Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/30—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests characterised by the surfactants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/10—Aromatic or araliphatic carboxylic acids, or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/54—1,3-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazines

Definitions

• This invention relates to the use of aromatic esters as adjuvants in compositions, particularly for agrochemical use, as well to compositions comprising such an aromatic ester, in combination with at least one agrochemical.
• the invention further extends to methods of making and using such compositions.
• the present invention relates to such compositions when formulated as, or comprised by, an emulsion concentrate (EC), an emulsion in water (EW), a suspension of particles in water (SC), a microcapsule formulation (CS), a suspension of particles with an emulsion (SE), a dispersion concentrate (DC) or an oil suspension (OD).
• EC emulsion concentrate
• EW emulsion in water
• SC suspension of particles in water
• CS microcapsule formulation
• SE suspension of particles with an emulsion
• DC dispersion concentrate
• OD oil suspension
• An adjuvant is a substance which can increase the biological activity of and AI but is itself not significantly biologically active.
• the adjuvant is often a surfactant, and can be included in the formulation or added separately, e.g. by being built into emulsion concentrate formulations, or as tank mix additives.
• an adjuvant In addition to the effect on biological activity, the physical properties of an adjuvant are of key importance and must be selected with a view to compatibility with the formulation concerned. For instance, it is generally simpler to incorporate a solid adjuvant into a solid formulation such as a water-soluble or water-dispersible granule.
• adjuvants rely on surfactant properties for biological activity enhancement and one typical class of adjuvants involves an alkyl or aryl group to provide a lipophilic moiety and a (poly)ethoxy chain to provide a hydrophilic moiety.
• the present invention is based on the discovery that aromatic esters with relatively long hydrocarbon chains are surprisingly effective adjuvants, significantly enhancing the biological activity of active ingredients.
• Aromatic esters of varied hydrocarbon chain lengths have until now only been known as solvents (such as Benzoflex 181TM and Finsolv TNTM), emollients, plasticisers, and thickening agents, for use in various industries.
• solvents such as Benzoflex 181TM and Finsolv TNTM
• emollients such as Benzoflex 181TM and Finsolv TNTM
• plasticisers plasticisers
• thickening agents for use in various industries.
• this formulation dogma will be swept aside, at least to some extent, by the revelation that it is in fact longer chain aromatic esters (in particular phthalate derivatives) which possess the greater adjuvant properties.
• the present invention accordingly provides the use of an aromatic ester of formula (I)
• the invention provides for the use of an aromatic ester of formula (I) as described herein as an adjuvant in an agrochemical composition.
• the invention provides for the use of an agrochemical composition as described herein to control pests.
• a method of controlling a pest comprising applying a composition of the invention to said pest or to the locus of said pest.
• an agrochemical composition as described herein, comprising combining an active ingredient, a surfactant and an aromatic ester of formula (I).
• the invention provides for the use of an aromatic ester of formula (I) as described herein as an adjuvant /synergist for an agrochemical.
• Alkyl groups and moieties are straight or branched chains, and unless explicitly stated to the contrary, are unsubstituted.
• suitable alkyl groups for use in the invention are hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl and eicosyl groups.
• Alkenyl groups and moieties are straight or branched chains having a single carbon-carbon double bond, and unless explicitly stated to the contrary, are unsubstituted.
• suitable alkenyl groups for use in the invention are hex-1-enyl, hex-2-enyl, hex-3-enyl, hept-1-enyl, oct-1-enyl, non-1-enyl, dec-1-enyl, undec-1-enyl, and groups derived from monoenoic fatty acids including cis-4-decenyl, cis-9-decenyl, cis-5-laurolyl, cis-4-dodecenyl, cis-9-tetradecenyl, cis-5-tetradecenyl, cis-4-tetradecenyl, cis-9-hexadecenyl, cis-6-hexadecenyl, c
• Alkyldienyl groups and moieties are straight or branched chains having two carbon-carbon double bond, and unless explicitly stated to the contrary, are unsubstituted.
• suitable alkyldienyl groups for use in the invention are buta-1,3-dienyl, penta-1,3-dienyl, penta-2,4-dienyl, penta-1,4-dienyl, hex-1,3-dienyl, hept-1,3-dienyl, linoleyl, and linoelaidyl.
• Alkyltrienyl groups and moieties are straight or branched chains having three carbon-carbon double bond, and unless explicitly stated to the contrary, are unsubstituted.
• suitable alkyldienyl groups for use in the invention hex-1,3,5-trienyl, hepta-1,3,5-trienyl, and linolenyl.
• n the preferred values for n, as well as the preferred groups for R 1 & R 2 , in any combination thereof (unless specifically stated otherwise) are as set out below.
• each R 2 is independently a C 4 -C 20 alkyl group. More preferably each R 2 is independently a C 6 -C 20 alkyl group, more preferably a C 6 -C 13 alkyl group and may be for example n-hexyl, isoheptyl, 2-ethylhexyl, isononyl, isodecyl, isoundecyl, isododecyl, or isotridecyl. Most preferably each R 2 is a C 6 -C 10 alkyl group.
• each R 2 is independently a C 6 , C 8 or C 10 alkyl group. In further embodiments each R 2 is independently n-hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or isodecyl.
• n may be an integer of 1 or 2 preferably 2. In particularly preferred embodiments when n is 2, each R 2 is the same.
• Examples of compounds of formula (I), which may be used in the invention and which are available commercially include for example, those described in Table 1 below.
• n has a value of 1
• compounds of formula (I) are benzoic acid esters and may be synthesised using well-known methodology as described for example in reaction schemes 1 and 2 below.
• An alcohol of formula (A) is reacted with an acid anhydride of formula (AA) to form a benzoic acid ester of formula (I) plus an acid of formula (AC), in which R 2 is a suitable alkyl group as defined hereinbefore.
• phthalate esters for use in the invention may be produced by esterification of phthalic anhydride with an alcohol of formula (A).
• Alcohols of formula (A), acid chlorides of formula (AC) and acid anhydrides of formula (AA) are readily available or may be synthesised using standard methodology well known in the art.
• the present invention is based on the unexpected finding that compounds of formula (I) are particularly good adjuvants in agrochemical formulations.
• compounds of formula (I) display the surprising property of enhancing the biological activity of an agrochemical active ingredient in an agrochemical composition.
• “enhancing the biological activity” means increasing the potency of an agrochemical active ingredient, and/or decreasing the application rate required to achieve control of the target organism.
• such adjuvants may be combined with an active ingredient, which is an agrochemical, in order to form an agrochemical composition.
• the present invention extends to a method of making such an agrochemical composition, wherein said method comprises combining a compound of formula (I) with an agrochemically active ingredient, and optionally a surfactant.
• agrochemical and term “agrochemically active ingredient” are used herein interchangeably, and they include herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, molluscicides, funcgicides, plant growth regulators, and safeners.
• Suitable herbicides include bicyclopyrone, mesotrione, fomesafen, tralkoxydim, napropamide, amitraz, propanil, pyrimethanil, dicloran, tecnazene, toclofos methyl, flamprop M, 2,4-D, MCPA, mecoprop, clodinafop-propargyl, cyhalofop-butyl, diclofop methyl, haloxyfop, quizalofop-P, indol-3-ylacetic acid, 1-naphthylacetic acid, isoxaben, tebutam, chiorthal dimethyl, benomyl, benfuresate, dicamba, dichlobenil, benazolin, triazoxide, fluazuron, teflubenzuron, phenmedipham, acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor, pretilachlor, thenylchlor
• Suitable fungicides include isopyrazam, mandipropamid, azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim methyl, famoxadone, metominostrobin and picoxystrobin, cyprodanil, carbendazim, thiabendazole, dimethomorph, vinclozolin, iprodione, dithiocarbamate, imazalil, prochloraz, fluquinconazole, epoxiconazole, flutriafol, azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, hexaconazole, paclobutrazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, triadimefon, trtiticonazole, fenpropimorph, tridemorph, fenpropidin, mancozeb, metiram, chlorothalonil
• Suitable insecticides include thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, fipronil, abamectin, emamectin, bendiocarb, carbaryl, fenoxycarb, isoprocarb, pirimicarb, propoxur, xylylcarb, asulam, chlorpropham, endosulfan, heptachlor, tebufenozide, bensultap, diethofencarb, pirimiphos methyl, aldicarb, methomyl, cyprmethrin, bioallethrin, deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin, cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, fenvalerate, imiprothrin, permethrin and halfenprox.
• Suitable plant growth regulators include paclobutrazole and 1-methylcyclopropene.
• Suitable safeners include benoxacor, cloquintocet-mexyl, cyometrinil, dichlormid, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, mefenpyr-diethyl, MG-191, naphthalic anhydride, and oxabetrinil.
• compositions of the invention may comprise one or more of the agrochemicals as described above.
• compositions of the invention will typically comprise the agrochemical in an amount that is recommended in the art. Generally the agrochemical will be present at a concentration of about 0.001% to 90% w/w. The skilled man will appreciate that compositions of the invention may be in the form of a ready-to-use formulation or in concentrate form suitable for further dilution by the end user, and the concentration of agrochemical and compound of formula (I) will be adjusted accordingly. In concentrated form, compositions of the invention typically comprise agrochemical at 5 to 75% w/w, more preferably 10 to 50% w/w agrochemical. Ready-to-use compositions of the invention will typically comprise from 0.0001% to 1% w/w, more preferably from 0.001% to 0.5% w/w, and more preferably still from 0.001% to 0.1% w/w agrochemical.
• compositions of the invention typically comprise a compound of formula (I) from 1% to 80% w/w, preferably from 5% to 60% w/w and more preferably from 10% w/w to 40% w/w.
• Ready to use compositions of the invention typically comprise a compound of formula (I) from about 0.05% to about 1% w/w of the total composition, more preferably still from about 0.1% to about 0.5% w/w of the total composition.
• the aromatic ester will be included at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.4% or 0.5% w/w of the total composition.
• Compounds of formula (I) may be manufactured and/or formulated separately, and in order to be used as an adjuvant these may be added to a separate agrochemical formulation at a subsequent stage, typically immediately prior to use.
• compositions of the invention may be in the form of a ready-to-use formulation or in concentrate form suitable for further dilution by the end user, and the concentration of agrochemical and compound of formula (I) will be adjusted accordingly.
• Compounds of formula (I) may be manufactured and/or formulated separately, and in order to be used as an adjuvant these may be added to a separate agrochemical formulation at a subsequent stage, typically immediately prior to use.
• compositions of the invention may be formulated in any suitable manner known to the man skilled in the art.
• a composition of the invention is a formulation concentrate which may be diluted or dispersed (typically in water) by an end-user (typically a farmer) in a spray tank prior to application.
• Additional formulation components may be incorporated alongside compounds of formula (I) or compositions of the invention in such formulations.
• additional components include, for example, adjuvants, surfactants, emulsifiers, and solvents, and are well known to the man skilled in the art: standard formulation publications disclose such formulation components suitable for use with the present invention (for example, Chemistry and Technology of Agrochemical Formulations, Ed. Alan Knowles, published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands in 1998; and Adjuvants and Additives: 2006 Edition by Alan Knowles, Agrow Report DS256, published by Informa UK Ltd, December 2006). Further standard formulation components suitable for use with the present invention are disclosed in WO2009/130281A1 (see from page 46, line 5 to page 51, line 40).
• compositions of the present invention may also comprise one or more surfactants or dispersing agents to assist the emulsification of the agrochemical on dispersion or dilution in an aqueous medium (dispersant system).
• the emulsification system is present primarily to assist in maintaining the emulsified agrochemical in water.
• Many individual emulsifiers, surfactants and mixtures thereof suitable for forming an emulsion system for an agrochemical are known to those skilled in the art and a very wide range of choices is available.
• Typical surfactants that may be used to form an emulsifier system include those containing ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; aryl or alkylaryl sulphonates and combinations of these with either ethylene oxide or propylene oxide or both; carboxylates and combinations of these with either ethylene oxide or propylene oxide or both. Polymers and copolymers are also commonly used.
• Compositions of the present invention may also include solvents, which may have a range of water solubilitites. Oils with very low water solubilities may be added to the solvent of the present invention for assorted reasons such as the provision of scent, safening, cost reduction, improvement of the emulsification properties and alteration of the solubilising power. Solvents with higher water solubility may also be added for various reasons, for instance to alter the ease with which the formulation emulsifies in water, to improve the solubility of the pesticide or of the other optional additives in the formulation, to change the viscosity of the formulation or to add a commercial benefit.
• compositions which may be added to the formulation include for example, colourants, scents, and other materials which benefit a typical agrochemical formulation.
• compositions of the invention may be formulated for example, as emulsion or dispersion concentrates, emulsions in water or oil, as microencapsulated formulations, aerosol sprays or fogging formulations; and these may be further formulated into granular materials or powders, for example for dry application or as water-dispersible formulations.
• compositions of the invention will be formulated as, or comprised by an emulsion concentrate (EC), an emulsion in water (EW), a microcapsule formulation (CS), a suspension of particles with an emulsion of (suspoemulsion; SE), a dispersion concentrate (DC) or an oil suspension (OD).
• compositions of the invention may be used to control pests.
• pest as used herein includes insects, fungi, molluscs, nematodes, and unwanted plants.
• a composition of the invention may be applied directly to the pest, or to the locus of a pest.
• compositions of the invention also have utility in the seed treatment arena, and thus may be applied as appropriate to seeds.
• the aromatic ester bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate was tested as an adjuvant in compositions of mesotrione, in a glasshouse against four weed species.
• An agrochemical composition was prepared containing 0.5% v/v of the adjuvant in a track sprayer and was applied at a volume of 200 liters per hectare.
• Mesotrione was applied at either 60 or 120 grams per hectare.
• the adjuvant oils were emulsified using a small amount of the surfactant Pluronic® PE 10500, which was present in the composition at a concentration of 0.02% v/v.
• the weed species and their growth stage at spraying were Polygonum convolvulus (POLCO; growth stage 13), Brachiaria platyphylla (BRAPL; growth stage 13)
• DIGSA Digitaria sanguinalis
• AMATU Amaranthus tuberculatus
• the aromatic ester bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate was tested as an adjuvant in compositions of fomesafen, in a glasshouse against four weed species.
• An agrochemical composition was prepared containing 0.5% v/v of the adjuvant in a track sprayer and was applied at a volume of 200 liters per hectare.
• Fomesafen was applied at a rate of either 60 or 120 grams per hectare.
• the adjuvant oils were emulsified using a small amount of the surfactant Pluronic® PE 10500, which was present in the composition at a concentration of 0.02% v/v.
• the weed species and their growth stage at spraying were Chenopodium album (CHEAL; growth stage 14), Abutilon theophrasti (ABUTH; growth stage 12), Setaria viridis (SETVI; growth stage 13), and Xanthium strumarium (XANST; growth stage 12).

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
• Plant Pathology (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Dentistry (AREA)
• Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
• Zoology (AREA)
• Environmental Sciences (AREA)
• Toxicology (AREA)
• Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)

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