WO1991010582A1 - Structural beam - Google Patents

Structural beam Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1991010582A1
WO1991010582A1 PCT/NO1991/000002 NO9100002W WO9110582A1 WO 1991010582 A1 WO1991010582 A1 WO 1991010582A1 NO 9100002 W NO9100002 W NO 9100002W WO 9110582 A1 WO9110582 A1 WO 9110582A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
shape
deformation
hollow shape
planes
wall thickness
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/NO1991/000002
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Edvin List Clausen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Yara Technology BV
Norsk Hydro ASA
Original Assignee
Norsk Hydro Technology BV
Norsk Hydro ASA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Norsk Hydro Technology BV, Norsk Hydro ASA filed Critical Norsk Hydro Technology BV
Priority to US07/867,701 priority Critical patent/US5540016A/en
Priority to KR1019920701615A priority patent/KR920703380A/en
Priority to DE69103257T priority patent/DE69103257T2/en
Priority to EP91902290A priority patent/EP0510060B1/en
Publication of WO1991010582A1 publication Critical patent/WO1991010582A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
    • B62D25/00—Superstructure or monocoque structure sub-units; Parts or details thereof not otherwise provided for
    • B62D25/02—Side panels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
    • B60J5/00—Doors
    • B60J5/04—Doors arranged at the vehicle sides
    • B60J5/042—Reinforcement elements
    • B60J5/0422—Elongated type elements, e.g. beams, cables, belts or wires
    • B60J5/0438—Elongated type elements, e.g. beams, cables, belts or wires characterised by the type of elongated elements
    • B60J5/0443—Beams
    • B60J5/0444—Beams characterised by a special cross section
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
    • B62D21/00—Understructures, i.e. chassis frame on which a vehicle body may be mounted
    • B62D21/15—Understructures, i.e. chassis frame on which a vehicle body may be mounted having impact absorbing means, e.g. a frame designed to permanently or temporarily change shape or dimension upon impact with another body

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a beam applied as reinforcement of a vehicle body, in impact structures or the like, and more particularly to structural beams comprising a hollow shape having parallel deformation planes orientated perpendicularly to the load exposure.
  • Such beams are applied e.g. in car doors as protection for vehicle occupants against side collision. Apart from the request to absorb the applied impact energy the beam should also be as light as possible in order to avoid an unnecessary increase in the vehicle body weight. German laid open application number DE 3606024 describes a beam of this type being dimensioned over its whole length to absorb the actual maximal load. Consequently, the provided beams do not comply with the request regarding an optimal strength/weight relation.
  • DE 380724 it is known to resolve the above problem by provision of a composed beam where one or more additional comple ⁇ mentary shapes are connected to the hollow shape along the actual area being exposed to the load.
  • DE 3826958 shows a composed beam consisting of two spot welded shapes being locally reinforced by means of outwardly or inwardly positioned and fastened additional shapes. Rather complicated solutions are presented in both the above cases, where the application of additional shapes results in extra working and increased manufacturing costs.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a weight optimized beam exhibiting a variable deformation resistance along its length without requirement for supplemental reinforcing elements or need of extensive working/machining of the beam.
  • a beam comprising an integral, unitary extruded hollow shape having parallel deformation surfaces exhibiting a variable wall thickness along their longitudinal extension.
  • the hollow shape is extruded having a rectangular cross- section configuration with two parallelly extending planes arranged perpendicularly to the load with a wall thickness gradually increasing from both sides of the shape towards a central deforma ⁇ tion zone characterized by a maximal wall thickness.
  • the central zone of the deformation plane on the predicted load side may be delimited against its end portions (rand zones) by laterally extending grooves to ensure a controlled folding of the shape.
  • Fig. 1 shows schematically the hollow shape in a longitudinal cross-section
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a cross-section of the hollow shape taken along line A-A in Fig. 1.
  • the hollow shape 1 shown in the Figures has a substantially rectangular cross-section extruded with two plane parallelly extending planes or walls 2,3. These planes exhibit a gradually increasing wall thickness from the respective shape ends 4,5 towards central deformation zones 6,7 characterized by maximal wall thickness being dimensioned according to the expected load.
  • the hollow shape having the desired longitudinal contour and wall thickness is provided ready to use in one simple extrusion operation without any need for following machining, removal of the excess material or similar operations. This can be done e.g. by means of a radially movable tool attached to the orifice of conventional extrusion dies, the tool being periodically lowered at predeterminated intervals and amplitudes to restrict the material flow and thus variate the wall thickness of the provided shape.
  • the deformation plane (surface) facing the load impact marked by F on Figure 1 is furthermore provided with two laterally and parallelly extending grooves or rills 8 which limit the deformation zone against the rand zones of the plane surface.
  • This weakening of the wall thickness by means of grooves ensures that a controlled folding of the hollow shape will be achieved in a defined area on the deformation plane during energy absorption e.g. at a vehicle collision.
  • the hollow shape is preferentially provided as an extruded aluminium shape of a high strength Al-alloy.
  • the shown rectangular configuration of the beam shape is only one of possible embodiments.
  • a hollow shape having e.g. flat oval or polygonal cross-section extruded in accordance with the invention having a variable wall thickness increasing from the shape ends towards a central deformation zone of the deformation planes can also be an actual shape configuration.
  • the obvious advantages of the beam according to the invention is the possibility to achieve an optimal strength/weight ratio within a given space, a minimal working/machining and controlled develop ⁇ ment of shape folding with predicted localization of deformation zones.
  • the beam offers also a gliding, smooth surface, something which is advantageous for its adapting to other parts of the vehicle body.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Thin Film Transistor (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)

Abstract

Beam for reinforcement of vehicle bodies is extruded as a hollow shape (1) having plane parallel deformation planes (2, 3) of variable wall thickness along its length. Two laterally extending grooves (8) define a deformation zone (6) having a maximal wall thickness allowing for a controlled folding of the shape.

Description

/ /
Structural beam
The present invention relates to a beam applied as reinforcement of a vehicle body, in impact structures or the like, and more particularly to structural beams comprising a hollow shape having parallel deformation planes orientated perpendicularly to the load exposure.
Such beams are applied e.g. in car doors as protection for vehicle occupants against side collision. Apart from the request to absorb the applied impact energy the beam should also be as light as possible in order to avoid an unnecessary increase in the vehicle body weight. German laid open application number DE 3606024 describes a beam of this type being dimensioned over its whole length to absorb the actual maximal load. Consequently, the provided beams do not comply with the request regarding an optimal strength/weight relation.
From DE 380724 it is known to resolve the above problem by provision of a composed beam where one or more additional comple¬ mentary shapes are connected to the hollow shape along the actual area being exposed to the load. DE 3826958 shows a composed beam consisting of two spot welded shapes being locally reinforced by means of outwardly or inwardly positioned and fastened additional shapes. Rather complicated solutions are presented in both the above cases, where the application of additional shapes results in extra working and increased manufacturing costs. The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a weight optimized beam exhibiting a variable deformation resistance along its length without requirement for supplemental reinforcing elements or need of extensive working/machining of the beam.
This object is achieved according to the invention by provision of a beam comprising an integral, unitary extruded hollow shape having parallel deformation surfaces exhibiting a variable wall thickness along their longitudinal extension. According to its preferred embodiment the hollow shape is extruded having a rectangular cross- section configuration with two parallelly extending planes arranged perpendicularly to the load with a wall thickness gradually increasing from both sides of the shape towards a central deforma¬ tion zone characterized by a maximal wall thickness. The central zone of the deformation plane on the predicted load side may be delimited against its end portions (rand zones) by laterally extending grooves to ensure a controlled folding of the shape.
The invention will in the following be described in more details referring to the accompanying drawings, Figs. 1-2, where
Fig. 1 shows schematically the hollow shape in a longitudinal cross-section, and
Fig. 2 illustrates a cross-section of the hollow shape taken along line A-A in Fig. 1.
The hollow shape 1 shown in the Figures has a substantially rectangular cross-section extruded with two plane parallelly extending planes or walls 2,3. These planes exhibit a gradually increasing wall thickness from the respective shape ends 4,5 towards central deformation zones 6,7 characterized by maximal wall thickness being dimensioned according to the expected load. The hollow shape having the desired longitudinal contour and wall thickness is provided ready to use in one simple extrusion operation without any need for following machining, removal of the excess material or similar operations. This can be done e.g. by means of a radially movable tool attached to the orifice of conventional extrusion dies, the tool being periodically lowered at predeterminated intervals and amplitudes to restrict the material flow and thus variate the wall thickness of the provided shape.
The deformation plane (surface) facing the load impact marked by F on Figure 1, is furthermore provided with two laterally and parallelly extending grooves or rills 8 which limit the deformation zone against the rand zones of the plane surface. This weakening of the wall thickness by means of grooves ensures that a controlled folding of the hollow shape will be achieved in a defined area on the deformation plane during energy absorption e.g. at a vehicle collision.
The hollow shape is preferentially provided as an extruded aluminium shape of a high strength Al-alloy.
The shown rectangular configuration of the beam shape is only one of possible embodiments. A hollow shape having e.g. flat oval or polygonal cross-section extruded in accordance with the invention having a variable wall thickness increasing from the shape ends towards a central deformation zone of the deformation planes can also be an actual shape configuration. The obvious advantages of the beam according to the invention is the possibility to achieve an optimal strength/weight ratio within a given space, a minimal working/machining and controlled develop¬ ment of shape folding with predicted localization of deformation zones. The beam offers also a gliding, smooth surface, something which is advantageous for its adapting to other parts of the vehicle body.

Claims

Claims
A beam for reinforcement of vehicle bodies, impact structures or the like comprising a hollow shape (1) having substantially parallel deformation planes, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n t h a t the hollow shape (1) is an integral, unitary extruded shape exhibiting a variable wall thick¬ ness over its length at least along one of the deformation planes (2,3) orientated perpen¬ dicularly to the expected load exposure.
The beam according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n t h a t the hollow shape (1) has substantially rectan¬ gular cross-section having two parallel longi¬ tudinally extending deformation planes (2,3) exhibiting maximal thickness at their middle zones (6,7) .
The beam according to claim 1 or 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n t h a t one of the deformation planes (2,3) is provided with one or more laterally extending grooves (8) locally weakening the wall thickness and defin¬ ing a limited deformation zone for a controlled folding of the shape.
The beam according to claim 1, 2 or 3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n t h a t the hollow shape is extruded of aluminium or aluminium alloy.
PCT/NO1991/000002 1990-01-09 1991-01-07 Structural beam Ceased WO1991010582A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/867,701 US5540016A (en) 1990-01-09 1991-01-07 Structural beam
KR1019920701615A KR920703380A (en) 1990-01-09 1991-01-07 Structure beam
DE69103257T DE69103257T2 (en) 1990-01-09 1991-01-07 STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.
EP91902290A EP0510060B1 (en) 1990-01-09 1991-01-07 Structural beam

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO900109 1990-01-09
NO900109A NO168517C (en) 1990-01-09 1990-01-09 BEAM.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1991010582A1 true WO1991010582A1 (en) 1991-07-25

Family

ID=19892768

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/NO1991/000002 Ceased WO1991010582A1 (en) 1990-01-09 1991-01-07 Structural beam

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US5540016A (en)
EP (1) EP0510060B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH05503053A (en)
KR (1) KR920703380A (en)
AT (1) ATE109411T1 (en)
DE (1) DE69103257T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2061231T3 (en)
NO (1) NO168517C (en)
WO (1) WO1991010582A1 (en)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1993004897A1 (en) * 1991-09-06 1993-03-18 Norsk Hydro A.S Structural beam and the method of manufacturing such a beam
WO1994020322A1 (en) * 1993-03-04 1994-09-15 Norsk Hydro A.S. Reinforcing impact beam and a wall portion of a vehicle having at least one impact beam
NL1000942C2 (en) * 1995-08-07 1997-02-11 Reynolds Aluminium Bv Absorption element with crumple zone for absorbing impact energy, and vehicle provided with such an absorption element.
NL1000943C2 (en) * 1995-08-07 1997-02-11 Reynolds Aluminium Bv Energy absorption mechanism for vehicle bumper
WO2003082655A1 (en) * 2002-03-30 2003-10-09 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Crossbeam between two lateral edge zones of a vehicle structure
CN104691464A (en) * 2015-03-10 2015-06-10 东北大学 Vehicular longitudinal metal energy absorbing box with variable wall thickness and preparation method thereof
FR3035172A1 (en) * 2015-04-20 2016-10-21 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa EXTRUDED REINFORCING BEAM WITH PROGRAMMED DEFORMATION
WO2023057890A1 (en) * 2021-10-07 2023-04-13 Tata Steel Limited Side intrusion beam

Families Citing this family (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6099071A (en) * 1997-09-02 2000-08-08 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Hollow frame member of aluminum alloy for vehicle body frame
NO985846L (en) * 1998-12-14 2000-06-15 Norsk Hydro As Procedure for producing elements
EP1125798B1 (en) * 2000-02-17 2006-05-03 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho Stiffener assembly for bumper and bumper stay
US6454884B1 (en) 2000-06-12 2002-09-24 Pullman Industries, Inc. Method of manufacturing a vehicle structural beam
DE10112657A1 (en) * 2001-03-16 2002-09-26 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Motor vehicle with at least one hinged hood, in particular engine compartment and / or luggage compartment lid
US6722037B2 (en) 2001-12-06 2004-04-20 Shape Corporation Variable thickness tubular doorbeam
SE523371C2 (en) * 2001-08-31 2004-04-13 Accra Teknik Ab Beam
US6644701B2 (en) 2002-01-14 2003-11-11 Shape Corporation Bumper energy absorber with foam and non-foam pieces
US6672635B2 (en) * 2002-06-06 2004-01-06 Netshape Corporation Bumper with integrated foam and non-foam components
US6983984B2 (en) * 2003-01-21 2006-01-10 Norco Industries, Inc. Roof bow
USD489650S1 (en) 2003-01-21 2004-05-11 Norco Industries, Inc. Curved roof bow
DE10335666A1 (en) * 2003-08-04 2005-04-14 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Compression/tension strut for vehicle body is in one piece and consists of at least two sections with different wall thicknesses in axial direction with continuous transition region between sections
DE102004008301B4 (en) * 2004-02-20 2006-04-06 Daimlerchrysler Ag profile component
JP5106775B2 (en) * 2005-01-06 2012-12-26 日産自動車株式会社 Vehicle energy absorbing member and door guard beam using the same
JP3961546B2 (en) * 2005-12-06 2007-08-22 株式会社神戸製鋼所 Extruded hollow section molding apparatus and molding method
US7740306B2 (en) * 2006-07-26 2010-06-22 Utilicorp L.C. Stiffeners for utility trailer structural panels
EP2269856B8 (en) * 2009-06-25 2013-11-13 TB&C Outsert Center GmbH Structure-reinforcing moulded element for an air deflector of a motor vehicle
US9021703B2 (en) 2010-10-15 2015-05-05 Norco Industries, Inc. Method of manufacturing a roof bow
USD650723S1 (en) 2010-10-15 2011-12-20 Norco Industries, Inc. Roof bow
CN103921655A (en) * 2014-04-03 2014-07-16 江苏大学 Car door anti-collision beam
DE102016101158B3 (en) * 2016-01-22 2017-06-08 Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh Method for producing a longitudinal member
DE102016101150A1 (en) * 2016-01-22 2017-07-27 Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh Impact beam and method for producing an impact beam
DE102016206642A1 (en) * 2016-04-20 2017-10-26 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft structural component
US10099541B2 (en) 2016-11-21 2018-10-16 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Vehicle door reinforcing beam

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3606024A1 (en) * 1986-02-25 1987-08-27 Aluminium Walzwerke Singen VEHICLE DOOR WITH IMPACT PROFILE
EP0267895A2 (en) * 1986-11-10 1988-05-18 Austria Metall Aktiengesellschaft Profil girder, particularly ram protection girder for side doors and walls of motor vehicle bodies
DE3709489C1 (en) * 1987-03-25 1988-07-14 Aluminium Walzwerke Singen Impact carriers for vehicle doors, in particular for doors of passenger cars
DE3826958A1 (en) * 1987-08-19 1989-03-02 Volkswagen Ag Equipment-space-side longitudinal member (side member) of a motor vehicle
EP0330759A2 (en) * 1988-03-02 1989-09-06 VAW Aluminium AG Bending beam for a door-stiffening rib, bumper, stiffening rib for a superstructure or the like
EP0390769A1 (en) * 1989-03-30 1990-10-03 Austria Metall Aktiengesellschaft Shock beam for doors and side panels of superstructures of motor vehicles

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US1574563A (en) * 1921-09-06 1926-02-23 Albert W Heinle Metallic structure and structural unit
US4288398A (en) * 1973-06-22 1981-09-08 Lemelson Jerome H Apparatus and method for controlling the internal structure of matter
US4155756A (en) * 1976-03-10 1979-05-22 Societe De Vente De L'aluminium Pechiney Hollow bodies produced by powder extrusion of aluminum-silicon alloys
FR2456783A1 (en) * 1979-05-16 1980-12-12 Cegedur COMPOSITE HOLLOW BODY AND MANUFACTURING METHOD
SE446640B (en) * 1983-04-08 1986-09-29 Lars Svensson POST consisting of a weakened metal bearing profile made of metal
US4708390A (en) * 1985-11-15 1987-11-24 Benteler Corporation Laser contour cut door beams
US5046777A (en) * 1990-04-23 1991-09-10 Austria Metall Aktiengesellschaft Impact girder in an automobile wall assembly with intentional buckling of edge portions
JPH0463720A (en) * 1990-07-03 1992-02-28 Masanobu Nakamura Shock absorbing material for car body
DE4133144A1 (en) * 1990-10-04 1992-04-09 Mannesmann Ag IMPACT CARRIER

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3606024A1 (en) * 1986-02-25 1987-08-27 Aluminium Walzwerke Singen VEHICLE DOOR WITH IMPACT PROFILE
EP0267895A2 (en) * 1986-11-10 1988-05-18 Austria Metall Aktiengesellschaft Profil girder, particularly ram protection girder for side doors and walls of motor vehicle bodies
DE3709489C1 (en) * 1987-03-25 1988-07-14 Aluminium Walzwerke Singen Impact carriers for vehicle doors, in particular for doors of passenger cars
DE3826958A1 (en) * 1987-08-19 1989-03-02 Volkswagen Ag Equipment-space-side longitudinal member (side member) of a motor vehicle
EP0330759A2 (en) * 1988-03-02 1989-09-06 VAW Aluminium AG Bending beam for a door-stiffening rib, bumper, stiffening rib for a superstructure or the like
EP0390769A1 (en) * 1989-03-30 1990-10-03 Austria Metall Aktiengesellschaft Shock beam for doors and side panels of superstructures of motor vehicles

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1993004897A1 (en) * 1991-09-06 1993-03-18 Norsk Hydro A.S Structural beam and the method of manufacturing such a beam
US5577796A (en) * 1991-09-06 1996-11-26 Norsk Hydro A.S. Structural beam and method of manufacture thereof
WO1994020322A1 (en) * 1993-03-04 1994-09-15 Norsk Hydro A.S. Reinforcing impact beam and a wall portion of a vehicle having at least one impact beam
NL1000942C2 (en) * 1995-08-07 1997-02-11 Reynolds Aluminium Bv Absorption element with crumple zone for absorbing impact energy, and vehicle provided with such an absorption element.
NL1000943C2 (en) * 1995-08-07 1997-02-11 Reynolds Aluminium Bv Energy absorption mechanism for vehicle bumper
EP1772354A3 (en) * 2002-03-30 2007-05-02 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Crossbeam between two sides of a vehicle structure
WO2003082655A1 (en) * 2002-03-30 2003-10-09 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Crossbeam between two lateral edge zones of a vehicle structure
CN104691464A (en) * 2015-03-10 2015-06-10 东北大学 Vehicular longitudinal metal energy absorbing box with variable wall thickness and preparation method thereof
FR3035172A1 (en) * 2015-04-20 2016-10-21 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa EXTRUDED REINFORCING BEAM WITH PROGRAMMED DEFORMATION
WO2016169794A1 (en) * 2015-04-20 2016-10-27 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa Extruded reinforcement beam having programmed deformation
CN107921850A (en) * 2015-04-20 2018-04-17 标致雪铁龙汽车股份有限公司 Compressed reinforced beam capable of programmatic deformation
US10457123B2 (en) 2015-04-20 2019-10-29 Psa Automobiles Sa Extruded reinforcement beam having programmed deformation
CN107921850B (en) * 2015-04-20 2021-07-27 标致雪铁龙汽车股份有限公司 Pressed reinforced beams capable of programmed deformation
WO2023057890A1 (en) * 2021-10-07 2023-04-13 Tata Steel Limited Side intrusion beam

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69103257D1 (en) 1994-09-08
DE69103257T2 (en) 1995-03-23
JPH05503053A (en) 1993-05-27
EP0510060A1 (en) 1992-10-28
NO900109L (en) 1991-07-10
NO900109D0 (en) 1990-01-09
ES2061231T3 (en) 1994-12-01
US5540016A (en) 1996-07-30
NO168517C (en) 1992-03-04
NO168517B (en) 1991-11-25
ATE109411T1 (en) 1994-08-15
EP0510060B1 (en) 1994-08-03
KR920703380A (en) 1992-12-17

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