EP2739195A2 - Toilet apparatus and method for disposing and sterilizing waste - Google Patents

Toilet apparatus and method for disposing and sterilizing waste

Info

Publication number
EP2739195A2
EP2739195A2 EP12756577.8A EP12756577A EP2739195A2 EP 2739195 A2 EP2739195 A2 EP 2739195A2 EP 12756577 A EP12756577 A EP 12756577A EP 2739195 A2 EP2739195 A2 EP 2739195A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
waste
toilet apparatus
toilet
condenser
oxidizer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP12756577.8A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Oded Shoseyov
Oded Halperin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Paulee Cleantec Ltd
Original Assignee
Paulee Cleantec Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Paulee Cleantec Ltd filed Critical Paulee Cleantec Ltd
Publication of EP2739195A2 publication Critical patent/EP2739195A2/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03D—WATER-CLOSETS OR URINALS WITH FLUSHING DEVICES; FLUSHING VALVES THEREFOR
    • E03D11/00—Other component parts of water-closets, e.g. noise-reducing means in the flushing system, flushing pipes mounted in the bowl, seals for the bowl outlet, devices preventing overflow of the bowl contents; devices forming a water seal in the bowl after flushing, devices eliminating obstructions in the bowl outlet or preventing backflow of water and excrements from the waterpipe
    • E03D11/02—Water-closet bowls ; Bowls with a double odour seal optionally with provisions for a good siphonic action; siphons as part of the bowl
    • E03D11/11—Bowls combined with a reservoir, e.g. containing apparatus for disinfecting or for disintegrating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47K—SANITARY EQUIPMENT; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR, e.g. TOILET ACCESSORIES
    • A47K11/00—Closets without flushing; Urinals without flushing; Chamber pots; Chairs with toilet conveniences or specially adapted for use with toilets
    • A47K11/02—Dry closets, e.g. incinerator closets
    • A47K11/023—Incinerator closets
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47K—SANITARY EQUIPMENT; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR, e.g. TOILET ACCESSORIES
    • A47K11/00—Closets without flushing; Urinals without flushing; Chamber pots; Chairs with toilet conveniences or specially adapted for use with toilets
    • A47K11/02—Dry closets, e.g. incinerator closets
    • A47K11/03—Dry closets, e.g. incinerator closets having means for adding powder, e.g. earth
    • A47K11/035—Dry closets, e.g. incinerator closets having means for adding powder, e.g. earth with chemical solvents
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to a toilet apparatus for disposing of human waste and the like and more particularly to an improved apparatus and method by which human waste may be disposed without contaminating the soil and using minimal amount of water to sterilize the toilet apparatus.
  • Incinerator toilets http://www.storburn.ca/specs.html or http://www.incinolet.com/aboutus 2.htm
  • US Patent 6455751 describes a gel composition containing oxidizing agents and thickening or gelling agents, which are used to detoxify chemical and biological agents by application directly to a contaminated area.
  • the gelling agent is a colloidal material, such as silica, alumina, or alumino- silicate clays, which forms a viscous gel that does not flow when applied to tilted or contoured surfaces.
  • Aqueous or organic solutions of oxidizing agents can be readily gelled with less than about 30% colloidal material.
  • Gel preparation is simple and suitable for field implementation, as the gels can be prepared at the site of decontamination and applied quickly and uniformly over an area by a sprayer. After decontamination, the residue can be washed away or vacuumed up for disposal.
  • Volatile organic compounds are removed from contaminated soil by introducing one or both a water soluble peroxygen compound, such as a persulfate, and a permanganate into the soil, either in situ or ex situ, in amounts and under conditions wherein both the soil oxidant demand is satisfied and volatile organic compounds in the soil are oxidized (US Patent 6019548).
  • a water soluble peroxygen compound such as a persulfate
  • a permanganate a permanganate
  • Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustration of toilet apparatus, constructed and operative in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates toilet apparatus 10, constructed and operative in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention.
  • Toilet apparatus 10 includes a toilet bowl 12, from which solid and liquid waste is conveyed to a waste compartment 14.
  • the toilet apparatus may have separate solid 14S and liquid 14L (e.g., urine) receiving compartments.
  • An oxidizer is added to the solid waste from an oxidizing dispenser 16.
  • a mixer 18 may be provided for mixing the oxidizer and the waste. Oxidation of organic matter can be accomplished by contacting a strong oxidizing agent, such as but not limited to, potassium permanganate. The exothermic reaction results in water evaporation, sterilization, bad odor elimination which is typically a result of reduced sulfur-containing compounds and even burning. The solid waste is oxidized into dry ash.
  • Condenser 20 may include a thermoelectric device 22 (e.g., thermoelectric electrodes) that uses the Peltier effect and the temperature difference between warm and cold portions of the condenser to generate electricity to charge a battery 24 to operate a pump 26 or any other electrical device, such as but not limited to, a light 29 in the toilet stall.
  • Pump 26 may direct the condensed water collected by condenser 20 to a water reservoir 28 for re-use in the toilet bowl 12.
  • one or more solar panels 30 may be installed to assist in electric operation and sustainability of the toilet apparatus.
  • the dry ash is disposed on site or collected by a separate container.
  • the urine is mixed with the oxidizer and then transferred to water reservoir 28, either together with the condensate or separately.
  • the water in reservoir 28, which includes an effective amount of oxidizer, is utilized to wash and sterilize the waste collecting compartment 14 of toilet apparatus 10.
  • the waste is separated again to solid and liquid receiving compartments and the cycle starts all over again.
  • the toilet apparatus is sterile and free of bad odors.
  • the solid ash which may be collected in a removable canister, is in small amounts, sterile, and may be disposed on site.
  • toilet paper and the like can be used and thrown into the lavatory.
  • the process of the invention will mix the solid waste (feces and paper) with the oxidizer in the same container, turning the solid waste into ash.
  • the oxidizer can be replenished in dispenser 16 perhaps once a month at a very low cost.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Non-Flushing Toilets (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
  • Bidet-Like Cleaning Device And Other Flush Toilet Accessories (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)

Abstract

Toilet apparatus for disposing waste including a compartment containing an oxidizing agent that contacts waste and causes an exothermic reaction that results in water evaporation, sterilization, and bad odor elimination.

Description

TOILET APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DISPOSING AND STERILIZING
WASTE FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to a toilet apparatus for disposing of human waste and the like and more particularly to an improved apparatus and method by which human waste may be disposed without contaminating the soil and using minimal amount of water to sterilize the toilet apparatus.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Incinerator toilets (http://www.storburn.ca/specs.html or http://www.incinolet.com/aboutus 2.htm) have been developed which sterilize organic waste, but typically end up with solids and liquids that require disposal in a central waste treatment system. US Patent 6455751 describes a gel composition containing oxidizing agents and thickening or gelling agents, which are used to detoxify chemical and biological agents by application directly to a contaminated area. The gelling agent is a colloidal material, such as silica, alumina, or alumino- silicate clays, which forms a viscous gel that does not flow when applied to tilted or contoured surfaces. Aqueous or organic solutions of oxidizing agents can be readily gelled with less than about 30% colloidal material. Gel preparation is simple and suitable for field implementation, as the gels can be prepared at the site of decontamination and applied quickly and uniformly over an area by a sprayer. After decontamination, the residue can be washed away or vacuumed up for disposal.
Volatile organic compounds are removed from contaminated soil by introducing one or both a water soluble peroxygen compound, such as a persulfate, and a permanganate into the soil, either in situ or ex situ, in amounts and under conditions wherein both the soil oxidant demand is satisfied and volatile organic compounds in the soil are oxidized (US Patent 6019548).
The following is believed to be representative of the prior art for disposal of organic waste: US Patents 955,908; 3,370,787; 3,986,744; 4,205,869; 4,272,116; 4,440,410; 4,875,729; 4,896,912; 5,134,974; 5,156,427; 5,394,833; 5,400,572; 5,511,682; 5,713,616; 6,227,149; 6,505,578.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention seeks to provide improved toilet apparatus and methods for disposing human waste by means of oxidation, as described more in detail herein below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:
Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustration of toilet apparatus, constructed and operative in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Reference is now made to Fig. 1, which illustrates toilet apparatus 10, constructed and operative in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention.
Toilet apparatus 10 includes a toilet bowl 12, from which solid and liquid waste is conveyed to a waste compartment 14. The toilet apparatus may have separate solid 14S and liquid 14L (e.g., urine) receiving compartments.
An oxidizer is added to the solid waste from an oxidizing dispenser 16. A mixer 18 may be provided for mixing the oxidizer and the waste. Oxidation of organic matter can be accomplished by contacting a strong oxidizing agent, such as but not limited to, potassium permanganate. The exothermic reaction results in water evaporation, sterilization, bad odor elimination which is typically a result of reduced sulfur-containing compounds and even burning. The solid waste is oxidized into dry ash.
Any water evaporated during the reaction is collected by a condenser 20. Condenser 20 may include a thermoelectric device 22 (e.g., thermoelectric electrodes) that uses the Peltier effect and the temperature difference between warm and cold portions of the condenser to generate electricity to charge a battery 24 to operate a pump 26 or any other electrical device, such as but not limited to, a light 29 in the toilet stall. Pump 26 may direct the condensed water collected by condenser 20 to a water reservoir 28 for re-use in the toilet bowl 12. In addition, one or more solar panels 30 may be installed to assist in electric operation and sustainability of the toilet apparatus.
The dry ash is disposed on site or collected by a separate container. The urine is mixed with the oxidizer and then transferred to water reservoir 28, either together with the condensate or separately. The water in reservoir 28, which includes an effective amount of oxidizer, is utilized to wash and sterilize the waste collecting compartment 14 of toilet apparatus 10. The waste is separated again to solid and liquid receiving compartments and the cycle starts all over again. Thus the present invention has several advantages. The water used in the system is recycled. The water in the solid waste is recovered and the water in the urine is sterilized and recovered. The toilet apparatus is sterile and free of bad odors. The solid ash, which may be collected in a removable canister, is in small amounts, sterile, and may be disposed on site.
In the present invention, toilet paper and the like can be used and thrown into the lavatory. The process of the invention will mix the solid waste (feces and paper) with the oxidizer in the same container, turning the solid waste into ash. There is no need for any sewerage or electricity infrastructures or connections. The oxidizer can be replenished in dispenser 16 perhaps once a month at a very low cost.

Claims

1. Toilet apparatus (10) comprising:
a toilet bowl (12); and
a waste compartment (14) to which waste is conveyed from said toilet bowl
(12;
characterised by an oxidizing dispenser (16) that dispenses an oxidizer to waste in said waste compartment (14), said oxidizer reacting with the waste to form an exothermic reaction that results in water evaporation, and a condenser (20) that collects water evaporated during the exothermic reaction.
2. The toilet apparatus (10) according to claim 1, further comprising a mixer (18) for mixing the oxidizer and the waste.
3. The toilet apparatus (10) according to claim 1, wherein said waste compartment (14) comprises separate solid and liquid compartments (14S, 14L).
4. The toilet apparatus (10) according to claim 1, further comprising a pump (26) that directs condensed water collected by said condenser (20) to a water reservoir (28) for re-use in said toilet bowl (12).
5. The toilet apparatus (10) according to claim 1, wherein said condenser (20) comprises a thermoelectric device (22) that uses a temperature difference between warm and cold portions of said condenser (20) to generate electricity.
6. The toilet apparatus (10) according to claim 5, wherein said thermoelectric device (22) charges a battery (24) to operate a pump (26) or a light (29).
7. The toilet apparatus (10) according to claim 1, further comprising one or more solar panels (30) to assist in electric operation of the toilet apparatus.
EP12756577.8A 2011-08-02 2012-07-23 Toilet apparatus and method for disposing and sterilizing waste Withdrawn EP2739195A2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201161514110P 2011-08-02 2011-08-02
PCT/US2012/047800 WO2013019444A2 (en) 2011-08-02 2012-07-23 Toilet apparatus and method for disposing and sterilizing waste

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2739195A2 true EP2739195A2 (en) 2014-06-11

Family

ID=46826888

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP12756577.8A Withdrawn EP2739195A2 (en) 2011-08-02 2012-07-23 Toilet apparatus and method for disposing and sterilizing waste

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US20140157502A1 (en)
EP (1) EP2739195A2 (en)
CN (1) CN103781390A (en)
AU (1) AU2012290526A1 (en)
BR (1) BR112014002565A2 (en)
CA (1) CA2843620A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2013019444A2 (en)
ZA (1) ZA201400813B (en)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20130167293A1 (en) * 2010-07-16 2013-07-04 Masayuki Nakaya Temporary toilet
BR112016024035A2 (en) 2014-04-17 2018-08-07 Epic Cleantec Inc. waste treatment system
CN104027035B (en) * 2014-05-09 2016-04-13 陕西省环境科学研究院 The sealed pressing of trampling adds grey type ecological sanitation drought lavatory
WO2019236724A1 (en) 2018-06-07 2019-12-12 Epic Cleantec Inc. Decentralized biosolids conversion systems and methods
CN109497877A (en) * 2018-12-18 2019-03-22 张洁莹 A kind of life bio-toilet for exempting from water and rushing collecting dung fertilizer
KR20220145906A (en) * 2020-05-27 2022-10-31 삼성전자주식회사 Household toilet waste treatment system including a biological treatment device and a combustion device, and a method for treating toilet waste using the same

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU6886081A (en) * 1981-03-27 1982-09-30 Yeagley, H.L. Continuous agitation rapid oxidation bioconverter

Family Cites Families (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US955908A (en) 1909-09-03 1910-04-26 Jonas W Ross Automatic sanitary garbage-can.
US3370787A (en) 1966-06-08 1968-02-27 William H. Lindholm Bag-lined garbage receptacle
US4001108A (en) * 1973-06-14 1977-01-04 Hellqvist Ake O W Method for natural biochemical decomposition of latrine
AU478744B2 (en) * 1975-04-18 1974-10-24 Dag Romell A method andan apparatus of rendering decay processes more effective
US3986744A (en) 1975-08-27 1976-10-19 David Krogstad Refuse collecting device
US4205869A (en) 1978-07-03 1980-06-03 Mathis Lynda D Apparatus for receiving and disposing of animal feces
US4272116A (en) 1979-11-16 1981-06-09 Tufte Jr Ralph W Apparatus and method of disposing of pet waste and the like
EP0061510A1 (en) * 1981-03-28 1982-10-06 Henry L. Yeagley Converter and method for aerobically converting organic waste material into carbon dioxide and water
US4440410A (en) 1981-11-30 1984-04-03 Bradshaw Larry R Hopper for containing drywall joint compound
US4875729A (en) 1988-02-05 1989-10-24 Peck Joel S Apparatus for packaging waste material
US4896912A (en) 1988-10-03 1990-01-30 Parnell Vernon A Sanitary method and apparatus for waste collection and disposal
US5068926A (en) * 1989-02-10 1991-12-03 Kaneyuki Suzuki Flush toilet
US5156427A (en) 1991-07-29 1992-10-20 Longrie Helen M Pet excrement snap scoop
US5134974A (en) 1991-09-09 1992-08-04 Houser Raymond J Portable cat litter case
EP0571744B1 (en) * 1992-05-21 1997-01-15 DaimlerChrysler Aerospace Airbus Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Process and apparatus for the treatment of waste water, especially for aircraft
US5400572A (en) 1992-11-23 1995-03-28 Peck; Joel S. Poop scooping and packaging assembly
DE4307102A1 (en) * 1993-03-06 1994-09-15 Niethammer Gmbh Toilet facility
US5394833A (en) 1993-09-02 1995-03-07 Glass; Thomas W. Animal waste disposal apparatus
US5353600A (en) * 1993-11-30 1994-10-11 Flori-Cal Inc. Solar powered thermoelectric cooled cosmetic case
US5511682A (en) 1994-12-19 1996-04-30 Pace; George S. Portable animal waste collector/storage apparatus
US5713616A (en) 1996-05-28 1998-02-03 Knudson; Jan B. Collection system and method
US6019548A (en) 1998-05-05 2000-02-01 United Technologies Corporation Chemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds
US6062168A (en) 1998-09-24 2000-05-16 Host; Douglas R. Sanitary refuse and animal dung collection valet
US6455751B1 (en) 1999-03-03 2002-09-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Oxidizer gels for detoxification of chemical and biological agents
US6505578B1 (en) 2002-02-12 2003-01-14 Samuel Scott Apparatus and method for disposing of pet waste
JP3786656B2 (en) * 2003-09-10 2006-06-14 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 Toilet equipment
US7448160B2 (en) * 2004-10-21 2008-11-11 Roberts Donald R Mosquito harvest trap
US7211187B2 (en) * 2004-10-29 2007-05-01 Steven Lumbert Mobile or stationary modular self-contained dehydration toilet, dehydration engine, and gray water recovery system
AP2505A (en) * 2005-03-01 2012-11-12 Planet Waves 34 Pty Ltd Composter
DE102005018634A1 (en) * 2005-04-21 2006-10-26 Siemens Ag Training and therapy system for people and animals uses different exercise devices linked to computer to read identification card of user and work out and update training plan according to training targets reached
CN200998220Y (en) * 2007-01-09 2008-01-02 阮志华 Biological degradation case with exploding air hole
CN201015999Y (en) * 2007-02-02 2008-02-06 珠海恒益环保科技工程有限公司 Train environment protection water closet
WO2009057108A1 (en) * 2007-11-01 2009-05-07 Paulee Cleantec Ltd. Apparatus and method for collecting and disposing pet waste

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU6886081A (en) * 1981-03-27 1982-09-30 Yeagley, H.L. Continuous agitation rapid oxidation bioconverter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ZA201400813B (en) 2015-04-29
US20140157502A1 (en) 2014-06-12
AU2012290526A1 (en) 2014-02-20
WO2013019444A2 (en) 2013-02-07
BR112014002565A2 (en) 2017-06-06
CA2843620A1 (en) 2013-02-07
CN103781390A (en) 2014-05-07
WO2013019444A3 (en) 2013-11-28

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20140157502A1 (en) Toilet apparatus and method for disposing and sterilizing waste
EP2790844B1 (en) Disposal of organic waste
US10479708B2 (en) Waste treatment system
CN111204949A (en) Waterless closestool
WO2005073136A1 (en) Night-soil treatment apparatus
US4615810A (en) Method for treating human waste by solidification
WO1994016997A1 (en) Method of treating night soil and apparatus therefor
WO2005025397A1 (en) Toilet apparatus
US9936842B2 (en) Disposal of organic waste
CN211896606U (en) Waterless closestool
JPH09234171A (en) Treating method and device for excrementitious matter
CN105540929A (en) Environment-friendly toilet discharge ecological treatment system and method
JP3098968U (en) Odor gas deodorization system
Snow et al. Detection, occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and steroid hormones in agricultural environments
WO2005092744A1 (en) Apparatus and method for decontamination of domestic refuse carried in refuse trucks by treatment with ozone
JP3349645B2 (en) Deodorizing treatment method for malodorous substances by soil microorganisms
CN210595831U (en) Urine and excrement degradation device
WO2002024237A1 (en) Liquid deodorant composition and method for use thereof
KR20000059912A (en) Wet sewage disposal agent and sewage disposal method for disposing wet sewage
JP2000354898A (en) Water circulation type waste treatment equipment
CN117023903A (en) Dry toilet excrement treatment equipment
JP2003129546A (en) A silver electrode, an electrolytic silver ion water device that uses a silver electrode in a device that automatically deodorizes, cleans, and sterilizes the toilet using water in a tank and a fixed water level sensor and a timer. Is mounted in a tank and can be added, uses dry batteries, and the case is waterproof and has a built-in timer.
KR970042337A (en) Excrement urine (serving) fermentation and household waste

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20140128

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR

DAX Request for extension of the european patent (deleted)
17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20160226

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN

18D Application deemed to be withdrawn

Effective date: 20160708