 coupled to vacuum pumps 4.
  • The vacuum tank 1 is divided into two chambers by means of a "dividing plate" 10. In Fig. 1 the dividing plate consists of a grating, a perforated plate or the like, and is partly conical with a partly bent pipe piece 16 which protrudes dowmwardly from the centre of the plate 10 and partly in to the lower, first 8 of the two chambers 8 and 9. Sewage in the form of water mixed with stools, urine, sanitary ware etc. flows into the first chamber 8 from toilets, urinals etc. (not shown) through the supply pipe 6. Water, or more correctly, fluid components flowing into the first chamber 8 can freely flow into the upper, second chamber 9 through the grating 10. The solid components arriving in the first chamber 8 are, however, ground by means of a macerator or grinder 3 which is provided in connection with the lower part of the chamber 8 and is pumped together with the liquid present to the second chamber 9 via a connecting pipe 11.
  • The macerator may be a combined grinder/pump device, or a separately driven grinder which is connected to a separately driven pump. Further, the macerator may be continiously or intermittently driven. The kind of operation to be choosen in this connection depends upon the capasity of the macera­tor, the amount of material to be macerated and so on.
  • Sewage, air and ground, solid materials which is present in the second chamber 9, is pumped via the suction pipe 7 out of the chamber by means of a vacuum pump in the form of a screw pump 4. The sewage and the solid particles are further transported through the drain pipe 13 to a not shown storage tank, purifying plant or the like, while the air is ventilated through an air escape pipe 16.
  • In the schematic drawing of Fig. 1, the vacuum collecting unit is provided with two separately driven screw pumps 4, which by means of pipes 14, 15 and two-way valves 5, can be driven separately, or be coupled in parallel and driven simultaneously. This is done for safety reasons to avoid operational stoppage, and to maintain a reserve capasity for the unit.
  • The vacuum in the vacuum tank 1, is maintained on an adequate level, i.e. 30 - 40 %, by means of the screw pumps 4 which is started and stopped by means of an operating unit, not shown. The pump operation unit may be in the form of a vacuum sensor (pressure switch) disposed in the tank 1 and which is coupled to a starter relay for the pumps.
  • To avoid loss of suction effect for the screw pumps 4, supply pipes 12 are coupled to the suction inlet of the pumps to supply feed water to these. The feed water is supplied via the pipes 12 from a feed water tank 2 which is disposed on the drain pipes 13. In the present example the feed water is sewage from the pumps 4. It is, however, also possible to use waste water or fresh water instead of sewage.
  • Applying screw pumps as vacuum pumps represents an important advantage with the present invention and is to a large extent made possible due to the fact that the solid materials in the vacuum tank are macerated before reaching the vacuum pumps. The advantages resides in that the screw pumps have higher efficiency and lower maintenance costs than other types of vacuum pumps.
  • Even if the present example teaches the use of screw pumps, it is within the frame of the invention also possible to use other types of vacuum pumps, like for example ejector pumps. Also when using these types of pumps the maintenance costs are reduced, as the clogging problems are eliminated.
  • Fig. 2 reveals an other vacuum tank 1 according to the invention. Also in this example the vacuum tank is divided into two chambers 8, 9. The dividing plate consists, however, of a plate 17 which is provided with an upwardly protruding pipe 18. The pipe 18 reaches some distance up into the upper chamber 9, and connects this chamber with the lower chamber 8. Air entering the lower chamber 8 will flow through the pipe 18 and into the upper chamber 9, while the sewage together with solid particles entering the lower chamber 9 will be macerated by the macerator and thereafter transported to the upper chamber 9 via the connecting pipe 19.
  • The macerator is started by a signal from a level switch 20 which is disposed in the lower chamber 8 and is stopped by means of a timing relay. The object of the pipe 18 is, as indicated above, primarily to let the air flow freely into the upper chamber 9 to obtain equal pressure in the two chambers 8, 9. However, the pipe 18 will also serve as a return pipe if the sewage in the upper chamber reaches the level where the pipe 18 ends.
  • The advantage with the vacuum tank shown in Fig. 2, is that the macerator will be in operation only when necessary, i.e. when the sewage reaches above the level where the level switch 20 is activated. In the example shown in Fig. 1, the macerator has to be in operation longer periods of time to be sure that all of the solid components in the chamber is macerated.
  • In the previous examples the supply lines 6 and the macerator 3 is coupled to the lower chamber 8, whilst suction pipe 7 is coupled to the upper chamber 9. It is, however, within the frame of the invention possible to arrange these coup­lings opposite, i.e. by coupling the supply line 6 and the macerator 3 to the upper chamber 9 and by coupling the suction pipe 7 to the lower chamber 8. In such instance it is natural to use a macerator 3 in the form of a grinder without a pump and arrange this in close connection to the dividing plate 10, 17 so that the solid particles being present in the chamber 9, and which are ground by grinder, falls freely into the lower chamber 8.
  • Further, within the frame of the invention it is also possible to use a vertical dividing wall or plate, thereby having two side by side disposed chambers, instead of a horisontal dividing plate 10, 17 as shown in Fig. 1 and 2.

Claims (5)

1. Vacuum sewage collecting system, comprising a vacuum tank (1) which through a supply pipe (6) is connected to toilets, drainage tanks for urinals, greywater etc., and a vacuum pump (4) which through a suction pipe (7) provides the vacuum in the vacuum tank (1)
characterized in that
the vacuum tank (1) by means of an air and liquid permeable dividing plate or wall (10) is divided into two chambers, a first chamber (8) on to which the supply pipe (6) is connected and a second chamber (9) on to which the suction pipe (7) is connected, that a macerator or grinder (3) is disposed in connection with the first chamber (8), to grind solid particles and transport these together with the liquid (sewage) which is present in the first chamber (8) to the second chamber (9) through a connecting pipe (11), and that the vacuum in the vacuum tank (1) is generated by means of a vacuum pump (4) which is adapted to pump the liquid as well as the grounded, solid particles from the tank (4) to a storage tank or the like.
2. Vacuum sewage collecting system according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the vacuum pump (4) is in the form of a screw pump, or two or more separately pumps and by means of pipes (14,15) parallel-coupled screw pumps which can be operated one at a time or simontanously, and that the pump or pumps (4) are provided with feed water supply pipes (12) for supplying feed water to the pump inlets.
3. Vacuum sewage collecting system according to claim 2,
characterized in that
the feed water supply pipes (12) is connected to a feed water tank (2) which is disposed on the drain pipe (13) for the screw pump, whereby the feed water is sewage coming from the vacuum tank (1).
4. Vacuum sewage collecting system according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the dividing plate is in the form of a perforated plate, a grating or the like.
5. Vacuum sewage collecting system according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the dividing plate (17) is provided with a pipe (18) which reaches up, into the second chamber (9), whereby the lower chamber (8) is connected to the upper chamber (9) through said pipe (18), and that the macerator is started by a level switch (20) in the chamber (8) and is stopped by means of a timer switch or relay.
EP88303325A 1987-04-13 1988-04-13 Vacuum sewage collecting system Expired EP0287350B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO871539A NO165502C (en) 1987-04-13 1987-04-13 VACUUM DRAINAGE COLLECTION DEVICE.
NO871539 1987-04-13

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0287350A2 true EP0287350A2 (en) 1988-10-19
EP0287350A3 EP0287350A3 (en) 1989-01-18
EP0287350B1 EP0287350B1 (en) 1991-08-21

Family

ID=19889857

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88303325A Expired EP0287350B1 (en) 1987-04-13 1988-04-13 Vacuum sewage collecting system

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0287350B1 (en)
DE (1) DE3864300D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2026253T3 (en)
FI (1) FI87823C (en)
NO (1) NO165502C (en)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1990010123A1 (en) * 1989-03-03 1990-09-07 Olav Hofseth Vacuum drainage system
US7029231B2 (en) * 2001-05-29 2006-04-18 Jets As Liquid seal pump of the helical screw type
US8381324B2 (en) 2006-12-21 2013-02-26 Evac International Oy Vacuum sewage system
US10030654B2 (en) 2013-05-16 2018-07-24 Jets As Liquid ring screw pump functional design
WO2018174719A1 (en) 2017-03-23 2018-09-27 Jets As Arrangement for accumulation and evacuation of defrosting and condensation water from refrigeration and cooling units
CN109794195A (en) * 2019-03-21 2019-05-24 中国铁路设计集团有限公司 A kind of block-resistant type vacuum tank device
WO2022261688A1 (en) * 2021-06-14 2022-12-22 Eoos Next Gmbh Vacuum toilet and vacuum tank for a vacuum toilet

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102011000732B3 (en) * 2011-02-15 2012-08-09 Roediger Vacuum Gmbh Rotary piston pump for use in vacuum sewage system, has pump housing with inlet opening and outlet opening, and comminution element arranged on inlet opening side

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2050775A5 (en) * 1969-06-24 1971-04-02 Baudot Hardoll
FR2366186A1 (en) * 1976-10-04 1978-04-28 Seureca Water and waste material mixt. processing machine - has valve with radially deformable internal sleeve to close branch passages leading to collector passage
US4179371A (en) * 1978-03-20 1979-12-18 Burton Mechanical Contractors, Inc. Vacuum sewage system
DE3042619C2 (en) * 1980-11-12 1983-02-03 Woma-Apparatebau Wolfgang Maasberg & Co Gmbh, 4100 Duisburg Device for sewer and pit cleaning

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1990010123A1 (en) * 1989-03-03 1990-09-07 Olav Hofseth Vacuum drainage system
US5344085A (en) * 1989-03-03 1994-09-06 Olav Hofseth Vacuum drainage system
US7029231B2 (en) * 2001-05-29 2006-04-18 Jets As Liquid seal pump of the helical screw type
US8381324B2 (en) 2006-12-21 2013-02-26 Evac International Oy Vacuum sewage system
US10030654B2 (en) 2013-05-16 2018-07-24 Jets As Liquid ring screw pump functional design
DE202014011520U1 (en) 2013-05-16 2021-12-21 Jets As Functional design of a liquid ring screw pump
WO2018174719A1 (en) 2017-03-23 2018-09-27 Jets As Arrangement for accumulation and evacuation of defrosting and condensation water from refrigeration and cooling units
DE202018006087U1 (en) 2017-03-23 2019-03-06 Jets As Arrangement for the collection and discharge of deicing and condensation water from refrigeration and cooling units
US11333423B2 (en) 2017-03-23 2022-05-17 Jets As Arrangement for accumulation and evacuation of defrosting and condensation water from refrigeration and cooling units
CN109794195A (en) * 2019-03-21 2019-05-24 中国铁路设计集团有限公司 A kind of block-resistant type vacuum tank device
WO2022261688A1 (en) * 2021-06-14 2022-12-22 Eoos Next Gmbh Vacuum toilet and vacuum tank for a vacuum toilet
US12571196B2 (en) 2021-06-14 2026-03-10 Eoos Next Gmbh Vacuum toilet and tank therefor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI881705A0 (en) 1988-04-13
FI881705A7 (en) 1988-10-14
EP0287350A3 (en) 1989-01-18
DE3864300D1 (en) 1991-09-26
FI87823B (en) 1992-11-13
ES2026253T3 (en) 1992-04-16
EP0287350B1 (en) 1991-08-21
FI87823C (en) 1993-02-25
NO165502C (en) 1991-02-20
NO871539L (en) 1988-10-14
NO165502B (en) 1990-11-12
NO871539D0 (en) 1987-04-13

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