WO1989010065A1 - Method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats - Google Patents

Method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1989010065A1
WO1989010065A1 PCT/US1989/001808 US8901808W WO8910065A1 WO 1989010065 A1 WO1989010065 A1 WO 1989010065A1 US 8901808 W US8901808 W US 8901808W WO 8910065 A1 WO8910065 A1 WO 8910065A1
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carnitine
dog
cat
mixture
amount
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Austin L. Shug
Bruce W. Keene
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/205—Amine addition salts of organic acids; Inner quaternary ammonium salts, e.g. betaine, carnitine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/174—Vitamins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S426/00—Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
    • Y10S426/805—Pet food for dog, cat, bird, or fish

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of pet food com ⁇ positions and more specifically to pet food enriched with L-Carnitine.
  • L-Carnitine is a quaternary amine that promotes beta- oxidation of long-chain fatty acids by facilitating their transfer across the mitochondrial membrane. L-Carnitine has also been shown to promote oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and the utilization of acetyl-coenzy e A.
  • L-Carnitine concentration in cardiac and skeletal muscle is much higher than in serum. In these tissues fatty acids are utilized as a major source of energy. Because of L-Carnitine's central role in transporting fatty acids to the site of oxidation, adequate levels of L-Carnitine are required for normal fatty acid and energy metabolism in mammalian hearts. This is evi ⁇ denced by the restoration to normal of fatty acid oxidation in muscle homogenates of certain L-Carnitine deficient patients. A relationship between deficient levels of myocardial L-Carnitine and cardiomyopathy has been observed in both hamsters and dogs. Restoration toward normal of such deficient L-Carnitine levels has been shown to result in improved myocardial function in both species.
  • L-Carnitine is derived from the diet and from biosynthesis in the liver, and in some species, kidney and other tissues. Neither cardiac nor skeletal muscle is capable of synthesizing L-Carnitine, however. Thus, the L- Carnitine found in these tissues was either absorbed from the diet or biosynthesized endogenously by other tissues.
  • the present invention is for a method of preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats using a dietary supplement containing a prophylactic amount of L-Carnitine.
  • the invention is useful in prevent ⁇ ing L-Carnitine deficiencies which can lead to a multitude of conditions, including myopathic heart disease, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, ketosis, muscle weakness and premature aging. Pets, particularly the carnivores, are at great risk for developing L-Carnitine deficiencies.
  • Table 1 indicates, dog and cat foods are extremely low in free L- Carnitine levels as compared with that found in raw ground beef. Most pets are maintained strictly on commercial pet food diets and are thus kept chronically deficient in L- Carnitine. This results in a diet-induced carnitine deficiency.
  • Example 1 Six apparently healthy Greyhound dogs were determined to be normal by physical examination, fecal flotation, complete blood count, serum biochemical profile, ECG, and echocardio- graphy. They were fed a standard commercial dog food diet free choice for a one-month control period. Control plasma samples (as well as subsequent test samples) were obtained following an eight-hour fast on two consecutive days for analysis of total, free, and esterified L-Carnitine concentra ⁇ tion. The average of the plasma L-Carnitine concentration on two consecutive days was taken for each dog and each measuring period. Following the control period, all of the dogs were continued for two weeks on the standard commercial dog food diet supplemented with L-Carnitine.
  • the L-Carnitine supplement was in the form of 0.5kg per dog per day of raw frozen lean ground beef. This was equivalent to a daily supplement of 350 mg. of L-Carnitine per dog. Plasma samples were drawn on days 7 and 8 (averaged for the one- week measurement) and days 13 and 14 (averaged for the two- week measurement) for L-Carnitine analysis. Differences between the means of each test period and control were determined by the Student's t test.
  • Control is after 1 month of commercial dog food only. Week 1 and 2 a after 1 and 2 weeks of ground beef supplementation (0.5kg/day/do respectively.
  • the data in Table 2 indicates that the plasma L- Carnitine concentration of a normal, otherwise healthy dog, previously maintained on a commercial pet food diet, is substantially deficient in carnitine as compared with the plasma carnitine levels found in other mammals.
  • the mean value of plasma total carnitine is 59.3 ⁇ 11.9 ⁇ M for males and 51.5 ⁇ 11.6 ⁇ M for females.
  • C.J. Rebouche and D.J. Paulson Carnitine Metabolism and Function in Humans, 6 Ann. Rev. Nutr. pp. 41-66, at page 45.
  • plasma carnitine concentration averages 56.5 ⁇ 2.2 ⁇ M.
  • P.R. Borum "Regulation of the Carnitine Con ⁇ centration in Plasma" in Carnitine Biosynthesis. Meta ⁇ bolism, and Functions, 1980, Academic Press, New York, at page 119.
  • the data of Table 2 indicates that the plasma total L-Carnitine concentration is significantly increased if the animal's diet is supplemented with L-Carnitine and that such level stabilizes in a range that is considered normal when compared with the plasma carnitine levels of other mammals. See Rebouche, supra, and Borum, supra.
  • a prophylactic amount is the amount of L-Carnitine required to prevent the animal from developing a diet-induced carnitine deficiency. For a carnivore, such as a dog or cat, this is roughly equivalent to the amount of L- Carnitine the animal would ingest if its diet consisted of red meat, i.e., approximately 700 mg. of L-Carnitine per kilogram of food consumed.
  • meat or meat by-products may be used other than raw frozen lean ground beef.
  • These meat or meat by ⁇ products may be heat processed, dried or frozen and are suitable substitutes provided such meat or meat by-products have an L-Carnitine concentration in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 grams L-Carnitine per kilogram.
  • the term "meat” is understood to apply not only to the flesh of cattle, but also that of other mammals, poultry and fish.
  • the term “meat by-products" is intended to refer to those non- rendered parts of the carcass of slaughtered animals including but not restricted to mammals, poultry and the like.
  • L-Carnitine such as that obtained from Austin Chemical Company, Inc. , 9655 West Bryn Mawr Avenue, Rosemont, Illinois.
  • L-Carnitine supplements may be administered separately in the form of dietary supplements or they may be added at the time of manufacture of the commercial dog food as an additional ingredient in the commercial dog food. If used as a separate dietary supplement, the L- Carnitine may be combined with other valuable nutritional or prophylactic substances. Examples of this would be a combination of L-Carnitine with a vitamin and mineral preparation. Another example would be the inclusion of a prophylactic amount of L-Carnitine with an anti-heartworm medication such as diethyl-carbamazine.
  • the L-Carnitine supplement may also be administered as a liquid preparation.
  • L-Carnitine is extremely soluble in water.
  • Such a liquid preparation may be prepared by dissolving the appropriate amount of L-Carnitine in a waterbased solution. " Flavoring agents or other nutritional or prophylactic substances may likewise be combined in the solution.
  • the liquid preparation may be administered to the pet separately as a dietary supplement. It may be added to the pet's drinking water or to the animal's food. Further, the concentration of L-Carnitine in the liquid preparation may be such that it may be easily measured out and the prophylactic amount administered to the animal daily.

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Abstract

A method is described for increasing the plasma L-Carnitine level in pets. A daily prophylactic amount of L-Carnitine is administered to the pet either as a dietary supplement in an amount of 0.2to 2.0 grams of L-Carnitine per day, or L-Carnitine is provided as an additional ingredient to a commercial pet food in an amount of 0.2 to 2.0 grams of L-Carnitine per kilogram pet food.

Description

METHOD FOR PREVENTING DIET-INDUCED CARNITINE DEFICIENCY IN DOMESTICATED DOGS AND CATS
General Field of the Invention:
The invention relates to the field of pet food com¬ positions and more specifically to pet food enriched with L-Carnitine.
Background of the Invention:
L-Carnitine is a quaternary amine that promotes beta- oxidation of long-chain fatty acids by facilitating their transfer across the mitochondrial membrane. L-Carnitine has also been shown to promote oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and the utilization of acetyl-coenzy e A.
In mammalian species, L-Carnitine concentration in cardiac and skeletal muscle is much higher than in serum. In these tissues fatty acids are utilized as a major source of energy. Because of L-Carnitine's central role in transporting fatty acids to the site of oxidation, adequate levels of L-Carnitine are required for normal fatty acid and energy metabolism in mammalian hearts. This is evi¬ denced by the restoration to normal of fatty acid oxidation in muscle homogenates of certain L-Carnitine deficient patients. A relationship between deficient levels of myocardial L-Carnitine and cardiomyopathy has been observed in both hamsters and dogs. Restoration toward normal of such deficient L-Carnitine levels has been shown to result in improved myocardial function in both species. In mammals, L-Carnitine is derived from the diet and from biosynthesis in the liver, and in some species, kidney and other tissues. Neither cardiac nor skeletal muscle is capable of synthesizing L-Carnitine, however. Thus, the L- Carnitine found in these tissues was either absorbed from the diet or biosynthesized endogenously by other tissues.
The present invention is for a method of preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats using a dietary supplement containing a prophylactic amount of L-Carnitine.- The invention is useful in prevent¬ ing L-Carnitine deficiencies which can lead to a multitude of conditions, including myopathic heart disease, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, ketosis, muscle weakness and premature aging. Pets, particularly the carnivores, are at great risk for developing L-Carnitine deficiencies. As Table 1 indicates, dog and cat foods are extremely low in free L- Carnitine levels as compared with that found in raw ground beef. Most pets are maintained strictly on commercial pet food diets and are thus kept chronically deficient in L- Carnitine. This results in a diet-induced carnitine deficiency. TABLE 1
LEVEL OF FREE L-CARNITINE IN PET FOODS
SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION FREE L-CARNITINE
"WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION" nanomoles/gram of product
GROUND BEEF 3000 -0
** SAMPLE TYPE : DRY DOG FOOD
ALPO BEEF FLAVORED DINNER 5LBS 214, .2
CARNATION COME N GET IT 4LBS 53 .6
GAINES GRAVY TRAIN BEEF FLAVOR 5LBS 89 .4
KALKAN MEALTIME SMALL CRUNCHY BITS 5LBS 105 .9
KEN-L-RATION LOVE ME TENDER CHUNKS-BEEF 21 .3
KEN-L-RATION KIBBLES »N BITS 4LBS 78. .6
PETTS BRAND ALL NATURAL (HUBBARD) 4LBS 167 .7
PURINA DOG CHOW 5LBS 161 .0
PURINA CHUCKWAGON DOG CHOW 72 .7
PURINA HI-PRO 5LBS 93 .2
PURINA BUTCHER'S BLEND BEEF,BACON,LIVER 106 .3
PURINA FIT AND TRIM 4.5LBS 103 .9
PURINA PUPPY CHOW 5LBS 136 .0
NUTRO MAX PUPPY KIBBLE PUPPY FOOD 143, .5
NUTRO MAX KIBBLE DOG FOOD 192, .7
IAMS MINI CHUNKS 182, .9
EUKANUBA (BY IAMS) 216, .3
** SAMPLE TYPE : SEMI-MOIST DOG FOOD GAINES BURGERS - BEEF 360Z 55, .5 KEN-L-RATION SPECIAL CUTS 240Z 59, .2
** SAMPLE TYPE : CANNED DOG FOOD ALPO BEEF & LIVER DINNER 140Z 222. .8 ALPO LAMB CHUNKS 89. ,2
CARNATION MIGHTY DOG BEEF 6.50Z 1799. ,1 CARNATION MIGHTY DOG TURKEY&GIBLETS 172. ,3 GAINES CYCLE 2 (ADULT) BEEF 140Z 28. ,6 GAINES CYCLE 1 (PUPPY) 140Z 208. ,9 KALKAN CHOPPED MEATY COMBO 140Z 129. 7 KEN-L-RATION CHICKEN,BEEF,LIVER DINNER 33. 9 KEN-L-RATION CHICKEN DINNER 30. 2 RECIPE HEARTY MEAT DINNER 140Z 95. 5 VETS-BEEF FLAVORED 150Z 62. 5
** SAMPLE TYPE : DRY CAT FOOD
KALKAN CRAVE 180Z 135. 7
CARNATION FRISKIES OCEAN FISH FLAVOR 168. 6
STARKIST 9 LIVES CRUNCHY MEALS REAL TUNA & EGG 114. 0 IAMS CAT FOOD 260Z 196.9
PURINA CAT CHOW 220Z 109.1
PURINA KITTEN CHOW 180Z 121.4
PURINA MEOW MIX 180Z 61.2 PURINA TENDER VITTLES MOIST CHICKEN DINNER 127.8
PURINA THRIVE 180Z 95.2
PURINA SPECIAL DINNERS SEA NIP DINNER 180Z 188.2
** SAMPLE TYPE : CANNED CAT FOOD STARKIST AMORE TURKEYSGIBLET DINNER 30Z 94.0
STARKIST AMORE POACHED SALMON DINNER 30Z 101.2
CARNATION FRISKIES BUFFET TURKEY&GIBLET 60Z 80.0
CARNATION FRISKIES BUFFET SEAFOOD SUPPER 60Z 180.5
CARNATION FANCY FEAST BEEF&LIVER GOURMET 30Z 364.6 CARNATION FANCY FEAST FANCY SEAFOOD FEAST 30Z 115.4
KALKAN TENDER TURKEY DINNER 60Z 142.0
STARKIST 9 LIVES LIVER&CHICKEN DINNER 60Z 64.5
STARKIST 9 LIVES OCEAN WHITEFISH DINNER 60Z 134.3
PURINA 100 TUNA 60Z 294.3 PURINA BEEF & LIVER DINNER 60Z 595.6
Example 1 Six apparently healthy Greyhound dogs were determined to be normal by physical examination, fecal flotation, complete blood count, serum biochemical profile, ECG, and echocardio- graphy. They were fed a standard commercial dog food diet free choice for a one-month control period. Control plasma samples (as well as subsequent test samples) were obtained following an eight-hour fast on two consecutive days for analysis of total, free, and esterified L-Carnitine concentra¬ tion. The average of the plasma L-Carnitine concentration on two consecutive days was taken for each dog and each measuring period. Following the control period, all of the dogs were continued for two weeks on the standard commercial dog food diet supplemented with L-Carnitine. The L-Carnitine supplement was in the form of 0.5kg per dog per day of raw frozen lean ground beef. This was equivalent to a daily supplement of 350 mg. of L-Carnitine per dog. Plasma samples were drawn on days 7 and 8 (averaged for the one- week measurement) and days 13 and 14 (averaged for the two- week measurement) for L-Carnitine analysis. Differences between the means of each test period and control were determined by the Student's t test.
10 Results The results of the study are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 PLASMA CARNITINE CONCENTRATIONS, U MOLES / LITER.
Dog Control Week 1 Week 2
# Total Free Ester Total Free Ester Total Free Est
1 29.6 25.0 4.5 70.1 58.9 11.2 52.4 44.9 8
2 38.7 32.2 6.5 70.7 60.5 10.2 65.7 62.2 3
3 27.2 26.1 1.2 57.2 52.5 4.7 58.1 52.7 2
4 31.9 30.5 1.4 63.1 55.6 3.4 56.3 52.0 4
5 23.1 20.0 3.1 58.1 56.0 2.1 66.3 58.5 8
6 27.6 23.4 4.2 56.3 51.7 4.8 43.2 41.0 2
AVG 31.8 26.2 3.4 62.5* 55.9** 6.0 57.0 51.9* 4
S.D. ±5.0 ±4.5 ±2.0 ±6.5 ±3.5 ±3.7 ±8.6 ±8.0 ±2
Control is after 1 month of commercial dog food only. Week 1 and 2 a after 1 and 2 weeks of ground beef supplementation (0.5kg/day/do respectively.
* Denotes statistical significance at p < 0.05
**Denotes statistical significance at p < 0.01
The data in Table 2 indicates that the plasma L- Carnitine concentration of a normal, otherwise healthy dog, previously maintained on a commercial pet food diet, is substantially deficient in carnitine as compared with the plasma carnitine levels found in other mammals. For example, in humans the mean value of plasma total carnitine is 59.3 ± 11.9 μM for males and 51.5 ± 11.6 μM for females. C.J. Rebouche and D.J. Paulson, Carnitine Metabolism and Function in Humans, 6 Ann. Rev. Nutr. pp. 41-66, at page 45. In rats, plasma carnitine concentration averages 56.5 ± 2.2 μM. P.R. Borum, "Regulation of the Carnitine Con¬ centration in Plasma" in Carnitine Biosynthesis. Meta¬ bolism, and Functions, 1980, Academic Press, New York, at page 119.
Further, the data of Table 2 indicates that the plasma total L-Carnitine concentration is significantly increased if the animal's diet is supplemented with L-Carnitine and that such level stabilizes in a range that is considered normal when compared with the plasma carnitine levels of other mammals. See Rebouche, supra, and Borum, supra.
It is clearly evident from the foregoing data that supplementation with a prophylactic amount of L-Carnitine of the standard commercial dog food will dramatically increase the plasma concentration of L-Carnitine in dogs. A prophylactic amount is the amount of L-Carnitine required to prevent the animal from developing a diet-induced carnitine deficiency. For a carnivore, such as a dog or cat, this is roughly equivalent to the amount of L- Carnitine the animal would ingest if its diet consisted of red meat, i.e., approximately 700 mg. of L-Carnitine per kilogram of food consumed. It is to be understood that although the foregoing Example details the use of raw frozen lean ground beef as an L-Carnitine source, other sources within the scope of the claims can be readily utilized in the application of the invention with essentially equivalent results. For example, meat or meat by-products may be used other than raw frozen lean ground beef. These meat or meat by¬ products may be heat processed, dried or frozen and are suitable substitutes provided such meat or meat by-products have an L-Carnitine concentration in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 grams L-Carnitine per kilogram. The term "meat" is understood to apply not only to the flesh of cattle, but also that of other mammals, poultry and fish. The term "meat by-products" is intended to refer to those non- rendered parts of the carcass of slaughtered animals including but not restricted to mammals, poultry and the like.
Also within the scope of the claims would be the use of commercially prepared L-Carnitine such as that obtained from Austin Chemical Company, Inc. , 9655 West Bryn Mawr Avenue, Rosemont, Illinois.
These L-Carnitine supplements may be administered separately in the form of dietary supplements or they may be added at the time of manufacture of the commercial dog food as an additional ingredient in the commercial dog food. If used as a separate dietary supplement, the L- Carnitine may be combined with other valuable nutritional or prophylactic substances. Examples of this would be a combination of L-Carnitine with a vitamin and mineral preparation. Another example would be the inclusion of a prophylactic amount of L-Carnitine with an anti-heartworm medication such as diethyl-carbamazine.
The L-Carnitine supplement may also be administered as a liquid preparation. L-Carnitine is extremely soluble in water. Such a liquid preparation may be prepared by dissolving the appropriate amount of L-Carnitine in a waterbased solution. " Flavoring agents or other nutritional or prophylactic substances may likewise be combined in the solution. The liquid preparation may be administered to the pet separately as a dietary supplement. It may be added to the pet's drinking water or to the animal's food. Further, the concentration of L-Carnitine in the liquid preparation may be such that it may be easily measured out and the prophylactic amount administered to the animal daily.

Claims

CLAIMS The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
5. A method for preventing diet-induced car¬ nitine deficiency in a domesticated dog or cat, comprising the step of: administering daily to said dog or cat a prophylactic amount of L-Carnitine.
6. A method as described in claim 5, wherein said L-Carnitine is administered by adding said L-Carnitine to said dog or cat's pet food so as to form a mixture and feeding said mixture to said dog or cat.
7. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein said mixture has an L-Carnitine concentration of at least 700 mg. L-Carnitine per kilogram mixture.
8. A method as described in claim 5, wherein said L-Carnitine is administered by dissolv¬ ing said prophylactic amount of L-Carnitine in said dog or cat's drinking water so as to form a solution and feeding said solution to said dog or cat. 9. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein said solution has an L-Carnitine concentration of at least 700 mg. L-Carnitine per liter of solution.
10. A method as claimed in claim 5, wherein said prophylactic amount is an amount sufficient to produce and maintain in said dog or cat plasma total carnitine concentration of at least 40.0 μM/liter of plasma.
11. A method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in a domesticated dog or cat comprising the steps of: mixing a sufficient amount of L-Carnitine with said dog or cat's food so as to form a mixture having an L-Carnitine concentration of at least 700 mg. per kilogram of mixture; feeding daily said mixture to said dog or cat.
PCT/US1989/001808 1988-04-29 1989-04-28 Method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats Ceased WO1989010065A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

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DE68922064T DE68922064T2 (en) 1988-04-29 1989-04-28 USE OF SYNTHETIC L-CARNITINE IN DOG OR CAT FOOD.
EP89905904A EP0365664B1 (en) 1988-04-29 1989-04-28 Use of synthetic l-carnitine in food for domestic dogs or cats

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0455808A4 (en) * 1989-11-27 1991-11-21 Austin L. Shug Method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats
US5569457A (en) * 1994-11-18 1996-10-29 Shug; Austin L. Method of stimulating antibody formation
WO2000000039A1 (en) * 1998-06-26 2000-01-06 The Iams Company Process and product for promoting weight loss in overweight dogs
EP0972451A1 (en) * 1998-07-14 2000-01-19 MFE Marienfelde GmbH Unternehmen für Ernährung Oil-containing feed composition
WO2001058274A1 (en) * 2000-02-11 2001-08-16 Kloeti Albert Dog beverage
US6630159B2 (en) 1999-02-23 2003-10-07 The Procter & Gamble Company Limiting weight gain of cats by feeding carbohydrate source that excludes rice
US7001618B1 (en) 1999-07-09 2006-02-21 The Iams Company Nutritional composition for weight management

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5192804A (en) * 1991-03-22 1993-03-09 Lonza Inc. Carnitine-supplemented diet for starter pigs
KR100372341B1 (en) 1996-12-03 2003-02-17 론자 인코포레이티드 Carnitine-Supplemented Diets for Gestating and Lactating Swine
JP2003529347A (en) * 2000-01-25 2003-10-07 ジュヴェノン インコーポレイテッド Nutrition supplements for aged pets
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DE68922064T2 (en) 1995-08-03
DE68922064D1 (en) 1995-05-11
EP0365664A1 (en) 1990-05-02
AU3571489A (en) 1989-11-24
US4883672A (en) 1989-11-28
CA1336505C (en) 1995-08-01
EP0365664B1 (en) 1995-04-05
JPH03500007A (en) 1991-01-10
JP2926820B2 (en) 1999-07-28
EP0365664A4 (en) 1990-05-14
US4883672B1 (en) 1991-10-08
AU640610B2 (en) 1993-09-02

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