WO1991007880A1 - Method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats - Google Patents

Method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1991007880A1
WO1991007880A1 PCT/US1990/006976 US9006976W WO9107880A1 WO 1991007880 A1 WO1991007880 A1 WO 1991007880A1 US 9006976 W US9006976 W US 9006976W WO 9107880 A1 WO9107880 A1 WO 9107880A1
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Prior art keywords
butyrobetaine
cat
dog
carnitine
amount
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PCT/US1990/006976
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French (fr)
Inventor
Austin L. Shug
Bruce W. Keene
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Priority to DE69009176T priority Critical patent/DE69009176T2/en
Priority to EP91904406A priority patent/EP0455808B1/en
Priority to CA002045597A priority patent/CA2045597C/en
Priority to AU73227/91A priority patent/AU644634B2/en
Publication of WO1991007880A1 publication Critical patent/WO1991007880A1/en
Priority to NO91912897A priority patent/NO912897L/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/205—Amine addition salts of organic acids; Inner quaternary ammonium salts, e.g. betaine, carnitine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S426/00—Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
    • Y10S426/805—Pet food for dog, cat, bird, or fish

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of pet food compositions and more specifically to pet food enriched with L-Carnitine.
  • L-Carnitine is a quaternary amine that promotes beta- oxidation of long-chain fatty acids by facilitating their transfer across the mitochondrial membrane. L-Carnitine has also been shown to promote oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and the utilization of acetyl-coenzyme A.
  • L-Carnitine concentration in cardiac and skeletal muscle is much higher than in serum. In these tissues fatty acids are utilized as a major source of energy. Because of L-Carnitine 1 s central role in transporting fatty acids to the site of oxidation, adequate levels of L-Carnitine are required for normal fatty acid and energy metabolism in mammalian hearts. This is evi ⁇ denced by the restoration to normal of fatty acid oxidation in muscle homogenates of certain L-Carnitine deficient patients. A relationship between deficient levels of myocardial L-Carnitine and cardiomyopathy has been observed in both hamsters and dogs. Restoration toward normal of such deficient L-Carnitine levels has been shown to result in improved myocardial function in both species.
  • L-Carnitine is derived from the diet and from biosynthesis in the liver, and in some species, kidney and other tissues. Neither cardiac nor skeletal muscle is capable of synthesizing L-Carnitine, however. Thus, the L- Carnitine found in these tissues was either absorbed from the diet or biosynthesized endogenously by other tissues.
  • Our International Patent Application published as O89/10065 is directed to a new use, in veterinary medicine for L-Carnitine and proposes a dietary supplement for domesticated dogs and cats, containing a prophylactic amount of L-Carnitine.
  • the invention of WO89/10065 was based on the observation that dogs and cats were unable to maintain a stable and optimum level of L-Carnitine in the same way as other mammalian species studied.
  • the majority of mammalian species reabsorb, in the kidney, L-Carnitine from the urine. Renal reabsorption permits a stable and optimum level of L-Carnitine to be maintained.
  • Dogs and cats did not have the ability of renal absorption to a sufficient degree, so that in the wild they were dependent on diet to replace L-Carnitine excreted in the urine and to maintain a stable and optimum physiological, level. Previous researchers had relied the on L-Carnitine levels in domesticated dogs and cats as indicating the stable and optimum physiological levels.
  • the inventors set out to investigate the possibility of using a low-cost biological precursor of L-Carnitine as a dietary supplement for domesticated dogs and cats, to prevent diet-induced carnitine deficiency.
  • the invention is based on a study of L-Carnitine levels established and maintained in domesticated dogs and cats fed with a dietary supplement of ⁇ -butyrobetaine, from which study it was deduced that the conversion of ⁇ - butyrobetaine by the dog or cat is the rate limiting step, and not the removal of the ⁇ -butyrobetaine by the kidneys.
  • the invention provides a method for preventing diet- induced carnitine deficiency in a domesticated dog or cat, comprising the step of: administering daily to said dog or cat a prophylactic amount of ⁇ -butyrobetaine.
  • the ⁇ - butyrobetaine may be administered in the dog's or cat's drinking water or incorporated into the pet food.
  • the invention therefore also provides a . pet food composition for daily feeding to a dog or cat, said composition containing a prophylactic amount of ⁇ -butyrobetaine.
  • the appropriate prophylactic amount of ⁇ -butyrobetaine for incorporation into the pet food is preferably at least 1.0 gram of ⁇ -butyrobetaine per kilogram of mixture and advantageously from 1.0 to 5.0 grams of ⁇ -butyrobetaine per kilogram. Whether administered in the food or in the drinking water, the prophylactic amount is preferably sufficient to produce and maintain in the dog or cat a plasma total L-Carnitine concentration of at least 40 ⁇ M/liter of plasma.
  • sufficient ⁇ - butyrobetaine will be administered orally to the pet dog or cat to raise the serum L-Carnitine level to 40.0 ⁇ M/liter of plasma.
  • Administration can be accomplished in the manner described in WO89/10065 for L-Carnitine, but the amount of ⁇ -butyrobetaine needed for the same amount of rise in serum L-Carnitine will be greater. In practice, between 1 to 5 grams of ⁇ -butyrobetaine should be administered daily, with the preferred amount being between 3 and 4 grams of ⁇ -butyrobetaine.
  • ⁇ -butyrobetaine in lieu of L-Carnitine as a supplement provides a distinct economic advantage as the industrial preparation of ⁇ -butyrobetaine is less complicated and less expensive than the preparation of L- Carnitine.
  • the L-Carnitine preparation requires the optical antipode resolution of the racemic mixture which is unavoidably obtained in the chemical synthesis of carnitine, and this necessarily increases the complexity and the expense of the synthesis.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
  • Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Housing For Livestock And Birds (AREA)
  • Management, Administration, Business Operations System, And Electronic Commerce (AREA)

Abstract

A method is described for preventing diet-induced Carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats. A daily prophylactic amount of η-butyrobetaine is administered to the pet either as a dietary supplement in an amount of 1.0 to 5.0 grams of η-butyrobetaine per day, or η-butyrobetaine is provided as an additional ingredient to a commercial pet food in an amount of 1.0 to 5.0 grams of η-butyrobetaine per kilogram pet food.

Description

METHOD FOR PREVENTING DIET-INDUCED CARNITINE DEFICIENCY IN DOMESTICATED DOGS AND CATS
DESCRIPTION; General Field of the Invention:
The invention relates to the field of pet food compositions and more specifically to pet food enriched with L-Carnitine.
Background of the Invention:
L-Carnitine is a quaternary amine that promotes beta- oxidation of long-chain fatty acids by facilitating their transfer across the mitochondrial membrane. L-Carnitine has also been shown to promote oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and the utilization of acetyl-coenzyme A.
In mammalian species, L-Carnitine concentration in cardiac and skeletal muscle is much higher than in serum. In these tissues fatty acids are utilized as a major source of energy. Because of L-Carnitine1s central role in transporting fatty acids to the site of oxidation, adequate levels of L-Carnitine are required for normal fatty acid and energy metabolism in mammalian hearts. This is evi¬ denced by the restoration to normal of fatty acid oxidation in muscle homogenates of certain L-Carnitine deficient patients. A relationship between deficient levels of myocardial L-Carnitine and cardiomyopathy has been observed in both hamsters and dogs. Restoration toward normal of such deficient L-Carnitine levels has been shown to result in improved myocardial function in both species. In mammals, L-Carnitine is derived from the diet and from biosynthesis in the liver, and in some species, kidney and other tissues. Neither cardiac nor skeletal muscle is capable of synthesizing L-Carnitine, however. Thus, the L- Carnitine found in these tissues was either absorbed from the diet or biosynthesized endogenously by other tissues. Our International Patent Application published as O89/10065 is directed to a new use, in veterinary medicine for L-Carnitine and proposes a dietary supplement for domesticated dogs and cats, containing a prophylactic amount of L-Carnitine. The invention of WO89/10065 was based on the observation that dogs and cats were unable to maintain a stable and optimum level of L-Carnitine in the same way as other mammalian species studied. The majority of mammalian species reabsorb, in the kidney, L-Carnitine from the urine. Renal reabsorption permits a stable and optimum level of L-Carnitine to be maintained. Dogs and cats, however, did not have the ability of renal absorption to a sufficient degree, so that in the wild they were dependent on diet to replace L-Carnitine excreted in the urine and to maintain a stable and optimum physiological, level. Previous researchers had relied the on L-Carnitine levels in domesticated dogs and cats as indicating the stable and optimum physiological levels. The present inventors showed in W089/10065 that in comparison with the same species in the wild, domesticated dogs and cats tended to suffer from acute L-Carnitine deficiency. Studies have been made on the effectiveness of the biological precursors of L-Carnitine, e-N-trimethyl-L- lysine and γ-butyrobetaine, as nutritional additives in the feeding of human babies. (A.L. Olson & CJ. Rebouch, Amer." Inst. of Nutrition. 1987 February.). γ-butyrobetaine is a biological precursor of L-
Carnitine in the biosynthetic pathway of the latter compound. See Nutrition Reviews. Vol. 36, No. 10, pp.305- 309, 1978, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. γ-butyrobetaine has been used successfully to alleviate carnitine deficiency syndromes in humans as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,382,092 to Cavazza. Olson and Rebouche compared L-Carnitine excretion rates in rats and in human infants when fed comparable doses of dietary γ-butyrobetaine and e-N-trimethyl-L- lysine. They concluded that the γ-butyrobetaine was biologically converted to L-Carnitine in human infants at a limiting rate greater than that at which it was isolated
" by renal activity. Conversely, with e-N-trimethyl-L- lysine, the renal removal was the rate limiting step. In the absence of comparative tests on human adults, Olson and
Rebouche declined to draw any conclusions on the uniqueness of this pattern of renal behavior to human infants.
The inability of Olson and Rebouche to predict the renal activity of human adults from studies on human infants demonstrates the impossibility of extrapolating such results to other species, and particularly to species such as dogs and cats which have been shown to exhibit quite unique renal activity in the handling of L-Carnitine itself.
With the above background, the inventors set out to investigate the possibility of using a low-cost biological precursor of L-Carnitine as a dietary supplement for domesticated dogs and cats, to prevent diet-induced carnitine deficiency.
Summary of the Invention The invention is based on a study of L-Carnitine levels established and maintained in domesticated dogs and cats fed with a dietary supplement of γ-butyrobetaine, from which study it was deduced that the conversion of γ- butyrobetaine by the dog or cat is the rate limiting step, and not the removal of the γ-butyrobetaine by the kidneys. The invention provides a method for preventing diet- induced carnitine deficiency in a domesticated dog or cat, comprising the step of: administering daily to said dog or cat a prophylactic amount of γ-butyrobetaine. The γ- butyrobetaine may be administered in the dog's or cat's drinking water or incorporated into the pet food. The invention therefore also provides a. pet food composition for daily feeding to a dog or cat, said composition containing a prophylactic amount of γ-butyrobetaine.
The appropriate prophylactic amount of γ-butyrobetaine for incorporation into the pet food is preferably at least 1.0 gram of γ-butyrobetaine per kilogram of mixture and advantageously from 1.0 to 5.0 grams of γ-butyrobetaine per kilogram. Whether administered in the food or in the drinking water, the prophylactic amount is preferably sufficient to produce and maintain in the dog or cat a plasma total L-Carnitine concentration of at least 40 μM/liter of plasma.
Best Mode of Carrying Out the Invention:
Studies were made of the levels of serum L-Carnitine in dogs for a period following oral administration of 5 grams of γ-butyrobetaine. The blood serum level of L- Carnitine was found to rise markedly to a desirably high level within two hours of administration of the γ- butyrobetaine. Moreover, it was observed that the blood serum level of L-Carnitine was maintained at levels close to the initial peak level for at least six hours, indicating that secretion of the γ-butyrobetaine in the kidneys was not the rate limiting step in the biological utilization of the γ-butyrobetaine.
The results are shown in the Table below.
TABLE
Changes in serum L-Carnitine following oral administration of 5 grams of gamma-butyrobetaine. Amounts are given in μM/1.
Figure imgf000007_0001
Figure imgf000007_0002
Similar results were indicated from studies on cats.
In the preferred embodiment, sufficient γ- butyrobetaine will be administered orally to the pet dog or cat to raise the serum L-Carnitine level to 40.0 μM/liter of plasma. Administration can be accomplished in the manner described in WO89/10065 for L-Carnitine, but the amount of γ-butyrobetaine needed for the same amount of rise in serum L-Carnitine will be greater. In practice, between 1 to 5 grams of γ-butyrobetaine should be administered daily, with the preferred amount being between 3 and 4 grams of γ-butyrobetaine.
The use of γ-butyrobetaine in lieu of L-Carnitine as a supplement provides a distinct economic advantage as the industrial preparation of γ-butyrobetaine is less complicated and less expensive than the preparation of L- Carnitine. The L-Carnitine preparation requires the optical antipode resolution of the racemic mixture which is unavoidably obtained in the chemical synthesis of carnitine, and this necessarily increases the complexity and the expense of the synthesis.

Claims

CLAIMS The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. A method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in a domesticated dog or cat, comprising the step of: administering daily to said dog or cat a prophylactic amount of γ-butyrobetaine.
2. A method as described in claim 1, wherein said γ- butyrobetaine is administered by adding said prophylactic amount of γ-butyrobetaine to said dog or cat's pet food so as to form a mixture and daily feeding said mixture to said dog or cat.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said mixture has a γ-butyrobetaine concentration of at least 1.0 gram γ-butyrobetaine per kilogram of mixture.
4. A method as described in claim 1, wherein said L-Carnitine is administered by dissolving said prophylactic amount of γ-butyrobetaine in water so as to form a solution and feeding said solution to said dog or cat.
5. A method as claimed in claim 4, wherein said solution has a γ-butyrobetaine concentration of at least 1.0 gram γ-butyrobetaine per liter of solution.
6. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said prophylactic amount is an amount sufficient to produce and maintain in said dog or cat a plasma total carnitine concentration of at least 40.0 μM/liter of plasma.
7. A method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in a domesticated dog or cat comprising the steps of: mixing a sufficient amount of γ-butyrobetaine with said dog or cat's food so as to form a mixture having a γ-butyrobetaine concentration of at least 1.0 gram per kilogram of mixture; and feeding daily said mixture to said dog or cat.
8. A pet food composition for daily feeding to a dog or cat, said composition containing a prophylactic amount of γ-butyrobetaine.
9. A pet food composition as claimed in claim 8 wherein said γ-butyrobetaine is in an amount from 1.0 to 5.0 grams per kilogram of pet food.
10. A pet food composition as claimed in claim 9, wherein said γ-butyrobetaine is in an amount of from 3.0 to
4.0 grams per kilogram of pet food.
11. γ-butyrobetaine for feeding to a domesticated dog or cat in a prophylactic amount to prevent diet-induced L- Carnitine deficiency.
12. A dietary supplement for a domesticated dog or cat, containing γ-butyrobetaine for feeding to the dog or cat in measured prophylactic amounts.
PCT/US1990/006976 1989-11-27 1990-11-27 Method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats Ceased WO1991007880A1 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE69009176T DE69009176T2 (en) 1989-11-27 1990-11-27 NEW USE OF GAMMA BUTYROBETAIN TO AVOID THE DIET OF CARNITINE DEFICIENCY IN DOMESTIC DOGS AND CATS.
EP91904406A EP0455808B1 (en) 1989-11-27 1990-11-27 New use of gamma butyrobetaine for preventing diet induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats
CA002045597A CA2045597C (en) 1989-11-27 1990-11-27 Method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats
AU73227/91A AU644634B2 (en) 1989-11-27 1990-11-27 Method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats
NO91912897A NO912897L (en) 1989-11-27 1991-07-25 PROCEDURE FOR AA DISABLED CUSTOMER-RELATED CARNITIN FAILURE FOR HOUSE CATS AND DOGS.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US441,110 1989-11-27
US07/441,110 US5030458A (en) 1989-11-27 1989-11-27 Method for preventing diet-induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats

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EP (1) EP0455808B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH04505400A (en)
AT (1) ATE105997T1 (en)
AU (1) AU644634B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2045597C (en)
DE (1) DE69009176T2 (en)
DK (1) DK0455808T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2054492T3 (en)
NO (1) NO912897L (en)
WO (1) WO1991007880A1 (en)

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US4883672A (en) * 1988-04-29 1989-11-28 Shug Austin L Method for preventing diet induced carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats
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EP0455808B1 (en) 1994-05-25
US5030458A (en) 1991-07-09
EP0455808A1 (en) 1991-11-13
NO912897L (en) 1991-09-18
NO912897D0 (en) 1991-07-25
CA2045597C (en) 2002-01-22
ES2054492T3 (en) 1994-08-01
CA2045597A1 (en) 1991-05-28
DK0455808T3 (en) 1994-06-20
DE69009176D1 (en) 1994-06-30
JPH04505400A (en) 1992-09-24
EP0455808A4 (en) 1991-11-21
ATE105997T1 (en) 1994-06-15
AU644634B2 (en) 1993-12-16
DE69009176T2 (en) 1994-09-08
AU7322791A (en) 1991-06-26

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