EP2734293A1 - Mischeinrichtung zum mischen von agglomerierendem pulver in einer suspension - Google Patents
Mischeinrichtung zum mischen von agglomerierendem pulver in einer suspensionInfo
- Publication number
- EP2734293A1 EP2734293A1 EP12751481.8A EP12751481A EP2734293A1 EP 2734293 A1 EP2734293 A1 EP 2734293A1 EP 12751481 A EP12751481 A EP 12751481A EP 2734293 A1 EP2734293 A1 EP 2734293A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- suspension
- mixing
- powder
- mixing chamber
- mixing device
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/40—Static mixers
- B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
- B01F25/421—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions by moving the components in a convoluted or labyrinthine path
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/50—Mixing liquids with solids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/30—Injector mixers
- B01F25/31—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
- B01F25/312—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows with Venturi elements; Details thereof
- B01F25/3121—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows with Venturi elements; Details thereof with additional mixing means other than injector mixers, e.g. screens, baffles or rotating elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/30—Injector mixers
- B01F25/31—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
- B01F25/312—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows with Venturi elements; Details thereof
- B01F25/3124—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows with Venturi elements; Details thereof characterised by the place of introduction of the main flow
- B01F25/31243—Eductor or eductor-type venturi, i.e. the main flow being injected through the venturi with high speed in the form of a jet
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/40—Static mixers
- B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
- B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
- B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
- B01F25/43197—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor characterised by the mounting of the baffles or obstructions
- B01F25/431971—Mounted on the wall
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/40—Static mixers
- B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
- B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
- B01F25/433—Mixing tubes wherein the shape of the tube influences the mixing, e.g. mixing tubes with varying cross-section or provided with inwardly extending profiles
- B01F25/4335—Mixers with a converging-diverging cross-section
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/40—Static mixers
- B01F25/45—Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads
- B01F25/452—Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads characterised by elements provided with orifices or interstitial spaces
- B01F25/4521—Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads characterised by elements provided with orifices or interstitial spaces the components being pressed through orifices in elements, e.g. flat plates or cylinders, which obstruct the whole diameter of the tube
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/71—Feed mechanisms
- B01F35/711—Feed mechanisms for feeding a mixture of components, i.e. solids in liquid, solids in a gas stream
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/50—Mixing liquids with solids
- B01F23/56—Mixing liquids with solids by introducing solids in liquids, e.g. dispersing or dissolving
Definitions
- Mixing device for mixing agglomerating powder in a suspension
- the invention relates to a mixing device for mixing agglomerating powder in a suspension.
- So microorganisms are bred to produce biomass for Stromge ⁇ win or for the production of biodiesel.
- photosynthetically active microorganisms are also used to fix carbon dioxide from exhaust gases.
- microorganisms such as algae or cyanobacteria
- bioreactors and flat bed plants are used.
- the microorganisms are cultured in a suitable nutrient solution containing water, a carbon source and optionally an energy source and supplements such as minerals or Spu ⁇ renettin.
- the composition depends on the requirements of the microorganisms.
- microorganisms tolerate only very low cell densities, large amounts of liquid medium are produced during harvesting, from which the microorganisms must be separated in order to process them further.
- Modern processes use energy-saving magnetic separation processes in which the microorganisms are loaded with magnetite particles and then passed through a magnetic field. The magnetised microorganisms are separated from the non-magnetized liquid.
- a magnetic separation method is described in ⁇ example in DE 10 2009 030 712. In order to achieve an efficient separation by means of magnetite particles, they must bind stably to the microorganisms.
- the object of the invention is to provide a mixing device for mixing agglomerating powder in a suspension, wherein during mixing mixing energy can be introduced evenly into the suspension and thereby good agglomeration ⁇ education is achieved.
- the mixing device for mixing agglomerating powder into a mold formed of a carrier fluid and suspended therein particles suspension has a nozzle for producing a suspension jet, supply means for introducing the powder into the suspension jet, a mixing chamber, which is adapted to the particles with the Pul ⁇ ver mix so that the powder adheres to the particles, and a diffuser to calm the suspension so that the particles deposited by the powder in the suspension form agglomerates.
- Preferred dimensions of the powder is magnetite powder.
- the particles algae and / or cyanobacteria and the carrier fluid are a nutrient solution for the algae and / or cyanobacteria.
- the nozzle, the mixing chamber and the diffuser are preferably connected in series. It is preferred that the nozzle, the mixing chamber and the diffuser are joined together to form a tube.
- the feed device preferably opens with its feed opening into the mixing chamber, so that upon entry of the
- the powder from the Zu ⁇ guide device through the feed opening in the suspension jet can be introduced.
- the feed opening of the feed device is arranged outside the suspension stream in the mixing chamber.
- the mixing chamber is preferably adapted to suspension ⁇ beam with the powder to fluidize.
- the mixing chamber preferably has a diaphragm and / or a deflection profile with which the swirling of the suspension jet with the powder can be accomplished.
- the diffuser preferably has an opening degree and a length such that the suspension in the diffuser can be relieved free of charge, as a result of which the agglomerates form in the suspension.
- the mixing device With the mixing device according to the invention, a uniform introduction of the mixing energy into the suspension is made possible during the mixing of the powder into the suspension, whereby an intensive contacting of the powder with the particles is achieved. This allows the particles to effectively form the agglomerates due to the agglomerating action of the powder.
- the mixing device according to the invention works particularly advantageously when the suspension is formed from microorganisms and water, and the powder is magnetite powder.
- the suspension with the microorganisms is pumped as a propellant medium into the mixing device, whereby the sus ⁇ pension is accelerated in the nozzle.
- a propulsion jet is formed, the magnetite powder either in the Gas phase or mixed in the liquid phase.
- the microorganisms and the magnetic particles are homogeneously mixed by high shear forces and turbulences.
- the velocity of the suspension is partly converted into pressure.
- the shear forces and turbulence decrease and the desired formation of microorganism-magnetite agglomerates may occur in the diffuser.
- the inventive design of the mixing device preferably with the diaphragm and the deflection profile, allows a good mixing of the microorganism suspension and the magnetite particles.
- the energy input into the suspension is uniform, whereby the energy required to achieve a predetermined degree of mixing of the suspension is minimized.
- energy can advantageously be saved.
- the mixing device is used in a plant for the production of microorganisms, that the suspension with its agglomerates formed therein can be generated continuously.
- a mixing device 1 is elongated and tubular, wherein the Mixing device 1 seen in the figure left an inlet cross-section 2 and right has an outlet cross section 3.
- the suspension is to be conveyed through the inlet cross-section 2 into the mixing device 1, for example by means of a pump.
- the mixing device 1 has a nozzle 4, the inlet of which coincides with the inlet cross section 2.
- the flow cross-section of the nozzle 4 tapers to its nozzle outlet cross-section 5, wherein the flow of the suspension is accelerated as it flows through the nozzle 4.
- the length of the nozzle 4 is a Accelerati ⁇ transmission link 6, which is chosen so long that at the SI ⁇ senaustrittsquer songs 5 a jet of the suspension is madebil ⁇ det.
- the mixer 1 Downstream of the nozzle 4, the mixer 1 is a mixing chamber 7, which is tubular and a mixing chamber inlet cross section 8 having the nozzle outlet cross-section ⁇ 5 coincides, and a Mischschlingersquer- cut. 9 Between the Mischerkammein SharePointsquer- section 8 and the mixing chamber outlet cross-section 9 extends a mixing section 10 which is chosen so long that a good mixing of the suspension in the mixing chamber 7 can be accomplished.
- a swirling chamber 11 of the mixing chamber 7 is formed, the swirling chamber 11 having a larger cross section than the mixing chamber inlet cross section 8.
- a ⁇ passing suspension jet formed the mixing chamber inlet cross section 20 in the swirl chamber 11 as a free fluid jet.
- a feed opening 12 Attached to the swirling chamber 11 is a feed opening 12, to which in turn a supply line 13 is fastened, through which a powder 21 can be conveyed into the swirling chamber 11.
- the powder 21 is magnetite powder and is with any conceivable conveyor into the swirling chamber 11 via the feed opening 12 can be conveyed.
- particles of the powder 21 reach the edge regions of the suspension jet 20 and are entrained by it. This results in a uniform distribution of the powder 21 in the suspension jet 20th
- the mixing chamber 7 Downstream of the feed opening 12, the mixing chamber 7 has an orifice 14, through which the suspension flows with great turbulence. Further, the mixing chamber 7 downstream of the aperture 14 deflection profiles 15, which are arranged elevated on the inner wall of the mixing chamber 7 and thereby lead to a further turbulence of the suspension flow. Conceivable is the mixing chamber 7 without the aperture 14 and / or the deflection profiles 15th
- the swirling chamber 11 has a larger cross section than the mixing chamber inlet cross section 8, the region outside the mixing chamber inlet cross section 8 lies in its slipstream. In this area, the powder 21 is introduced through the feed opening 12, which is entrained by the suspension jet 20.
- the subsequent flow through the diaphragm 14 and the passage of the deflection profiles 15 leads to such an intensive additional mixing of the suspension flow in the mixing chamber 7 that an even more intensive contacting of the microorganisms with the magnetite powder is achieved.
- a diffuser 16 is arranged at the mixing chamber outlet cross section 9, whose diffuser inlet cross section 17 coincides with the mixing chamber outlet cross section 9. The diffuser 16 extends in Flow direction up to its diffuser outlet cross-section
- the opening degree of the diffuser 16 and the length of the calming section 19 are selected such that the
- the nozzle 4, the mixing chamber 7 and the diffuser 16 are arranged in series one behind the other, wherein the suspension, the SI ⁇ se 4, the mixing chamber 7 and the diffuser 16 flows straight throughput.
- the mixing device 1 is tubular latestbil ⁇ det, it is conceivable that the nozzle 4, the mixing chamber 7 and the diffuser 16 are joined together in one piece.
- the suspension flows with more or less finely distributed microorganisms in the mixing device 1 and at the outlet cross-section 3, the suspension flows with agglomerated microorganisms.
- Harvesting of the microorganisms from the suspension can be carried out particularly advantageously with a magnetic separation method. Because the microorganisms are present as the agglomerates 22 and are still magnetic, the microorganisms in their agglomerates 22 are easily and effectively separable from the suspension with a magnet. It is conceivable that the mixing device 1 is installed in a feed unit of a magnetic separator. Here, the suspension can be fed via the mixing device 1 of the magnetic separator, wherein the agglomerates 22 can be obtained from the suspension with high yield and low energy consumption. Furthermore, the use of the mixing device 21 allows a continuous supply of slurries ⁇ on to the magnetic separator, so that the magnetic separator is also continuously operated.
- the mixing device with the nozzle 4, the mixing chamber 7 and the diffuser 16 is formed quasi multi-stage, takes place in the mixing device 1, a good mixing of the suspension, whereby the magnetite powder has an intensive contact with the microorganisms.
- the energy input when mixed into the suspension is uniform, which allows a high degree of mixing of the suspension with a low energy input.
- the pump for conveying the suspension to the inlet cross section 2 of the mixing device 1 is provided as the only energy consumer.
- Any stirring devices which are conventionally known for mixing a suspension with a powder and consume energy need not be provided in the mixing device 1.
- In the mixing chamber 7 there are large velocity gradients in the suspension flow, as a result of which the suspension is strongly swirled and turbulent. Thus prevail in the suspension in the mixing chamber 7 high shear forces that support the intensive contact of the magnetite with the microorganisms.
- the powder mass flow is adjustable to the proportion of microorganisms in the suspension, so that as much powder 21 can adhere to the microorganisms and flows as little as possible powder 21 in suspension ineffective. This makes it possible that mass flow in a possible concentration ⁇ fluctuation of microorganisms in the suspension of the powder can be readjusted accordingly.
- magnetite or a similar material is used whose Oberflä ⁇ che is such chemically functionalized to the magnesium titpelle undergo a particularly strong bond with the cell ⁇ surfaces of the algae or microorganisms.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
- Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102011082862A DE102011082862A1 (de) | 2011-09-16 | 2011-09-16 | Mischeinrichtung zum Mischen von agglomerierendem Pulver in einer Suspension |
| PCT/EP2012/065990 WO2013037592A1 (de) | 2011-09-16 | 2012-08-16 | Mischeinrichtung zum mischen von agglomerierendem pulver in einer suspension |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2734293A1 true EP2734293A1 (de) | 2014-05-28 |
| EP2734293B1 EP2734293B1 (de) | 2016-06-22 |
Family
ID=46754968
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12751481.8A Active EP2734293B1 (de) | 2011-09-16 | 2012-08-16 | Mischeinrichtung zum mischen von agglomerierendem pulver in einer suspension |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20140369159A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2734293B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN103945926B (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2012307687B2 (de) |
| BR (1) | BR112014006123B1 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2848769A1 (de) |
| CL (1) | CL2014000629A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102011082862A1 (de) |
| RU (1) | RU2564331C1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2013037592A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103846026B (zh) * | 2014-02-10 | 2015-10-21 | 西安交通大学 | 一种喉部含有可调缩孔的文丘里混合器 |
| CN104110233A (zh) * | 2014-07-25 | 2014-10-22 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 调剖调驱用的配药装置及系统 |
| CN104399378A (zh) * | 2014-11-10 | 2015-03-11 | 华玉叶 | 一种导电粉末与单体的分散方法 |
| KR101647107B1 (ko) * | 2015-01-08 | 2016-08-11 | 한국원자력연구원 | 기포의 크기 및 개체수 조절장치와 조절방법 |
| CN106492667B (zh) * | 2016-12-23 | 2022-09-06 | 中国计量大学 | 干粉微纳米颗粒的多级弥散方法及装置 |
| CN106925175B (zh) * | 2017-03-29 | 2019-10-15 | 南京辉锐光电科技有限公司 | 一种粉末混合装置及方法 |
| BR112019018701B1 (pt) | 2017-03-29 | 2023-04-04 | Loesche Gmbh | Separador magnético |
| US20190168175A1 (en) * | 2017-12-06 | 2019-06-06 | Larry Baxter | Solids-Producing Siphoning Exchanger |
| PT110818A (pt) * | 2018-07-04 | 2020-01-06 | Nanospectral Lda | Processo de cavitação para preparação de emulsões de combustível com água e reactor para a realização do processo. |
| FI20195196A1 (en) * | 2019-03-15 | 2020-09-16 | Hilla Consulting Oy | Mixing and solution pipes |
| CN111603954B (zh) * | 2020-06-04 | 2022-07-19 | 大庆市裕丰生物科技有限公司 | 一种饲料颗粒机原材料加湿搅拌组件 |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB802711A (en) * | 1955-08-25 | 1958-10-08 | Paul Menzen | Improved device for introducing finely divided solids into liquid metal |
| US4308138A (en) * | 1978-07-10 | 1981-12-29 | Woltman Robert B | Treating means for bodies of water |
| CA2050624C (en) * | 1990-09-06 | 1996-06-04 | Vladimir Vladimirowitsch Fissenko | Method and device for acting upon fluids by means of a shock wave |
| RU2033854C1 (ru) * | 1992-02-12 | 1995-04-30 | Владимир Викторович Головченко | Устройство для получения дозированных смесей |
| WO1996026156A2 (en) * | 1995-02-23 | 1996-08-29 | Ecolab Inc. | Apparatus and method for dispensing a viscous use solution |
| US5863128A (en) * | 1997-12-04 | 1999-01-26 | Mazzei; Angelo L. | Mixer-injectors with twisting and straightening vanes |
| JP2000210599A (ja) * | 1999-01-26 | 2000-08-02 | Kuroda Precision Ind Ltd | 気液混合噴霧器 |
| US7905653B2 (en) * | 2001-07-31 | 2011-03-15 | Mega Fluid Systems, Inc. | Method and apparatus for blending process materials |
| US7311270B2 (en) * | 2003-12-23 | 2007-12-25 | M-I L.L.C. | Device and methodology for improved mixing of liquids and solids |
| DE202007018723U1 (de) * | 2007-10-25 | 2009-05-14 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Flugstromvergaser mit Kühlschirm und innerem Wassermantel |
| DE102009030712A1 (de) * | 2009-06-26 | 2010-12-30 | Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg | Verfahren zur Entnahme von CO2 aus einem Rauch-oder Abgas eines Verbrennungsprozesses |
| US7784999B1 (en) * | 2009-07-01 | 2010-08-31 | Vortex Systems (International) Ci | Eductor apparatus with lobes for optimizing flow patterns |
| CN201692784U (zh) * | 2009-11-19 | 2011-01-05 | 史杨 | 流体动力超声波射流均化器 |
-
2011
- 2011-09-16 DE DE102011082862A patent/DE102011082862A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2012
- 2012-08-16 CA CA2848769A patent/CA2848769A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-08-16 AU AU2012307687A patent/AU2012307687B2/en active Active
- 2012-08-16 WO PCT/EP2012/065990 patent/WO2013037592A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2012-08-16 CN CN201280044454.8A patent/CN103945926B/zh active Active
- 2012-08-16 RU RU2014115210/05A patent/RU2564331C1/ru active
- 2012-08-16 EP EP12751481.8A patent/EP2734293B1/de active Active
- 2012-08-16 BR BR112014006123-8A patent/BR112014006123B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2012-08-16 US US14/345,169 patent/US20140369159A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2014
- 2014-03-14 CL CL2014000629A patent/CL2014000629A1/es unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2013037592A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RU2564331C1 (ru) | 2015-09-27 |
| WO2013037592A1 (de) | 2013-03-21 |
| AU2012307687B2 (en) | 2016-12-22 |
| AU2012307687A1 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
| CN103945926A (zh) | 2014-07-23 |
| US20140369159A1 (en) | 2014-12-18 |
| CN103945926B (zh) | 2016-08-24 |
| BR112014006123A8 (pt) | 2018-04-03 |
| DE102011082862A1 (de) | 2013-03-21 |
| EP2734293B1 (de) | 2016-06-22 |
| BR112014006123B1 (pt) | 2020-11-17 |
| BR112014006123A2 (pt) | 2017-04-11 |
| CL2014000629A1 (es) | 2014-12-05 |
| CA2848769A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20140224 |
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