JP2013535565A - 炭素質フィードストックのハイドロメタネーション - Google Patents
炭素質フィードストックのハイドロメタネーション Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
炭素にスチームを当てる: C + H2O → CO + H2 (I)
水性ガスシフト: CO + H2O → H2 + CO2 (II)
COメタン化: CO+3H2 → CH4 + H2O (III)
水添ガス化: 2H2 + C → CH4 (IV)
2C + 2H2O → CH4 + CO2 (V)
(a)ハイドロメタネーション反応器に以下を供給すること
(1)非ガス状炭素質材料由来の炭素質フィードストック、
(2)ハイドロメタネーション触媒、
(3)過熱スチーム流、及び
(4)スチームを含む酸素リッチガス流、
ここで、ハイドロメタネーション反応器は、下方部分の上方に上方部分を有する流動床を含み、そしてここで、過熱スチーム流及び酸素リッチガス流は、流動床の下方部分内に導入される、
(b)メタン富化原ガス及び固体副産物のチャーを生成させるために、ハイドロメタネーション触媒、一酸化炭素、水素及びスチームの存在下で、目標操作温度にてハイドロメタネーション反応器中で炭素質フィードストックの一部分を反応させること(ここで、メタン富化原ガスは、メタン、一酸化炭素、水素、二酸化炭素、硫化水素、スチーム、熱エネルギー及び同伴微粉を含む);
(c)一酸化炭素、水素、及び熱エネルギーを生成させるために、炭素質フィードストックの一部分を酸素と反応させること;及び
(d)ハイドロメタネーション反応器から、メタン富化原生成物ガス流としてメタン富化原ガスを引き出すこと;
ここで、
(i)工程(b)の反応は、流動床の上方部分において優位を占め;
(ii)工程(c)の反応は、流動床の下方部分において優位を占め;
(iii)工程(b)の反応は、合成ガス要求、熱要求、及びスチーム要求を有し;
(iv)合成ガス要求及び熱要求は工程(c)の反応によって実質的に満たされ;
(v)スチーム要求は、過熱スチーム流及び酸素リッチガス流におけるスチーム、並びに炭素質フィードストックから発生するスチームによって実質的に満たされ;そして
(vi)過熱スチーム流、酸素リッチガス流、炭素質フィードストック及びハイドロメタネーション触媒が、工程(b)の反応の目標操作温度より低い温度で、ハイドロメタネーション反応器内に導入される。
本発明の一つの実施態様において、メタン富化原生成物ガス流(50)は、図1において図示された通り、結局、非ガス状炭素質材料(10)から生成される。
微粉除去
ハイドロメタネーション反応器(200)の反応槽を出ていく熱いガス排出物は、係合解除領域として働くハイドロメタネーション反応器(200)内に及び/又はその外部へと組み込まれる(描かれていない)微粉除去ユニットを通過し得る。あまりにも重くて、ハイドロメタネーション反応器(200)を去るガス(つまり、微粉)によって同伴されない粒子はハイドロメタネーション反応器(200)、例えば、反応槽(例えば、流動床(202))に戻される。
ハイドロメタネーション条件に依存して、メタン富化原生成物流(50)は、約1000°F(約538℃)〜約1500°F(約816℃)、そしてより典型的には約1100°F(約593℃)〜約1400°F(約760℃)の範囲の温度、約50psig(約446kPa)〜約800psig(約5617kPa)、より典型的には約400psig(約2860kPa)〜約600psig(約4238kPa)の圧力、及び約0.5ft/sec(約0.15m/sec)〜約2.0ft/sec(約0.61m/sec)、より典型的には約1.0ft/sec(0.30m/sec)〜約1.5ft/sec(約0.46m/sec)の流速を有して生成され得る。
製品の精製は、例えば、水性ガスシフトプロセス(700)、脱水(450)及び酸性ガス除去(800)、そして随意の痕跡量汚染物質除去(500)及び随意のアンモニア除去及び回収(600)を含み得る。
当業者にはよく知られている通り、ガス流、例えば、冷却された、メタン富化原生成物流(70)の汚染物質レベルは、炭素質フィードストックを製造するために使用される炭素質材料の性質に依存するであろう。例えば、Illinois #6のような或る石炭は高い硫黄含有量を有し得て、高いCOS汚染に繋がる;そしてPowder River Basinのような他の石炭は著しいレベルの水銀を含有し得て、それはハイドロメタネーション反応器(200)において揮発され得る。
当業者にはよく知られている通り、バイオマス、或る石炭、或る石油コークスのガス化及び/又はハイドロメタネーション反応器(200)用の酸素源としての空気の利用によって、製品流中に、著しい量のアンモニアが生産され得る。随意に、ガス流、例えば、冷却された、メタン富化原生成物流(70)は、アンモニアを除去して回収するために、一つ又はそれ以上のアンモニア除去回収ユニット(600)において水によって洗浄され得る。
メタン富化原生成物流(例えば、冷却された、メタン富化原生成物流(70))の一部分又は全てはサワーシフト反応器(700)のような水性ガスシフト反応器に供給される。
サワーシフト反応器(700)及び第二の熱交換器ユニット(401)に続いて、そして酸性ガス除去ユニット(800)の前に、水素富化原生成物流(72)が典型的に処理されて、ノックアウトドラム又は類似の水分離デバイス(450)を介して水分量が減じられる。得られた廃水流(47)(それはサワー水流であろう)は更なる処理のために、(描かれていない)廃水処理ユニットに送られ得る。得られた脱水された水素富化原生成物流(72a)は、以下に論じられるように酸性ガス除去ユニット(800)に送られる。
引き続く酸性ガス除去ユニット(800)が、脱水された水素富化原生成物流(72a)からのH2Sの実質的な部分、及びCO2の実質的な部分を除去するために、そしてスイート化ガス流(80)を生成するために使用される。
水素は、深冷蒸留、モレキュラシーブ、ガス分離(例えば、セラミック)膜、及び/又は圧力スイング吸着法(PAS)技術の使用のような当業者に公知の方法によって、スイート化ガス流(80)から分離され得る。例えば、前に組み込まれた米国特許出願第2009/0259080A1号を参照。
スイート化ガス流(80)の全て又は一部分、若しくは水素が使い果たされた、スイート化ガス流(82)は、メタン製品流(99)として直接、使用され得るか又はそれらの流の全て又は一部分は更に処理され/精製されてメタン製品流(99)を生産する。
本発明は、或る実施態様において、「パイプライン品質の天然ガス」(又は「パイプライン品質の代替天然ガス」)を非ガス状炭素質材料のハイドロメタネーションから生成することができるプロセス及びシステムを供する。「パイプライン品質の天然ガス」とは典型的には、(1)純粋なメタン(その加熱価は標準大気条件下で1010btu/ft3である)の加熱価の±5%以内であり、(2)実質的に水を含有しない(典型的には約−40℃以下の露天)、及び(3)実質的に有毒な又は腐食性の汚染物質を含有しない、メタン−含有スチームのことである。本発明の幾つかの実施態様において、上記プロセスにおいて述べられたメタン製品流(99)はそのような要求事項を満たす。
痕跡汚染物質の除去、サワーシフト、アンモニア除去、酸性ガス除去及び/又は触媒回収のプロセスの何れか一つ又はそれ以上から得られる排水中の残留汚染物質は、当業者に公知の如何なる方法にもよる、工場内で回収された水のリサイクル及び/又は工場プロセスからの水の廃棄を可能にする、廃水処理ユニットにおいて除供され得る。原料及び反応条件に依存して、そのような残留汚染物質は、例えば、芳香族、CO、CO2、H2S、COS、HCN、アンモニア及び水銀を含み得る。例えば、H2S及びHCNは、約3のpHへの廃水の酸性化、ストリップ塔における不活性ガスを用いた酸性廃水の処理、及びpHを約10に上げて、アンモニアを除去するよう、廃水を不活性ガスにより二度目の処理をすることよって除去され得る(米国特許第5236557号を参照)。H2Sは、H2Sを浮揚又は濾過によって除去され得る不溶性硫化物に転換するよう、廃水を残留コークス粒子の存在下で酸化剤を用いて処理することによって除去され得る(米国特許第4478425号を参照)。芳香族は、廃水を、一価又は二価の塩基性無機化合物(例えば、固体チャー製品又は触媒回収後に使い果たされたチャー、上述)を随意に含有してなる炭素質チャーと接触させることよって、そしてpHを製造することによって除去され得る(米国特許第4113615号を参照)。芳香族は有機溶媒を用いた抽出、それに続くストリップ塔における廃水処理によっても除去され得る(米国特許第3972693号、米国特許第4025423、及び米国特許第4162902号を参照)。
スチーム供給ループは、熱エネルギー回収から生成した種々のプロセススチーム流(例えば、25/40及び43)を送るために供され得る。
メタン製品流(99)の一部分は、如何なる回収された水素(85)の一部分がそうできるように、燃焼(980)及びスチーム生成(982)のために利用され得る。上で示されたように、過剰のリサイクルスチームは、工場内で利用され得るか又は送電網上に売られ得る電気を生成するために、燃焼又はスチームタービンのような、一つ又はそれ以上の発電機(984)に供され得る。
炭素質材料の処理(100)
バイオマス及び非バイオマスのような粒子状の炭素質材料は、一つ又はそれ以上の炭素質粒子を得るための衝撃粉砕及び湿式又は乾式の粉ひきのような、当業技術において公知の如何なる方法によっても、別々に又は一緒の何れかで粉砕及び/又は粉ひきを介して製造され得る。炭素質材料源の粉砕及び/又は粉ひきのために利用される方法に依存して、得られる炭素質粒子はサイズ分けされ得て(つまり、サイズによって分離され)、触媒装填プロセス(350)において使用するための炭素質フィードストック(32)を供給して、ハイドロメタネーション反応器(200)用の触媒化炭素質フィードストック(31+32)を形成する。
ハイドロメタネーション触媒は、少なくとも上述の反応(I)、(II)、(III)の触媒作用をすることに対して潜在的に活性である。そのような触媒は、一般的感覚において、当業者に周知のものであり、そして、例えば、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、及び遷移金属並びにそれらの化合物及び複合体を含み得る。典型的に、ハイドロメタネーション触媒は、前に組み込まれた引例の多くに開示されたような少なくともアルカリ金属を含む。
述べられた条件下での触媒化炭素質フィードストック(31+32)の反応によって、ハイドロメタネーション反応器(200)からメタン富化原生成物流(50)及び固体チャー副産物(58)(及び(58a))が一般的に供される。固体チャー副産物(58)は大量の未反応炭素、無機灰分及び同伴触媒を典型的に含む。固体チャー副産物(58)は、サンプリング、パージング及び/又は触媒回収のために、チャー出口を介してハイドロメタネーション反応器(200)から除去され得る。
本発明のプロセスにおいて、各プロセスは、一つ又はそれ以上のプロセスユニットにおいて実行され得る。例えば、一つ又はそれ以上のハイドロメタネーション反応器に、一つ又はそれ以上の触媒装填及び/又は原料製造の単位操作からの炭素質フィードストックが供給され得る。同様に、一つ又はそれ以上のハイドロメタネーション反応器によって生成されたメタン富化原生成物流は、例えば、前に組み込まれた米国特許出願第2009/0324458A1号、米国特許出願第2009/0324459A1号、米国特許出願第2009/0324460A1号、米国特許出願第2009/0324461A1号、及び米国特許出願第2009/0324462A1号において論じられたように、具体的なシステム構成に依存して種々の下流点で、個別に又はそれらの組合せを介して処理され得るか若しくは精製され得る。
プロセスの特定の実施態様は、プロセスが連続プロセスであるもので、ここで工程(a)、(b)、(c)、及び(d)は連続的に運転される。
Claims (10)
- 非ガス状炭素質材料からメタン富化原生成物ガス流を発生させるための方法であって:
(a)ハイドロメタネーション反応器に
(1)非ガス状炭素質材料由来の炭素質フィードストック、
(2)ハイドロメタネーション触媒、
(3)過熱スチーム流、及び
(4)スチームを含む酸素リッチガス流、
を供給する工程のハイドロメタネーション反応器が、下方部分の上方に上方部分を有する流動床を含み、そしてここで、過熱スチーム流及び酸素リッチガス流が、流動床の下方部分内に導入される、該工程;
(b)ハイドロメタネーション触媒、一酸化炭素、水素及びスチームの存在下、目標操作温度でハイドロメタネーション反応器中炭素質フィードストックの一部分を反応させて、メタン、一酸化炭素、水素、二酸化炭素、硫化水素、スチーム、熱エネルギー及び同伴微粉を含む、メタン富化原ガス、及び固体副産物のチャーを生成させる工程;
(c)一酸化炭素、水素、及び熱エネルギーを生成させるために、炭素質フィードストックの一部分を酸素と反応させる工程;及び
(d)ハイドロメタネーション反応器から、メタン富化原生成物ガス流としてメタン富化原ガスを引き出す工程;
を含んでなり、
ここで、
(i)工程(b)の反応は、流動床の上方部分において優位を占め;
(ii)工程(c)の反応は、流動床の下方部分において優位を占め;
(iii)工程(b)の反応は、合成ガス要求、熱要求、及びスチーム要求を有し;
(iv)合成ガス要求及び熱要求は、工程(c)の反応によって実質的に満たされ;
(v)スチーム要求は、過熱スチーム流及び酸素リッチガス流におけるスチーム、並びに炭素質フィードストックから発生するスチームによって実質的に満たされ;そして
(vi)過熱スチーム流、酸素リッチガス流、炭素質フィードストック及びハイドロメタネーション触媒が、工程(b)の反応の目標操作温度より低い温度で、ハイドロメタネーション反応器内に導入される、上記方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法であって、合成ガス要求及び熱要求が工程(c)の反応によって満たされることを特徴とする、上記方法。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の方法であって、スチーム要求が、過熱スチーム流及び酸素リッチガス流におけるスチーム、並びに炭素質フィードストックから発生するスチームによって満たされることを特徴とする、上記方法。
- 請求項1〜3の何れか1項に記載の方法であって、目標操作温度が、少なくとも約1000°F(約538℃)〜約1500°F(約816℃)であることを特徴とする、上記方法。
- 請求項1〜4の何れか1項に記載の方法であって、過熱スチーム流が、約500oF(約260℃)から約950oF(約510℃)の温度で、ハイドロメタネーション反応器に供給されることを特徴とする、上記方法。
- 請求項1〜5の何れか1項に記載の方法であって、過熱スチーム流及び酸素リッチ流が、ハイドロメタネーション反応器の流動床の下方セクション内に供給されるように組み合わされ、そして組み合わされた流れの温度が約500°F(約260℃)〜約900°F(約482℃)であることを特徴とする、上記方法。
- 請求項1〜6の何れか1項に記載の方法であって、メタン富化原生成物流が、少なくとも約15モル%のメタン(メタン富化原生成物流中のメタン、二酸化炭素、一酸化炭素、及び水素のモルに基づいて)を含み;又はメタン富化原生成物流が少なくとも50モル%のメタン+二酸化炭素(メタン富化原生成物流中のメタン、二酸化炭素、一酸化炭素、及び水素のモルに基づいて)を含むことを特徴とする、上記方法。
- 請求項1〜7の何れか1項に記載の方法であって、メタン富化原生成物流を第一の熱交換器ユニット内に導入して熱エネルギーを回収し、そして冷却されたメタン富化原生成物流を発生させ;冷却されたメタン富化原生成物流中の一酸化炭素の少なくとも一部分をスチームシフト化して、熱エネルギー及び水素富化原生成物流を発生させ;水素富化原生成物流が実質的に脱水して脱水された水素富化原生成物流を発生させ;そして、二酸化炭素の実質的な部分及び硫化水素の実質的な部分を、脱水された水素富化原生成物流から除去して脱水された水素富化原生成物流から水素、一酸化炭素(脱水された水素富化原生成物流中に存在する場合)、及びメタンの実質的な部分を含んでなるスイート化ガス流を生成させる;ことを特徴とする、上記方法。
- 請求項8に記載の方法であって、第一の熱交換器ユニットで回収された熱エネルギーが使用して、第一のプロセススチーム流を発生させ、ハイドロメタネーション反応器内への導入用の過熱スチーム流の全て又は一部分として使用するための第一のプロセススチーム流を過熱し;そして熱エネルギーをスチームシフトから回収し、そして回収した熱エネルギーの少なくとも一部を利用して、プロセス流を発生させるのに使用するためのボイラ供給水を予熱する;ことを特徴とする、上記方法。
- 請求項8又は9に記載の方法であって、スイート化ガス流(又は存在する場合、水素枯渇スイート化ガス流)中に存在する一酸化炭素及び水素を、接触メタネーター中、メタネーション触媒の存在下で反応させて、熱エネルギー、及びメタン富化スイート化ガス流を生成させ;そして接触メタン化からの熱エネルギーを回収し、そして回収した熱エネルギーの少なくとも一部を利用して、第二のプロセススチーム流を発生させそして過熱する、上記方法。
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| WO2010033852A2 (en) * | 2008-09-19 | 2010-03-25 | Greatpoint Energy, Inc. | Processes for gasification of a carbonaceous feedstock |
| WO2010132551A2 (en) * | 2009-05-13 | 2010-11-18 | Greatpoint Energy, Inc. | Processes for hydromethanation of a carbonaceous feedstock |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013537248A (ja) * | 2010-09-10 | 2013-09-30 | グレイトポイント・エナジー・インコーポレイテッド | 炭素質フィードストックの水添メタン化 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2806673A1 (en) | 2012-02-23 |
| AU2011292046B2 (en) | 2014-06-12 |
| AU2011292046A1 (en) | 2013-03-14 |
| US8748687B2 (en) | 2014-06-10 |
| EP2606109A1 (en) | 2013-06-26 |
| WO2012024369A1 (en) | 2012-02-23 |
| US20120046510A1 (en) | 2012-02-23 |
| CN103154213A (zh) | 2013-06-12 |
| KR20130043227A (ko) | 2013-04-29 |
| CN103154213B (zh) | 2015-06-17 |
| KR101424941B1 (ko) | 2014-08-01 |
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