WO1987005386A1 - High velocity ammunition sabot - Google Patents

High velocity ammunition sabot Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1987005386A1
WO1987005386A1 PCT/US1986/000491 US8600491W WO8705386A1 WO 1987005386 A1 WO1987005386 A1 WO 1987005386A1 US 8600491 W US8600491 W US 8600491W WO 8705386 A1 WO8705386 A1 WO 8705386A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sabot
projectile
recess
projection
barrel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US1986/000491
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Henry J. Halverson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Olin Corp
Original Assignee
Olin Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to US06/585,327 priority Critical patent/US4574703A/en
Priority to AT86904471T priority patent/ATE50052T1/en
Priority to BR8607108A priority patent/BR8607108A/en
Priority to EP86904471A priority patent/EP0264379B1/en
Priority to PCT/US1986/000491 priority patent/WO1987005386A1/en
Priority to DE8686904471T priority patent/DE3668690D1/en
Application filed by Olin Corp filed Critical Olin Corp
Priority to JP61503786A priority patent/JP2587820B2/en
Publication of WO1987005386A1 publication Critical patent/WO1987005386A1/en
Priority to DK585687A priority patent/DK165523C/en
Priority to FI874940A priority patent/FI91324C/en
Priority to NO87874659A priority patent/NO165266C/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B14/00—Projectiles or missiles characterised by arrangements for guiding or sealing them inside barrels, or for lubricating or cleaning barrels
    • F42B14/06—Sub-calibre projectiles having sabots; Sabots therefor
    • F42B14/064—Sabots enclosing the rear end of a kinetic energy projectile, i.e. having a closed disk shaped obturator base and petals extending forward from said base
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B14/00—Projectiles or missiles characterised by arrangements for guiding or sealing them inside barrels, or for lubricating or cleaning barrels
    • F42B14/06—Sub-calibre projectiles having sabots; Sabots therefor
    • F42B14/068—Sabots characterised by the material

Definitions

  • This invention relates to ammunition sabots and particularly to a disintegrating sabot.
  • Standard caliber as used herein means 0.50" caliber and below.
  • the state of the art in plastic small caliber sabots has basically remained static since the development of the plastic sabot for hunting ammunition shown in U.S. Patent No. 3,164,092, issued January 5, 1965, to D. S. Reed et al and assigned to Remington Arms Co., Inc. and which relates to the well-known Remington "Accelerator” hunting cartridge which uses a lead bullet in a polycarbonate sabot.
  • the present invention provides a solution to this problem by providing an ammunition sabot which is strong enough to exit a rifled barrel in one piece at peak chamber pressures in excess of 70,000 copper crusher units of pressure (C.U.P.) while carrying a tungsten or tungsten carbide penetrator and then immediately disintegrate so that it doesn't thereafter slow down the projectile or make the projectile inaccurate.
  • this is accomplished by use of a special sabot material (see Claims 1-4) and/or a special sabot design (see Claims 5-12).
  • FIGURE 1 is a cross-sectional view taken along the axis of a preferred sabot and projectile of the invention.
  • FIGURE 2 is an isometric view of the washer of FIGURE 1.
  • a projectile 10 is shown having a major cylindrical rear portion 12 carried with a central recess 14 of a generally cylindrical plastic sabot 16 which has a solid cylindrical rear base portion 18 and a tubular front portion 20.
  • Front portion 20 comprises a plurality of arcuate cylindrical portions 22 connected by weakened portions 24 extending axially on portion 20.
  • Weakened portions 24 are weakened by suitable means such as spaced axial grooves or notches 26 on the inner periphery of central recess 14. Notches 26 run from the front end of sabot 16 part way back on the inner periphery of front portion 20.
  • the outer periphery 28 of sabot 16 is an uninterrupted right cylindrical surface.
  • a metallic square washer with rounded corners 34 (also shown in FIGURE 2) which extends radially inward and outward of the inner periphery of central recess 14 so as to distribute the accelerational forces during explosive discharge of sabot 16 and projectile 10 together through a rifled gun barrel (not shown) and to prevent rotational slippage between sabot 16 and washer 34 during spin-up of sabot 16 during such discharge.
  • Washer 34 could be of other non-circular symmetrical shapes such as polygonal, (pentagonal, or hexagonal, etc.), oval, or gear-shaped. Washer 34 has rounded corners to reduce stress concentrations at its corners and to allow use of bigger area washers.
  • Outer periphery of 28 of sabot 16 is of a substantially constant diameter from base 18 up to an axial point 36 which is located forward of the center of gravity 38 of projectile 10 to minimize balloting of projectile 10 during its passage through a rifled gun barrel, as might occur if point 36 was located back of center of gravity 38.
  • a second optional heavy projectile 10a is also shown having a center of gravity 38a, which is also behind point 36.
  • Sabot 16 is of 7.62mm caliber and carries a 52 grain tungsten projectile 10 or a 57 grain tungsten projectile 10a.
  • Other calibers of sabot 16 such as 5.56mm or 0.50 caliber could also be utilized and other sizes, materials, and shapes of projectiles 10 could be utilized, if desired.
  • the plastic for sabot 10 is of a material that has sufficient tensile strength (at least 12,000 psi), compressive strength (at least 15,000 psi), and sufficient shear strength (at least 12,000 psi) to withstand the shock of explosive discharge from a rifled gun barrel while carrying projectile 10 but having insufficient (less than about 12 ft. -1bs. /in.) Izod impact strength to withstand centrifugal and aerodynamic forces following discharge so that sabot 16 disintegrates immediately (i.e., within a yard) after exiting the barrel muzzle, thus immediately freeing the projectile 10 for unimpeded flight to the target.
  • plastic material is "ULTEM 1000", an unreinforced amorphous polyetherimide thermoplastic resin marketed by General Electric Company. Some other plastics believed to be suitable are ULTEM 2200, a 20% glass reinforced polyetherimide resin and LEXAN 3412, a 20% glass reinforced polycarbonate resin, both from General Electric Company and TORLON 4203L engineering resin from Amoco Chemicals Corporation. Other plastics with equivalent mechanical properties could be utilized if the mechanical properties of the plastic are not chemically deteriorated by any exposure to propellants with which it is expected to be utilized.

Landscapes

  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Telescopes (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Hydraulic Turbines (AREA)
  • Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
  • Optical Radar Systems And Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
  • Table Devices Or Equipment (AREA)
  • Financial Or Insurance-Related Operations Such As Payment And Settlement (AREA)
  • Management, Administration, Business Operations System, And Electronic Commerce (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Non-Silver Salt Photosensitive Materials And Non-Silver Salt Photography (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
  • Guides For Winding Or Rewinding, Or Guides For Filamentary Materials (AREA)
  • Belt Conveyors (AREA)

Abstract

A high velocity ammunition sabot (16) of brittle material which has sufficient strength to withstand the forces of being launched from a rifled gun barrel but which fragments almost immediately upon exit from the barrel due to centrifugal forces. A polyetherimide material is preferred, although materials of equivalent properties could be used.

Description

HIGH VELOCITY AMMUNITION SABOT
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to ammunition sabots and particularly to a disintegrating sabot.
"Small caliber" as used herein means 0.50" caliber and below. The state of the art in plastic small caliber sabots has basically remained static since the development of the plastic sabot for hunting ammunition shown in U.S. Patent No. 3,164,092, issued January 5, 1965, to D. S. Reed et al and assigned to Remington Arms Co., Inc. and which relates to the well-known Remington "Accelerator" hunting cartridge which uses a lead bullet in a polycarbonate sabot.
There is a constant desire to increase the speed, hardness, and density of lightweight subcaliber rifle bullets so that they will penetrate harder and thicker targets. However, it has not been known how to do this in conventional rifles due to the denser bullet materials that are required and the inability of existing sabots such as that taught by the Reed et al patent above to withstand the forces imposed by such launches of subcaliber projectiles having higher sectional density and hardness than the soft lead hunting bullets taught by the Reed et al patent.
The present invention provides a solution to this problem by providing an ammunition sabot which is strong enough to exit a rifled barrel in one piece at peak chamber pressures in excess of 70,000 copper crusher units of pressure (C.U.P.) while carrying a tungsten or tungsten carbide penetrator and then immediately disintegrate so that it doesn't thereafter slow down the projectile or make the projectile inaccurate. In the present invention, this is accomplished by use of a special sabot material (see Claims 1-4) and/or a special sabot design (see Claims 5-12).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be better understood by reference to the attached drawing in which:
FIGURE 1 is a cross-sectional view taken along the axis of a preferred sabot and projectile of the invention; and
FIGURE 2 is an isometric view of the washer of FIGURE 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A projectile 10 is shown having a major cylindrical rear portion 12 carried with a central recess 14 of a generally cylindrical plastic sabot 16 which has a solid cylindrical rear base portion 18 and a tubular front portion 20. Front portion 20 comprises a plurality of arcuate cylindrical portions 22 connected by weakened portions 24 extending axially on portion 20. Weakened portions 24 are weakened by suitable means such as spaced axial grooves or notches 26 on the inner periphery of central recess 14. Notches 26 run from the front end of sabot 16 part way back on the inner periphery of front portion 20. The outer periphery 28 of sabot 16 is an uninterrupted right cylindrical surface. Between the floor 30 of recess 14 of sabot 16 and the rear end 32 of projectile 10 is a metallic square washer with rounded corners 34 (also shown in FIGURE 2) which extends radially inward and outward of the inner periphery of central recess 14 so as to distribute the accelerational forces during explosive discharge of sabot 16 and projectile 10 together through a rifled gun barrel (not shown) and to prevent rotational slippage between sabot 16 and washer 34 during spin-up of sabot 16 during such discharge. Washer 34 could be of other non-circular symmetrical shapes such as polygonal, (pentagonal, or hexagonal, etc.), oval, or gear-shaped. Washer 34 has rounded corners to reduce stress concentrations at its corners and to allow use of bigger area washers.
Outer periphery of 28 of sabot 16 is of a substantially constant diameter from base 18 up to an axial point 36 which is located forward of the center of gravity 38 of projectile 10 to minimize balloting of projectile 10 during its passage through a rifled gun barrel, as might occur if point 36 was located back of center of gravity 38. A second optional heavy projectile 10a is also shown having a center of gravity 38a, which is also behind point 36.
Sabot 16 is of 7.62mm caliber and carries a 52 grain tungsten projectile 10 or a 57 grain tungsten projectile 10a. Other calibers of sabot 16 such as 5.56mm or 0.50 caliber could also be utilized and other sizes, materials, and shapes of projectiles 10 could be utilized, if desired.
The plastic for sabot 10 is of a material that has sufficient tensile strength (at least 12,000 psi), compressive strength (at least 15,000 psi), and sufficient shear strength (at least 12,000 psi) to withstand the shock of explosive discharge from a rifled gun barrel while carrying projectile 10 but having insufficient (less than about 12 ft. -1bs. /in.) Izod impact strength to withstand centrifugal and aerodynamic forces following discharge so that sabot 16 disintegrates immediately (i.e., within a yard) after exiting the barrel muzzle, thus immediately freeing the projectile 10 for unimpeded flight to the target.
One suitable plastic material is "ULTEM 1000", an unreinforced amorphous polyetherimide thermoplastic resin marketed by General Electric Company. Some other plastics believed to be suitable are ULTEM 2200, a 20% glass reinforced polyetherimide resin and LEXAN 3412, a 20% glass reinforced polycarbonate resin, both from General Electric Company and TORLON 4203L engineering resin from Amoco Chemicals Corporation. Other plastics with equivalent mechanical properties could be utilized if the mechanical properties of the plastic are not chemically deteriorated by any exposure to propellants with which it is expected to be utilized.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A small caliber spin stabilized, frangible discarding sabot projectile comprising: a hard metallic armor-penetrator subcaliber core; and a cylindrical sabot having a central recess in a front end thereof surrounding a rear portion of said penetrator and having a solid base portion behind said core, said sabot being made of a material with an Izod impact strength of less than 12 ft. lbs. /in. of notch when tested under ASTM Test Method D256, a compressive strength of at least 15,000 psi when tested under ASTM Test Method D695, a shear strength of at least 12,000 psi when tested under ASTM Test Method D732 and a tensile strength of at least 12,000 psi when tested under ASTM Test Method D1708.
2. The projectile of Claim 1 wherein said sabot material is an amorphous polyetherimide resin thermoplastic.
3. The projectile of Claim 1 wherein said sabot material is a polycarbonate thermoplastic resin reinforced with glass fibers.
4. The projectile of Claim 1 wherein said sabot material is a polyetherimide reinforced with glass fibers.
5. A unitary sabot for projection of a hard metallic subcaliber projectile through a rifled gun barrel, said sabot comprising: a cylindrical plastic body having a rear base portion and front portion with a cylindrical defining a tubular frontal projection adapted to surround and receive a major rear portion of said projectile, said sabot being of a plastic material which is of sufficient compressive and shear strength to withstand the shock of explosive discharge from said barrel while carrying the projectile in said recess but having insufficient impact strength to withstand centrifugal and aerodynamic forces following the discharge so that after the discharge said projection immediately disintegrates to free said projectile.
6. The sabot of Claim 5 wherein said projection comprises: a plurality of arcuate cylindrical segments connected by weakened portions extending axially on said projection.
7. The sabot of Claim 6 wherein said weakened portions are spaced axial grooves on the inner periphery of said projection, and the outer periphery of said sabot is uninterrupted, whereby said projection can assist in obturation of said barrel.
8. The sabot of Claim 7 further comprising: a symetrical, noncircular centrally, perforated flat metallic plate at the base of said central recess and extending radially inward and outward of the inner periphery of said recess, so as to distribute the accelerational forces during said explosive discharge through said rifled barrel and prevent rotational slippage of said plate in said sabot during spin-up of the sabot.
9. The sabot of Claim 6 further comprising: a symetrical non-circular centrally perforated flat metallic plate at the base of said central recess and extending radially inward and outward of the inner periphery of said recess, so as to distribute the accelerational forces during said explosive discharge through said rifled barrel and prevent rotational slippage of said plate in said sabot during spin-up of the sabot.
10. The sabot of Claim 5 further comprising: a symetrical non-circular centrally perforated flat metallic plate at the base of said central recess and extending radially inward and outward of the inner periphery of said recess, so as to distribute the accelerational forces during said explosive discharge through said rifled barrel and prevent rotational slippage of said plate in said sabot during spin-up of the sabot.
11. The sabot of Claim 5 wherein said recess contains a subcaliber projectile and said projection has the same outer diameter as the rear portion of said sabot at least up to the axial location of the axial center of gravity of said projectile so as to help prevent sabot balloting during discharge through the barrel.
12. The sabot of Claim 1 wherein said sabot has a diameter less than 0.50 inches.
13. A plastic small caliber sabot for projection of a subcaliber projectile through a rifled gun barrel, said sabot comprising: a cylindrical plastic body having a rear base portion and a front portion with a central cylindrical recess in said front portion thus defining a tubular frontal projection adapted to surround and receive a major rear portion of said projectile; and a polygonal centrally perforated flat metallic plate at the base of said central recess and extending radially inward and outward of the inner periphery of said recess, so as to distribute the accelerational forces during said explosive discharge through said rifled barrel and prevent rotational slippage of said plate in said sabot during spin-up of the sabot.
14. The sabot of Claim 13 wherein said metallic plate is square with rounded corners.
PCT/US1986/000491 1984-03-01 1986-03-10 High velocity ammunition sabot Ceased WO1987005386A1 (en)

Priority Applications (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/585,327 US4574703A (en) 1984-03-01 1984-03-01 High velocity ammunition sabot
BR8607108A BR8607108A (en) 1986-03-10 1986-03-10 HIGH SPEED MUNICIPAL BELT
EP86904471A EP0264379B1 (en) 1986-03-10 1986-03-10 High velocity ammunition sabot
PCT/US1986/000491 WO1987005386A1 (en) 1986-03-10 1986-03-10 High velocity ammunition sabot
DE8686904471T DE3668690D1 (en) 1986-03-10 1986-03-10 HIGH-SPEED AMMUNITION GUIDE RING.
AT86904471T ATE50052T1 (en) 1986-03-10 1986-03-10 HIGH SPEED AMMUNITION GUIDE RING.
JP61503786A JP2587820B2 (en) 1986-03-10 1986-03-10 High-speed weapon munitions
DK585687A DK165523C (en) 1986-03-10 1987-11-09 PROJECTILE AND SABOT AT GREAT SPEED
FI874940A FI91324C (en) 1986-03-10 1987-11-09 Small caliber projectile
NO87874659A NO165266C (en) 1986-03-10 1987-11-09 TASTE CALIBRATED AMMUNISION WITH PROJECTILE AND DRIVE MIRROR.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US1986/000491 WO1987005386A1 (en) 1986-03-10 1986-03-10 High velocity ammunition sabot

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1987005386A1 true WO1987005386A1 (en) 1987-09-11

Family

ID=22195408

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1986/000491 Ceased WO1987005386A1 (en) 1984-03-01 1986-03-10 High velocity ammunition sabot

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0264379B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2587820B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE50052T1 (en)
BR (1) BR8607108A (en)
DE (1) DE3668690D1 (en)
DK (1) DK165523C (en)
FI (1) FI91324C (en)
NO (1) NO165266C (en)
WO (1) WO1987005386A1 (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991012484A1 (en) * 1990-02-08 1991-08-22 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Hypervelocity sabot
GB2257777A (en) * 1990-02-08 1993-01-20 Secr Defence Hypervelocity sabot
GB2282214A (en) * 1993-09-08 1995-03-29 Rheinmetall Gmbh Discarding sabot
US7594472B1 (en) 1990-06-13 2009-09-29 Qinetiq Limited Sabot

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2002295998A (en) * 2001-03-29 2002-10-09 Sumitomo Bakelite Co Ltd Spacer

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3164092A (en) * 1962-11-13 1965-01-05 Remington Arms Co Inc Ammunition sabot
US3496869A (en) * 1967-07-28 1970-02-24 Oerlikon Buehrle Holding Ag Sabot projectile
US4148259A (en) * 1977-10-03 1979-04-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Sabot assembly for a subcaliber spin stabilized projectile
US4187271A (en) * 1977-04-18 1980-02-05 Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation Method of making same
US4239006A (en) * 1978-07-27 1980-12-16 Kelson Richard D Self lubricating sabot
US4488491A (en) * 1983-03-30 1984-12-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Area multiplier

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3311061A (en) * 1964-06-25 1967-03-28 Ehoy C Roehrdanz Sabot
DE1262830B (en) * 1964-09-02 1968-03-07 Bundesrep Deutschland Sabot for sub-caliber bullets
US3435768A (en) * 1967-07-24 1969-04-01 Oerlikon Buehrle Holding Ag Sabot projectile

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3164092A (en) * 1962-11-13 1965-01-05 Remington Arms Co Inc Ammunition sabot
US3496869A (en) * 1967-07-28 1970-02-24 Oerlikon Buehrle Holding Ag Sabot projectile
US4187271A (en) * 1977-04-18 1980-02-05 Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation Method of making same
US4148259A (en) * 1977-10-03 1979-04-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Sabot assembly for a subcaliber spin stabilized projectile
US4239006A (en) * 1978-07-27 1980-12-16 Kelson Richard D Self lubricating sabot
US4488491A (en) * 1983-03-30 1984-12-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Area multiplier

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of EP0264379A4 *

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991012484A1 (en) * 1990-02-08 1991-08-22 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Hypervelocity sabot
GB2257777A (en) * 1990-02-08 1993-01-20 Secr Defence Hypervelocity sabot
US5239930A (en) * 1990-02-08 1993-08-31 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Hypervelocity sabot
GB2257777B (en) * 1990-02-08 1993-09-22 Secr Defence Hypervelocity sabot
US7594472B1 (en) 1990-06-13 2009-09-29 Qinetiq Limited Sabot
GB2282214A (en) * 1993-09-08 1995-03-29 Rheinmetall Gmbh Discarding sabot
US5481981A (en) * 1993-09-08 1996-01-09 Rheinmetall Gmbh Sabot for a subcaliber projectile
GB2282214B (en) * 1993-09-08 1997-07-23 Rheinmetall Gmbh Discarding sabot

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0264379A4 (en) 1988-05-31
FI874940A0 (en) 1987-11-09
DK585687A (en) 1987-11-09
JP2587820B2 (en) 1997-03-05
NO874659D0 (en) 1987-11-09
DK165523C (en) 1993-04-26
NO165266B (en) 1990-10-08
EP0264379B1 (en) 1990-01-31
FI874940L (en) 1987-11-09
ATE50052T1 (en) 1990-02-15
DK585687D0 (en) 1987-11-09
DE3668690D1 (en) 1990-03-08
NO165266C (en) 1991-01-16
JPS63502922A (en) 1988-10-27
BR8607108A (en) 1988-02-09
FI91324B (en) 1994-02-28
FI91324C (en) 1994-06-10
DK165523B (en) 1992-12-07
NO874659L (en) 1988-01-08
EP0264379A1 (en) 1988-04-27

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