WO1996025601A1

WO1996025601A1 - Masonry anchor

Info

Publication number: WO1996025601A1
Application number: PCT/AU1996/000073
Authority: WO
Inventors: Philip Charles Clark
Original assignee: ITW Construction Systems Australia Pty Ltd
Current assignee: ITW Construction Systems Australia Pty Ltd
Priority date: 1995-02-17
Filing date: 1996-02-13
Publication date: 1996-08-22
Anticipated expiration: 1997-08-17
Also published as: EP0809758A4; AUPN119095A0; EP0809758B1; AU697330B2; MY115793A; ES2142044T3; JPH11504414A; HK1004683A1; JP4053087B2; NZ300879A; DE69606022T2; AU4615496A; EP0809758A1; DE69606022D1

Abstract

An expansion sleeve (4) for a masonry anchor has circumferentially-spaced apertures (6) intermediate the ends of the sleeve. The apertures are shaped so that a land (14) is defined between adjacent apertures (6) to form an inclined strut (14) operative to deform as a result of axial loading applied to the sleeve whereby to result in a contraction in the axial length of the sleeve. Each aperture is so shaped that an abrupt change (4) in the direction of the edge of the aperture defines a point at which the adjacent strut starts to deform as a result of stress concentration arising at the point under the applied load. The abrupt change in direction occurs at positions substantially at each axial end of the apertured region defined in the sleeve by the apertures. The defined stress concentration points provide determinable characteristics for the contraction of the sleeve which facilitates 'pull down' upon setting of the anchor.

Description

MASONRY ANCHOR

The present invention relates to a masonry anchor of expansion type and more particularly to an expansion sleeve for use in such an anchor.

Masonry anchors of expansion type conventionally comprise a cylindrical expansion sleeve formed of metal with slits extending longitudinally from the inner or forward end of the sleeve to respective circumferentially spaced apertures in the sleeve. The sleeve is mounted over the shank of a bolt having at its forward end a conical element of external diameter greater than the internal diameter of the sleeve. In use, the anchor is placed into a cylindrical cavity drilled into masonry and the conical element is drawn into the inner end portion of the sleeve by tightening the bolt. This action causes the inner end portion of the sleeve to expand outwardly into tight anchoring engagement with the cylindrical wall of the hole.

A masonry anchor of the type described above is described in detail in our Australian patent No.559285 (18191 /83). In the construction described in this earlier patent, the circumferentially spaced apertures formed in the expansion sleeve are of elongate shape with rounded ends, with the major axis of each aperture extending at an acute angle to the axial plane of the sleeve, typically an angle of between about 20 and 45 ° to the axial plane. The configuration of the apertures is such as to cause axial contraction of the expansion sleeve during tightening of the bolt. The contraction in axial length occurs by deformation of d e circumferentially-spaced apertures which causes the rear or outer end of the sleeve to move towards the inner or forward end. This axial contraction of the expansion sleeve is termed "pull-down". One reason for incorporating a pull-down feature is to enable a gap to be taken up between an object being clamped and the surface of the masonry as may exist for example if a component with a slight bow is being clamped. Another reason is to enable final tightening of the anchor to be translated into a high compression or clamping force between the component and the surface of the masonry rather than in compressing the sleeve. A high compression or clamping force between the component and the surface of the masonry is particularly important when the component is subjected to cyclic loading.

As a result of substantial investigations we have carried out into the functioning of masonry anchors of this type, we have determined that it is beneficial for pull-down, or axial contraction of the expansion sleeve, to occur at a torque substantially below the final torque setting of the anchor and in particular at approximately 30 to 50% of the final torque. With a configuration which provides this effect, the initial part of the applied torque serves to draw the conical expansion element into the inner end of the sleeve to cause expansion of the sleeve and hence setting of the anchor within the hole; further torque applied after that causes pull-down by axial contraction of the sleeve so that the component is drawn into firm engagement with the surface of the masonry and the remaining 50% or more of the torque is used to generate high axial loading in the bolt so that this is translated directly into compressive loading between the component and the surface of the masonry and which is permitted by further axial contraction of the sleeve, albeit relatively small axial contraction, considerably less than that which took place to draw the component down.

Although the sleeve configuration described in our aforesaid patent has effective pull-down characteristics, in some instances pull-down consequent on axial contraction of the sleeve might not take place until the applied torque is significantiy within the upper part of its range. In particular, anchors of this type are produced in a large range of sizes, and for the range of anchors the expansion sleeve diameter may range from only a few millimetres to 20 millimetres or more. In practice it has proved difficult to determine accurately at the design stage the likely loading and hence likely torque at which pull-down is likely to take place, and also the maximum possible length of pull-down, and this type of information can only be determined empirically by extensive testing of each size and type of sleeve produced within the range.

We have now determined that by refining the shape of the circumferentially spaced apertures in the sleeve it is possible at the design stage to design the sleeve with pull-down characteristics which are not only more predictable and determinable at the design stage but also which can occur somewhat lower in the overall torque range applicable to the anchor.

According to the present invention there is provided an expansion sleeve for a masonry anchor, said sleeve having a plurality of circumferentially-spaced apertures intermediate the ends of the sleeve, and a plurality of slits each extending longitudinally from one of the ends to a respective one of the apertures, said apertures being so shaped that a land is defined between adjacent apertures, said land being elongate and having an axis which is inclined to an axial plane of the sleeve at an acute angle, each said land forming a strut operative to deform as a result of axial loading applied to the sleeve whereby to result in a contraction in the axial length of the sleeve, each aperture being so shaped that an abrupt change in the direction of the edge of the aperture defines a point at which the adjacent strut starts to deform as a result of stress concentration arising at that point under the applied load, the abrupt change in direction occurring at a position substantially at each axial end of the apertured region defined in d e sleeve by the apertures.

Further according to die present invention there is provided an expansion sleeve for a masonry anchor, said sleeve having a plurality of circumferentially- spaced apertures intermediate the ends of the sleeve, and a plurality of slits each extending longitudinally from one of the ends to a respective one of the apertures, said apertures being so shaped d at a land is defined between adjacent apertures, said land being elongate and having an axis which is inclined to an axial plane of the sleeve at an acute angle, each said land forming a strut operative to deform as a result of axial loading applied to die sleeve whereby to result in a contraction in the axial length of the sleeve, the apertures being so shaped to define for each strut a point at each end of die strut at which the strut starts to deform as a result of stress concentration arising at mat point under the applied load, each said point being in close proximity to the adjacent axial end of die apertured region defined in d e sleeve by the apertures. In use, when deformation of the struts commences, the inclination of the struts progressively increase whereby the part of the sleeve outwardly of d e circumferentially-spaced apertures rotates relative to die part of the sleeve inwardly of die apertures and moves towards that part along a generally helical path.

The apertures may be of rectilinear shape, for example formed as a three- sided or four-sided figure such as of parallelogram shape with the abrupt change in direction which defines the stress concentration points being at corner portions of the figure. Alternatively, the apertures may be of a curved shape with diametrically-opposed parts of the profile being of a radius sufficiendy small as to cause stress concentration at those parts.

According to another aspect of die invention, there is provided a masonry anchor comprising an expansion sleeve as defined above mounted on d e shank of a bolt, and an expansion element mounted at die inner end of die shank of die bolt, the expansion element being generally conical so as to cause outwards expansion of the inner end portion of the sleeve when the expansion element is drawn into die inner end portion of the sleeve upon setting die anchor.

Advantageously die configuration of the apertures is such diat the struts start to deform to cause axial contraction of the sleeve at a torque loading which is substantially less than a predetermined torque loading at which tightening of die anchor is to occur. In preferred embodiment of d e invention the configuration is such d at deformation of d e struts to cause axial contraction of the sleeve occurs at approximately 30 to 50% of said predetermined torque loading.

Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, widi reference to the accompanying drawings in which:-

Figure 1 is a perspective view of a masonry anchor in accordance widi a preferred embodiment of d e invention;

Figure 2 is a side view of an expansion sleeve of die anchor shown in Figure l; Figure 3 is a developed view of die sleeve shown in Figure 2;

Figures 4A to 4C are perspective views showing the sleeve, respectively, in a non-contracted state, in a partially contracted state, and in a fully contracted state;

Figure 5 is a developed view showing die sleeve described in patent 559285 for comparative purposes; and

Figures 6 to 8 are developed views of further embodiments of the sleeve in accordance with die invention.

The anchor in accordance with die preferred embodiment of die invention comprises a bolt having at its inner end a conical expansion element 2, and an expansion sleeve 4 of metal mounted on die shank of the bolt outwardly of d e conical element 2, the maximum diameter of die conical expansion element 2 being greater dian the internal diameter of d e sleeve 4 so as to cause radially outwards expansion of the inner end portion of the sleeve when the expansion element is drawn into d e end of d e sleeve. The expansion of the sleeve 4 is permitted by die incorporation of a series of circumferentially-spaced apertures 6 at an intermediate position along the length of die sleeve, widi a longitudinal slit 8 extending from each aperture to the inner end of die sleeve whereby the inner end portion of the sleeve 4 is divided into a series of segments 10 which are displaced outwardly as die conical expansion element 2 is drawn into die end of die sleeve. The sleeve 4 is formed from metal strip folded into cylindrical shape and, as shown in Figures 1 and 4, one of d e slits is defined by die opposed edges of die folded strip; for reasons of manufacturing convenience that slit continues outwardly beyond die associated aperture 6 to the outer end of die sleeve, but apart from diat, d e zone 12 of the sleeve between the outer ends of die apertures 6 and die outer end of d e sleeve is uninterrupted. The bolt may be in d e form of a stud (as shown) carrying a nut 14 at its outer end in which case the conical expansion element 2 is integral with the shank of the bolt, or alternatively d e bolt may have a hexagonal or od er head at its outer end in which case die expansion element 2 is threadedly mounted at die inner end of die shank. In either case, rotation of the bolt head or nut will cause the expansion element 2 to be drawn into die expansion sleeve 4 in order to set die anchor within the hole as previously described. As discussed, die present invention concerns d e shape and configuration of the circumferentially-spaced apertures 6 in the sleeve 4 and tiiis will now be described in detail.

As shown in Figure 3, each of the apertures 6 is of elongate shape with the major axis of the aperture inclined to an axial plane of d e sleeve. Each pair of adjacent apertures is separated by a land which forms a strut 14 which is inclined to an axial plane of the sleeve by an acute angle which is preferably between about 20 ^• and 45 °. In the developed configuration of Figure 3, the struts 14 are parallel. Effectively, the struts 14 form the connection between the zone 12 of the sleeve axially outwardly of die apertures 6, and die zone 16 axially inwardly of die apertures 6. Each strut 14 is inclined such diat d e outer end of die strut leads die inner end of the strut when considered in d e direction of rotation necessary to set the anchor. Axial contraction in the lengtii of the sleeve occurs as a result of deformation of die series of struts 14 whereby the inclination of each of die struts progressively increases and die part of the sleeve axially outwardly of d e struts 14 (that is, the zone 12 of the sleeve) rotates relative to d e axial part of die sleeve inwardly of die struts 14 (diat is, the zone 16 of the sleeve). This action is illustrated in Figures 4A to 4C, in which Figure 4A shows die sleeve prior to contraction, Figure 4C shows die fully contracted condition and Figure 4B shows an intermediate configuration. The progressively-increasing inclination of the struts 14 during contraction can clearly be seen in these figures.

In order to obtain axial contraction of the sleeve significandy prior to die maximum torque loading of die anchor, in otiier words widiin die range of 30 to 50% of maximum torque loading as previously discussed, it is necessary to achieve an appropriate strut lengdi. However for a given length of sleeve diere is in practice a maximum length for the region 18 which includes die apertures which define d e struts. On the one hand, die distance between the outer end of die apertured region and d e outer end of die sleeve must be sufficient to ensure diat when die anchor is set, die shear plane which coincides widi die plane of engagement between the outer surface of the masonry and die inner surface of the

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (Rule lb) component being clamped should lie witiiin die solid part (the zone 12) of die sleeve between the apertured area and die outer end in order to maximise d e shear strengdi of d e anchor. If die apertured region is extended close to die outer end, die shear plane would tiien intersect die apertures, and shear would be resisted only by the bolt and not by die combined effects of the bolt and sleeve. On d e other hand tiiere is only a relatively narrow range for the distance between the outer end of die apertured region and die inner end of d e sleeve. This distance affects the lateral stiffness of d e sleeve, in otiier words die resistance to radial expansion of the sleeve. On die one hand tiiere must be sufficient stiffness to allow assembly of the anchor, either manual or machine assembly, without enlarging the diameter of die sleeve but on the otiier hand die stiffness of the sleeve should not be too high as to inhibit easy setting of the anchor when in place within the hole. Also, the distance between the inner end of die apertured region and die inner end of the sleeve must be sufficiently great to ensure that in the fully set condition of die anchor the conical expansion element does not enter d e apertured region.

We have determined diat for a given lengtii of apertured region 18 die strut length can be maximised by appropriately shaping d e apertures. When the strut deforms we have determined that the critical points where deformation is initiated are diametrically opposed points at the outer end portion of the strut at the trailing edge of die strut (in the direction of die applied torque) and at die inner end portion of the strut at the leading edge of die strut (in the direction of d e applied torque). In die construction disclosed in our aforesaid patent where the apertures were formed widi rounded ends of substantial extent, we determined diat die diametrically-opposed points where deformation was initiated occurs were approximately at the ends of die rectilinear sections of the apertures as marked by X and Y in Figure 5 which shows the sleeve of our earlier patent, and the axial distance between these points determines die effective strut length. Further we determined diat the actual position of the points at which deformation was initiated varied ti roughout the range of sleeve sizes and diis accounted for die unpredictability in die determination of die force at which strut deformation and hence axial contraction of the sleeve occurred. We have overcome tiiese effects by shaping the apertures so as to provide at diametrically-opposed positions on the strut an abrupt change in the direction of die edge of die aperture. This abrupt change in direction produces a stress concentration at that point whereby deformation of die strut is initiated at diat point. Accordingly, die actual diametrically-opposed points at which deformation of die strut is initiated are now accurately determined as a result of the aperture shape and hence at d e design stage die torque at which axial contraction is initiated can be determined widi substantial accuracy.

From Figure 5 which shows die points X and Y at which collapse is initiated in the sleeve of our earlier patent it will be clearly seen that deformation is initiated at points substantially removed from die outer ends of die apertures and that, therefore, the effective strut length is considerably less than the actual length of the land defined between die apertures. This reduction in effective strut length is one reason why in this prior design axial contraction might not occur until substantial torque application is reached.

In d e preferred embodiments of d e invention the point at which the abrupt change occurs in the direction of d e edge in profile of die aperture and which determines d e point at which deformation is initiated, is positioned substantially at the extreme axial end of die aperture so as to maximise the effective strut length for a given length of apertured region 18. As shown in the embodiment of Figures 1 to 4 each aperture 6 is of a parallelogram shape whereby an abrupt change in the direction of d e profile occurs at the outer corner and diametrically-opposed inner corner which determine die deformation initiation points X,Y of a strut defined between two adjacent apertures as marked. As will be apparent die deformation initiation points thus formed are in close proximity to the opposed axial ends of die apertured region 18 defined by the apertures 6. It will be appreciated that while, in practice, the corners defined between the adjacent sides of die aperture will not be sharp but will be slightiy rounded, nevertheless this rounding will not impede die concentration of stress in the corner portion which can be considered to represent a zone in which die direction of d e edge of the aperture abruptly changes. Although in the embodiment as shown in Figures 1 to 4, die apertures 6 are of rectilinear shape, it is not essential to the invention for the apertures 6 to be of rectilinear shape and otiier shapes may be adopted which provide at diametrically- opposed points an abrupt change in the direction of die edge of die apertures so as to create stress concentration points at which strut deformation is initiated. Examples of other possible shapes are illustrated in Figures 6 to 8 wid d e points at which stress concentration occurs for a strut defined between two adjacent apertures being marked X and Y. It will be appreciated d at in each of these alternatives the initiation point at which deformation starts is in close proximity to each axial end of d e apertured region 18 defined by die apertures, whereby to maximise the effective strut length.

The embodiments have been described by way of example only and modifications are possible within the scope of die invention.

Claims

CLAIMS:-

1. An expansion sleeve for a masonry anchor, said sleeve having a plurality of circumferentially-spaced apertures intermediate die ends of d e sleeve, and a plurality of slits each extending longitudinally from one of die ends to a respective one of the apertures, said apertures being so shaped that a land is defined between adjacent apertures, said land being elongate and having an axis which is inclined to an axial plane of the sleeve at an acute angle, each said land forming a strut operative to deform as a result of axial loading applied to die sleeve whereby to result in a contraction in the axial length of the sleeve, each aperture being so shaped diat an abrupt change in die direction of die edge of die aperture defines a point at which the adjacent strut starts to deform as a result of stress concentration arising at that point under d e applied load, die abrupt change in direction occurring at a position substantially at each axial end of d e apertured region defined in d e sleeve by die apertures.

2. An expansion sleeve for a masonry anchor, said sleeve having a plurality of circumferentially-spaced apertures intermediate die ends of die sleeve, and a plurality of slits each extending longitudinally from one of die ends to a respective one of the apertures, said apertures being so shaped d at a land is defined between adjacent apertures, said land being elongate and having an axis which is inclined to an axial plane of the sleeve at an acute angle, each said land forming a strut operative to deform as a result of axial loading applied to d e sleeve whereby to result in a contraction in the axial length of the sleeve, the apertures being so shaped to define for each strut a point at each end of die strut at which the strut starts to deform as a result of stress concentration arising at that point under die applied load, each said point being in close proximity to die adjacent axial end of d e apertured region defined in the sleeve by die apertures.

3. A sleeve according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein each strut comprises opposed sides with die respective stress concentration points being on one of said sides at one end of die strut, and on die other of said sides at die opposite end of die strut.

4. sleeve according to claim 3, wherein said one end of die strut leads die otiier end of die strut as considered in die direction of rotation to set the anchor, and said one side trails said otiier side as considered in die direction of rotation to set the anchor by application of torque to the anchor.

5. A sleeve according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the apertures are defined by closed figures with substantially rectilinear sides, with d e abrupt changes in direction which define d e stress concentration points being at corner portions of each respective aperture.

6. A sleeve according to claim 5, wherein the figure is of paralleogram shape with the stress concentration points being at diametrically-opposed corner portions of the aperture.

7. A sleeve according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the apertures are of a curved shape, with diametrically-opposed parts of the shape being of a radius sufficiendy small as to cause stress concentration at tiiose parts.

8. A masonry anchor comprising an expansion sleeve as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7 mounted on the shank of a bolt, and an expansion element mounted at die inner end of the shank of the bolt, die expansion element being generally conical so as to cause outwards expansion of the inner end portion of the sleeve when the expansion element is drawn into die inner end portion of die sleeve upon setting die anchor.

9. An anchor according to claim 8, wherein the configuration of the apertures is such that the struts start to deform to cause axial contraction of the sleeve at a torque loading which is substantially less than a predetermined torque loading at which tightening of die anchor is to occur.

10. An anchor according to claim 9, wherein the configuration is such that deformation of die struts to cause axial contraction of the sleeve occurs at approximately 30 to 50% of said predetermined torque loading.