US3851214A - Low power sealed optically thin resonace lamp - Google Patents

Low power sealed optically thin resonace lamp Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3851214A
US3851214A US00426616A US42661673A US3851214A US 3851214 A US3851214 A US 3851214A US 00426616 A US00426616 A US 00426616A US 42661673 A US42661673 A US 42661673A US 3851214 A US3851214 A US 3851214A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
housing
resonance lamp
lamp
source
getter
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00426616A
Inventor
R Young
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US00426616A priority Critical patent/US3851214A/en
Priority to CA210,182A priority patent/CA1013803A/en
Priority to US05/512,976 priority patent/US3946272A/en
Priority to GB43903/74A priority patent/GB1487594A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3851214A publication Critical patent/US3851214A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J65/00—Lamps without any electrode inside the vessel; Lamps with at least one main electrode outside the vessel
    • H01J65/04—Lamps in which a gas filling is excited to luminesce by an external electromagnetic field or by external corpuscular radiation, e.g. for indicating plasma display panels
    • H01J65/042—Lamps in which a gas filling is excited to luminesce by an external electromagnetic field or by external corpuscular radiation, e.g. for indicating plasma display panels by an external electromagnetic field
    • H01J65/048—Lamps in which a gas filling is excited to luminesce by an external electromagnetic field or by external corpuscular radiation, e.g. for indicating plasma display panels by an external electromagnetic field the field being produced by using an excitation coil

Definitions

  • FIG. I is a schematic diagram of the tube of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention utilizes a controllable chemical decomposition source of parent species and a chemical getter sink in a sealed RF excited discharge.
  • This discharge occurs in a second, extremely pure gas which is present in great excess over the gas produced by chemical decomposition.
  • Excitation of species whose emission is desired occurs by electron impact or energy transfer from the major spe cies which are, in turn, excited by the electron impact.
  • FIG. 1 Illustrated in FIG. 1 is a cylindrical body 11 having a glass wall 13 and a hollow reentrant element 15.
  • Reentrant element 15 extends coaxially substantially the length of the cylinder.
  • An electrical conductor 17 is contained within the hollow reentrant element and extends outwardly to connect to an RF energy source 18.
  • a first hollow arm 19 is integral with cylinder 13 and extends outwardly therefrom.
  • the arm is closed at the outer end and is filled with a getter or scavenger 21 such as uranium or a barium containing compound.
  • a gas permeable barrier 23, such as a glass frit, in hollow arm 19 prevents the getter from moving into the cylinder.
  • Heating means 25 here illustrated as an electrical heater, is provided about the arm so as to heat the getter material if necessary.
  • a second arm 27 also extends from the cylinder and is closed at its outer end. This arm contains the source 29 of the species whose emission is desired. A barrier 31 and a heater 33 are also provided on arm 27.
  • Cylindrical body 13 is closed at the other end by a window 34 which is transparent to the spectral emission of the species being examined.
  • a special epoxy cement may be required to attach the window to the body of the lamp.
  • the outside of cylinder 35 may be coated with an electrically conductive material and this coating is grounded as shown. If the cylinder is largely contained within a close fitting, grounded conducting enclosure, a separate coating is not required. In either case, ,the cylinder is effectively sheathed by a conductive element.
  • the lamp of the present invention may be used to produce emission of a number of desired species. Examples of such use are shown below.
  • OXYGEN RESONANCE LAMPS The lamp is subjected to the usual vacuum pump down procedures and the lamp is filled with approximately 1-2 torr of He.
  • One arm of the lamp is provided with a getter such as Ur.
  • the other am is supplied with an oxygen source such as MnO or KMnO
  • MnO or KMnO oxygen source
  • high purity is essential. The reason for this is believed to be due to the role of He* (metastable, excited) which builds up in the discharge to a high concentration in the absence of 0 from the source. With the application of heat to the decomposition source, 0 is added and the following reaction takes place in the presence of RF excitation at to 600 megahertz.
  • uranium is used both as a source of hydrogen and as a getter whereas, in the oxygen lamp, heat is not applied to the getter (which is largely in the form of Ur) and the hydrogen is not released.
  • the uranium acts as a getter for other gases (except rare gases) which are released from the wall during use. It is formed in a powder by reacting the uranium at high tempearture with hydrogen to form uranium hydride and then decomposing this compound in vacuum, and pumping out the gas.
  • the hydrogen resonance lamp a small fraction is; left undecomposed so that it will become a source of H after the getter is heated. The reactions occuring in the H lamp are similar to those occuring in the oxygen lamp. H and H replace 0 and 0.
  • N is slightly decomposed producing N( D) which rapidly reacts with O to produce NO which is excited by energy transfer from N (A B, ⁇ produced as a consequence of direct electron excitation and as a-final step in triplet level cascades.
  • These lamps operate with relatively low power 28 volts, 0.5 amps).
  • the lamp is shown as cylindrical, this particular geometrical configuration is not essential so long as the reentrant portion with the electrode extends coaxially substantially the length of the tube.
  • the lamp body can be of any sufficiently strong, non-porous material such as the illustrated glass or a suitable metal.
  • a resonance lamp comprising a dielectric closed body having a predetermined vacuum therein;
  • a reentrant coaxial hollow glass element integral within said body and extending from one end thereof substantially the length of said body;
  • the resonance lamp of claim 1 wherein said getter is uranium in the form of UrH 4.
  • said diatomic gas is oxygen, produced by thermal decomposition of MnO,.
  • the resonance lamp of claim 1 wherein said diatomic gas is oxygen, produced by thermal decomposition of KMnO 6.
  • the resonance lamp of claim ll further comprising a source of RF power connected to said electrical conductor;
  • a resonance lamp comprising a closed housing
  • a hollow reentrant element at one end of said housing and extending coaxially with said housing substantially the entire length thereof;
  • the resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said source of diatomic gas is KMnO. and further comprising means for heating said source.
  • a resonance lamp comprising a closed elongated housing

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Discharge Lamp (AREA)

Abstract

A resonance lamp having a controllable chemical decomposition source of a parent species and a chemical getter sink in a sealed RF excited discharge. The discharge occurs in a second, extremely pure gas which is present in great excess over the gas produced by chemical decomposition. Excitation of species whose emission is desired occurs by electron impact or energy transfer from the major species which are, in turn, excited by the electron impact.

Description

United States Patent [191 7 Young LOW POWER SEALED OPTICALLY THIN RESONACE LAMP [76] Inventor: Robert A. Young, R.R. 2, Loretto,
' Ontario, Canada [22] Fiied: Dec. 12, 1973 211 App]. No.: 426,616
[52] US. Cl 315/267, 313/110, 313/180, 313/201, 313/220, 313/224, 315/344 [51] Int. Cl. H05b 41/24 [58] Field of Search .,3l3/1l0,174, 180, 201, 313/220, 224; 315/1 08-110, 248, 267, 344
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,740,911 4/1956 Doolittle 313/220 X 1451 Nov. 26, 1974 3,493,805 3/1970 Bass 313/220 X Primary Examiner-Pau1 L. Gensler 57 ABSTRACT A resonance lamp having a controllable chemical decomposition source of a parent species and a chemical getter sink in a sealed RF excited discharge. The discharge occurs in a second, extremely pure gas which is present in great excess over the gas produced by chemical decomposition. Excitation of species whose emission is desired occurs by electron impact or energy transfer from the major species which are, in turn, excited by the electron impact.
17 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures LOW POWER SEALED OPI'ICALLY THIN RESONACE LAMP This invention relates generally to resonance lamps and more particularly to self-breakdown gas discharge lamps suitable for-excitation by low power, low voltage, radio frequency power.
The use of resonance absorption and fluorescence is becoming more important in the field of chemical kinetic research.
Most lamps used to produce resonance radiation of atoms derived from gaseous compounds utilize an AC electrical discharge in a low pressure gas which flows away from the emission direction. Since dissociation must coincide or precede excitation, it is difficult to obtain bright resonance lamps without absorption within the lamp. Such absorption decreases the sensitivity of measuring devices using resonance lamps, and introduces complications in relating intensity measurements to the concentration of absorbers.
Although non-flowing, sealed resonance lamps have considerable convenience, they are difficult to control since the discharge interacts with the walls of the lamp to either remove or provide constituents. This is particularly true for oxygen.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a very intense resonance lamp which emits radiation such that direct detection of the transmitted or scattered radiation, without the intervention of filters of dispersal devices, can be used to measure the concentration of the absorbing species, while preserving a Doppler line profile unmodified by absorption within the lamp.
These and other objects of the invention will become apparent from the following description when taken in conjunction with the drawings wherein FIG. I is a schematic diagram of the tube of the present invention,
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Broadly speaking, the present invention utilizes a controllable chemical decomposition source of parent species and a chemical getter sink in a sealed RF excited discharge. This discharge occurs in a second, extremely pure gas which is present in great excess over the gas produced by chemical decomposition. Excitation of species whose emission is desired occurs by electron impact or energy transfer from the major spe cies which are, in turn, excited by the electron impact.
Illustrated in FIG. 1 is a cylindrical body 11 having a glass wall 13 and a hollow reentrant element 15. Reentrant element 15 extends coaxially substantially the length of the cylinder. An electrical conductor 17 is contained within the hollow reentrant element and extends outwardly to connect to an RF energy source 18.
A first hollow arm 19 is integral with cylinder 13 and extends outwardly therefrom. The arm is closed at the outer end and is filled with a getter or scavenger 21 such as uranium or a barium containing compound. A gas permeable barrier 23, such as a glass frit, in hollow arm 19 prevents the getter from moving into the cylinder. Heating means 25 here illustrated as an electrical heater, is provided about the arm so as to heat the getter material if necessary.
A second arm 27 also extends from the cylinder and is closed at its outer end. This arm contains the source 29 of the species whose emission is desired. A barrier 31 and a heater 33 are also provided on arm 27.
Cylindrical body 13 is closed at the other end by a window 34 which is transparent to the spectral emission of the species being examined. A special epoxy cement may be required to attach the window to the body of the lamp.
In order to complete the necessary path for electrical excitation, the outside of cylinder 35 may be coated with an electrically conductive material and this coating is grounded as shown. If the cylinder is largely contained within a close fitting, grounded conducting enclosure, a separate coating is not required. In either case, ,the cylinder is effectively sheathed by a conductive element.
The lamp of the present invention may be used to produce emission of a number of desired species. Examples of such use are shown below.
OXYGEN RESONANCE LAMPS The lamp is subjected to the usual vacuum pump down procedures and the lamp is filled with approximately 1-2 torr of He. One arm of the lamp is provided with a getter such as Ur. The other am is supplied with an oxygen source such as MnO or KMnO For operation of the lamp, high purity is essential. The reason for this is believed to be due to the role of He* (metastable, excited) which builds up in the discharge to a high concentration in the absence of 0 from the source. With the application of heat to the decomposition source, 0 is added and the following reaction takes place in the presence of RF excitation at to 600 megahertz.
He* 0 O O He He* O He O e O +e 0* 0* O by (desired radiation) HYDROGEN RESONANCE LAMPS In a hydrogen resonance lamp, only one arm is needed if a mixture of Ur and UrH' is used. The application of heat releases H which is added to the high concentration of He*. The result produces a resonant atomic hydrogen emission.
In this application, uranium is used both as a source of hydrogen and as a getter whereas, in the oxygen lamp, heat is not applied to the getter (which is largely in the form of Ur) and the hydrogen is not released.
In both cases, the uranium acts as a getter for other gases (except rare gases) which are released from the wall during use. It is formed in a powder by reacting the uranium at high tempearture with hydrogen to form uranium hydride and then decomposing this compound in vacuum, and pumping out the gas. For the hydrogen resonance lamp, a small fraction is; left undecomposed so that it will become a source of H after the getter is heated. The reactions occuring in the H lamp are similar to those occuring in the oxygen lamp. H and H replace 0 and 0.
If the He filling in the oxygen lamp is replaced by N,, the lamp is a good source of the NO gamma bands which are suitable for measuring NO. In this applica- 3 tion, N is slightly decomposed producing N( D) which rapidly reacts with O to produce NO which is excited by energy transfer from N (A B,} produced as a consequence of direct electron excitation and as a-final step in triplet level cascades.
These lamps operate with relatively low power 28 volts, 0.5 amps).
Although the lamp is shown as cylindrical, this particular geometrical configuration is not essential so long as the reentrant portion with the electrode extends coaxially substantially the length of the tube. Further, the lamp body can be of any sufficiently strong, non-porous material such as the illustrated glass or a suitable metal.
Accordingly, the above description and drawings are to be considered illustrative only, and the invention is to be limited only by the scope of the following claims.
I claim:
1. A resonance lamp comprising a dielectric closed body having a predetermined vacuum therein;
a reentrant coaxial hollow glass element integral within said body and extending from one end thereof substantially the length of said body;
an electrical conductor within said element;
an ultraviolet transparent window at the other end of said body;
two hollow arms integral with and extending from said body;
a high purity rare gas filling within said body at a pressure of l to 2 torr;
a source of diatomic gas in one of said arms;
an electrically conductive sheathing adjacent the exterior of said glass body;
a getter in the other said arm for removing gases from said body; and
means for separately heating each of said arms.
2. The resonance lamp of claim 1 wherein said diatomic gas is hydrogen produced by decomposing UI'H3.
3. The resonance lamp of claim 1 wherein said getter is uranium in the form of UrH 4. The resonance lamp of claim 1 wherein said diatomic gas is oxygen, produced by thermal decomposition of MnO,.
5. The resonance lamp of claim 1 wherein said diatomic gas is oxygen, produced by thermal decomposition of KMnO 6. The resonance lamp of claim 2 wherein the getter is uranium.
7. The resonance lamp of claim ll further comprising a source of RF power connected to said electrical conductor; and
means for grounding said sheathing adjacent the exterior of said body.
8. A resonance lamp comprising a closed housing;
a hollow reentrant element at one end of said housing and extending coaxially with said housing substantially the entire length thereof;
an electrical conductor within said hollow reentrant element and extending outwardly thereof;
an ultraviolet transparent window at the other end of said housing;
an electrically conductive sheathing adjacent the exterior of said housing;
a first hollow arm integral with and extending from said housing;
a second hollow arm integral with and extending from said housing;
a source of diatomic gas within said first arm;
a getter in said second arm; and
an inert gas in said cylindrical housing.
9. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said housing is filled with helium.
10. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said housing is filled with nitrogen.
11. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said getter is uranium.
12. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said getter is a barium containing compound.
13. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said source of diatomic gas is KMnO. and further comprising means for heating said source.
14. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said source of diatomic gas is MnO and further comprising means for heating said source.
15. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein the source of diatomic gas is N 16. A resonance lamp comprising a closed elongated housing;
a hollow reentrant element at one end of said housing extending coaxially with said housing substantally the entire length thereof;
an electrical conductor within said hollow reentrant element and extending outwardly thereof;
an ultraviolet transparent window at the other end of said housing;
an electrically conductive sheathing adjacent the exterior of said housing;
a hollow arm integral with and extending from said housing;
a source of diatomic gas and a getter within said hollow arm;
means for heating said diatomic gas; and
an inert gas in said housing. 7
117. The resonance lamp of claim 16 wherein said diatomic gas is hydrogen and said getter is ura-

Claims (17)

1. A resonance lamp comprising a dielectric closed body having a predetermined vacuum therein; a reentrant coaxial hollow glass element integral within said body and extending from one end thereof substantially the length of said body; an electrical conductor within said element; an ultraviolet transparent window at the other end of said body; two hollow arms integral with and extending from said body; a high purity rare gas filling within said body at a pressure of 1 to 2 torr; a source of diatomic gas in one of said arms; an electrically conductive sheathing adjacent the exterior of said glass body; a getter in the other said arm for removing gases from said body; and means for separately heating each of said arms.
2. The resonance lamp of claim 1 wherein said diatomic gas is hydrogen produced by decomposing UrH3.
3. The resonance lamp of claim 1 wherein said getter is uranium in the form of UrH3.
4. The resonance lamp of claim 1 wherein said diatomic gas is oxygen, produced by thermal decomposition of MnO2.
5. The resonance lamp of claim 1 wherein said diatomic gas is oxygen, produced by thermal decomposition of KMnO4.
6. The resonance lamp of claim 2 wherein the getter is uranium.
7. The resonance lamp of claim 1 further comprising a source of RF power connected to said electrical conductor; and means for grounding said sheathing adjacent the exterior of said body.
8. A resonance lamp comprising a closed housing; a hollow reentrant element at one end of said housing and extending coaxially with said housing substantially the entire length thereof; an electrical conductor within said hollow reentrant element and extending outwardly thereof; an ultraviolet transparent window at the other end of said housing; an electrically conductive sheathing adjacent the exterior of said housing; a first hollow arm integral with and extending from said housing; a second hollow arm integral with and extending from said housing; a source of diatomic gas within said first arm; a getter in said second arm; and an inert gas in said cylindrical housing.
9. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said housing is filled with helium.
10. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said housing is filled with nitrogen.
11. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said getter is uranium.
12. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said getter is a barium containing compound.
13. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said source of diatomic gas is KMnO4 and further comprising means for heating said source.
14. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein said source of diatomic gas is MnO2, and further comprising means for heating said source.
15. The resonance lamp of claim 8 wherein the source of diatomic gas is N2.
16. A resonance lamp comprising a closed elongated housing; a hollow reentrant element at one end of said housing extending coaxially with said housing substantally the entire length thereof; an electrical conductor within said hollow reentrant element and extending outwardly thereof; an ultraviolet transparent window at the other end of said housing; an electrically conductive sheathing adjacent the exterior of said housing; a hollow arm integral with and extending from said housing; a source of diatomic gas and a getter within said hollow arm; means for heating said diatomic gas; and an inert gas in said housing.
17. The resonance lamp of claim 16 wherein said diatomic gas is hydrogen and said getter is uranium.
US00426616A 1973-12-12 1973-12-12 Low power sealed optically thin resonace lamp Expired - Lifetime US3851214A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00426616A US3851214A (en) 1973-12-12 1973-12-12 Low power sealed optically thin resonace lamp
CA210,182A CA1013803A (en) 1973-12-12 1974-09-26 Low power sealed optically thin resonance lamp
US05/512,976 US3946272A (en) 1973-12-12 1974-10-07 Low power sealed optically thin resonance lamp
GB43903/74A GB1487594A (en) 1973-12-12 1974-10-10 Low power sealed resonance lamp

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00426616A US3851214A (en) 1973-12-12 1973-12-12 Low power sealed optically thin resonace lamp

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US05/512,976 Continuation-In-Part US3946272A (en) 1973-12-12 1974-10-07 Low power sealed optically thin resonance lamp

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3851214A true US3851214A (en) 1974-11-26

Family

ID=23691520

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00426616A Expired - Lifetime US3851214A (en) 1973-12-12 1973-12-12 Low power sealed optically thin resonace lamp

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US3851214A (en)
CA (1) CA1013803A (en)
GB (1) GB1487594A (en)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3904907A (en) * 1974-07-12 1975-09-09 Robert A Young Helium resonance lamp and a leak detection system using the lamp
US3946272A (en) * 1973-12-12 1976-03-23 Young Robert A Low power sealed optically thin resonance lamp
US3984727A (en) * 1975-03-10 1976-10-05 Young Robert A Resonance lamp having a triatomic gas source
US4002922A (en) * 1975-06-12 1977-01-11 Young Robert A Vacuum ultraviolet continuum lamps
US4024431A (en) * 1975-06-23 1977-05-17 Xonics, Inc. Resonance metal atom lamp
US4437041A (en) 1981-11-12 1984-03-13 General Electric Company Amalgam heating system for solenoidal electric field lamps
US4451765A (en) * 1982-05-24 1984-05-29 Moniteq Ltd. Resonance lamp
US5543687A (en) * 1993-12-16 1996-08-06 Forschungszentrum Julich Gmbh Hydrogen-gas discharge lamp

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA1330827C (en) * 1988-01-06 1994-07-19 Jupiter Toy Company Production and manipulation of high charge density

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2740911A (en) * 1952-11-28 1956-04-03 Machlett Lab Inc Conduction device
US3493805A (en) * 1967-11-01 1970-02-03 Nasa Ultraviolet resonance lamp

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2740911A (en) * 1952-11-28 1956-04-03 Machlett Lab Inc Conduction device
US3493805A (en) * 1967-11-01 1970-02-03 Nasa Ultraviolet resonance lamp

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3946272A (en) * 1973-12-12 1976-03-23 Young Robert A Low power sealed optically thin resonance lamp
US3904907A (en) * 1974-07-12 1975-09-09 Robert A Young Helium resonance lamp and a leak detection system using the lamp
US3984727A (en) * 1975-03-10 1976-10-05 Young Robert A Resonance lamp having a triatomic gas source
US4002922A (en) * 1975-06-12 1977-01-11 Young Robert A Vacuum ultraviolet continuum lamps
US4024431A (en) * 1975-06-23 1977-05-17 Xonics, Inc. Resonance metal atom lamp
US4437041A (en) 1981-11-12 1984-03-13 General Electric Company Amalgam heating system for solenoidal electric field lamps
US4451765A (en) * 1982-05-24 1984-05-29 Moniteq Ltd. Resonance lamp
US5543687A (en) * 1993-12-16 1996-08-06 Forschungszentrum Julich Gmbh Hydrogen-gas discharge lamp

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1487594A (en) 1977-10-05
CA1013803A (en) 1977-07-12

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US4427921A (en) Electrodeless ultraviolet light source
US3319119A (en) Metal vapor spectral lamp with mercury and a metal halide at subatmospheric pressure
US4492898A (en) Mercury-free discharge lamp
US4480213A (en) Compact mercury-free fluorescent lamp
Mansfield Jr et al. Experimental investigation of electrodeless discharge lamps as excitation sources for atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry
US4427923A (en) Electrodeless fluorescent light source
US4672267A (en) High intensity discharge device containing oxytrihalides
US4647821A (en) Compact mercury-free fluorescent lamp
US3851214A (en) Low power sealed optically thin resonace lamp
US4024431A (en) Resonance metal atom lamp
US3984727A (en) Resonance lamp having a triatomic gas source
US4636692A (en) Mercury-free discharge lamp
US4095142A (en) High frequency discharge lamp for a spectral-line source
US4427924A (en) Enhanced electrodeless light source
US3748520A (en) Electric discharge lamp having a fill including niobium pentaiodide complexed with an inorganic oxo-compound as the primary active component
US3946272A (en) Low power sealed optically thin resonance lamp
US4002922A (en) Vacuum ultraviolet continuum lamps
US3514604A (en) Pulsed microwave light source
US3657590A (en) High intensity far u.v. radiation source
CN218867037U (en) Microwave element lamp and application device thereof
Jennings The production, detection, and estimation of atoms in the gaseous phase
US3450925A (en) Mercury bismuth halide photochemical arc lamp light sources
US4075579A (en) Gaseous laser medium and means for excitation
RU2736772C1 (en) Gas-discharge device based on hollow cathode for generation of powerful hf-pulses
Stephens Applications of the zeeman effect to analytical atomic spectroscopy—IV: Capacitively-coupled radiofrequency spectral sources