EP4518711B1 - Cigarette sans combustion - Google Patents

Cigarette sans combustion

Info

Publication number
EP4518711B1
EP4518711B1 EP22728076.5A EP22728076A EP4518711B1 EP 4518711 B1 EP4518711 B1 EP 4518711B1 EP 22728076 A EP22728076 A EP 22728076A EP 4518711 B1 EP4518711 B1 EP 4518711B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nicotine
combustion
sleeve
cigarette according
free cigarette
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP22728076.5A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP4518711C0 (fr
EP4518711A1 (fr
Inventor
Martin Schwarz
Heribert Schwarz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP4518711A1 publication Critical patent/EP4518711A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP4518711C0 publication Critical patent/EP4518711C0/fr
Publication of EP4518711B1 publication Critical patent/EP4518711B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
    • A24F42/00—Simulated smoking devices other than electrically operated; Component parts thereof; Manufacture or testing thereof
    • A24F42/20—Devices without heating means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
    • A24B15/281—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances the action of the chemical substances being delayed
    • A24B15/282—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances the action of the chemical substances being delayed by indirect addition of the chemical substances, e.g. in the wrapper, in the case
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
    • A24B15/30—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by organic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
    • A24B15/30—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by organic substances
    • A24B15/36—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by organic substances containing a heterocyclic ring
    • A24B15/365—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by organic substances containing a heterocyclic ring having nitrogen and sulfur as hetero atoms in the same ring
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
    • A24F42/00—Simulated smoking devices other than electrically operated; Component parts thereof; Manufacture or testing thereof
    • A24F42/60—Constructional details

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a non-combustible cigarette consisting of a sleeve on the inner surface of which a nicotine solution is applied, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Conventional cigarettes rely on the combustion of nicotine-containing tobacco enclosed in a paper tube.
  • the combustion process releases nicotine, which the smoker inhales by drawing in so-called mainstream smoke.
  • mainstream smoke Between puffs, the combustion process continues, with nicotine escaping into the environment in so-called sidestream smoke without being inhaled by the smoker.
  • the desired effect for the smoker is due to the inhaled nicotine, which has an activating effect on cells of the autonomic nervous system.
  • Conventional cigarettes contain approximately 10 mg of nicotine, but due to combustion and sidestream smoke, only about 1-2 mg of nicotine is inhaled by the smoker when smoking the entire cigarette. This shows that with conventional cigarettes, the majority of the nicotine in the tobacco is not inhaled but burns or escapes.
  • Nicotine itself is not carcinogenic. While nicotine is considered an addictive substance and can cause dependence, the addictive effect is demonstrably greatly increased by substances contained in tobacco smoke, such as the monoamine oxidase inhibitors found in tobacco smoke. If the combustion process of tobacco could be eliminated, the addictive potential of nicotine would also be significantly reduced.
  • the US 4,813,437 Figure 1 shows a cigarette-shaped nicotine delivery device in which several sections and several types of cylindrical porous carriers are arranged. These carriers are made of plastic and cellulose fibers. Manufacturing with multiple zones and multiple porous carriers requires several production steps, resulting in high manufacturing costs.
  • WO2006002445 A2 reveals a non-combustible cigarette which contains a carrier body within a casing onto which nicotine and ethanol are applied.
  • EP0144934 A2 leht the process of impregnating paper for cigarette wrapping with a solution containing nicotine and ethanol. The impregnated paper is then dried.
  • open-pored carriers have pores of varying sizes, resulting in an undefined pore surface area. This is disadvantageous when impregnating the porous carriers with a nicotine solution, as varying amounts of nicotine are always deposited within an open-pored carrier. In a non-combustible cigarette, the deposited nicotine must be... The amount of nicotine, however, must be precisely adjustable, since the consumer otherwise, excessive amounts of nicotine could be absorbed, exceeding the amount stated on the packaging.
  • the nicotine With this typical smoking behavior, the nicotine must be released in the usual quantities, i.e., approximately 1 mg, via a non-combustion cigarette and made available for inhalation.
  • nicotine exists as an oily liquid that is difficult to very difficult to evaporate (boiling point 246°C, vapor pressure 0.058 hPa at 20°C, 0.13 hPa at 30°C, and 0.58 hPa at 50°C).
  • oily liquid that is difficult to very difficult to evaporate
  • the aim of the invention is therefore to provide a combustion-free cigarette in which the nicotine is sufficiently It can be quickly moved from its deposition on solid surfaces into the intake stream, so that the effect intended by the smoker of nicotine intake from conventional cigarettes through inhalation can be appropriately reproduced.
  • Claim 1 relates to a combustionless cigarette consisting of a tube on the inner surface of which a nicotine solution is applied. According to the invention, it is proposed that the tube is sealed at one of its two ends with a partially airtight intake restrictor, and that the nicotine solution consists of 0.8–1.2 mg of nicotine dissolved in 75–105 ⁇ l of ethanol, the nicotine solution being applied as an at least partial coating of the inner surface.
  • the cigarette according to the invention corresponds in its dimensions to conventional cigarettes, as will be explained in more detail below, and also imitates the construction of a conventional cigarette with the intake restrictor arranged at one end.
  • the intake restrictor does not serve to filter the drawn-in airflow, but rather to generate flow resistance within the otherwise empty tube, which is intended to imitate the intake resistance of a conventional cigarette, and to prevent axial airflow during storage.
  • the intake brake can also be made from a conventional cigarette filter, which does not filter nicotine itself.
  • the nicotine is applied to the inner sleeve of the cigarette tube as a nicotine solution of 0.8–1.2 mg dissolved in 75–105 ⁇ l of ethanol, preferably as a nicotine solution of 1 mg dissolved in 100 ⁇ l of ethanol.
  • Nicotine is readily soluble in ethanol.
  • the evaporation behavior of the nicotine solution in ethanol which in turn depends on the relative distribution of the amounts, is crucial for the applicability of such a solution for non-combustible cigarettes.
  • the solution according to the invention when periodic airflows are applied by inhalation, as corresponds to typical smoking behavior, ensures the release of nicotine from its adhesion to the inner jacket into the airflow in accumulated quantities of 250-800 ⁇ g within the timeframe of 10-20 minutes corresponding to typical smoking behavior.
  • the ethanol enables co-evaporation of nicotine with ethanol, as the ethanol mobilizes the otherwise poorly evaporating nicotine into the gas phase.
  • the wettability of a surface by a liquid is characterized by the contact angle (also referred to as the "wetting angle"), which denotes the angle formed by a liquid droplet on the surface of the solid.
  • the shape that the liquid droplet assumes on a surface depends on the surface tension of the liquid and the surface finish. At the boundary between the liquid droplet and the gaseous environment, the surface tension causes a curved contour. At the edge of the liquid droplet, where the contour transitions into the solid surface, the contact angle is formed between the liquid/solid interface and the tangent to the liquid/gas interface.
  • the inner sleeve of the cigarette according to the invention must be partially wettable, i.e., have a contact angle with the wetting liquid of less than 90°.
  • the nicotine solution is applied as at least a partial wetting of the inner sleeve with a contact angle of no more than 75°.
  • Bagasse refers to fibrous residues that are primarily generated during sugarcane processing and have recently found use as a substitute for plastics in the food industry because they can be processed into grease- and water-resistant packaging.
  • sleeves can be manufactured by mixing bagasse with water to form a slurry, which is then shaped into sleeves and dried. After drying, the outer layer of the sleeves is coated with melamine resins or biodegradable PLA (polylactic acid) to create water resistance. The inner layer of the sleeves exhibits the wettability required by the invention. Furthermore, the sleeves manufactured in this way are biodegradable and can therefore be easily disposed of.
  • Another option is to manufacture the sleeve from glass, with the inner surface roughened to ensure a maximum contact angle of 90°.
  • Glass can be reused for the same application, for example by being collected, cleaned, and sterilized via a deposit system, or it can be reused for a different application, for example by being placed in glass recycling containers.
  • FFF Fused Filament Fabrication
  • FFF also known as Fused Deposition Modeling
  • PLA acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer
  • PETG is a glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PET) characterized by its particularly high transparency and low viscosity.
  • the inner sleeve at least partially wetted by the nicotine solution, has a surface area of 500–2000 mm2 , preferably 1000 mm2 .
  • the amount of 75–105 ⁇ l of ethanol proposed according to the invention is applied to this surface, as will be explained in more detail below.
  • the tube be cylindrical with a length of 50–100 mm and an inner diameter of 3–6 mm.
  • the wall thickness of the tube is 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm, preferably 1.5 mm, to ensure sufficient strength to prevent the chemicals from diffusing through the wall.
  • Nicotine in the quantities used here, is an almost tasteless and odorless substance.
  • the flavorings serve to make the inhaled nicotine solution perceptible to the senses, both to increase the enjoyment of consumption and to indicate to the consumer that the nicotine solution in one cigarette has been completely consumed.
  • the cigarette according to the invention remains physically intact apart from the consumption of the applied nicotine solution.
  • the cigarette according to the invention is suitable for nicotine delivery over a longer period than a conventional cigarette, as will be explained in more detail below, namely for approximately 100 puffs, which, assuming a 10-second pause between puffs, corresponds to a total consumption time of approximately 15 minutes.
  • the nicotine used in the nicotine solution has a pH value in the alkaline range.
  • the pH value of cigarette smoke from conventional cigarette tobacco is in the range of 6.3–5.6, i.e., in the acidic range.
  • the nicotine in the nicotine solution preferably proposed within the scope of the invention, with a pH value in the alkaline range, is more similar to cigar or pipe tobacco obtained from leaves harvested in their unripe state.
  • the pH value of cigar smoke from conventional cigar tobacco is in the range of 8.0–8.6, i.e., in the alkaline range. Free nicotine from such alkaline smoke is readily absorbed through mucous membranes.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a cigarette according to the invention.
  • the cigarette according to the invention is similar in its dimensions to a conventional tobacco cigarette and has a cylindrical sleeve 1 with a length of 50-100 mm and an inner diameter of 3-6 mm.
  • the inner lining 1a of the sleeve 1 has a surface area of 500-2000 mm2 , preferably 1000 mm2 .
  • the outer lining 1b of the sleeve 1 can be colored with food-safe dye to give the sleeve 1, for example, a white color.
  • the wall thickness of the sleeve 1 is 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm, preferably 1.5 mm, to ensure sufficient strength to prevent the chemicals from diffusing through the wall.
  • the sleeve 1 is sealed with a partially airtight intake restrictor 2, which is designed, for example, as a conventional cigarette filter.
  • the intake restrictor 2 provides an intake resistance that reduces the airflow velocity within the sleeve 1, thus increasing the contact time between the airflow and the inner sleeve 1a. This also provides the smoker with the familiar intake resistance.
  • the drawn-in air enters the interior of the sleeve 1 through the opening at the opposite, second end, travels axially through the interior of the sleeve 1 towards the intake restrictor 2, and passes through the intake restrictor 2 until it exits the cigarette according to the invention at the free end of the intake restrictor.
  • the intake restrictor 2 can also be designed as a solid, cylindrical intake plug with a conical channel made of biodegradable plastic, which has an internal conical air channel that tapers towards the intake opening and is open at both ends.
  • the open, second end of the cigarette according to the invention can be sealed with a foil seal to prevent the nicotine solution from escaping during storage.
  • a foil seal would have to be removed before use.
  • the applicants have determined that sealing the second, open end of the cigarette is unnecessary because the escape of evaporated nicotine solution is negligible under the given geometric conditions, particularly when cigarettes according to the invention are stored in an airtight package.
  • the air exchange between the one-sided sealed tube 1 and the surroundings is sufficiently low that saturation of the evaporated nicotine solution quickly occurs within the tube 1, preventing further evaporation.
  • a quantity of 75-105 ⁇ l of ethanol, mixed with 0.8-1.2 mg of nicotine, is applied to the surface of the inner jacket 1a.
  • the nicotine solution can be applied to the inner jacket 1a using a dosing and spray needle that has numerous holes or nozzles along its axial length. With such a dosing and spray needle, it is possible to wet the entire inner jacket 1a of the sleeve 1 with the nicotine solution in a single spray.
  • a measurement setup was developed in which air was cyclically drawn through a tube whose dimensions corresponded to a cigarette according to the invention and whose inner lining 1a was coated with a 100 ⁇ l ethanol-nicotine mixture containing 1 mg/100 ⁇ l nicotine. Exhalation did not occur through the tube.
  • These tubes filled with a nicotine-ethanol mixture are subsequently referred to as evaporator tubes.
  • the evaporator tubes were manufactured from PETG using a fused filament fabrication (FF) process. These evaporator tubes were produced using a commercially available Ultimaker 2+ 3D printer with a 0.25 mm printhead. The thickness of the applied plastic layers was between 60-150 ⁇ m.
  • the measurement setup also allowed for a variable time interval between draws to be programmed using a microcontroller controlling the setup. Suction was performed using two 50ml syringes connected in parallel, driven by a linear motor. A switching valve allowed air to be drawn from the evaporator tube through an adsorbent tube (Tenax tube), an alcohol sensor, and a UV sensor. The switching valve then shut off the airflow through the tubes, allowing the syringes to be emptied into the ambient air.
  • adsorbent tube Tinax tube
  • the switching valve then shut off the airflow through the tubes, allowing the syringes to be emptied into the ambient air.
  • the adsorbent tubes were filled with Tenax.
  • Tenax is the brand name of poly(2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide), a polymeric adsorbent resin used as column packing material for gas chromatography, because substances like nicotine adsorb almost completely to the resin when the amount of substance is significantly below the binding capacity. Upon heating, the substances can subsequently be desorbed and thus transferred in the gas phase to a mass spectrometer for further analysis.
  • the Tenax tubes (17.8 cm) were analyzed using a Gerstel TDS 3 with a TDS A2 autosampler, typically employing a 20:1 or 5:1 split.
  • the molecules to be analyzed are transferred into the gas phase (desorption) and ionized by heating in an inert gas atmosphere at reduced pressure.
  • the ions are then accelerated by an electric field and fed to an analyzer, which separates them according to their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z).
  • the molecules can fragment during this process, which can lead to different peaks in the spectrogram.
  • the resulting chromatograms showed clear nicotine peaks, which were quantified by the nicotine-typical m/z ratio at 133 and 162. No influence from methanol or traces of other organic compounds was found in the corresponding m/z ranges.
  • a total of 30 intake tests were performed, and the intake air from trains 1-3, 3-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-30 was collected and analyzed chromatographically.
  • a measure of the amount of substance is the integral area under the curve of a peak
  • the peaks were integrated for further analysis, and the areas were thus determined.
  • glass tubes were filled with known amounts of nicotine and these were also measured using thermal desorpation. From the ratios of the peak areas from the calibration measurements to the areas from the actual experiments, the real, actual amount of substance could be estimated.
  • Fig. 2 As can be seen, nicotine was delivered over 150 puffs, with the delivery appearing to follow a biphasic (sigmoid) curve. As the Fig. 3 While alcohol could be extracted, it was also released sigmoidally, but significantly faster. Apparently, nicotine release is concentration-dependent. The total amount of nicotine released over time is approximately 75% of the amount administered.
  • Nicotine-ethanol evaporation measurements were repeated at least three times using the 3D-printed evaporation tubes and showed consistent results. Measurements with reduced evaporation time due to roughened glass surfaces and those with flavorings were each performed twice and also showed consistent results.
  • a solution according to the invention ensures the release of nicotine from its adhesion to the inner sleeve 1a into the airflow in accumulated quantities of 250-800 ⁇ g within the timeframe of 10-20 minutes, corresponding to typical smoking behavior.
  • the cigarette according to the invention thus reproduces the properties of a conventional cigarette in its nicotine delivery, in that the nicotine is absorbed in sufficient quantity by the airflow generated within the sleeve 1 during the usual inhalation process and is available for inhalation.
  • the ethanol enables co-evaporation of nicotine with ethanol, as the ethanol mobilizes the otherwise poorly evaporating nicotine into the gas phase.
  • the cigarette according to the invention can also be consumed without restriction, i.e., in cafes, bars or restaurants, but also in train stations or airplanes, and is compliant with non-smoking laws, since neither harmful tobacco combustion smoke nor any form of smoldering as with tobacco heaters or vapor as with e-cigarettes or e-shishas is emitted.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Cigarette sans combustion composée d'une douille (1) sur l'enveloppe intérieure (1a) de laquelle une solution de nicotine est appliquée, caractérisée en ce que la douille (1) est fermée à une de ses deux extrémités par un frein d'aspiration (2) partiellement étanche à l'air et la solution de nicotine se compose d'une quantité de nicotine de 0,8 à 1,2 mg dissoute dans 75 à 105 µl d'éthanol, la solution de nicotine étant appliquée sous la forme d'un mouillage au moins partiel de l'enveloppe intérieure (1a).
  2. Cigarette sans combustion selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la solution de nicotine se compose d'une quantité de nicotine de 1 mg dissoute dans 100 µl d'éthanol.
  3. Cigarette sans combustion selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que la solution de nicotine est appliquée sous la forme d'un mouillage au moins partiel de l'enveloppe intérieure (1a) sous un angle de contact de 75° au maximum.
  4. Cigarette sans combustion selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que la douille (1) est fabriquée en bagasse.
  5. Cigarette sans combustion selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que la douille (1) est fabriquée en verre, l'enveloppe intérieure (1a) étant rendue rugueuse afin d'assurer un angle de contact de 90° au maximum.
  6. Cigarette sans combustion selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que la douille (1) est fabriquée à partir d'un matériau de synthèse pouvant être appliqué selon un procédé de fabrication FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication).
  7. Cigarette sans combustion selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que l'enveloppe intérieure (1a) au moins partiellement mouillée avec la solution de nicotine présente une surface de 500 à 2000 mm2.
  8. Cigarette sans combustion selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que l'enveloppe intérieure (1a) au moins partiellement mouillée avec la solution de nicotine présente une surface de 1000 mm2.
  9. Cigarette sans combustion selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisée en ce que la douille (1) est cylindrique et présente une longueur de 50 à 100 mm et un diamètre intérieur de 3 à 6 mm.
  10. Cigarette sans combustion selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisée en ce que la solution de nicotine est additionnée d'arômes.
  11. Cigarette sans combustion selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisée en ce que la nicotine employée pour la solution de nicotine présente un pH dans la plage basique.
EP22728076.5A 2022-05-04 2022-05-04 Cigarette sans combustion Active EP4518711B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2022/062054 WO2023213392A1 (fr) 2022-05-04 2022-05-04 Cigarette sans combustion

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4518711A1 EP4518711A1 (fr) 2025-03-12
EP4518711C0 EP4518711C0 (fr) 2026-01-21
EP4518711B1 true EP4518711B1 (fr) 2026-01-21

Family

ID=81941004

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP22728076.5A Active EP4518711B1 (fr) 2022-05-04 2022-05-04 Cigarette sans combustion

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US20250268314A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP4518711B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2023213392A1 (fr)

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4284089A (en) 1978-10-02 1981-08-18 Ray Jon P Simulated smoking device
DE3344554A1 (de) * 1983-12-09 1985-06-20 B.A.T. Cigaretten-Fabriken Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg Rauchprodukt, enthaltend nicotin-n' -oxid
US4813437A (en) 1984-01-09 1989-03-21 Ray J Philip Nicotine dispensing device and method for the manufacture thereof
US4800903A (en) 1985-05-24 1989-01-31 Ray Jon P Nicotine dispenser with polymeric reservoir of nicotine
US6089632A (en) 1998-07-30 2000-07-18 Pickren; Porter T. Post hole digger
DE112005001366A5 (de) * 2004-07-01 2007-05-24 Heribert Schwarz Rauchlose Zigarette

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP4518711C0 (fr) 2026-01-21
EP4518711A1 (fr) 2025-03-12
WO2023213392A1 (fr) 2023-11-09
US20250268314A1 (en) 2025-08-28

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