JPH11503061A - デュアル・モードの超音波外科手術用装置 - Google Patents

デュアル・モードの超音波外科手術用装置

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JPH11503061A
JPH11503061A JP9535990A JP53599097A JPH11503061A JP H11503061 A JPH11503061 A JP H11503061A JP 9535990 A JP9535990 A JP 9535990A JP 53599097 A JP53599097 A JP 53599097A JP H11503061 A JPH11503061 A JP H11503061A
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チミーノ,ウィリアム・ダブリュー
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods
    • A61B17/32Surgical cutting instruments
    • A61B17/320068Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06BMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
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    • B06B1/02Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods
    • A61B2017/00017Electrical control of surgical instruments
    • A61B2017/00137Details of operation mode
    • A61B2017/00141Details of operation mode continuous, e.g. wave
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods
    • A61B2017/00017Electrical control of surgical instruments
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods
    • A61B17/32Surgical cutting instruments
    • A61B17/320068Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic
    • A61B2017/320069Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic for ablating tissue
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B17/320068Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic
    • A61B2017/320071Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic with articulating means for working tip
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B2017/320082Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic for incising tissue
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    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods
    • A61B17/32Surgical cutting instruments
    • A61B17/320068Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic
    • A61B2017/320089Surgical cutting instruments using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic node location
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06BMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
    • B06B2201/00Indexing scheme associated with B06B1/0207 for details covered by B06B1/0207 but not provided for in any of its subgroups
    • B06B2201/70Specific application
    • B06B2201/76Medical, dental

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Abstract

(57)【要約】 単一の超音波外科手術用装置(10)は、組織に実質的な切断効果を、組織に実質的な凝固効果を、また組織に同時的な切断効果及び凝固効果の適正な合成を与えることができる。超音波外科手術用装置(10)は、トランスジューサ(14)及び外科手術具(16)を含むハンドピース(11)と、電気エネルギー源(17)と、コントローラ(18)と、スイッチ(19)とから成る。この装置は、超音波スペクトル内の2つの周波数で作動可能であり、第1の周波数(22)は、組織の切断性能を強化するためにスペクトルの下方端で選択され、第2の周波数(23)は、組織の凝固性能を強化するために約3倍高い周波数である。2つの周波数は、選択的に又は同時的に作動可能であり、振幅に関して別個に調整可能である。トランスジューサ(14)は磁歪素子又は圧電素子(20又は21)で構成できる。外科医はメカニカルな振動の所望の振幅を設定する。トランスジューサ(14)は、ハンドピース(11)内で、第1の周波数(22)と第2の周波数(23)との双方に共通する振動ノードに対応する位置に取付けられる。使用の方法は、第1の周波数(22)で超音波共振を発生させるステップと、第1の周波数(22)より約3倍高い周波数である第2の周波数(23)で超音波共振を発生させるステップと、第2の周波数(23)と同時的に第1の周波数(22)で超音波トランスジューサ(14)を共振させるステップと、第1の周波数(22)での振動のノードが第2の周波数(23)での振動のノードと実質的に一致する位置でトランスジューサ(14)を支持するステップとを含む。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 デュアル・モードの超音波外科手術用装置 1.発明の技術分野 本発明は、患者の組織を切断し且つ凝固させるための改良された超音波外科手 術用装置に関し、特に2つの異なる周波数で超音波エネルギーを選択的及び/又 は同時的に放出する能力を有する超音波外科手術用装置に関する。 2.発明の背景 外科用メス及び関係の器具のような、組織切開用の現在の非電力型の器械は、 鋭く切開された領域で出血する傾向にある。電気メス、或いはより広義には、無 線周波数電磁エネルギーによる器械は、出血する組織を抵抗性の加熱によって有 効に焼灼する、組織内の電流の付加により止血を達成することができる。この電 気焼灼器械の欠点は、エネルギーの付加が正確に制御されないので、そのような 器械は切れ味が悪く、また器械の先端が組織にはり付く可能性があることである 。 外科手術において超音波エネルギーを使用することは、患者の組織を切開し且 つ切断するための有効な手段として当業者に知られている。これらの装置のほと んどは、通常20KHzから60KHzの範囲内で、選択された周波数で機械的 に先端を振動させる正弦波駆動信号を使用している。この正弦波駆動信号は、同 じ周波数で方形波から得ることができ、或いは設計上固有のものであり得る。更 に、幾つかの装置は、所望の効果を達成するために、デューティー・サイクル変 調波形を使用している。 好適な周波数スペクトルの下方端、即ち20KHzから40KHzにおいて、 比較的大きな先端の変位が可能であるということも当業者には知られている。比 較的大きな先端の変位が小さな先端の変位よりも良好な組織の切断効果を与える ということも知られている。 好適な周波数スペクトルの上方端、即ち40KHzから60KHz、での超音 波エネルギーは、より高い止血の効果与えることができる。これは、組織によっ て、より高い周波数エネルギーの吸収が増加することによる。しかし、比較的大 きな先端の変位は、このような周波数では実行できない。従って、この範囲で動 作する装置は組織の切断性能を低減していた。 組織の切断と凝固の双方の機能を与えるような幾つかの超音波外科手術用装置 が開示された。Ultracision社に譲渡された米国特許第5,026, 387号は幾つかの動作モードを有している。外科的処置が行われるべきであり 且つ装置の負荷が比較的高いときに、超音波周波数で、電力は装置に比較的高い レベルで伝送される。使用のアイドル期間中には、電力は装置に比較的低いレベ ルで伝送される。高電力の凝固モードは手動で選択可能であり、ブレードが組織 に接触していないときに、アイドル電力レベルに自動的に戻る。異なる周波数で 動作することを要求してはいない。 Ultracision社に譲渡された米国特許第5,263,957号にお いて、超音波ブレードの形状は、切断機能及び凝固機能を与えるように構成され る。ブレードの一部は組織を切断するように構成される。ブレードの第2の部分 は、組織の運動を得るために、ブレードの端部と組織との摩擦結合を与えて、そ れによって熱の発生と止血効果を生じさせるように構成される。 国際特許WO第9.314,709号は、平坦で、鋭利でない、比較的鈍い端 部を有するブレードに形成されたホックを備えた超音波ブレードを開示している 。これは、超音波エネルギーを組織に印加する際に、組織の切断及び凝固を容易 にする。 発明の概要 本発明の目的は、組織に対して実質的な切断効果、組織に対する実質的な凝固 効果、組織に対する同時的な切断及び凝固効果の適正な合成、を与えることがで きる単一の超音波外科手術用装置を提供することである。これは、超音波スペク トル内の2つの周波数で装置を動作させることによって達成され、第1の周波数 は、組織の切断性能を強化するために、そのスペクトルの下方端で選択され、第 2の周波数は、組織の凝固性能を強化するために、約3倍の高い周波数のもので ある。これら2つの周波数は、選択的に又は同時的に動作させることができ、ま た振幅に関して別個に調整することができる。第1の周波数と第2の周波数との 間の比、1:3、は設計にあたって重要な要素であり、これまで超音波外科手術 用装置の設計において評価されなかった。この比によって、トランスジューサに 伴う振動の第1及び第2の周波数のノードが整列されるのを可能にし、それによ ってトランスジューサとケース又はハンドピースとの間の適正な取付点を与える 。 一般に、超音波外科手術用装置は、ハンドピース、トランスジューサ、外科手 術用具、電気エネルギー源、コントローラ、スイッチから構成される。ハンドピ ースは、外科医によって保持され且つ制御される近端部と、患者の組織の近くに 位置決めするための遠端部とを有する。トランスジューサは、磁歪素子又は圧電 素子で構成できる。トランスジューサは、ハンドピース内に保持され、第1の周 波数及び第2の周波数で選択的に又は同時的に超音波のメカニカルな振動を発生 させることができ、第2の周波数は第1の周波数より約3倍高い周波数である。 基本周波数で動作するトランスジューサはまたより高い高調波でのエネルギー を有していることが理解されるが、ここで記述されるものは、2つの周波数でト ランスジューサを駆動することができる。外科手術具は、トランスジューサに支 持され、少なくとも部分的にハンドピースの遠端部を越えて伸びている。トラン スジューサが第1の(低い方の)周波数で超音波のメカニカルな振動を生成して いるときに、外科手術具は実質的な切断効果を有するように企図され、また、ト ランスジューサが第2の(高い方の)周波数で超音波のメカニカルな振動を生成 しているときに、外科手術具は実質的な凝固効果を有するように企図されている 。第1の周波数と第2の周波数とが同時に作動すると、患者の組織に実質的に合 成された切断効果と凝固効果とを生じさせる。 電気エネルギー源はトランスジューサに接続される。コントローラは、電気エ ネルギー源に接続され、また超音波のメカニカルな振動の周波数及び振幅を安定 に制御するためにトランスジューサに接続される。これを達成するために、コン トローラは、周波数及び振幅を検知し、次いでトランスジューサの所望の周波数 及び振幅を維持する方法で電気エネルギー源を調整する。 スイッチは、コントローラに接続されて、第1の周波数での超音波のメカニカ ルな振動、又は第2の周波数での超音波のメカニカルな振動、又は第1の周波数 及び第2の周波数での同時的な超音波のメカニカルな振動、を選択する。 1つの実施の形態において、コントローラは外科医によって調整可能である。 これは、外科医がメカニカルな振動の所望の振幅を設定するのを可能にする。こ れを行うために、調整器がコントローラに接続される。調整器は、第1の周波数 又は第2の周波数で動作する間に、超音波のメカニカルな振動の振幅を別個に設 定することができる。 比率、1:3で2つの周波数を有することの別の利点は、トランスジューサに 沿って少なくとも1つのヌル位置があり、この位置で2つの周波数に対する振動 の変位ノードが実質的に整列されることである。このヌル位置では、トランスジ ューサとハンドピースのケースとの間の相対運動はほとんどない。従って、ヌル 位置で支持することで、トランスジューサをハンドピースのケースに付設するこ とが可能である。 また、超音波外科手術用装置を使用するための方法は、第1の周波数で超音波 共振を発生させるステップと、第1の周波数の約3倍の第2の周波数で超音波共 振を発生させるステップと、第1の周波数及び第2の周波数で同時に超音波トラ ンスジューサを共振させるステップとを含む。また、第1の周波数の振幅を調整 するステップと、第2の周波数の振幅を調整するステップとの付加的なステップ もある。 また、超音波外科手術用装置を製造する方法において、トランスジューサはハ ンドピースのケース内に設置され、その設置位置は、第1の周波数と第2の周波 数の双方に共通する振動変位ノードに対応するトランスジューサに沿った位置に 選択される。 図面の簡単な説明 図1は、デュアル・モード超音波外科手術用装置の概略的ブロック図である。 図2は、デュアル・モード超音波外科手術用装置のためのハンドピースの1つ の実施の形態の概略的ブロック図である。 図3は、デュアル・モード超音波外科手術用装置のためのハンドピースの別の 実施の形態の概略的ブロック図である。 図4は、第1の周波数と第2の周波数との間の関係を示す正規化されたグラフ である。 発明の詳細な説明 デュアル・モード超音波外科手術用装置10が図1に示されている。一般に、 超音波外科手術用装置は、ハンドピース11、トランスジューサ14、外科手術 具16、電気エネルギー源17、コントローラ18、スイッチ19で構成される 。装置10は、近端部12及び遠端部13を備えたハンドピース11を有する。 ハンドピース11は、ケース15内に保持される超音波トランスジューサ14を 有する。外科手術具16は超音波トランスジューサ14に支持される。 ハンドピース11は、外科医によって保持され且つ制御される近端部12と、 患者の組織の近くに位置決めするための遠端部13とを有する。トランスジュー サ14は、図2に示されたように、磁歪素子20で構成できる。また、トランス ジューサ14は、図3に示されたように、圧電素子21で構成できる。 トランスジューサ14は、図4に示されたように、第1の周波数22及び第2 の周波数23で、選択的に又は同時的に超音波のメカニカルな振動を生成できる 。設計上重要な配慮は2つの周波数22及び23の間の比率であることから、周 波数22及び23は図4の正規化法で示されている。第2の周波数23は、第1 の周波数22より約3倍高い周波数である。第1の周波数22と第2の周波数2 3の双方に対応する振動ノードの位置は、図4に位置24及び25として示され ている。 外科手術具16は、トランスジューサ14に支持され、少なくとも部分的にハ ンドピース11の遠端部を越えて伸びている。トランスジューサ14が第1の周 波数22で超音波のメカニカルな振動を生成しているときに、外科手術具16は 実質的な切断効果を有するように企図され、また、トランスジューサ14が第2 の周波数23で超音波のメカニカルな振動を生成しているときに、外科手術具1 6は実質的な凝固効果を有するように企図されている。 電気エネルギー源17はトランスジューサ14に接続される。電気エネルギー 源17の設計は従来のまた当該技術分野で周知の多くの形態で実現し得る。コン トローラ18は、電気エネルギー源17に接続され、また超音波のメカニカルな 振動の周波数及び振幅を安定に制御するためにトランスジューサ14に接続され る。これを達成するために、コントローラ18は、周波数及び振幅を検知し、次 いでトランスジューサ14の所望の周波数及び振幅を維持する方法で電気エネル ギー源17を調整する。 スイッチ19は、コントローラに接続されて、第1の周波数22での超音波の メカニカルな振動、又は第2の周波数23での超音波のメカニカルな振動、又は 第1の周波数22及び第2の周波数23での同時的な超音波のメカニカルな振動 、を選択する。 1つの実施の形態において、コントローラ18は外科医によって調整可能であ る。これは、外科医がメカニカルな振動の所望の振幅を設定するのを可能にする 。これを行うために、調整器26がコントローラ18に接続される。調整器26 は、第1の周波数22又は第2の周波数23で動作する間に、超音波のメカニカ ルな振動の振幅を別個に設定することができる。 比率、1:3で2つの周波数を有することの別の利点は、トランスジューサ1 4に沿って少なくとも1つの位置があり、この位置で2つの周波数22及び23 に対する振動のノードが実質的に整列されることである。従って、この位置では 、トランスジューサ14の相対運動がなく、トランスジューサ14をケース15 に付設することが可能である。このように、少なくとも1つの支持具27がケー ス15とトランスジューサ14との間に接続され、この支持具27は、図4に示 されたように、第1の周波数22と第2の周波数23の双方に共通する振動ノー ドに対応する位置で、トランスジューサ14に沿って位置決めすることができる 。 また、超音波外科手術用装置10を使用するための方法は、第1の周波数22 で超音波共振を発生させるステップと、第1の周波数22より約3倍高い第2の 周波数23で超音波共振を発生させるステップと、第1の周波数22及び第2の 周波数23で同時に超音波トランスジューサ14を共振させるステップとを含み 、第1の周波数22でのトランスジューサ14の振動のノードは、図4に位置2 4及び25で示されたように、第2の周波数23でのトランスジューサ14の振 動のノードに整列される。 1つの実施の形態において、第1の周波数22の振幅を調整するステップと、 第2の周波数23の振幅を調整するステップと、第2の周波数23と別個に第1 の周波数22の振幅を調整するステップとの付加的なステップがある。また、デ ュアル・モード超音波外科手術用装置10を製造する方法において、トランスジ ュ ーサ14はハンドピース11内の取付位置27に設置され、この位置は、図4に 位置24及び25によって示されたように、第1の周波数22と第2の周波数2 3との双方に共通する振動ノードに対応する、トランスジューサ14に沿って選 択された位置にある。
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── 【要約の続き】 は、第1の周波数(22)で超音波共振を発生させるス テップと、第1の周波数(22)より約3倍高い周波数 である第2の周波数(23)で超音波共振を発生させる ステップと、第2の周波数(23)と同時的に第1の周 波数(22)で超音波トランスジューサ(14)を共振 させるステップと、第1の周波数(22)での振動のノ ードが第2の周波数(23)での振動のノードと実質的 に一致する位置でトランスジューサ(14)を支持する ステップとを含む。

Claims (1)

  1. 【特許請求の範囲】 1. 患者の組織を処置するために外科医によって使用される超音波外科手術 用装置10であって、 外科医によって保持され且つ制御される近端部12と、患者の組織の近くに位 置決めするための遠端部13とを有するハンドピース11と、 ハンドピース11内に支持されるトランスジューサ14であって、実質的に第 1の周波数22で及び実質的に第2の周波数23で超音波のメカニカルな振動を 生成することができ、第2の周波数23が第1の周波数22より約3倍高い周波 数とされたトランスジューサ14と、 トランスジューサ14に支持され且つ遠端部13をほぼ越えて伸びている外科 手術具16であって、第1の周波数22で選択的に作動するときに前記組織で実 質的な切断効果を有し、第2の周波数23で選択的に作動するときに前記組織で 実質的な凝固効果を有し、第1の周波数22及び第2の周波数23で同時的に作 動するときに前記組織で実質的に切断効果及び凝固効果を有する外科手術具16 と、 トランスジューサ14に接続された電気エネルギー源17と、 電気エネルギー源17とトランスジューサ14との間にあり、トランスジュー サ14の超音波のメカニカルな振動の周波数及び振幅を安定に制御するために信 号を発生するコントローラ18と、 コントローラ18に接続されたスイッチ19であって、前記スイッチが第1の 位置にあるときに第1の周波数22でトランスジューサ14の超音波のメカニカ ルな振動を、前記スイッチが第2の位置にあるときに第2の周波数23でトラン スジューサ14の超音波のメカニカルな振動を、そして前記スイッチが第3の位 置にあるときに第1の周波数22及び第2の周波数23で同時的にトランスジュ ーサ14の超音波のメカニカルな振動を安定に制御するために前記信号を選択す るスイッチ19と、 を含む超音波電気外科手術用装置10。 2. 調整器26がコントローラ18に接続され、調整器26が、超音波のメ カニカルな振動の振幅を設定するために、コントローラ18によって発生される 信号を変化させるために外科医によって使用可能である請求の範囲第1項に記載 の装置。 3. トランスジューサ14が圧電素子21を含む請求の範囲第1項に記載の 装置。 4. トランスジューサ14が磁歪素子20を含む請求の範囲第1項に記載の 装置。 5. 少なくとも1つの支持部材27がハンドピース11とトランスジューサ 14との間に接続され、支持部材27が、第1の周波数22と第2の周波数23 との双方に共通する振動の変位ノードに実質的に対応する位置でトランスジュー サ14に沿って位置決めされる請求の範囲第1項に記載の装置。 6. 患者の組織を処置するために外科医によって使用される超音波外科手術 用装置10であって、 外科医によって保持され且つ制御される近端部12と、患者の組織の近くに位 置決めするための遠端部13とを有するハンドピース11と、 ハンドピース11内に支持されるトランスジューサ14であって、実質的に第 1の周波数22で及び実質的に第2の周波数23で超音波のメカニカルな振動を 生成することができ、第2の周波数23が第1の周波数22より約3倍高い周波 数とされたトランスジューサ14と、 トランスジューサ14に支持され且つ遠端部13をほぼ越えて伸びている外科 手術具16であって、第1の周波数22で選択的に作動するときに前記組織で実 質的な切断効果を有し、第2の周波数23で選択的に作動するときに前記組織で 実質的な凝固効果を有し、第1の周波数22及び第2の周波数23で同時的に作 動するときに前記組織で実質的に切断効果及び凝固効果を有する外科手術具16 と、 トランスジューサ14に接続された電気エネルギー源17と、 電気エネルギー源17とトランスジューサ14との間にあり、トランスジュー サ14の超音波のメカニカルな振動の周波数及び振幅を安定に制御するために信 号を発生するコントローラ18と、 コントローラ18に接続されたスイッチ19であって、前記スイッチが第1の 位置にあるときに第1の周波数22でトランスジューサ14の超音波のメカニカ ルな振動を、前記スイッチが第2の位置にあるときに第2の周波数23でトラン スジューサ14の超音波のメカニカルな振動を、そして前記スイッチが第3の位 置にあるときに第1の周波数22及び第2の周波数23で同時的にトランスジュ ーサ14の超音波のメカニカルな振動を安定に制御するために前記信号を選択す るスイッチ19と、 コントローラ18に接続され、超音波のメカニカルな振動の振幅を設定するた めに、コントローラ18によって発生される信号を変化させるために外科医によ って使用可能である調整器26と、 ハンドピース11とトランスジューサ14との間に接続され、第1の周波数2 2と第2の周波数23との双方に共通する振動の変位ノードに実質的に対応する 位置でトランスジューサ14に沿って位置決めされる少なくとも1つの支持部材 27と、 を含む超音波電気外科手術用装置10。 7. 第1の周波数22で実質的に超音波共振を発生させるステップと、 第1の周波数22より約3倍高い周波数である第2の周波数23で実質的に超 音波共振を発生させるステップと、 第2の周波数23で実質的に超音波トランスジューサ14を共振させるのと同 時的に第1の周波数22で実質的に超音波トランスジューサ14を共振させるス テップと、 を含む超音波外科手術用装置10を共振させる方法。 8. 第1の周波数22の振幅を調整するステップと、第2の周波数23の振 幅を調整するステップとを更に含む請求の範囲第7項に記載の方法。 9. 外科医によって保持されるケース15と、ケース15内に支持され、第 1の周波数22で且つ第1の周波数22より約3倍高い周波数の第2の周波数2 3で超音波のメカニカルな振動を生成することがてぎるトランスジューサ14と 、を備えた超音波外科手術用のハンドピース11を製造する方法であって、 少なくとも1又はそれ以上の取付位置でケース15内にトランスジューサ14 を取付けるステップと、 第1の周波数22と第2の周波数23との双方に共通する振動の変位ノードに 実質的に対応するトランスジューサ14に沿った位置に前記取付位置を選択する ステップと、 を含むハンドピース11を製造する方法。
JP9535990A 1994-12-21 1996-04-04 デュアル・モードの超音波外科手術用装置 Pending JPH11503061A (ja)

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JPWO2017149613A1 (ja) * 2016-02-29 2018-12-27 オリンパス株式会社 関節用超音波処置具及び関節用超音波処置システム

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NO980326D0 (no) 1998-01-26
NO980326L (no) 1998-03-26
DE69629946D1 (de) 2003-10-16
CA2228659A1 (en) 1997-10-16
MX9801152A (es) 1998-05-31
EP0891154B1 (en) 2003-09-10
ES2206562T3 (es) 2004-05-16
AU4952496A (en) 1997-10-29
WO1997037598A1 (en) 1997-10-16
DE69629946T2 (de) 2004-07-15
ATE249174T1 (de) 2003-09-15
US5628743A (en) 1997-05-13

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