US3918965A - Iridium-hafnium alloy - Google Patents
Iridium-hafnium alloy Download PDFInfo
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- US3918965A US3918965A US464429A US46442974A US3918965A US 3918965 A US3918965 A US 3918965A US 464429 A US464429 A US 464429A US 46442974 A US46442974 A US 46442974A US 3918965 A US3918965 A US 3918965A
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- 229910001029 Hf alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 15
- RYYLZKIVNWMXLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Hf].[Ir] Chemical compound [Hf].[Ir] RYYLZKIVNWMXLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000575 Ir alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001080 W alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000155 isotopic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000753 refractory alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009924 canning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012771 pancakes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C5/00—Alloys based on noble metals
- C22C5/04—Alloys based on a platinum group metal
Definitions
- ABSTRACT A new iridium alloy comprising up to about 1 weight percent hafnium has greatly improved physical and mechanical properties as compared to pure iridium.
- isotopic heat sources have found considerable use as both terrestrial and space power sources.
- the most prominent radioisotope fuels are 238 Pm and 244 Nuclear emissions from these sources produce heat which is converted into electricity by means of thermoelectric generators or thermionic devices.
- Radioisotopic fuels used in space power systems must be encapsulated in a highly reliable material.
- the encapsulation material must not only be able to contain the fuel for normal operation of several years but also to survive launch abort situations, severe aerodynamic heating on re-entry, high velocity impact, and post impact environment.
- One alloy developed for such purposes is disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,737,309. While'the Pt-Rh-W alloy disclosed therein possesses the requisite mechanical properties for space applications, it tends to react with the fuel at temperatures in excess of l250C.
- Another material considered for use as an encapsulation material is highly purified iridium as is disclosed in US. Pat. application Ser. No. 372,886. Puritied iridium possesses the necessary high temperature inertness, but it does not have the requisite mechanical properties.
- an iridium alloy having 0.3 to 1.0 weight percent hafnium.
- FIGURE of drawing graphically depicts the toughness of alloys from this invention in comparison with prior-art alloys.
- the mechanical properties tend to improve linearly with increasing amounts of hafnium.
- the fabricative properties are diminished by the hafnium additions, but the alloy remains fabricable up to about 1.0 weight percent.
- Optimum alloy properties are obtained in alloys containing from about 0.6 to 0.95 weight percent hafnium.
- the preferred alloy composition contains about 0.65 weight percent hafnium, which is an optimum composition considering mechanical properties and fabricability.
- the preferred method of producing the alloy is by electron-beam melting and casting into pancake form or rectangular ingot.
- the alloy is preferably fabricated by canning the alloy in a molybdenum jacket and hot rolling between I300 and 1000" C.
- the preferred method of producing the alloy of this invention is to use the highly purified iridium metal produced by the process of copending application Ser. No. 372,886, it is understood that minor amounts of various impurities may also be present.
- impurities may include 20 ppm Al, l0 ppm Cr, 40 ppm Cu, ppm Fe, 10 ppm Ni, 50 ppm Rh, 20 ppm Ta, 30 ppm Th, and 10 ppm oxygen.
- Intentional addition of up to l weight percent zirconium and titanium may also further enhance the mechanical properties of the alloy.
- EXAMPLE I A ISO-gram ingot (l X 2 X 0.3 in.) ofIr-0.65 wt. l-If was prepared by electron beam melting and casting. The ingot was clad in molybdenum jackets and hot rolled between 1250 and 1300 C. After a total reduction of 65%, the alloy plate was heat-treated for 1 hour at l400C., and then rolled continuously to 0.025-in.- thick sheet at [C The fabricated sheet had good quality with no indication of surface or end cracks.
- the Ir-Hf alloys have excellent ductility at high temperatures as shown in Table I.
- Table I the toughness of Ir-Hf alloys is compared (at I3I6I370C.) with Ir, Pt-30 wt. Rh-8 wt. W, and refractory alloys.
- the toughness of Ir-0.65 wt. I-lf is the best and is about 300% higher than unalloyed Ir.
- the mechanical properties of Ir alloys containing 0.65 to 0.93% Hf are excellent.
- Oxidation Alloy Temperature Oxidation Rate (wt. 5) (C.) (g cm"hr) Ir 770 3.4 X 1r-0.65 Hf 770 2.5 X 10"" lr-0.93 Hf 770 +1.0 X 10'" lr 870 1.1 X 10"" lr-0.65 Hf 870 1.0 X 10* lr-0.93 Ht 870 7.1 X 10" Ir 1000 -3.1 X 10* 1r0.65 Hf 1000 3.3 X 10* lr-0.93 Hf 1000 -3.3 X 10"" ""Oxidation rate after 1000!. exposure. 'Oxidatinn rate after 330-hr. exposure.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
A new iridium alloy comprising up to about 1 weight percent hafnium has greatly improved physical and mechanical properties as compared to pure iridium.
Description
United States Patent 11 1 Inouye et al.
1 1 IRIDlUM-HAFNIUM ALLOY [75] Inventors: Henry Inouye; Chain T. Liu, both of Oak Ridge. Tenn.
211 Appl. No.: 464,429
[52] US. Cl i 75/172 R [51] Int. Cl. U CZZC 5/04 [58] Field of Search 75/172 R 134 V [561 References Cited FQREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 1.051.224 12/1966 United Kingdom 75/172 R 1 1 Nov. 11,1975
1.016.809 1/1966 United Kingdom .1 75/172 R OTHER PUBLICATIONS Shunk Constitution of Binary Alloys, Second Sup plement." NY McGraw-Hill. 1969, pp, 416-417.
Primary [iruminer-L. Dewayne Rutledge Assr'smnl E.rmninerE. L. Weise Anornqn Agent, or Firm-Dean E. Carlson; David S. Zachry; John B. Hard-away [57] ABSTRACT A new iridium alloy comprising up to about 1 weight percent hafnium has greatly improved physical and mechanical properties as compared to pure iridium.
3 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure US. Patent Nov. 11, 1975 unohmfwpnp 3 K532 no: mmmzxwzoh IIIIIII lRlDlUM-HAFNIUM ALLOY BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention was made in the course of, or under, a contract with the United States Atomic Energy Commission. It relates generally to the metal alloy art and particularly to a new iridium alloy.
As is disclosed in commonly assigned US. Pat. No. 3,737,309, isotopic heat sources have found considerable use as both terrestrial and space power sources. The most prominent radioisotope fuels are 238 Pm and 244 Nuclear emissions from these sources produce heat which is converted into electricity by means of thermoelectric generators or thermionic devices.
Radioisotopic fuels used in space power systems must be encapsulated in a highly reliable material. The encapsulation material must not only be able to contain the fuel for normal operation of several years but also to survive launch abort situations, severe aerodynamic heating on re-entry, high velocity impact, and post impact environment. One alloy developed for such purposes is disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,737,309. While'the Pt-Rh-W alloy disclosed therein possesses the requisite mechanical properties for space applications, it tends to react with the fuel at temperatures in excess of l250C. Another material considered for use as an encapsulation material is highly purified iridium as is disclosed in US. Pat. application Ser. No. 372,886. Puritied iridium possesses the necessary high temperature inertness, but it does not have the requisite mechanical properties.
Several prior-art iridium alloys containing W or Nb have been produced. These alloys have been found to confer moderate improvements in the mechanical properties.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is thus an object of this invention to provide a new alloy which is suitable for use as a radioisotope encapsulation material.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an iridium alloy with greatly improved mechanical properties.
These as well as other objects are accomplished by an iridium alloy having 0.3 to 1.0 weight percent hafnium.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The single FIGURE of drawing graphically depicts the toughness of alloys from this invention in comparison with prior-art alloys.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION According to this invention it has been found that an alloy of iridium with 0.3 to 1.0 weight percent hafnium has greatly improved mechanical properties as compared to pure iridium while retaining the chemical inertness of pure iridium. Alloys within this range have high toughness, low oxidation rate, high recrystallization temperature, good compatibility with fuels and graphite, and the requisite fabricative properties. The addition of as little as 0.3 weight percent hafnium has been found to be effective to improve the mechanical properties of iridium. The tensile strength, for example, is increased by about 300 percent in alloys containing 0.65 to 0.93 weight percent hafnium. In fact, the mechanical properties tend to improve linearly with increasing amounts of hafnium. However, the fabricative properties are diminished by the hafnium additions, but the alloy remains fabricable up to about 1.0 weight percent. Optimum alloy properties are obtained in alloys containing from about 0.6 to 0.95 weight percent hafnium. The preferred alloy composition contains about 0.65 weight percent hafnium, which is an optimum composition considering mechanical properties and fabricability.
The preferred method of producing the alloy is by electron-beam melting and casting into pancake form or rectangular ingot. The alloy is preferably fabricated by canning the alloy in a molybdenum jacket and hot rolling between I300 and 1000" C.
While the preferred method of producing the alloy of this invention is to use the highly purified iridium metal produced by the process of copending application Ser. No. 372,886, it is understood that minor amounts of various impurities may also be present. Such impurities may include 20 ppm Al, l0 ppm Cr, 40 ppm Cu, ppm Fe, 10 ppm Ni, 50 ppm Rh, 20 ppm Ta, 30 ppm Th, and 10 ppm oxygen. Intentional addition of up to l weight percent zirconium and titanium may also further enhance the mechanical properties of the alloy.
Having generally described the invention, the following specific examples are given as a further illustration thereof, some of which are comparative in nature.
EXAMPLE I A ISO-gram ingot (l X 2 X 0.3 in.) ofIr-0.65 wt. l-If was prepared by electron beam melting and casting. The ingot was clad in molybdenum jackets and hot rolled between 1250 and 1300 C. After a total reduction of 65%, the alloy plate was heat-treated for 1 hour at l400C., and then rolled continuously to 0.025-in.- thick sheet at [C The fabricated sheet had good quality with no indication of surface or end cracks.
EXAMPLE II The strength, elongation, and toughness of the Ir-Hf alloys were determined in conventional apparatus at room temperature, 760C, 1093C., and l370C. The tensile results are shown in Table I and are compared to the values for pure iridium under the same conditions. The strength of the lr-Hf alloys increases with Hf content and this effect is very prominent at high temperatures. At l370C., the alloys containing 0.65 and 0.93 wt. Hf exhibit tensile strengths -300% higher than Ir. In fact, these alloys are stronger than all the existing candidate alloys (including refractory alloys) for space isotopic heat sources. The Ir-Hf alloys have excellent ductility at high temperatures as shown in Table I. In FIG. 1, the toughness of Ir-Hf alloys is compared (at I3I6I370C.) with Ir, Pt-30 wt. Rh-8 wt. W, and refractory alloys. The toughness of Ir-0.65 wt. I-lf is the best and is about 300% higher than unalloyed Ir. Thus, the mechanical properties of Ir alloys containing 0.65 to 0.93% Hf are excellent.
Table 1 Mechanical Properties of lr-Hf Alloy Sheets Strength (in I000 i) Elongation Yield Tensile Alloy (wt.
Table l-continued Mechanical Properties of lr-Hf Alloy Sheets Samples of the lr-Hf alloy sheets fabricated at 1 100C. were vacuum annealed one hour between 900 and 1600 C. for microstructural examination and to determine the recrystallization temperature. The 1r- 0.65 wt. Hf alloys exhibited no recrystallization at 1 150, 50% recrystallization at 1250", and complete recrystallization after the l350C. treatment. Thus, alloying 1r with 0.65 wt. Hf increases the recrystallization temperatures by about 400C. The as-rolled specimens showed fine but elongated grains containing substructure, and the recrystallized ones showed single-phased grained structure. Some indication of a second phase was observed in lr-0.93 wt. Hf, but it almost disappeared after an anneal for 1 hour above 1400C.
EXAMPLE IV Table 11 Oxidation Rates of Ir and lr-Hf Alloys in Air Flowing at 100 liters/hr.
Oxidation Alloy Temperature Oxidation Rate (wt. 5) (C.) (g cm"hr) Ir 770 3.4 X 1r-0.65 Hf 770 2.5 X 10"" lr-0.93 Hf 770 +1.0 X 10'" lr 870 1.1 X 10"" lr-0.65 Hf 870 1.0 X 10* lr-0.93 Ht 870 7.1 X 10" Ir 1000 -3.1 X 10* 1r0.65 Hf 1000 3.3 X 10* lr-0.93 Hf 1000 -3.3 X 10"" ""Oxidation rate after 1000!. exposure. 'Oxidatinn rate after 330-hr. exposure.
EXAMPLE V To characterize the compatibility of lr-Hf alloys with isotopefueled heat source environments, tensile specimens of 1r-0.93 wt. Hf were contacted with gra hite on one side and ex osed to an ox gen pressure 0 l X 10' torr at 1300 Both sides 0 the specimens were bright and showed no indication of a reaction after a IOOO-hour exposure. The tensile test results are presented in Table [11, together with those for unexposed specimens. The ex sure to oxygen and graphite did not impair the ductility or the tensile strength of the alloy. Thus, it is concluded that the Ir-Hf alloys are inert to the simulated heat source environment at l300C.
In order to determine the melting temperature between lr-Hf allp ks and graphite, disk specimens of the lr-0.93 wt. alloy were contacted with graphite coupons on both sides and heated rapidly to the desired temperature in a graphite crucible. The results of 10 minutes heating between 2100 and 2300 C. showed the alloy starte to bond with aphite at 2250C. and to melt incipiently at 2300C. 18 demonstrated that tzhzeseentry capability of the lr-Hf alloys is at least 3. The alloy of claim 1 consisting essentially of 0.65
weight percent hafnium, balance iridium.
i i i
Claims (3)
1. AN ALLOY COMPOSITION COMPRISING 0.3 TO 1.0 WEIGHT PERCENT HAFNIUM, BALANCE IRRIDIUM.
2. The alloy of claim 1 consisting essentially of 0.60 to 0.95 weight percent hafnium.
3. The alloy of claim 1 consisting essentially of 0.65 weight percent hafnium, balance iridium.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US464429A US3918965A (en) | 1974-04-26 | 1974-04-26 | Iridium-hafnium alloy |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US464429A US3918965A (en) | 1974-04-26 | 1974-04-26 | Iridium-hafnium alloy |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3918965A true US3918965A (en) | 1975-11-11 |
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| US464429A Expired - Lifetime US3918965A (en) | 1974-04-26 | 1974-04-26 | Iridium-hafnium alloy |
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0732416A1 (en) * | 1995-03-15 | 1996-09-18 | National Research Institute For Metals | Refractory superalloys |
| US6511632B1 (en) * | 1998-10-05 | 2003-01-28 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Cathode material of electron beam device and preparation method thereof |
| US6982122B2 (en) | 2003-12-15 | 2006-01-03 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Ir-based alloys for ultra-high temperature applications |
| US20060165554A1 (en) * | 2002-07-13 | 2006-07-27 | Coupland Duncan R | Alloy |
| WO2007006513A1 (en) * | 2005-07-11 | 2007-01-18 | W.C. Heraeus Gmbh | Doped iridium with improved high-temperature properties |
| DE102006003521A1 (en) * | 2006-01-24 | 2007-08-02 | Schott Ag | Continuous refining of low-viscosity molten glass is carried out in tank which has iridium coating on sections which contact glass and on tank inlet and outlet, coated sections being heated |
| EP2184264A1 (en) | 2006-01-24 | 2010-05-12 | Schott AG | Method and device for bubble-free transportation, homogenisation and conditioning of molten glass |
| US20100239453A1 (en) * | 2008-02-27 | 2010-09-23 | Tomokazu Obata | Iridium alloy excellent in hardness, workability and anti-contamination properties |
| US20100329922A1 (en) * | 2009-06-29 | 2010-12-30 | W.C. Heraeus Gmbh | Increasing the strength of iridium, rhodium, and alloys thereof |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1051224A (en) * | 1965-02-16 | |||
| GB1016809A (en) * | 1963-12-23 | 1966-01-12 | Int Nickel Ltd | Iridium alloys |
-
1974
- 1974-04-26 US US464429A patent/US3918965A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1016809A (en) * | 1963-12-23 | 1966-01-12 | Int Nickel Ltd | Iridium alloys |
| GB1051224A (en) * | 1965-02-16 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| Shunk, "Constitution of Binary Alloys, Second Supplement," N.Y., McGraw-Hill, 1969, pp. 416-417 * |
Cited By (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6071470A (en) * | 1995-03-15 | 2000-06-06 | National Research Institute For Metals | Refractory superalloys |
| EP0732416A1 (en) * | 1995-03-15 | 1996-09-18 | National Research Institute For Metals | Refractory superalloys |
| US6511632B1 (en) * | 1998-10-05 | 2003-01-28 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Cathode material of electron beam device and preparation method thereof |
| US7481971B2 (en) | 2002-07-13 | 2009-01-27 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Iridium alloy |
| US20060165554A1 (en) * | 2002-07-13 | 2006-07-27 | Coupland Duncan R | Alloy |
| US6982122B2 (en) | 2003-12-15 | 2006-01-03 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Ir-based alloys for ultra-high temperature applications |
| KR101138051B1 (en) | 2005-07-11 | 2012-04-23 | 헤레우스 머티어리얼즈 테크놀로지 게엠베하 운트 코 카게 | Doped iridium with improved high-temperature properties |
| CN101263238B (en) * | 2005-07-11 | 2011-02-23 | W.C.贺利氏股份有限公司 | Doped iridium with improved high-temperature properties |
| US20080213123A1 (en) * | 2005-07-11 | 2008-09-04 | W.C. Heraeus Gmbh | Doped Iridium with Improved High-Temperature Properties |
| DE102005032591A1 (en) * | 2005-07-11 | 2007-04-05 | W.C. Heraeus Gmbh | Doped iridium with improved high temperature properties |
| DE102005032591B4 (en) * | 2005-07-11 | 2012-05-24 | Heraeus Materials Technology Gmbh & Co. Kg | Doped iridium with improved high temperature properties |
| WO2007006513A1 (en) * | 2005-07-11 | 2007-01-18 | W.C. Heraeus Gmbh | Doped iridium with improved high-temperature properties |
| US7815849B2 (en) | 2005-07-11 | 2010-10-19 | W.C. Heraeus Gmbh | Doped iridium with improved high-temperature properties |
| EP2184264A1 (en) | 2006-01-24 | 2010-05-12 | Schott AG | Method and device for bubble-free transportation, homogenisation and conditioning of molten glass |
| DE102006003521A1 (en) * | 2006-01-24 | 2007-08-02 | Schott Ag | Continuous refining of low-viscosity molten glass is carried out in tank which has iridium coating on sections which contact glass and on tank inlet and outlet, coated sections being heated |
| DE102006003521B4 (en) * | 2006-01-24 | 2012-11-29 | Schott Ag | Apparatus and method for the continuous refining of glasses with high purity requirements |
| US20100239453A1 (en) * | 2008-02-27 | 2010-09-23 | Tomokazu Obata | Iridium alloy excellent in hardness, workability and anti-contamination properties |
| US9063173B2 (en) * | 2008-02-27 | 2015-06-23 | Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K. | Iridium alloy excellent in hardness, workability and anti-contamination properties |
| US20100329922A1 (en) * | 2009-06-29 | 2010-12-30 | W.C. Heraeus Gmbh | Increasing the strength of iridium, rhodium, and alloys thereof |
| US8613788B2 (en) | 2009-06-29 | 2013-12-24 | Heraeus Materials Technology Gmbh & Co. Kg | Increasing the strength of iridium, rhodium, and alloys thereof |
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