WO1995016148A1 - Drum brake with cam operated parking brake lever - Google Patents
Drum brake with cam operated parking brake lever Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1995016148A1 WO1995016148A1 PCT/US1994/013658 US9413658W WO9516148A1 WO 1995016148 A1 WO1995016148 A1 WO 1995016148A1 US 9413658 W US9413658 W US 9413658W WO 9516148 A1 WO9516148 A1 WO 9516148A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- parking brake
- cam mechanism
- backing plate
- drum brake
- brake
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D65/00—Parts or details
- F16D65/14—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position
- F16D65/16—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position arranged in or on the brake
- F16D65/22—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position arranged in or on the brake adapted for pressing members apart, e.g. for drum brakes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D2125/00—Components of actuators
- F16D2125/18—Mechanical mechanisms
- F16D2125/58—Mechanical mechanisms transmitting linear movement
- F16D2125/60—Cables or chains, e.g. Bowden cables
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D2125/00—Components of actuators
- F16D2125/18—Mechanical mechanisms
- F16D2125/58—Mechanical mechanisms transmitting linear movement
- F16D2125/64—Levers
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to a drum brake having a parking brake lever, and in particular to a parking brake lever displaced by a cam mechanism attached pivotally to the backing plate.
- Drum brakes have been utilized on vehicles for decades. With the advent of front wheel disc brakes, drum brakes have been relegated to braking of the rear wheels, and if rear disc brakes are utilized for service braking, an associated drum brake could be utilized for a parking brake application. In drum brakes that are utilized for both service and parking brake applications, it is typical for the drum brake to include a parking brake lever attached pivotally to one drum brake shoe and engaging a strut or wear adjuster while an opposite end of the parking brake lever is connected with the parking brake cable.
- the parking brake cables, foot or hand controls, brackets and other hardware associated with the parking brake system can be downsized so that they weigh less and cost less. Additionally, if the parking brake cable load can be reduced ⁇ and a shorter cable travel provided while the parking application force effected by the drum brake shoes is increased via the parking brake lever, the drum brake could utilize lining material having a lower static coefficient of friction. Because a greater parking load is effected by the drum brake, the lower static coefficient of friction linings may be utilized and this further reduces cost. It is highly desirable that such improvements be provided without making major design changes in the drum brake.
- a drum brake comprising a backing plate supporting actuation means for a pair of drum brake shoes, the actuation means disposed between a first pair of brake shoe ends, a second pair of brake shoe ends engaging abutment means, a parking brake lever connected with one of said drum brake shoes and engaging strut means extending between the first pair of brake shoe ends, a cam mechanism attached pivotally to the backing plate adjacent the abutment means and extending transversely to said backing plate, the backing plate having an opening through which extends cable means connected with said cam mechanism, and attachment means extending from said cam mechanism to an associated end of the parking brake lever, such that displacement of said cable means effects rotatable displacement of the cam mechanism and displacement of the attachment means and parking brake lever wherein the end of the parking brake lever travels a greater distance than a displacement distance of said cable means.
- Figure 1 is a view of a drum brake utilizing therein the present invention
- Figure 2 is a section view taken along view line 2-2 of Figure 1;
- Figure 3 is a section view taken along view line 3-3 of Figure 1;
- Figure 4 is a partial exploded view of the cam mechanism of the present invention.
- Drum brake 10 includes a pair of drum brake shoes 12, 14 mounted on backing plate 11.
- Drum brake shoes 12 and 14 have a first pair of drum brake shoe ends 16 and 18 engaging wheel cylinder or actuation means 20.
- the first pair of drum brake shoe ends 16 and 18 have strut member or wear adjuster 30 extending therebetween with one end 31 of the strut also engaging parking brake lever 40 connected pivotally at pivot pin 41 with the web of brake shoe 14.
- the opposite end 42 of parking brake lever 40 is connected with a short cable or attachment means 70 connected with cam mechanism 50.
- Backing plate 11 includes axial extension 13 (see Figure 2) having attached thereto anchor block 15 and brake shoe retainer 17 by means of rivets 19.
- a second pair of drum brake shoe ends 22 and 24 engage anchor block 15 and are retained axially in place by shoe retainer 17.
- cam mechanism 50 is attached pivotally to backing plate 11 by pivot pin 51.
- Pivot pin 51 has reduced diameter flat portion 53 such that when pin 51 is received within backing plate recess 23 and anchor block 15 and shoe retainer 17 are connected to the backing plate by rivets 19, pin 51 is captured,within recess 23.
- Cam member 55 includes a pair of oppositely disposed peripheral flanges 57 extending around a portion of the periphery of the mechanism, an opening 58 receiving pin 51, a first grooved inlet or slot 59, and a second grooved inlet or slot 61.
- the short cable or attachment means 70 extends between slot 61 and end 42 of parking brake lever 40.
- Parking brake cable 72 is received within grooved inlet or slot 59 and extends into parking brake plug 75 received within backing plate cable opening 25.
- Cam member 55 includes peripheral cable reception groove 63 formed ' between flanges 57. Groove 63 terminates near second grooved inlet or slot 59 so that cable 72 may extend between and through flanges 57.
- Drum brake 10 provides a service brake application by hydraulic actuation of wheel cylinder or actuation means 20 which moves drum brake shoes 12 and 14 outwardly into engagement with a rotating drum.
- a parking brake application is effected by the vehicle operator operating a not shown foot or hand brake control which displaces parking brake cable 72 that effects rotation of cam member 55 in the direction A illustrated in Figure 3.
- Displacement of parking brake lever 42 about pivot pin 41 causes displacement of strut member 30 and drum brake shoe 12, and by reaction, drum brake shoe 14 so that each extends outwardly and engages the drum to effect a parking brake application.
- cam member 55 Because of the shape of cam member 55, it is foreseen that a 13.3 millimeter travel of the parking brake cable 72 will produce a 20 millimeter travel of the short cable 70 and parking brake lever end 42. As cam member 55 is rotated, short cable 70 is received within reception groove 63 so that it wraps around a portion of cam member 55. At the end of the travel of parking brake cable 72 and short cable 70, there is. a one-to-one ratio so that the parking brake cable load is equalized with that of the load at the end of the parking brake lever, the load at the end of the parking brake lever having previously been effected as a result of the high camming ratio.
- Cam mechanism 50 of the present invention will effect a greater parking brake load application by the parking brake lever even though there would be a lesser amount of parking brake cable travel.
- the parking brake cables, foot or hand control, and brackets and other hardware associated with the parking brake system can be downsized because less force must be effected by those components. The result can be a significant cost saving.
- a lining material having a low static coefficient of friction may be utilized, such friction material being more readily available and less costly.
- the present invention can be easily incorporated into non-servo floating shoe drum brakes without requiring any major design changes.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
Abstract
The drum brake (10) comprises a backing plate (11) having an anchor block (15) and shoe retainer (17) attached thereto, a parking brake lever (40) connected with one (14) of a pair of drum brake shoes (12, 14), a first pair of drum brake shoe ends (16, 18) engaging an actuation mechanism (20) and a second pair of drum brake shoe ends (22, 24) engaging the anchor block (15). A cam mechanism (50) is attached pivotally to the backing plate (11) and extends transversely relative to the plane of the backing plate (11). A parking brake cable (72) extends through an opening (25) in the backing plate (11) and is connected with the cam mechanism (50) and a second, shorter cable (70) extends between the cam mechanism (50) and an end (42) of the parking brake lever (40). Retraction of the parking brake cable (72) effects a greater displacement of the shorter cable (70) and parking brake lever (40) to effect a parking brake application.
Description
DRUM BRAKE WITH CAM OPERATED PARKING BRAKE LEVER
The present invention relates generally to a drum brake having a parking brake lever, and in particular to a parking brake lever displaced by a cam mechanism attached pivotally to the backing plate. Drum brakes have been utilized on vehicles for decades. With the advent of front wheel disc brakes, drum brakes have been relegated to braking of the rear wheels, and if rear disc brakes are utilized for service braking, an associated drum brake could be utilized for a parking brake application. In drum brakes that are utilized for both service and parking brake applications, it is typical for the drum brake to include a parking brake lever attached pivotally to one drum brake shoe and engaging a strut or wear adjuster while an opposite end of the parking brake lever is connected with the parking brake cable. It is highly desirable to reduce the amount of parking brake cable load required for actuation of the parking brake. By reducing the parking brake cable load, the parking brake cables, foot or hand controls, brackets and other hardware associated with the parking brake system can be downsized so that they weigh less and cost less. Additionally, if the parking brake cable load can be reduced■ and a shorter cable travel provided while the parking application force effected by the drum brake shoes is increased via the parking brake lever, the drum brake could utilize lining material having a lower static coefficient of friction. Because a greater parking load is effected by the drum brake, the lower static coefficient of friction linings may be utilized and this further reduces cost. It is highly desirable that such improvements be provided without making major design changes in the drum brake.
The present invention provides solutions to the above by providing a drum brake, comprising a backing plate supporting actuation means for a pair of drum brake
shoes, the actuation means disposed between a first pair of brake shoe ends, a second pair of brake shoe ends engaging abutment means, a parking brake lever connected with one of said drum brake shoes and engaging strut means extending between the first pair of brake shoe ends, a cam mechanism attached pivotally to the backing plate adjacent the abutment means and extending transversely to said backing plate, the backing plate having an opening through which extends cable means connected with said cam mechanism, and attachment means extending from said cam mechanism to an associated end of the parking brake lever, such that displacement of said cable means effects rotatable displacement of the cam mechanism and displacement of the attachment means and parking brake lever wherein the end of the parking brake lever travels a greater distance than a displacement distance of said cable means.
One way of carrying out the invention is described in detail below with reference to the drawings which illustrate a specific embodiment in which:
Figure 1 is a view of a drum brake utilizing therein the present invention;
Figure 2 is a section view taken along view line 2-2 of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a section view taken along view line 3-3 of Figure 1; and
Figure 4 is a partial exploded view of the cam mechanism of the present invention.
A drum brake utilizing the present invention is designated generally by reference numeral 10 in Figure 1. Drum brake 10 includes a pair of drum brake shoes 12, 14 mounted on backing plate 11. Drum brake shoes 12 and 14 have a first pair of drum brake shoe ends 16 and 18 engaging wheel cylinder or actuation means 20. The first pair of drum brake shoe ends 16 and 18 have strut member or wear adjuster 30 extending therebetween with one end 31 of the strut also engaging parking brake lever 40 connected pivotally at pivot pin 41 with the web of brake
shoe 14. The opposite end 42 of parking brake lever 40 is connected with a short cable or attachment means 70 connected with cam mechanism 50. Backing plate 11 includes axial extension 13 (see Figure 2) having attached thereto anchor block 15 and brake shoe retainer 17 by means of rivets 19. A second pair of drum brake shoe ends 22 and 24 engage anchor block 15 and are retained axially in place by shoe retainer 17.
As illustrated in Figures 1-4, cam mechanism 50 is attached pivotally to backing plate 11 by pivot pin 51. Pivot pin 51 has reduced diameter flat portion 53 such that when pin 51 is received within backing plate recess 23 and anchor block 15 and shoe retainer 17 are connected to the backing plate by rivets 19, pin 51 is captured,within recess 23. Cam member 55 includes a pair of oppositely disposed peripheral flanges 57 extending around a portion of the periphery of the mechanism, an opening 58 receiving pin 51, a first grooved inlet or slot 59, and a second grooved inlet or slot 61. The short cable or attachment means 70 extends between slot 61 and end 42 of parking brake lever 40. Parking brake cable 72 is received within grooved inlet or slot 59 and extends into parking brake plug 75 received within backing plate cable opening 25. Cam member 55 includes peripheral cable reception groove 63 formed ' between flanges 57. Groove 63 terminates near second grooved inlet or slot 59 so that cable 72 may extend between and through flanges 57.
Drum brake 10 provides a service brake application by hydraulic actuation of wheel cylinder or actuation means 20 which moves drum brake shoes 12 and 14 outwardly into engagement with a rotating drum. A parking brake application is effected by the vehicle operator operating a not shown foot or hand brake control which displaces parking brake cable 72 that effects rotation of cam member 55 in the direction A illustrated in Figure 3. As cam member 55 rotates about pin 51, short cable 70 is displaced a much greater distance
because of the shape of the cam member, and accordingly the parking brake lever end 42 is displaced the same greater distance. Displacement of parking brake lever 42 about pivot pin 41 causes displacement of strut member 30 and drum brake shoe 12, and by reaction, drum brake shoe 14 so that each extends outwardly and engages the drum to effect a parking brake application. Because of the shape of cam member 55, it is foreseen that a 13.3 millimeter travel of the parking brake cable 72 will produce a 20 millimeter travel of the short cable 70 and parking brake lever end 42. As cam member 55 is rotated, short cable 70 is received within reception groove 63 so that it wraps around a portion of cam member 55. At the end of the travel of parking brake cable 72 and short cable 70, there is. a one-to-one ratio so that the parking brake cable load is equalized with that of the load at the end of the parking brake lever, the load at the end of the parking brake lever having previously been effected as a result of the high camming ratio. Cam mechanism 50 of the present invention will effect a greater parking brake load application by the parking brake lever even though there would be a lesser amount of parking brake cable travel. As a result, the parking brake cables, foot or hand control, and brackets and other hardware associated with the parking brake system can be downsized because less force must be effected by those components. The result can be a significant cost saving. Additionally, because of the greater parking brake application force effected by the increased travel of the parking brake lever, a lining material having a low static coefficient of friction may be utilized, such friction material being more readily available and less costly. Finally, the present invention can be easily incorporated into non-servo floating shoe drum brakes without requiring any major design changes.
Claims
1. A drum brake, comprising a backing plate (11) supporting actuation means (20) for a pair of drum brake shoes (12, 14), the actuation means (20) disposed between a first pair of brake shoe ends (16, 18) , a second pair of brake shoe ends (22, 24) engaging abutment means (15, 17) , a parking brake lever (40) connected with one (14) of said drum brake shoes (12, 14) and engaging strut means (30) extending between the first pair of brake shoe ends (16, 18) , a cam mechanism (50) attached pivotally to the backing plate (11) adjacent the abutment means (15, 17) and extending transversely to said backing plate (11) , the backing plate (11) having an opening (25) through which extends cable means (72) connected with said cam mechanism (50) , and attachment means (70) extending from said cam mechanism (50) to an associated end (42) of the parking brake lever (40) , such that displacement of said cable means (72) effects rotatable displacement of the cam mechanism (50) and displacement of the attachment means (70) and parking brake lever (40) wherein the shape of the cam mechanism (50) causes the end (42) of the parking brake lever (40) to travel a greater distance than a displacement distance of said cable means (72) .
2. The drum brake in accordance with Claim l, wherein the attachment means (70) comprises a cable (70) extending between the cam mechanism (50) and the end (42) of the parking brake lever (40) .
3. The drum brake in accordance with Claim l, wherein said cam mechanism (50) comprises a cam member (55) having a pair of oppositely disposed peripheral flanges (57) forming a groove (59) which receives increasingly the attachment means (70) as the cam mechanism (50) is rotated in one direction.
4. The drum brake in accordance with Claim 3, wherein the cam mechanism (50) includes a slot opening
(61) communicating with said groove (59) , such that the attachment means (70) is received within the slot (61) opening and extends through a portion of the groove (59) .
5. The drum brake in accordance with Claim 3, wherein the cam mechanism (50) includes a pivot pin (51) captured fixedly between said abutment means (15, 17) and backing plate (11) .
6. The drum brake in accordance with Claim 5, wherein the abutment means (15) includes an anchor block
(15) and a shoe retainer (17) connected to the backing plate (11) by rivet means (19), the pivot pin (51) received within a recess (23) of the backing plate (11) and captured between the backing plate (11) and anchor block (15) .
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP7516221A JPH09506691A (en) | 1993-12-07 | 1994-11-29 | Drum brake with cam-operated parking brake lever |
| AU12135/95A AU1213595A (en) | 1993-12-07 | 1994-11-29 | Drum brake with cam operated parking brake lever |
| EP95903167A EP0733172B1 (en) | 1993-12-07 | 1994-11-29 | Drum brake with cam operated parking brake lever |
| DE69403677T DE69403677T2 (en) | 1993-12-07 | 1994-11-29 | DRUM BRAKE WITH CAM OPERATED PARKING BRAKE LEVER |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/163,019 | 1993-12-07 | ||
| US08/163,019 US5360086A (en) | 1993-12-07 | 1993-12-07 | Drum brake with cam operated parking brake lever |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1995016148A1 true WO1995016148A1 (en) | 1995-06-15 |
Family
ID=22588104
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US1994/013658 Ceased WO1995016148A1 (en) | 1993-12-07 | 1994-11-29 | Drum brake with cam operated parking brake lever |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5360086A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0733172B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH09506691A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU1213595A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69403677T2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1995016148A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3338946B2 (en) * | 1996-10-08 | 2002-10-28 | 日清紡績株式会社 | Drum brake device |
| JP3338947B2 (en) * | 1996-10-08 | 2002-10-28 | 日清紡績株式会社 | Drum brake device |
| JP3341147B2 (en) * | 1997-10-13 | 2002-11-05 | 日清紡績株式会社 | Drum brake device |
| US6234281B1 (en) * | 2000-11-07 | 2001-05-22 | Robert Bosch Corporation | Attachment of a brake cable with an actuator of a parking brake |
| US20040080197A1 (en) * | 2002-10-25 | 2004-04-29 | Robert Kopetzky | Transmission amplifier for bowden cables and method of using the same |
| US7261190B1 (en) | 2005-08-23 | 2007-08-28 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Reaction lever for a parking brake |
| US8267227B2 (en) * | 2008-07-22 | 2012-09-18 | Akebono Brake Corporation | Lever assembly featuring blind cable assembly |
| US7637361B1 (en) | 2008-08-15 | 2009-12-29 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Combined retainer and anchor for floating shoe drum brake |
| US20110100772A1 (en) * | 2009-11-05 | 2011-05-05 | Akebono Corporation (North America) | Cable end retention clip assembly and method |
| CN107290092A (en) * | 2017-05-11 | 2017-10-24 | 浙江亚太机电股份有限公司 | A kind of EPB running-in machine |
| FR3157489A1 (en) * | 2023-12-22 | 2025-06-27 | Hitachi Astemo France | SIMPLEX DRUM BRAKE AND DUO SERVO INCLUDING A CAM DRIVE SYSTEM |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2081737A (en) * | 1934-09-06 | 1937-05-25 | Anderson Products Inc | Brake booster for automotive vehicles |
| GB1036909A (en) * | 1963-06-08 | 1966-07-20 | Girling Ltd | Improvements relating to internal shoe drum brakes |
| DE2028721A1 (en) * | 1969-07-28 | 1971-02-04 | Ford Werke AG, 5000 Köln Deutz | Drum brakes for motor vehicles |
| FR2320857A1 (en) * | 1975-08-11 | 1977-03-11 | Bonneau Gabriel | Bicycle braking power booster - has cable reeved round pulley with ramp faces of increasing and decreasing radius |
| US4387792A (en) * | 1980-07-31 | 1983-06-14 | Toyota Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Mechanical parking brake mechanisms |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2945564A (en) * | 1955-02-15 | 1960-07-19 | Rockwell Standard Co | Vehicle brake |
| US3709334A (en) * | 1969-12-23 | 1973-01-09 | Aisin Seiki | Wheel brake assembly fitted with automatic brake cap adjusting means |
| JPS5247173A (en) * | 1975-10-13 | 1977-04-14 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Shoe clearance automatic adjuster in drum brake |
| US5042623A (en) * | 1989-04-03 | 1991-08-27 | General Motors Corporation | Combined parking brake lever and adjuster in a drum brake |
-
1993
- 1993-12-07 US US08/163,019 patent/US5360086A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-11-29 JP JP7516221A patent/JPH09506691A/en active Pending
- 1994-11-29 EP EP95903167A patent/EP0733172B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-11-29 WO PCT/US1994/013658 patent/WO1995016148A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-11-29 AU AU12135/95A patent/AU1213595A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-11-29 DE DE69403677T patent/DE69403677T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2081737A (en) * | 1934-09-06 | 1937-05-25 | Anderson Products Inc | Brake booster for automotive vehicles |
| GB1036909A (en) * | 1963-06-08 | 1966-07-20 | Girling Ltd | Improvements relating to internal shoe drum brakes |
| DE2028721A1 (en) * | 1969-07-28 | 1971-02-04 | Ford Werke AG, 5000 Köln Deutz | Drum brakes for motor vehicles |
| FR2320857A1 (en) * | 1975-08-11 | 1977-03-11 | Bonneau Gabriel | Bicycle braking power booster - has cable reeved round pulley with ramp faces of increasing and decreasing radius |
| US4387792A (en) * | 1980-07-31 | 1983-06-14 | Toyota Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Mechanical parking brake mechanisms |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0733172A1 (en) | 1996-09-25 |
| DE69403677T2 (en) | 1997-10-02 |
| EP0733172B1 (en) | 1997-06-04 |
| DE69403677D1 (en) | 1997-07-10 |
| AU1213595A (en) | 1995-06-27 |
| JPH09506691A (en) | 1997-06-30 |
| US5360086A (en) | 1994-11-01 |
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