JP7699110B2 - 炭素に埋め込まれた鉄ナノ粒子を含む材料、それらの製造方法、及び不均一系触媒としての使用 - Google Patents
炭素に埋め込まれた鉄ナノ粒子を含む材料、それらの製造方法、及び不均一系触媒としての使用 Download PDFInfo
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- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
Description
従来技術のかなりの労力は、特に触媒活性を有する遷移金属ナノ粒子を含めた、遷移金属ナノ粒子を合成することに向けられている。しかしながら、ナノ粒子それ自体は、たいていの不均一系触媒による方法において使用することができないので、適した担体、基板又はウェーハに付着された遷移金属ナノ粒子を含有する材料を開発する、さらなる努力が行われた。このための従来技術のアプローチは、主に、多孔質又はメソポーラスの担体上への金属前駆物質の含浸又は化学蒸着(Sietsma, Jelle R. A., et al.“Highly active cobalt-on-silica catalysts for the fischer-tropsch synthesis obtained via a novel calcination procedure.” Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis (2007);Van Deelen, T. W., et al.“Assembly and activation of supported cobalt nanocrystal catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.” Chemical Communications (2018))又はそれらの金属種について明確に定義された配位子を使用し、かつ高温処理を適用すること(Westerhaus, Felix A., et al.“Heterogenized cobalt oxide catalysts for nitroarene reduction by pyrolysis of molecularly defined complexes” Nature Chemistry (2013);Banerjee, Debasis, et al.“Convenient and Mild Epoxidation of Alkenes Using Heterogeneous Oxide Catalysts” Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2014))に基づいていた。しかしながら、ナノ粒子と担体との相互作用は、かなりの制限をまねくことが見出された(Oschatz, M., et al.“Effects of calcination and activation conditions on ordered mesoporous carbon supported iron catalysts for production of lower olefins from synthesis gas” Catalysis Science & Technology (2016))。特に、従来技術の手順は、高い金属含有率との組合せでの遷移金属/金属酸化物ナノ粒子の高分散及び一様な配位を示す材料を生じることができなかった。たいていの従来技術の遷移金属ナノ粒子材料は実際、クラスター化の結果としての20重量%未満のどちらかと言えば低い活性金属濃度及びより高い金属濃度での金属粒子の分散の相応する損失を示す(Hernandez Mejia, Carlos, Tom W. van Deelen及びKrijn P de Jong.“Activity enhancement of cobalt catalysts by tuning metal-support interactions” Nature Communications (2018);Oschatz, M., et al.“Effects of calcination and activation conditions on ordered mesoporous carbon supported iron catalysts for production of lower olefins from synthesis gas.” Catalysis Science & Technology (2016))。高い金属含有率との組合せでの遷移金属/金属酸化物ナノ粒子の高分散及び一様な配位を示す材料が、現在入手できない一方で、そのような特性は、望ましいとみなされるという事実に照らして、高い触媒活性を有する材料を得るために、そのような材料並びにそれらの製造方法を提供する技術への需要がある。
本発明は、難黒鉛化性炭素のグレインを、それらの中に分散された鉄ナノ粒子と共に含む、触媒活性材料に関するものであって、
ここで、
dp、該難黒鉛化性炭素グレイン中の鉄ナノ粒子の平均直径は、1nm~20nmの範囲内であり、
D、該難黒鉛化性炭素グレイン中の鉄ナノ粒子間の平均距離は、2nm~150nmの範囲内であり、かつ
ω、該難黒鉛化性炭素グレインにおける金属の合計した全質量分率は、該難黒鉛化性炭素グレインの全質量の30重量%~70重量%の範囲内であり、
dp及びDは、本明細書に記載されたとおりTGZ-TEMにより測定され、
かつ
dp、D及びωは、以下の関係:
4.5dp/ω>D≧0.25dp/ω
に従う。
(a)金属前駆物質と有機炭素源とを含む水溶液を用意する工程、
ここで、該金属前駆物質が、有機の、少なくとも部分的に水溶性の、鉄の塩の1種又は1種を超える組合せを含み、かつ
該有機炭素源が、飽和の、脂肪族ジカルボン酸、トリカルボン酸、又はポリカルボン酸の1種又は1種を超える組合せである、
(b)前記の金属前駆物質と有機炭素源との水溶液を噴霧乾燥又は凍結乾燥し、かつ、こうして、中間生成物Pを得る工程、
(c)中間生成物Pを200℃~380℃の範囲内の温度で熱処理する工程
を含む方法により得ることができる。
(i)該水溶液の噴霧乾燥又は凍結乾燥を、
(ii)工程(i)から得られた中間体の適度な温度での熱処理と
組み合わせることにより、得ることができることが見出された。
別の好ましい実施態様において、本発明は、難黒鉛化性炭素のグレインを、それらの中に分散された鉄ナノ粒子と共に含む、触媒活性材料に関するものであって、適度なサイズの難黒鉛化性炭素グレイン、すなわち2μm~200μmの直径を有する難黒鉛化性炭素グレイン95%超中の鉄ナノ粒子が、関係4.5dp/ω>D≧0.25dp/ωに従い、かつ、さらにdp、該難黒鉛化性炭素グレイン中の鉄ナノ粒子の平均直径が、1nm~20nmの範囲内であり、D、該難黒鉛化性炭素グレイン中の鉄ナノ粒子間の平均距離が、2nm~150nmの範囲内であり、かつω、該難黒鉛化性炭素グレインにおける金属の合計した全質量分率が、該難黒鉛化性炭素グレインの全質量の30重量%~70重量%の範囲内である。
1.試料調製
ほとんどの場合、試験されうる試料は、粉末として入手可能である。
該TEM像に基づいて特性決定されうる個々のナノ粒子は、十分にシャープな輪郭で画像化されなければならない。
該測定手順は、Carl ZEISSによるTGZ3マニュアル(“Teilchengroessenanalysator (particle size analyser) TGZ3”;Carl ZEISS社のマニュアル)に従って行われる。
該測定データ処理の詳細な説明は、(F. Endter u. H. Gebauer, “Optik (Optics)” 13 (1956), 97)及び(K. Seibold及びM. Voll, “Distribution function for describing the particle size distribution of Soot and pyrogenic oxides”. Chemiker-Zeitung, 102 (1978), No. 4, 131-135)に与えられている。
a.粒子の総数(N)
b.1試料あたり1500個の単離されたナノ粒子の評価された粒子サイズ分布q0(x)及びq3(x)
c.粒径dn、平均直径(dn)
d.直角平面上の平均距離D
x、y、x*、y*=粒子座標。
工程(a)において、高い金属含有率(鉄及びドーパント金属及び第2の金属を合わせて)を有する溶液を用意する方法は、工程(a)においてより低い金属含有率を有する溶液を用意する方法よりも高い金属の合計した全質量分率、ωを有する材料を生じる。
dp、該難黒鉛化性炭素グレイン中の鉄ナノ粒子の平均直径が、1nm~20nmの範囲内であり、
D、該難黒鉛化性炭素グレイン中の鉄ナノ粒子間の平均距離が、2nm~150nmの範囲内であり、かつ
ω、該難黒鉛化性炭素グレインにおける金属の合計した全質量分率が、該難黒鉛化性炭素グレインの全質量の30重量%~70重量%の範囲内であり、
かつ
dp、D及びωが、以下の関係:
4.5dp/ω>D≧0.25dp/ω
に従い、
かつ
該難黒鉛化性炭素グレインは、以下の粒子サイズ分布:d10=5μm、d50=40μm、d90=150μmを示す。
ここで、グループ1は、Mo(モリブデン)又はW(タングステン)又はそれらの混合物として定義され、かつ
グループ2は、Co(コバルト)又はCu(銅)又はMn(マンガン)又はそれらの混合物として定義され、
かつ該材料は、1~50の範囲内のモル比RSM=n(鉄):n(第2の金属)を示す。
(i)前記の金属前駆物質と有機炭素源との水溶液の噴霧乾燥又は凍結乾燥、及び
(ii)生じる中間体の適度な温度での熱処理。
(a)金属前駆物質と有機炭素源とを含む水溶液を用意する工程、
ここで、該金属前駆物質が、有機の、少なくとも部分的に水溶性の、鉄の塩の1種又は1種を超える組合せを含み、かつ
該有機炭素源が、飽和の、脂肪族ジカルボン酸、トリカルボン酸、又はポリカルボン酸の1種又は1種を超える組合せであり、
(b)前記の金属前駆物質と有機炭素源との水溶液を噴霧乾燥又は凍結乾燥し、かつ、こうして、中間生成物Pを得る工程、
(c)中間生成物Pを200℃~380℃の範囲内の温度で熱処理する工程
を含む。
炭素に埋め込まれたFeナノ粒子を、クエン酸(最高純度、Sigma Aldrich)14.4gを脱イオン水75mL中に一定に撹拌しながら室温で溶解させることにより製造した。第2のビーカー中に、酢酸鉄(II)(Fe(CH3COO)2、Sigma Aldrich)18.7gを、脱イオン水75mL中に一定に撹拌しながら室温で溶解させた。該酢酸鉄溶液を、該クエン酸溶液にゆっくりと添加し、室温でもう30min撹拌した。生じた溶液を、従来のミニ噴霧乾燥機(Buechi、Mini Spray Dryer B-290)を用いて220℃の一定の入口温度、120℃の出口温度及びポンプ速度20%で噴霧乾燥した。得られた粉末を、最終的な熱処理のために同一の質量を有する2つのフラクションへ分けた。
比較のために、従来のVulcan XC72R炭素担体上の鉄20重量%を有する高添加量の触媒を、インシピエントウェットネス含浸によって製造し、かつFeCat. Refと名付けた。
該材料の触媒活性及び選択性を決定するための実験を、メタノール5ml中の触媒200mg及び基質5mmolを用いてバッチ式で実施した。オートクレーブを、所望の反応温度に加熱し、全ての実験について50barの一定の水素圧力下で撹拌した。反応生成物をろ過し、GC-MSにより分析した。
Claims (14)
- 難黒鉛化性炭素のグレインを、それらの中に分散された鉄ナノ粒子と共に含む、触媒活性材料であって、
dp、前記難黒鉛化性炭素グレイン中の鉄ナノ粒子の平均直径は、1nm~20nmの範囲内であり、
D、前記難黒鉛化性炭素グレイン中の鉄ナノ粒子間の平均距離は、2nm~150nmの範囲内であり、かつ
ω、前記難黒鉛化性炭素グレインにおける金属の合計した全質量分率は、前記難黒鉛化性炭素グレインの全質量の30重量%~70重量%の範囲内であり、
dp及びDは、TGZ-TEMにより測定され、
かつ
dp、D及びωは、以下の関係:
4.5dp/ω>D≧0.25dp/ω
に従う、前記触媒活性材料。 - 前記難黒鉛化性炭素グレインが、以下の粒子サイズ分布:d10=5μm、d50=40μm、d90=150μmを示す、請求項1に記載の材料。
- 前記難黒鉛化性炭素グレインにおける窒素の全質量分率が、前記難黒鉛化性炭素グレインの全質量の1重量%未満である、請求項1又は2に記載の材料。
- dpが4nm~18nmの範囲内である、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項に記載の材料。
- dpが6nm~14nmの範囲内である、請求項1から4までのいずれか1項に記載の材料。
- 前記材料が、ドーパント金属でドープされており、
かつ前記ドーパント金属が、Na(ナトリウム)、K(カリウム)、Ca(カルシウム)、Mg(マグネシウム)又はそれらの混合物から選択され、
かつ前記難黒鉛化性炭素グレインが、5~1000の範囲内のモル比=n(鉄)/n(ドーパント金属)を示す、請求項1から5までのいずれか1項に記載の材料。 - 前記材料が、第2の金属と組み合わされており、
かつ前記の第2の金属が、グループ1又はグループ2から選択され、
ここで、グループ1は、Mo(モリブデン)又はW(タングステン)又はそれらの混合物として定義され、かつ
グループ2は、Co(コバルト)又はCu(銅)又はMn(マンガン)又はそれらの混合物として定義され、
かつ前記難黒鉛化性炭素グレインが、1~50の範囲内のモル比=n(鉄)/n(第2の金属)を示す、請求項1から5までのいずれか1項に記載の材料。 - 請求項1から7までのいずれか1項に記載の材料の製造方法であって、以下の工程:
(a)金属前駆物質と有機炭素源とを含む水溶液を用意する工程、
ここで、前記金属前駆物質が、有機の、少なくとも部分的に水溶性の、鉄の塩の1種又は1種を超える組合せを含み、かつ
前記有機炭素源が、飽和の、脂肪族ジカルボン酸、トリカルボン酸、又はポリカルボン酸の1種又は1種を超える組合せであり、
(b)前記の金属前駆物質と有機炭素源との水溶液を噴霧乾燥又は凍結乾燥し、かつ、こうして、中間生成物Pを得る工程、
(c)中間生成物Pを200℃~380℃の範囲内の温度で熱処理する工程
を含む、前記方法。 - 前記有機炭素源が、マロン酸、酒石酸、クエン酸及びそれらの混合物から選択される、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 中間生成物Pを、255℃~375℃の範囲内の温度で1~4時間、熱処理する、請求項8又は9に記載の方法。
- 中間生成物Pを、300℃~350℃の範囲内の温度で1~4時間、熱処理する、請求項8から10までのいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 触媒としての請求項1から7までのいずれか1項に記載の材料の使用。
- 前記触媒が、有機化合物の水素化及び/又はカルボニル化合物の還元的アミノ化用の触媒である、請求項12に記載の使用。
- 前記触媒が、一酸化炭素、二酸化炭素又はそれらの混合物の、水素での、アルケン、アルカン又はそれらの混合物への転化用の触媒である、請求項12に記載の使用。
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| KR101729001B1 (ko) * | 2015-07-23 | 2017-04-24 | 애경유화주식회사 | 리튬 이차전지용 음극 활물질 및 그 제조방법, 이를 이용한 리튬이차전지 |
| KR101788820B1 (ko) * | 2015-11-06 | 2017-10-20 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 비 백금형 촉매 및 이의 제조방법 |
| CN105251491B (zh) * | 2015-11-09 | 2018-03-27 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | 一种5‑羟甲基糠醛选择性氢解制备2,5‑二甲基呋喃的催化剂及其制备方法 |
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| EP3789113A1 (en) | 2019-09-05 | 2021-03-10 | Evonik Operations GmbH | Materials comprising carbon-embedded nickel nanoparticles, processes for their manufacture, and use as heterogeneous catalysts |
| EP3789111A1 (en) | 2019-09-05 | 2021-03-10 | Evonik Operations GmbH | Materials comprising carbon-embedded iron nanoparticles, processes for their manufacture, and use as heterogeneous catalysts |
| EP3789112A1 (en) | 2019-09-05 | 2021-03-10 | Evonik Operations GmbH | Materials comprising carbon-embedded cobalt nanoparticles, processes for their manufacture, and use as heterogeneous catalysts |
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| JP2002533196A (ja) | 1998-09-11 | 2002-10-08 | オイ アルティメコ リミテッド | 炭化水素を含む高分子材料の低温熱分解用触媒 |
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| US20220323941A1 (en) | 2022-10-13 |
| KR102949792B1 (ko) | 2026-04-08 |
| CA3149157A1 (en) | 2021-03-11 |
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| EP4025338B1 (en) | 2023-08-23 |
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| US12168220B2 (en) | 2024-12-17 |
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| ES2964318T3 (es) | 2024-04-05 |
| KR20220056181A (ko) | 2022-05-04 |
| BR112022003885A2 (pt) | 2022-05-24 |
| AU2020342461B2 (en) | 2025-12-18 |
| JP2022547911A (ja) | 2022-11-16 |
| CN114340785B (zh) | 2024-06-25 |
| EP3789111A1 (en) | 2021-03-10 |
| MX2022002653A (es) | 2022-04-06 |
| ZA202203660B (en) | 2023-07-26 |
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