EP2941742A1 - Méthode de commande d'une installation intégrée de refroidissement et de chauffage - Google Patents

Méthode de commande d'une installation intégrée de refroidissement et de chauffage

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Publication number
EP2941742A1
EP2941742A1 EP14701141.5A EP14701141A EP2941742A1 EP 2941742 A1 EP2941742 A1 EP 2941742A1 EP 14701141 A EP14701141 A EP 14701141A EP 2941742 A1 EP2941742 A1 EP 2941742A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
energy
facility
grid
vapour compression
cooling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP14701141.5A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Torben Funder-Kristensen
Torben Green
Allan SLOT
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Danfoss AS
Original Assignee
Danfoss AS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from EP13172404.9A external-priority patent/EP2816301A1/fr
Application filed by Danfoss AS filed Critical Danfoss AS
Priority to EP14701141.5A priority Critical patent/EP2941742A1/fr
Publication of EP2941742A1 publication Critical patent/EP2941742A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B13/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with reversible cycle
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
    • F25B2500/05—Cost reduction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/70—Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/50—Systems or methods supporting the power network operation or management, involving a certain degree of interaction with the load-side end user applications

Definitions

  • EP 0 999 418 discloses a method and apparatus is provided for controlling an energy storage medium connected to an environmental control system.
  • the controller includes an energy pricing data structure for storing a real-time energy pricing profile indicative of energy rates corresponding to time-varying production costs of energy.
  • the controller also includes a storage medium containing rules that approximate optimal control trajectories of an energy cost function that is dependent upon the real-time energy pricing profile, with the rules governing the operation of the energy storage medium.
  • EP 0 999 418 does not disclose the vapour compression system being connected to a thermal energy grid being external to the vapour compression system.
  • EP 0 999 418 does not disclose operating the vapour compression system, only discloses operating the energy storage medium.
  • EP 0 999 418 does not disclose operating the vapour compression system in such a manner that the monetary energy costs established by the monetary cost function are minimized.
  • US 5,735,134 discloses a vapor compression system with set point optimization generating a set of thermodynamic operating parameters such that the system operates with optimum energy efficiency. Based on environmental conditions such as indoor and outdoor temperature as well as thermal load, the set of parameters for steady-state set point is generated. The system also monitors actual system properties in real-time and provides them as feedback to the set point computation module. Based on these actual real-time measurements, a new steady-state set point can be generated to enable the system to continue operating at maximum coefficient of performance upon change in environmental or thermal load requirements. US 5,735,134 does not disclose the vapour compression system being connected to a thermal energy grid being external to the vapour compression system. Also, US
  • the invention provides a method for controlling an integrated cooling and heating facility comprising a vapour compression system with two or more heat exchangers, each arranged for providing cooling or heating, the vapour compression system being connected to an electrical energy grid being external to the vapour compression system and also being connected to a thermal energy grid being external to the vapour compression system, the method comprising the steps of: providing a monetary cost function for operating the integrated cooling and heating facility, said monetary cost function establishing monetary energy costs and monetary energy revenues of operating the vapour compression system,
  • the integrated cooling and heating facility may, e.g., be a cooling system, such as a refrigeration system or an air condition system, in which heat rejected from a heat rejecting heat exchanger, such as a condenser or a gas cooler, is reclaimed partly or totally.
  • the reclaimed thermal energy in the form of the reclaimed heat, may be used for heating rooms or water at or near the integrated cooling and heating facility, and/or it may be supplied to an external thermal grid for heating rooms or water remote from the integrated cooling and heating facility.
  • the integrated cooling and heating facility may, e.g., be a heat pump, in which thermal energy in the form of cooling being provided at a heat consuming heat exchanger, such as an evaporator, is reclaimed.
  • the reclaimed thermal energy may, in this case, be used for lowering the temperature inside rooms or smaller closed volumes, e.g., in the form of refrigerating facilities, or even for lowering the temperature of specific elements, e.g., eutectic plates or phase change materials, at or near the integrated cooling and heating facility, and/or it may be supplied to an external thermal grid for cooling rooms or water remote from the integrated cooling and heating facility.
  • the vapour compression system is connected to an electrical grid being external to the vapour compression system.
  • the vapour compression system receives electrical energy from the external electrical grid, the received electrical energy being used for operating the vapour compression system, in particular for operating the compressor.
  • the owner of the integrated cooling and heating facility pays the electricity supplier for the consumed energy.
  • the owner of the system will have an interest in optimising the energy consumption based on time dependent electricity prices or for offering capacity reserves either in the form of using temporarily higher or lower energy amounts.
  • the electricity supplier may have an interest in avoiding fluctuation or ripples in the electrical grid, and in maintaining a smooth energy production.
  • the electricity supplier may request consumers of electrical energy, such as the integrated cooling and heating facility, to adjust their energy consumption if the total energy consumption of all energy consumers connected to the grid does not match an expected total energy consumption at the time.
  • a monetary cost function for operating the integrated cooling and heating facility is initially provided.
  • the monetary cost function establishes monetary energy costs of operating the vapour compression system.
  • the monetary energy costs include monetary expenses for electrical energy received from the external electrical grid and consumed by the vapour compression system.
  • the monetary cost function takes into account the payment to the electricity supplier for the consumed electrical energy, as described above.
  • the monetary energy costs further include monetary expenses for thermal energy consumed at a location of the integrated cooling and heating facility and/or monetary revenue for thermal energy produced by the vapour compression system.
  • the monetary cost function takes into account the costs for operating the integrated cooling and heating facility, where operating the integrated cooling and heating facility is for heating or cooling parts of the integrated cooling and heating facility and/or is for heating or cooling the building, where the integrated cooling and heating facility is positioned, and which require such heating or cooling.
  • This may, e.g. include costs involved with receiving thermal energy from an external thermal grid, such as a district heating grid or a district cooling grid.
  • it may include costs for fossil fuels used for operating a local heating system, such as an oil-burner or gas-burner in a central heating system.
  • the monetary costs may include revenues obtained for supplying excess thermal energy to an external thermal grid. This will be described in further detail below.
  • vapour compression system is operated in such a manner that the monetary energy costs established by the cost function are minimised. This is an advantage, because the vapour compression system is thereby operated in such a manner that the total costs involved with operating the integrated cooling and heating facility are minimised, as described above.
  • the monetary energy costs may further include monetary revenue for demand response services supplied by the vapour compression system to the external electrical grid.
  • the term 'demand response services' should be interpreted to mean services provided by the integrated cooling and heating facility to the external electrical grid, where the integrated cooling and heating facility responds to demands from the external electrical grid to increase or decrease its energy consumption, in order to allow the external electrical grid to avoid fluctuations or ripples in the grid, and to maintain a smooth energy production.
  • Such services may be rewarded by the owner of the external electrical grid, e.g. in the form of a reduction of the rates for the energy consumed by the integrated cooling and heating facility, and/or in the form of a revenue from the owner of the external electrical grid to the owner of the integrated cooling and heating facility.
  • the vapour compression system may further be connected to a thermal grid being external to the vapour compression system, and the monetary energy costs may include monetary revenue for thermal energy supplied by the vapour compression system to the external thermal grid.
  • the vapour compression system is also connected to an external thermal grid, e.g. in the form of a district heating grid or a district cooling grid.
  • the vapour compression system may receive thermal energy from the external thermal grid, and/or it may supply thermal energy to the external thermal grid.
  • the thermal energy being reclaimed as described above may either be utilized locally, or it may be supplied to the external thermal grid.
  • a revenue is obtained from the owner of the external thermal grid for the supplied thermal energy. This revenue is taken into account when the total costs involved with operating the integrated cooling and heating facility are established.
  • the step of establishing monetary energy costs may comprise establishing revenue for thermal energy supplied by the vapour compression system to the external thermal grid as a function of time.
  • the rate paid by the owner of the external thermal grid for the therma) energy supplied by the vapour compression system may vary as a function of time, e.g. due to ordinary market mechanisms regulating energy rates.
  • the rate may vary according to the time of day, e.g. being high during the daytime and low during the night-time, and/or according to the time of year, e.g. being high during winter and low during summer, or vice versa, depending on whether the external thermal grid is a heating grid or a cooling grid.
  • the external thermal grid may be or comprise a district cooling grid and/or a local cooling micro-grid for cooling facilities external to the vapour compression system.
  • the external thermal grid is a cooling grid, and the vapour compression system is capable of supplying thermal energy in the form of cooling provided by the evaporator to the external thermal grid.
  • the cooling may, e.g., be in the form of air conditioning supplied to buildings.
  • 'district cooling grid' should be interpreted to mean a thermal grid which supplies thermal energy in the form of cooling to buildings and/or facilities within a larger area, such as a larger urban area, a country district and/or a region.
  • a district cooling grid may typically be a grid which is operated with a commercial goal, i.e. the owner of the district cooling grid aims to earn money by supplying cooling to the buildings and/or facilities connected to the grid.
  • the term 'local cooling micro-grid' should be interpreted to mean a thermal grid which supplies thermal energy in the form of cooling to buildings and/or facilities within a smaller area, such as a shopping mall, a building block, a hotel, an apartment building, etc.
  • a local cooling micro-grid may, e.g., be operated by the buildings and/or facilities connected to the cooling micro-grid, in which case the costs involved with operating the local cooling micro-grid may simply be shared among the buildings and/or facilities connected to the grid in accordance with the consumption of the individual buildings and/or facilities, but it may not be the intention that the local cooling micro-grid should produce a monetary surplus.
  • the local cooling micro-grid may, e.g., be connected to a district cooling grid.
  • the external thermal grid may be or comprise a district heating grid and/or a local heating micro-grid for heating facilities external to the vapour compression system.
  • the external thermal grid is a heating grid
  • the vapour compression system is capable of supplying thermal energy in the form of heating provided by the heat rejecting heat exchanger to the external thermal grid.
  • the heating may, e.g., be in the form of central heating supplied to buildings and/or heating of domestic water.
  • the external thermal grid may comprise a local thermal power generating facility.
  • the term 'local thermal power generating facility' should be interpreted to mean a facility which is capable of supplying thermal energy to the integrated cooling and heating facility, and which is arranged at or near the integrated cooling and heating facility.
  • the local thermal power generating facility may, e.g., be selected among the following facilities: Local solar thermal plants, local air-source thermal plants, or local geo-source plants.
  • the local thermal power generating facility At least part of the thermal energy required at the building where the integrated cooling and heating facility is positioned, is generated by the local thermal power generating facility. Accordingly, the production of the local thermal power generating facility may be adjusted in accordance with the thermal energy being available from the vapour compression system, if this turns out to be feasible. Furthermore, the operating costs of the local thermal power generating facility may be taken into account when the monetary cost function for operating the integrated cooling and heating facility is provided.
  • the smart grid terminology is by definition associated with electricity consumption and production. However, considering the growing interconnectivity in the modern thermal energy systems, a similar demand response system can be applied for heating systems. Heating consumers may for some instances act as producers whether the heating consumers use a heat pump with excess capacity or the heating consumers use solar thermal panels or other heating sources. This provides an opportunity for exploiting free refrigeration capacity in commercial or industrial refrigeration, especially in cases where refrigeration demand is low and electricity price is low.
  • the exact composition of smart thermal grid connectivity may depend on various factors to obtain the best cost performance and energy efficiency. Taking into account that the fraction of renewable electricity supply sources will increase, the TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact) of the heat pump process will be potentially very low in certain periods. To make the combined refrigeration and heat pump work in practice, it would be necessary to add ambient heat sources as e.g.
  • the step of establishing monetary energy costs may comprise establishing expenses for electrical energy received by the vapour compression system from the external electrical grid as a function of time.
  • the rate charged by the supplier of the electricity for the electrical energy supplied to the vapour compression system may vary as a function of time, e.g. due to ordinary market mechanisms regulating energy rates.
  • the rate may vary according to the time of day, e.g. being high during the daytime peak periods and low during the night-time, and/or according to the time of year, e.g. being high during winter and low during summer. In this case it may be desirable to take the current rate into account when providing the monetary cost function for operating the integrated cooling and heating facility.
  • the step of establishing monetary energy costs may comprise taking ambient conditions into account.
  • the ambient conditions may, e.g., include the time of year, weather forecasts, outdoor temperatures, precipitation, etc.
  • the method may further comprise the step of storing work made by a compressor of the vapour compression system in a thermal storage facility of the integrated cooling and heating facility, said thermal storage facility being capable of supplying work stored therein to the vapour compression system in order to reduce energy consumption of the vapour
  • the electrical energy consumption of the vapour compression system is increased at a time where this is feasible, e.g. due to the rate of electrical energy being low and/or in order to provide demand response services to the external electrical grid, where the external electrical grid requests that the integrated cooling and heating facility increases its energy
  • the method may further comprise the step of shifting energy consumption of the vapour compression cycle in time by using a thermal storage facility of the integrated cooling and heating facility, said method comprising the steps of discharging said thermal storage facility in order to reduce the energy consumption from the external electrical grid of the vapour compression cycle, and charging said thermal storage facility in order to increase the energy consumption from the external electrical grid of the vapour compression cycle.
  • This embodiment is similar to the embodiment described above, in that the thermal storage facility is used for shifting electrical energy consumption.
  • the electrical energy consumption may be increased at one point in time, and part of the energy may be used for charging the thermal storage facility. Subsequently, the thermal storage facility may be discharged, and thereby the electrical energy consumption at that point in time is reduced.
  • Thermal storage is an old concept which has been used for optimizing refrigeration or even making refrigeration possible at all. Thermal storage provides several opportunities for optimizing the refrigeration or cooling cycle in a time perspective and in the context of utilizing the refrigeration plant capacity for more than just refrigeration in the conventional sense. If electricity prices are very volatile, load shedding can be adjusted to optimize the energy cost, but refrigeration needs the thermal storage to perform load shedding. Some basic calculations seen in Table 1 (based on the case from Fig. 3) shows that the costs for electricity can be significantly reduced dependent on volatility of kWh price deviation and the load shed ability. Fig. 7 shows the potential for energy savings considering a store with different thermal storage capacities and different levels of Demand response capabilities for optimizing the energy costs.
  • the thermal storage facility may be or comprise an ice storage connected to the vapour compression system.
  • the thermal storage facility may be or comprises a heat reservoir connected to the vapour compression system. In this case, when the thermal storage is charged, a medium, such as water, at the heat reservoir is heated, thereby storing thermal energy in the heat reservoir.
  • the heated medium When the thermal storage is discharged, the heated medium is used for heating purposes, and thereby the energy necessary to provide the required heating, e.g. in the form of electrical energy consumed by the compressor or thermal energy in the form of central heating originating from a district or local heating system, is reduced.
  • the external electrical grid may comprise an external electrical power facility.
  • the term 'external electrical power facility' should be interpreted to mean a power facility which supplies electrical energy within a larger area, such as a larger urban area, a country district and/or a region, via an electrical grid.
  • An external electrical power facility may typically be a facility which is operated with a commercial goal, i.e. the owner of the electrical power facility aims to earn money by supplying electrical energy to the buildings and/or facilities connected to the electrical grid.
  • the external electrical power facility may be selected among the following facilities: Nuclear- powered power plant, natural gas-powered electrical power plant, coal-fuelled electrical power plant, oil-fuelled electrical power plant, external hydroelectric plants, external wind turbine plants, external biomass plants, or external fuel cells.
  • the external electrical grid may comprise a local electrical power generating facility.
  • the term 'local electrical power generating facility' should be interpreted to mean a power facility which supplies electrical energy to buildings and/or facilities within a smaller area, such as a smaller urban area, a shopping mall, a building block, a hotel, an apartment building, within the building where the integrated cooling and heating facility is positioned, etc.
  • the local electrical power generating facility may be selected among the following facilities: Local hydroelectric plants, local wind turbine plants, local biomass plants, local solar photovoltaic plants, or local fuel cells.
  • the local electrical power generation facility is a renewable power generating facility, such as a wind turbine plant or a solar photovoltaic plant
  • the costs involved in generating the electrical energy locally may be very low.
  • the step of establishing a monetary cost function may comprise establishing a function of the form:
  • X is the cooling power multiplied with time, COP the coefficient of performance .
  • Y is the heating energy acquired at the heating cost (Ph)
  • the last section is the monetary income obtained by selling (internally or externally) the energy coming from the cooling process. In this formula it is shown as 100% utilisation but it could be less i.e. if the is partly heat is rejected to ambient)
  • a matrix of the cooling applications (energy source) and the heating drain sources is made, see Fig. 5.
  • energy sources arrows 1, 2 and 3 pointing towards the integrated cooling and heating facility
  • heating drains arrows 1, 2 and 3 pointing away from the integrated cooling and heating facility.
  • Two thermal storage devices are provided, one for cold appliance (e.g. ice bank) and one for high temperature storage (e.g. hot water).
  • Fig.6 an example of the cost calculations for a system running in different modes during the year is shown. Combinations of specific energy sources and heating drains are selected.
  • Each combination in the matrix is assigned a COP value based on best common practice together with a value of X and Y and a price for electricity (Pe) and heating. The assumption is that each of the matrix points will be run separately (but sum up to 100%).
  • Each application can be assigned to more degrees of Demand-Response control. Either the lowest level which is no Demand- Response (only optimized thermostatic control), a limited Demand-Response program including simple tariff schemes or an advanced Demand-Response algorithm with predictive control based on weather forecast or very fast signal for load shedding.
  • the results of the calculations are shown in Fig. 7.
  • Baseline application i.e., only normal refrigeration system with heat release to the ambient. This system shows a clear improvement as Demand-Response systems are applied. Between 10% and 17% savings in cost can be obtained by adding Demand-Response to the systems.
  • Demand-Response also includes the possibility of including very short term response abilities, e.g., compressor cut-out within few seconds. Dependent on regions, this can be a very profitable capability to include. Normally, a once per year payment is submitted for having the capacity reserve available a limited amount of times per year. This extra Demand-Response benefit is not reflected in the calculations.
  • the following section describes an example of optimization of the cost of running the combined cooling and heating system, which includes the possibility of delivering heat to both a district heating system and to the local heat system, i.e. tap water and space heating, in the supermarket.
  • the object of optimization is to minimize the total cost of energy consumption for both the refrigeration system and the heating system. With heat reclaim the refrigeration system will be able to deliver heating by compromising the efficiency of the refrigeration process.
  • the trade-off decision can be described by the following optimization formulation r*i r f i
  • the combined energy costs for refrigeration and heating is given by J(t), where the first term is the cost contribution from the refrigeration plant.
  • the refrigeration cost is given by multiplying the price on electrical energy, a ⁇ t), with the integral of the electrical power, W m .
  • the cost contribution for the secondary heat source, e.g. district heating or gas is described by the second term of ] ⁇ t), where the time varying price of the secondary energy source, /?(t), is multiplied with the integral of the heating power, Q heat .
  • the third term of /(£) denotes the possible income from delivering heat energy to a district heating system.
  • the time variant price of the compensation is denoted by y(t) and the delivered heat is denoted by Q he atdist -
  • the fourth term describes the possible income from absorbing energy from a district cooling system.
  • the time variant price of the compensation is denoted by f(t) and the absorbed energy is denoted by the integral of Q coo idisf.
  • the heat transfer rate that is required for removing sufficient amount of energy from the stored goods in the various display cases is denoted by Q ref .
  • the remaining terms denote energy contributions from different cooling applications that can be attached to the refrigeration system to ensure that delivery of heat can be fulfilled.
  • the term ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 denotes the heat transfer rate to a heat pump evaporator and Q coo i dist is the heat transfer rate to a heat pump evaporator which is connected to a district cooling system.
  • Q iC estorage denotes the heat transfer rate to the evaporator in the ice storage tank which can be used to move the consumption of energy for the refrigeration plant in time and thereby be used as an assert in cost optimization scheme.
  • Qreject ⁇ Qamb + Qlir + Qheatdlst The heat transfer rate to the ambient is denoted by, Q amb , and the heat transfer rate to the heat reclaim system is denoted by, Q hr .
  • Q heat disti denotes the heat transfer rate to the district heating system.
  • the minimum requirement for, Q reject l is given by the physically determined minimum, Q heatm in, which is dependent on the refrigeration load,
  • Qrefioadr the isentropic efficiency of the compressors in the system.
  • the operational scenarios will determine which of the terms in the equation describing Q reSl0 ad will be non- zero, other than Q ref .
  • the optimization formulation described reduces considerably when seasonal and geographical assumptions are applied.
  • the natural load on the refrigeration system will be at a minimum and the heat produced will therefore also be at a minimum, thus delivering district heating becomes infeasible without absorbing energy from a heat pump evaporator, district cooling or ice storage.
  • the need for district cooling will be at a minimum during winter and the price will therefore be too low.
  • Optimization strategy will be based on the ability to predict the cost function j(t) over a reasonable period of time, e.g. 24 hours.
  • the price on electrical energy for a given hour will typically be known 24 hours in advance; this is also assumed to be true for the other prices used in ⁇ t) .
  • Combining the price forecast with weather forecast will provide a basis for choosing operational scenario and thereafter minimizing the total energy cost.
  • the minimization of ] ⁇ t) for a given operational scenario is achieved by choosing COP, Q heat , Qheatdis and Q CO oidist without violating the constraints.
  • the optimization should be repeated at each time step by using measurements to initiate the optimization.
  • the solution will be updated at each time step and will therefore be able to account for changes in the weather, the operational scenario and/or the prices.
  • the invention further provides a controller for controlling an integrated cooling and heating facility, the controller being capable of controlling the integrated cooling and heating facility based on a method as described above.
  • the invention provides an integrated cooling and heating facility comprising at least one controller as described above, wherein the integrated cooling and heating facility is a refrigeration facility comprising a heat recovery system, and an integrated cooling and heating facility comprising at least one controller as described above, wherein the integrated cooling and heating facility is a heat pump comprising a cooling recovery system.
  • Method of controlling a cooling facility comprising the steps of:
  • the response comprising controlling one or more operating parameters of the cooling facility based on demand from one or more heat consuming entities of a smart grid which the cooling facility is connected to, and
  • the demand comprising consume of heat of one or more of the following heat consuming entities being part of the smart grid which the cooling facility is connected to: a heat consuming entity within a building of the cooling facility, a heat consuming entity outside the building of the cooling facility, an intermediate heat consuming entity for draining heat from the cooling entity to a heat consuming entity, and
  • a supplemental energy consuming entity is capable of storing thermal energy within a thermal energy storing medium of the entity, the thermal energy stored in the medium being transferred to an entity of the cooling facility at a time of day later than a time of day, when the thermal energy is stored in the entity.
  • the cooling facility is a refrigeration system of a supermarket or a cold store, and where the heat consuming entity is commercial or industrial heating installations of the building of the cooling facility,
  • the heat consuming entity heating an interior within the building and/or the heat consuming entity heating water consumed by persons and/or consumed by heating facilities within the building.
  • the cooling facility is a refrigeration system of a supermarket or a cold store, and where the heat consuming entity is a heat draining medium of the smart grid which the cooling facility is connected to,
  • the cost of operating the cooling facility furthermore comprises establishment of the cost of electrical energy for operating the cooling facility, and
  • Method of controlling a cooling facility comprising establishing the cost of operating the cooling facility, the cost being established based on the following equation :
  • - cost includes different costs of consuming electrical energy and/or non-electrical energy and possibly also cost of transferring thermal energy, preferably heat, possibly cold, during a period of time, the different costs comprising at least one of the following different cost schemes: costs of the cooling facility consuming electrical energy during the period of time, costs of cooling facility consuming non-electrical energy during the period of time, costs of one or more heat consuming entities consuming heat during the period of time, costs of one or more cold consuming entities consuming heat during the period of time costs of transferring heat from the cooling facility to one or more heat consuming entities during the period of time, costs of transferring cold from the cooling facility to one or more cold consuming entities during the period of time.
  • cooling facility comprises an ice bank, the ice bank being capable of storing thermal energy provided by the cooling facility, and the method furthermore comprising the step of freeing cooling capacity stored in the ice bank, when cooling capacity of the cooling facility is needed, and with the proviso that heat produced by the heat dissipating heat exchanger and to be consumed by any heat consuming entity of the smart grid, which the cooling facility is connected to, is not possible of being consumed by any heat consuming entity, when the cooling capacity of the cooling facility is needed.
  • the cooling facility comprises an ice bank, the ice bank being capable of storing thermal energy provided by the cooling facility, and the method furthermore comprising the step of freeing cooling capacity stored in the ice bank, when cooling capacity of the cooling facility is needed, and when heat produced by the heat dissipating heat exchanger and to be consumed by any heat consuming entity of the smart grid which the cooling facility is connected to cannot be sold at a price higher than a selected limit price, when the cooling capacity of the cooling facility is needed.
  • a controller for controlling a cooling facility the controller being capable of controlling the cooling facility based on a method according to any of clauses 1-8.
  • a cooling facility comprising at least one controller capable of controlling the cooling facility based on a method according to any of clauses 1-8.

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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Vending Devices And Auxiliary Devices For Vending Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne les économies potentielles sur le coût de l'énergie dans un système de vente de nourriture dans le contexte d'un système à réseau intelligent utilisant une technologie de stockage thermique et de récupération de chaleur. L'invention est basée sur des exemples pratiques et des études théoriques pour décrire les avantages de la technologie. Pour obtenir l'optimisation du coût dans des systèmes de réfrigération complexes, l'invention concerne une méthode de minimisation du coût.
EP14701141.5A 2013-01-02 2014-01-02 Méthode de commande d'une installation intégrée de refroidissement et de chauffage Withdrawn EP2941742A1 (fr)

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EP14701141.5A EP2941742A1 (fr) 2013-01-02 2014-01-02 Méthode de commande d'une installation intégrée de refroidissement et de chauffage

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DKPA201300001 2013-01-02
EP13172404.9A EP2816301A1 (fr) 2013-06-18 2013-06-18 Procédé pour commander une installation de chauffage et de refroidissement intégré
EP14701141.5A EP2941742A1 (fr) 2013-01-02 2014-01-02 Méthode de commande d'une installation intégrée de refroidissement et de chauffage
PCT/DK2014/000001 WO2014106513A1 (fr) 2013-01-02 2014-01-02 Méthode de commande d'une installation intégrée de refroidissement et de chauffage

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US20150167989A1 (en) * 2013-12-18 2015-06-18 Google Inc. Intelligent environment control including use of smart meter and energy cost information in heat pump and auxiliary heating control
EP3273168A1 (fr) 2016-07-19 2018-01-24 E.ON Sverige AB Procede de commande du transfert de chaleur entre un systeme de refroidissement local et un systeme de chauffage local
WO2018202496A1 (fr) 2017-05-01 2018-11-08 Danfoss A/S Procédé de commande de pression d'aspiration sur la base d'une entité de refroidissement la plus chargée
DE102017115497A1 (de) * 2017-07-11 2019-01-17 Liebherr-Transportation Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg Kühlsystem mit modellprädiktiver Regelung
DK181790B1 (en) * 2022-09-30 2025-01-03 S C Nordic As A method and an aggregated system for creating a Demand-Response resource for an electricity market zone

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DE3415118A1 (de) * 1984-04-21 1985-10-31 Günter 6729 Berg Weidenthaler Verfahren zur nutzung der abwaerme von thermischen kraftwerken und fernheizungssystemen
US5735134A (en) 1996-05-30 1998-04-07 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Set point optimization in vapor compression cycles
FI102565B1 (fi) * 1997-08-12 1998-12-31 Abb Power Oy Menetelmä jäähdytystehon tuottamiseksi
US6185483B1 (en) 1998-01-27 2001-02-06 Johnson Controls, Inc. Real-time pricing controller of an energy storage medium
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CN101581545B (zh) * 2009-06-19 2010-12-08 广东志高空调有限公司 分区冷却型的蓄冰槽装置
DE102010004187B4 (de) * 2009-12-02 2015-12-24 Dürr Thermea Gmbh Wärmepumpe für hohe Vor- und Rücklauftemperaturen

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WO2014106513A1 (fr) 2014-07-10

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