RS50127B - BUILDING BLOCK - Google Patents

Abstract

Building block for building walls having side connecting walls (3, 4) as well as upper and lower surface (1, 2), at least in one side connecting surface (3,4), preferably in both side connecting surfaces (3) , 4), one groove (11) is made, at the bottom of which (13) at least one recess (5) is made, which is located at some distance from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower surface (1, 2) of the bearing, and which the recess extends only over one part of the height (h) of the building block, where this recess (5) is located at the same distances (c, d) from both vertical boundary edges (6) of the connecting surfaces (3, 4), width (b) ') the recess is at least one third of the width (b) of the building block, characterized in that the recess (5) is located at approximately the same distances (e, f) from both horizontal boundary edges (12), and that the depth ratio (t) groove (11) according to the depth (s) of the recess (5) in the range from 1.5 to 4 according to 1. The application contains 6 more dependent claims.

Description

PRONASKA AREA

The invention relates to a building block for building walls which has side joint surfaces as well as upper and lower abutment surfaces.

When erecting the existing walls, the intended building blocks, shaped like a rectangular parallelepiped, are placed in horizontal, overlapping rows, between which a layer of mortar or glue is applied. Vertical joints that occur in one row between adjacent building blocks of simultaneous construction remain free, or at least partially free. This, on the one hand, requires less labor expenditure, while, on the other hand, it has the advantage of greater overall thermal insulation of the wall, since each mortar joint extending from the inside to the outside represents a thermal bridge that negatively affects thermal insulation.

In this way, only between the horizontal rows placed on top of each other, a connection is achieved by force. With ordinary loads of building structures consisting of vertical forces from their own weight and possibly horizontal forces, for example from wind pressure, this type of laying of building blocks is completely sufficient to ensure static safety.

If oblique stresses occur, especially shear loads, which is especially the case during earthquakes, such a way of building walls can result in damage to the entire building or even its complete collapse, because along unplastered facing joints shearing of adjacent building blocks can occur, which favors the destruction of the wall. Therefore, the static safety of such diagonal loads is greatly reduced.

For these reasons, in many densely populated areas, it is prescribed that when erecting walls, vertical facing joints should be grouted and thus complete filling of all existing joints. With this type of construction, there is always one vertical layer of mortar, or glue, between adjacent blocks, which in the event of shearing. i.e. diagonal forces. together with the horizontal layers of mortar, it helps to prevent mutual sliding of the wall area, thus increasing the static safety rapidly.

In the case of traditional building blocks, the lateral connecting surfaces, those with which two adjacent building blocks within one row fit from each other, are completely flat and perpendicular to the vertical surface of the wall.

In addition to building blocks that are entirely in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped, other building blocks are also used that, especially in terms of hot-lot insulation, have been improved, but have very little safety in the event of an earthquake.

Thus, tongue-and-groove type building blocks are known, in which the first connecting surface has protrusions along the entire height of the building block, while the second connecting surface has grooved recesses whose contour corresponds to the aforementioned protrusions. Adjacent building blocks within the wall fit into each other without a layer of mortar placed between them, and due to the tongue-and-groove connection, they enable increased thermal insulation. In the case of diagonal forces, the elements of the tongue-and-groove connection slip out and thus destroy the wall.

Finally, there are building blocks that have recesses for mortar on one or both of the joint surfaces. Adjacent building blocks rest on each other with forward-extended boundary areas on the inner and outer sides, so that the layer of mortar made in the depression is not made over the entire surface, thus preventing the formation of a thermal bridge. The plaster is partially pressed, but not inserted across the entire width of the wall. However, the plaster in the mentioned recesses does not form a forceful connection between adjacent building elements, since the plaster shrinks during drying so that only the edge support surfaces of the building elements rest on each other.

Such a connection can therefore accept shear loads and tensile forces, which occur in the walls especially when diagonal forces act, to a very limited extent. This limited bearing capacity leads to the premature failure of the wall structure under the action of diagonal forces, as the building blocks are sheared relative to each other along the vertical joints.

The task of the invention is to create a building block of the type mentioned above, which can be used to build walls that can extremely well accept oblique, i.e. diagonal, forces acting on them.

According to the invention, this is achieved by making at least one recess in the side connecting surfaces, which extends at some distance from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower contact surfaces, that is, only at half the height of the building block.

When filling the vertical joint between two adjacent building blocks, the mortar reaches the lateral joint surfaces of the depressions and fills them. After hardening of the mortar, a kind of wedge is obtained, which opposes the mutual movement of the blocks in the wall. Even in the simplest case where the mating surfaces are made completely flat, the recesses provide a measurable reinforcement of the dynamic connection between adjacent building blocks. Vertical joints are prevented from shearing relative to each other due to the layer of hardened mortar embedded in them, and the recesses significantly increase the strength of this layer of mortar.

This is particularly interesting for fragile areas, because during earthquakes, first of all, forces acting diagonally on the walls, i.e. shear stresses, can pose a danger of collapse for buildings. A wall made of building blocks according to the invention is considered safe against earthquakes due to the determined increase in stability.

The depressions can have any shape, but they must be at some distance from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower surfaces of the building blocks according to the invention, because otherwise it would not be possible to prevent shearing.

In the further development of the invention, it can be envisaged that the recess has the same distance from both boundary edges. With this, uniform action of the wedge can be achieved on all sides.

Another advantage of the invention may be that the indentation is at some distance from both vertical boundary edges, preferably at equal distances.

In this way, the lateral pouring of the still liquid mortar from the recess according to the invention is prevented.

Furthermore, it can be foreseen that the width of the recess is at least equal to a third of the width of the building block.

In this way, there is enough material on both sides of the recess so that the mortar block embedded in the recess will achieve sufficient reinforcement when forces are applied to the wall.

In this regard, in the further implementation of the invention, it can be foreseen that the height of the recess is equal to approximately one third of the height of the building block.

This dimensioning ensures that the mortar (or mortar plug) will have a sufficient diameter, i.e. enough material, while, on the other hand, there is enough material of the building block itself above and below the recess, in order to prevent mutual separation and shearing of the building blocks in the area of vertical joints (butt joints) by the forces acting on the wall, which are transmitted through the mortar block to the areas of the building block located above and below the recess.

It has proved particularly advantageous that the side walls of the recesses are essentially perpendicular to the mating surfaces.

This results in an extremely good adhesion of the mortar to the boundary walls of the depressions, while at the same time the depressions defined in this way can be easily created.

According to another example of the implementation of the invention, it can be foreseen that at least one of the connecting surfaces, and preferably both connecting surfaces, are made with one groove each, and that the depressions are made in such one groove or grooves.

When the building blocks are arranged next to each other, the grooves form compartments for mortar, and when they are filled with mortar, the depressions made in the grooves are simultaneously filled. The dynamic connection obtained in this way between the connecting surfaces of the building blocks according to the invention enables receiving diagonal forces without rapid shearing of the connecting surfaces.

It turned out to be particularly convenient that when making only one connecting surface with one groove, that groove has a depth of at least about 30 mm.

In this connection, it can be predicted that when making both connecting surfaces with a groove, each of those two grooves has a depth of at least about 15 mm.

The mortar compartments made of the aforementioned grooves are wide enough to be filled with mortar without any problems.

In the further development of the invention, the joint surfaces can be made in a known manner with protrusions and depressions, of the tongue-groove joint type, which leads to improved thermal technical properties.

In the case of building blocks that have a large number of cavities, preferably vertical cavities, it can be foreseen in the further development of the invention that the recess is connected to at least one such cavity.

Since the mortar introduced into the vertical joint, that is, into the mortar compartment, as well as into the recess according to the invention can penetrate into at least one vertical opening, an even tighter connection between two adjacent building blocks is achieved.

A particularly suitable wedge effect can be achieved according to a further variant of the invention in which the ratio of the depth of the groove to the depth of the recess is in the range of 1.5 to 4 to 1.

In this connection, the depth of the recess can be predicted to be 10 to 20 mm, which gives an exceptionally good wedge effect.

The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, where: - figure l shows, in an oblique projection, a building block according to the known state of the art in an installed position, - figure 2a shows, in an oblique projection, a building block in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with a recess 5 according to the invention, - figure 2b shows, in a vertical projection, a wall built from building blocks according to figure 2a, - figure 3a shows, in an oblique projection, three building blocks block, a particularly suitable type of block, made with a recess 5 according to the invention, - figure 3b shows a horizontal projection of a row of three building blocks placed next to each other according to figure 3a, - figure 3c shows a vertical projection of a wall built from two rows of blocks placed one above the other according to figure 3b, - figure 3d shows, in a horizontal projection, a row of building blocks placed side by side according to another embodiment of the invention, - figure 4a shows, in oblique projection, a building block of a different type with a recess according to the invention, - figure 4b shows a row of side-by-side building blocks according to figure 4a, - figure 5a shows, in an oblique projection, a brick with vertical openings in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped with a recess 5 according to the invention, and - figure 5b shows a building block according to figure 3a with vertical openings.

Within this application, the term "building block" means all those bodies that are suitable for the construction of a wall. Examples include bricks, for example clay bricks, or blocks made of natural or artificial materials, such as natural stone, concrete, clay or the like.

Figure 1 shows the building block according to the existing state of the art in the installed position, where the installation position of the building block means any orientation it has when it is installed in a wall. The surfaces 1, 2 of the building blocks located in the horizontal planes within the framework of this patent application are abutment surfaces, while the vertical surfaces 3, 4, with which the adjacent building blocks touch, are indicated as lateral connecting surfaces. The data on the position, horizontal and vertical, refer to the building element placed in the built-in position according to Figure 1.

In order to realize the aforementioned wedge effect of a layer of mortar, i.e. a layer of glue, between the lateral connecting surfaces of the building blocks in one wall, in the case of the building block according to the invention, shown in Figure 2a, in the lateral connection of the surfaces 3, 4, at least one recess 5 is made, which is located at some distance from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower abutting surfaces, 1, 2, and which extends only over part of the height h of the building block.

As shown in Fig. 2a, the recess 5 can extend over the entire width b of the building block (see dash-dotted lines in Fig. 2a) or to some distance c, d to both vertical border edges 5 of the connecting surfaces 3, 4, where it is convenient that these distances c, d are equally large.

If the building block thus constructed, as shown in figure 2b, is built into one wall where, as usual, the vertical facing joints 9 and the horizontal joints 10 are filled with mortar, the depressions 5 act according to the invention to widen the vertical facing joints in the area of the depression 5. Here, schematically, the plaster block 7 rests on the branch forming the walls 8 of the depression 5, thus creating a shape connection and thus preventing tearing. of the mortar layer in the vertical facing joint 9, especially in the case of diagonal loading, so that rapid shearing cannot occur.

This shape support occurs, for example, when the building blocks are subjected to forces in the direction of arrow 16, which can, for example, occur during partial lowering of the wall support surface or during an earthquake.

The shape of the connecting surfaces 3, 4 is not important for the invention, so, for example, the depression 5 can be made in building blocks whose connecting surfaces 3, 4 are in the form of elements for the tongue-and-groove connection, made as protrusions, that is, depressions that extend along the entire height h of the building element.

The invention will particularly conveniently be used using the building blocks shown in Figures 3a-3c as well as Figure 4a. The connecting surfaces 3, 4 of those building elements are not flat, but have a groove 11 that extends the entire height h of the building block. When placing such elements next to each other (see figure 3b), both grooves 11 form sections by means of which a vertical face-to-face joint 9 is formed with mortar.

Indentations 5 according to the invention are made in the middle part of the connecting surfaces 3, 4, which represents the bottom 13 of the groove 11. When filling the mortar compartments formed by the grooves 11, they are also filled with mortar in the recesses 5. In order for the compartments formed by two mutually adjacent grooves 11 to be filled with mortar practically without problems, the compartments must have a width g of at least 30 mm. For the case shown in Figure 3b, where both connecting surfaces 3, 4 of each of the building blocks are made after the groove 11, this means that the grooves 11 must have a depth t of at least 15 mm.

After hardening of the plaster, blocks 7 of plaster are obtained, analogously to Figure 2b, which can be dynamically attached to the boundary walls 8 of the recesses 5. The recesses 5 are at distances e, f from the boundary edges 12 of the surfaces 1, 2 of the abutment (while the distances e, f according to Figure 3a may be unequal, while according to Figure 3c they may be equal). When diagonal forces appear, which correspond to arrow 17 in Figure 3, there is a dynamic impact of the mortar block 7 on the boundary walls 8 of the recess 5. There is a kind of wedge effect between two adjacent building blocks, which gives the wall as a whole extremely high stability.

A very good wedge performance can be achieved when the ratio of the depth of the groove 11 and the depth of the indentation 5 is in the range of 1.5 to 4 to 1. In order to achieve its function, the indentation 5 must be sufficiently deep in the connecting surfaces, because otherwise the mortar block 7 will not be able to provide sufficient resistance to shearing forces. Specifically, the dimension of the depth of the recess 5 may be 10 to 15 mm.

In addition to the depth of the indentation, its cross-section is also an important dimension for achieving sufficient impact of the wedge. In this regard, it has been shown to be convenient that the width b' of the recess 5 is equal to at least a third of the width b of the connecting surface of the building block, i.e. the width of the wall. Particularly good results can be achieved when the width b' of the recess 5 is equal to half the width b of the building block.

The design of the recess 5 according to the invention can certainly be applied to any other form of connecting surfaces 3, 4.

The boundary walls 8 of the recess 5 are essentially placed at a right angle in relation to the connecting surfaces 3, 4, but the mentioned support can also be realized at obtuse angles a (see figure 3c). Sharp corners fi are also possible, although they are difficult to make due to the trimming that needs to be done in the building block.

The above-mentioned depth of recess 5 of about 10 to 15 mm is independent of the geometric shape of the recess, i.e. and recesses 5, shown in Figure 3c, which have boundary walls 8 at an obtuse angle a, i.e. at a sharp angle B, can have a depth s of 10 to 20 mm.

In the example according to Figure 3d, building blocks with different connecting sides are shown. Indentations 6 are provided on both connecting surfaces 3,4, whereby one connecting surface 4 has a groove 11, while the opposite connecting surface 3 around the recess 5 is completely flat.

The layer of mortar between the two facing connecting surfaces 3, 4 will only form in one groove 11. As shown in Figure 3d, the thickness g of the section with mortar is equal to the depth t of the groove 11. In order for the section to be filled with mortar without problems, the groove 11 must be deeper than in the example according to Figure 3. Specifically, the groove 11 has a depth 11 of at least 30 mm.

Here, the depth from recess 5 is about 10 to 20 mm.

In the case of the building block according to figures 4a, 4b, they have connecting surfaces 3, 4 similar to those from figures 3a-3c, a groove 11 on the bottom 13 of which recesses 5 are made according to the invention. In addition, the connecting surface 4 has protrusions 14 and the connecting surface 3 has grooved depressions 15, so that they form a tongue-and-groove joint in the assembly.

In addition to the increased stability of the walls built from building blocks according to the invention, the building blocks according to Figures 3 and 4 for use in rough areas have, as a further advantage, the improvement of the thermal technical properties of the wall. As shown in Figures 3b, 4b, the parts of the connecting surfaces 3, 4 of the adjacent building elements extending past the grooves 11 can be tightly abutted on each other, so that the mortar can only be introduced into the sections formed by the grooves 11 and recesses 5 according to the invention. This avoids the usual vertical joint with mortar, which extends over the entire surface of the connecting surfaces 3, 4 and passes from the outside to the inside of the wall, so that it acts as a thermal bridge.

The recess 5 is shown in the drawings in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, which should be understood only as an example, since the recess 5 can have any shape that can achieve the described abutment of the plaster block 7 on the boundary walls 8. Thus, for example, the recess 5 can be made in the form of a cylinder, half-sphere, tapered cone, etc. Also, multiple recesses 5 in the form of multiple holes can be made on one connecting surface 3, 4.

In the case of building blocks having vertical openings 18, the recesses 5 according to the invention may be so deep as to be connected to one or more of these openings 18. As shown in Figure 6a, the building block may, in this connection, be executed as a known brick with vertical cavities, whereby the recess 5 penetrates into adjacent rows of vertical openings 18'.

In both cases, the mortar inserted into the vertical facing joints 9 and into the vertical openings 18 which are connected to the recess 5 penetrates, thus achieving an even better connection between the two adjacent building blocks.

Instead of vertical openings, horizontal openings can be made through the building block or through its recesses.

Claims (7)

1. A building block for the construction of walls that has side connecting walls (3, 4) as well as an upper and a lower surface (1, 2), whereby at least one side connecting surface (3,4), preferably in both side connecting surfaces (3,4), is made with one groove (11), at the bottom (13) of which is made at least one depression (5), which is located at some distance from the horizontal boundary edges of the upper and lower surfaces (1, 2) abutments, and which recess extends only over a part of the height (h) of the building block, whereby the recess (5) is located at the same distances (c, d) from both vertical border edges (6) of the connecting surfaces (3, 4), the width (b') of the recess is at least equal to a third of the width (b) of the building block, indicated by the fact that the recess (5) is located at approximately the same distances (e, f) from both of horizontal border edges (12), and which is the depth ratio (t) groove (11) according to the depth (s) of recess (5) in the range of 1.5 to 4 to 1. 2. Building block according to claim 1, characterized in that the boundary walls (8) of the recess (5) are placed essentially perpendicular to the connecting walls (3, 4). 3. Building block according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that when only one of the connecting surfaces (3, 4) with the groove (11) is made, that groove (11) has a depth (t) of at least about (30 mm). 4. Building block according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that when both connecting surfaces (3, 4) are made with one groove (11) on each of them, the groove has a depth (t) of at least 15 mm. 5. Building block according to one of the previous requirements, indicated by the fact that the connecting surfaces (3, 4) are made with protrusions and depressions that form a tongue-and-groove connection 6. Building block according to one of the previous claims, which has a larger number of openings, preferably vertical openings (18), characterized in that the recess (5) is connected to at least one opening (18). 7. Building block according to one of the previous requirements, characterized in that the depth (s) of the recess (5) is about 10 to 20 mm.