WO1996025639A1

WO1996025639A1 - Finned tube heat exchanger with secondary star fins and method for its production

Info

Publication number: WO1996025639A1
Application number: PCT/US1996/002528
Authority: WO
Inventors: Khanh Dinh
Original assignee: Heat Pipe Technology Inc
Current assignee: Heat Pipe Technology Inc
Priority date: 1995-02-17
Filing date: 1996-02-14
Publication date: 1996-08-22
Anticipated expiration: 1997-08-17
Also published as: US5582246A; AU5027696A; EP0809778A1; EP0809778A4

Abstract

The heat exchange efficiency of a finned tube heat exchanger (30) is increased by providing secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) which are dimensioned and configured to maximize heat exchange with the surrounding fluid. These secondary heat exchange surfaces (46), formed from materials which would normally be wasted when blanks are removed from the fins to form apertures (50) for receiving the tubes (32), are formed by bending the preserved materials into star-shaped structures which increase the surface area in contact with the surrounding fluid. The secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) increase the surface area of the fin (34a, 34b) which is available for heat exchange, and provide this increased surface area at a location maximizing heat transfer capability to the surrounding fluid and to the tubes. The heat exchanger can be constructed in a simple and inexpensive process while preventing fin presses or related machinery from being jammed by removed materials.

Description

FINNED TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER WITH SECONDARY STAR FINS AND

METHOD FOR ITS PRODUCTION

Background of the Invention

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to heat exchangers and, more particularly, relates to an improved finned tube-type heat exchanger and to a method of making the same.

2. Discussion of the Related Art

Finned tube heat exchangers are well known for exchanging heat between fluid flowing through tubes and an ambient fluid surrounding the tubes. The typical finned tube heat exchanger includes (1) a plurality of parallel fins formed from thin sheets of aluminum or another thermally conductive material and (2) a plurality of parallel tubes extending through apertures in the fins and formed from copper or another thermally conductive metal. The tubes are expanded against collars surrounding the apertures to provide a firm mechanical connection between the fins and tubes and to enhance heat exchange by conduction between the tubes and fins. Referring now to Figures 1-3, a finned tube heat exchanger 10 is typically constructed by first punching blanks 12 out of an aluminum sheet 14 to form apertures 16 (Figure 1), expanding the apertures 16 to form collars 18 (Figure 2), and then inserting tubes 20 through the apertures 16 and expanding the tubes 20 into the collars 18 (Figure 3). Forming apertures in the sheets 14 by removing blanks 12 exhibits several drawbacks and disadvantages both during manufacturing and in use. During manufacturing, the blanks 12 tend to litter the work area and frequently jam the fin press and related machinery. In use, performance of the heat exchanger 10 is significantly degraded because the surface area of the blanks 12. which would otherwise be available for heat exchange, is lost when the blanks 12 are punched out of the sheets 14. The heat exchange capacity of a particular fin construction varies with available surface area. Hence, completely removing the blanks significantly decreases the overall heat exchange efficiency of a heat exchanger. In a typical finned tube heat exchanger using 3/8" tubes, about 14% of the available fin surface is lost when the blanks are removed, with a proportionate decrease in heat exchange capacity. This lost available surface area increases to 17% for heat exchangers using 1/2" tubes, with a further decrease in heat exchange capacity. Proposals have been made to increase the heat exchange efficiency of finned tube heat exchangers. For instance, U.S. Patent No. 5,042,576 to Broadbent (the Broadbent patent) recognizes that heat exchange capacity is higher at relatively high temperature differentials and decreases with decreasing temperature differentials. The Broadbent patent attempts to increase the heat exchange capacity of a finned tube heat exchanger of designated overall dimensions by increasing the surface area of the fin assembly which contacts streams of ambient fluid which are at or near ambient temperature. This surface area is increased by deforming the major surface area of the fins into raised louvers or lances which extend at different levels with respect to each other and with respect to the major surfaces of the fins and which accordingly contact different airstreams flowing through the heat exchanger.

The Broadbent patent also recognizes that the overall efficiency of a heat exchanger depends not only on the rate of heat exchange, but also on the cost of forcing air through the heat exchanger. The Broadbent patent attempts to minimize this cost by maintaining a low pressure drop across the heat exchanger through the use of louvers which are relatively flat and which extend in parallel with the direction of airflow.

The raised lance or louvered finned tube heat exchanger proposed by Broadbent, though more efficient than heat exchangers employing only planar fins, is relatively expensive to fabricate and to install because the louvers must be formed in the fins. Moreover, because the apertures for receiving the tubes are formed by punching blanks out of the fins, the surface area of these apertures is lost for heat exchange purposes, with a resultant and proportional decrease in heat exchange capacity. The increased heat exchange capacity resulting from the raised lances or louvers is thus at least partially offset by the lost fin surface area at the apertures. U.S. Patent Nos. 1 ,634, 110 to Mclntyre, 2,089,340 to Cobb. 3.190,353 to Storfer. 3,384,168 to Richter, and 5, 117,905 to Hesse all disclose heat exchangers in which some of the materials from the apertures of heat exchange fins is preserved. However, the materials preserved in the heat exchanger of each of these patents is used to facilitate the mounting of the fins on the tubes (see

Mclntyre, Cobb and Storfer), and/or to set the spacing between adjacent fins (see Richter and Hesse). Even those patents which recognize an increase in heat exchange capacity from such structures merely attempt to increase heat exchange capacity by increasing the surface contact area between the tubes and the fins, and not by forming secondary heat exchange surfaces operating at least generally in parallel to the main fin surfaces.

Objects and Summary of the Invention

It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an improved finned tube heat exchanger which is simple to fabricate and which exhibits increased heat exchange capacity with no waste of material.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method of making a finned tube heat exchanger without having to remove blanks which may jam the fin press and related machinery.

In accordance with a first aspect of the invention, these objects are achieved by providing a finned tube heat exchanger which includes (a) at least one tube adapted to receive a heat-exchange fluid, and (b) a plurality of fins. Each of the fins is formed from a thermally conductive metal sheet and has a major surface forming a primary heat exchange surface. Each of the metal sheets (a) has an aperture formed therein which receives the tube (b) has a collar formed therein which surrounds the aperture, which is in thermal contact with the tube, and which extends at least generally perpendicularly from the major surface, and (c) includes a plurality of generally planar secondary heat exchange surfaces which have a combined surface area essentially equal to a surface area of the aperture. Each of the secondary heat exchange surfaces is made from material removed from the aperture and is spaced from the major surface. In order to maximize contact between the fins and fluid streams which are at or near ambient temperature, the secondary heat exchange surfaces of a first fin are spaced from a second fin located adjacent the first fin. This effect could be achieved by providing a design in which the major surface is recessed in the vicinity of the collar, and each of the secondary heating surfaces is bent to a position in which it extends generally in parallel with the major surface through substantially its entire length. Alternatively, the recess in the major surface could be omitted, and each of the secondary heat exchange surfaces could be bent downwardly from its inner to outer end. In order to maximize heat exchange capacity while minimizing the pressure drop across the fins, each of the secondary heat exchange surfaces is generally triangular in shape such that all of the secondary heat exchange surfaces in combination form a star-shaped structure which contacts the tube.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide a method of making a finned tube heat exchanger exhibiting improved heat exchange efficiency.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, this object is achieved by first providing a metal sheet having a generally planar surface, and then punching an indent in the metal sheet, the indent having a generally planar surface spaced from the surface of the sheet by a collar. Other steps include slitting the planar surface of the indent to form a plurality of triangular members, pushing inner ends of the triangular members away from the sheet, thereby forming an aperture in the sheet surrounded by the triangular members and bordered by the collar, and then bending the triangular members downwardly and outwardly away from the sheet to a position in which each of the triangular members is spaced from the major surface. Assembly is preferably completed by expanding a tube against the collar to form a finned tube heat exchanger in which a major surface of the sheet and parallel surface of the triangular members form primary and secondary heat exchange surfaces of a fin of the heat exchanger.

These and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration and not of limitation. Many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such modifications.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like-reference numerals represent like pans throughout and in which:

Figs. 1-3 schematically illustrate the sequence of producing a prior art finned tube heat exchanger and are appropriately labelled "PRIOR ART" ;

Figs. 4-8 illustrate the manner in which a finned tube heat exchanger can be constructed in accordance with the present invention, with a cross-section of a portion of the resulting heat exchanger being illustrated in Fig. 8; and

Figure 9 illustrates a portion of a finned tube heat exchanger constructed in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments 1. Resume

Pursuant to the invention, the heat exchange efficiency of a finned tube heat exchanger is increased by providing secondary heat exchange surfaces which are dimensioned and configured to maximize heat exchange with the surrounding fluid. These secondary heat exchange surfaces, formed from materials which would normally be wasted when blanks are removed from the fins to form apertures for receiving the tubes, are formed by bending the preserved materials into star-shaped structures which increase the surface area in contact with the surrounding fluid. The secondary heat exchange surfaces increase the surface area of the fin which is available for heat exchange, and provide this increased surface area at a location maximizing heat transfer capability to the surrounding fluid and to the tubes. The heat exchanger can be constructed in a simple and inexpensive process while preventing fin presses or related machinery from being jammed by removed materials. 2. Construction of Heat Exchanger

Referring to Fig. 8, a finned tube heat exchanger 30 constructed in accordance with the present invention is produced by expanding or otherwise mechanically and thermally bonding tubes 32 to stacked fins 34a and 34b. The tubes 32 typically, but not necessarily, form a single serpentine tube coil and receive a fluid to be heated or cooled. The fins 34a and 34b exchange heat with the tubes 32 and with an ambient fluid, typically air.

Referring to Fig. 4, the production of each fin starts by providing a metal sheet 36 which typically is formed from aluminum, but which may be formed from any suitable thermally conductive metal material. A plurality of indents 38 are then punched in each sheet 36 using any suitable punching tool, with each indent 38 having a generally planar surface 40 spaced from the major surface 42 of the sheet 36 by a collar 44. Next, the planar surface 40 of each indent 38 is slit in a star pattern as illustrated in Fig. 5 to form a plurality of triangular members 46 each emanating from a center point 48 and terminating at the outer axial end of the collar 44. The slits may extend either partially or completely through the sheet 36 and may be cut by any suitable cutting tool or even by a scribing surface formed on the head of the punch forming the indent 38.

The inner ends of the triangular members 46 are pushed away from the sheet 36 as illustrated in Fig. 6 to form a collar 44. The pushing step may be performed simultaneously with the slitting step using a pointed punch having a scribing surface which simultaneously (1) slits the sheet 36 to form the members 46 and (2) forces the members 46 upwardly to form the collar 44.

The triangular members 46 are then bent downwardly and outwardly away from the collar 44, using a suitable plunger, to the position illustrated in Fig. 7 in which each of the triangular members 46 extends generally in parallel with the major surface 42 of the sheet 36 and generally perpendicularly to the collar 44. The plunger is preferably used in conjunction with a die having a shoulder which slopes downwardly from its outer radial edge by an amount which in use will cause the sheet 36 to be depressed by about one-half the spacing between adjacent fins 34a, 34b (Figs. 7 and 8). The radial length of the resulting circular depression should be no greater than the length of the triangular members 46 for reasons detailed below. A retainer plate may if desired be added to retain the distal ends of the members 46. The fin 34a or 34b is complete at this time.

Next, copper or other thermally conductive tubes 32 are expanded against or otherwise mechanically bonded to the collars 44 of axially-aligned apertures 50 in the adjacent fins 34a and 34b as illustrated in Fig. 8. The central axes of the tubes 32 preferably extend perpendicularly to the major surfaces 42 of the fins 34a and 34b during the expanding operation to maximize the strength of the resulting connection. The fins 34a and 34b are stacked generally on top of one another with the spacing between adjacent fins being determined by the height of the collars 44 and the depth of the depressions. By forming depressions which are about 1/2 of the height of the collars in the manner described above, the members 46 will be positioned approximately half way between the two adjacent major surfaces 42. The ends of the tubes 32 are then connected to one another and filled with refrigerant or another fluid to form the heat exchanger 30. Heat exchanger 30 is then placed in a location in which the fluid flowing through the tubes 32 exchanges heat with an ambient fluid, typically air, with the help of the fins 34a and 34b.

Referring especially to Figs. 7 and 8, primary and secondary heat exchange surfaces of the completed heat exchanger 30 are formed by the major surfaces 42 of each fin and by the triangular members 46 surrounding each aperture 50, respectively. These primary and secondary heat exchange surfaces act in conjunction with one another to increase the heat exchange efficiency of the heat exchanger 30. The increase in heat exchange efficiency is rather dramatic for several reasons. First, the total surface area of each fin 34a or 34b available for heat exchange is increased by an amount proportional to the combined areas of the apertures 50. This increased surface area may, depending upon the diameter of the tubes 32 and the areas of the spaces between the tubes, range from 10% to 20% . In practice, the available surface area will typically increase by about 14% in heat exchangers employing 3/8" tubes and by about 17% in heat exchangers employing 1/2" tubes. Heat exchange capacity is generally proportional to available heat exchange area. Hence, the heat exchange capacity of the heat exchanger 30 can be expected to increase proportionally to the increase in surface area.

Second, as discussed above, at least a major portion of the secondary heat exchange surfaces formed by the triangular members 46 of each fin 34a or 34b are spaced apart from both the primary heat exchange surface formed by the major surface 42 of the same fin and the heat exchange surfaces of the adjacent fin. This spacing significantly enhances contact with a stream of air or another fluid at or near ambient temperature, thus further enhancing heat exchange efficiency. Third, the secondary heat exchange surfaces formed by the triangular members 46 increase turbulence of fluid flowing past the fins 34a or 34b, further enhancing contact with fluid at or near ambient temperature and still further increasing heat exchange efficiency. However, because the triangular members 46 extend at least generally in parallel with the major surfaces 42 of the fins 34a and 34b, overall resistance to fluid flow is not significantly increased. The resulting heat exchanger thus exhibits a lower overall pressure drop compared to some other fin designs providing the same amount of heat exchange.

Fourth, unlike the system disclosed in the Broadbent patent in which secondary heat exchange surfaces are located remote from the tubes, the triangular members 46 are in direct contact with the tubes 32 and are capable of direct conductive heat exchange with the tubes 32.

Heat exchanger 30 is also much easier to construct than louvered or raised lance heat exchangers such as that disclosed in the Broadbent patent because additional metal-working at locations remote from the apertures 50 is not required. Of course, the heat exchange efficiency of the heat exchanger 30 may if desired be increased still further by adding raised lances or louvers such as those disclosed in the Broadbent patent.

Many changes and modifications could be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof. For instance, the members 46 need not be triangular in shape. In addition, referring to Figure 9, a portion of a heat exchanger 130 is illustrated which differs from the heat exchanger 30 of Figures 7 and 8 primarily in that the primary heat exchange surfaces 142 are not depressed in vicinities of the collars 144. The spacing between adjacent fins is therefore determined solely by the height of the collars 144. The spacing between primary and secondary heat exchange surfaces in this instance is maintained by bending downwardly the triangular members forming the secondary heat exchange surfaces 146. Heat exchanger 130 is otherwise identical in construction to the heat exchanger 30 described above. Components corresponding to the components of heat exchanger 30 are, accordingly, denoted by the same reference numerals, incremented by 100.

The scope of further changes and modifications which could be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof will become apparent from the appended claims.

Claims

ClaimsI claim:

1. A finned mbe heat exchanger (30) comprising:

(A) at least one mbe (32) adapted to receive a heat-exchange fluid: and

(B) a plurality of fins (34a, 34b) each of which has a major surface (42) forming a primary heat exchange surface, each of said fins being formed from a thermally conductive metal sheet,, wherein each of said metal sheets

(1) has an aperture (50) formed therein which receives said mbe;

(2) has a collar (44) formed therein which borders said aperture, which is in thermal contact with said mbe, and which extends at least generally perpendicularly from the major surface thereof; and

(3) includes a plurality of generally planar secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) which have a combined surface area essentially equal to a surface area of said aperture, each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces (a) being made from material removed from said aperture, and (b) being spaced from said major surface.

2. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 1 , wherein a circular depression is formed in said major surface (42) and surrounds said collar (44).

3. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 2. wherein each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) extends generally in parallel with said major surface (42) through substantially the entire length of the secondary heat exchange surface.

4. A fined mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 2. wherein said collar (44) has an axial height d. and wherein said depression has a depth of about l/2d.

5. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 1 , wherein each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) extends generally in parallel with said major surface (42) through substantially the entire length of the secondary heat exchange surface.

6. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 1 , wherein said primary heat exchange surface (42) is generally planar in the vicinity of said collar (44), and wherein each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) is bent downwardly from inner to outer ends thereof.

7. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 1, wherein each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) is generally triangular in shape such that all of said secondary heat exchange surfaces in combination form a star-shaped structure which contacts said tube.

8. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 1 , wherein at least major portions of the secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) of a first fin (34a) are spaced apart from a second fin (34b) located adjacent said first fin.

9. A finned mbe heat exchanger (30) comprising:

(A) a plurality of parallel tubes (32) adapted to receive a heat-exchange fluid; and

(B) a plurality of spaced fins (34a, 34b) each of which is formed from a metal sheet presenting a major surface (42) which extends at least generally perpendicularly to said mbes and which presents a primary heat exchange surface, wherein

(1) a plurality of apertures (50) are formed through each of said sheets, each of said apertures receiving a respective one of said mbes,

(2) a plurality of collars (44) are formed in each of said sheets, each of which surrounds a respective one of said apertures and extends generally perpendicularly from the major surface of the respective sheet in contact with a respective one of said mbes, and (3) a plurality of generally planar secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) are formed from each of said sheets and are spaced from two adjacent primary heat exchange surfaces, each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces (a) being made from material punched from one of the apertures in the respective sheet, and (b) being connected to the respective sheet by one of said collars, wherein a plurality of said secondary heat exchange surfaces surround each of said collars, each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces is generally triangular in shape such that all of the secondary heat exchange surfaces surrounding each of said collars in combination form a star-shaped structure which extends at least generally in parallel with the major surface of the respective sheet, the secondary heat exchange surfaces surrounding each of said apertures, in combination, have a surface area essentially equal to a surface area of the respective aperture, and wherein each of said mbes is expanded against the collars surrounding the respective apertures.

10. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 9, wherein circular depressions are formed in said major surfaces (42) and surround said collars (44), said depressions having a depth which is about 1/2 of the distance between the major surfaces of two adjacent fins, and wherein said secondary heat exchange members (46) are located approximateh' half way between the major surfaces of said two adjacent fins.

11. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 9. wherein said major surfaces (42) are generally planar in the vicinity of said collars (44). and wherein the spacing between adjacent fins is determined by the height of said collars.

12. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 11. wherein each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) is bent downwardly from inner to outer ends thereof.

13. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 9. wherein the combined surface area of the secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) of each of said fins is about 10% to 20% of the surface area of the associated primary heat exchange surface.

14. A method comprising:

(A) providing a metal sheet (36) having a generally planar major surface (42); (B) punching an indent (38) in said metal sheet, said indent having a generally planar surface (40) spaced from said major surface of said sheet by a collar (44);

(C) slitting said planar surface of said indent to form a plurality of triangular members (46), wherein said triangular members have a combined surface area essentially equal to a surface area of said aperture;

(D) pushing said triangular members away from said sheet, thereby forming an aperture (50) in said sheet surrounded by said triangular members and bordered by said collar; and then (E) bending said triangular members downwardly and outwardly away from said collar to a position in which each of said triangular members extends outwardly from said collar and is spaced from said major surface of said sheet.

15. A method as defined in claim 14, further comprising forming a depression in said major surface (42) around said collar (44), said depression having a designated depth and maintaining a designated distance between said triangular members and said major surface of said sheet.

16. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 14. wherein said major surface (42) is generally planar in the vicinity of said collar (44), and wherein said bending step comprises bending each of said triangular members (46) to a position in which it extends downwardly from inner to outer ends thereof.

17. A method as defined in claim 14, further comprising expanding a mbe (32) against said collar to form a finned mbe heat exchanger (30) in which said major surface of said sheet and parallel surfaces of said triangular members (46) form primary and secondary heat exchange surfaces of a fin (34a) of said heat exchanger.

18. A method as defined in claim 17, further comprising expanding said mbe against a collar (44) of a second fin (34b) which is spaced from said primary and secondary heat exchange surfaces of said fin.

19. A method as defined in claim 18, wherein the height of said collar determines the spacing between said fins.

20. A method comprising:

(A) providing a heat exchanger (30) including

(1) at least one mbe (32); and

(2) a plurality of fins (34a, 34b) each of which has a major surface (42) forming a primary heat exchange surface, each of said fins being formed from a thermally conductive metal sheet, wherein each of said metal sheets (a) has an aperture (50) formed therein which receives said mbe;

(b) has a collar (44) formed therein which borders said aperture, which is in thermal contact with said mbe. and which extends at least generally perpendicularly from the major surface thereof; and

(c) includes a plurality of generally planar secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) which have a combined surface area essentially equal to a surface area of said aperture, each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces (a) being made from material removed from said aperture, and (b) being spaced from said major surface;

(B) drawing an ambient fluid through said heat exchanger in contact with said fins such that said secondary heat exchange surfaces increase mrbulence of ambient fluid flow through said heat exchanger without significantly increasing resistance to overall ambient fluid flow through said heat exchanger;

(C) conveying a heat exchange fluid through said mbe; (D) exchanging heat, via convective heat transfer, between said heat exchange fluid and said mbe and between said ambient fluid and said primary and secondary heat exchange surfaces; and (E) exchanging heat, via conductive heat transfer, between said mbe and said primary and secondary heat exchange surfaces.

AMENDED CLAIMS

[received by the International Bureau on 15 July 1996 ( 15.07.96) ; original claims 1 -20 replaced by amended claims 1 -16 (6 pages ) ]

1. A finned mbe heat exchanger (30) comprising:

(A) at least one tube (32) adapted to receive a heat-exchange fluid; and

(B) a plurality of fins (34a. 34b) each of which has a major surface (42) forming a primary heat exchange surface, each of said fins being formed from a thermally conductive metal sheet, wherein each of said metal sheets

(1) has an aperture (50) formed therein which receives said mbe;

(2) has a collar (44) formed therein which borders said aperture, which is in thermal contact with said mbe. and which extends at least generally perpendicularly from the major surface thereof; and

(3) includes a plurality of generally planar secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) which have a combined surface area essentially equal to a surface area of said aperture, each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces (a) being made from material removed from said aperture, and (b) being spaced from said major surface, wherein at least major portions of the secondary heat exchange surfaces of a first fin are spaced apart from a second fin located adjacent said first fin.

2. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 1. wherein a circular depression is formed in said major surface (42) of one of said fins, surrounds the collar (44) of the one fin. and extends axially away from the collar of the one fin.

3. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 2. wherein said circular depression has a radius which is shorter than the radial length of said secondary heat exchange surfaces.

4. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 1 or claim 2. wherein each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) extends generally in parallel with said major surface (42) through substantially an entire axial length of the secondary heat exchange surface.

5. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 2, wherein said collar (44) has an axial height d, and wherein said depression has a depth of about l/2d.

7. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 1 , wherein each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) is generally triangular in shape such that all of said secondary heat exchange surfaces in combination form a star-shaped structure which contacts said mbe.

9. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 1, further comprising additional mbes which extend in parallel with said at least one tube (32) and which are adapted to receive said heat-exchange fluid, wherein additional apertures (50) are formed through each of said sheets, each of said additional apertures receiving a respective one of said additional mbes. wherein an additional plurality of collars (44) are formed in each of said sheets, each of which surrounds a respective one of said additional apertures and extends generally perpendicularly from the major surface of the respective sheet in contact with a respective one of said additional mbes. and wherein an additional plurality of generally planar secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) are formed from each of said sheets and are spaced from two adjacent primary heat exchange surfaces, each of said additional secondary heat exchange surfaces (a) being made from material punched from one of the additional apertures in the respective sheet, and (b) being connected to the respective sheet by one of said additional collars.

10. A finned mbe heat exchanger as defined in claim 9. wherein the combined surface area of the secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) of each of said fins is about 10% to 20% of the surface area of the associated primary heat exchange surface.

11. A method comprising: (A) providing a first metal sheet (36) having a first generally planar major surface (42); (B) punching an indent (38) in said first metal sheet, said indent having a generally planar surface (40) spaced from said first major surface by a collar (44); (C) slitting said planar surface of said indent to form a plurality of generally planar triangular members (46);

(D) pushing said generally planar triangular members away from said first metal sheet, thereby forming a first aperture (50) in said first metal sheet surrounded by said generally planar triangular members and bordered by said collar, wherein said generally planar triangular members have a combined surface area essentially equal to a surface area of said first aperture : then

(E) bending said generally planar triangular members downwardly and outwardly away from said collar to a position in which each of said generally planar triangular members extends outwardly from said collar and in which at least a major portion of each of said generally planar triangular members is spaced from said first major surface, thereby forming a plurality of generally planar secondary heat exchange surfaces which are spaced from said first major surface; (F) providing a second metal sheet (36) having a second generally planar major surface (42). a second aperture (40) being formed in said second sheet: and

(G) mounting said second metal sheet above said first metal sheet such that said second aperture is located directly above said first aperture and such that at least a substantial portion of each of said secondary heat exchanger surfaces is spaced from said second metal sheet.

12. A method as defined in claim 11, further comprising A) forming a depression in said first major surface (42) around said collar (44), said depression having a designated depth and maintaining a designated distance between said generally planar triangular members (46) and said first major surface; and B) providing said second metal sheet (36) with 1) a second collar (44) which borders said second aperture (40) and which extends upwardly from said second major surface (42) and 2) a depression which extends downwardly from said second major surface and which has a radius which is smaller than a radial length of said secondary heat exchange surfaces.

13. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein said first major surface (42) is generally planar in the vicinity of said collar (44), and wherein said bending step comprises bending each of said triangular members (46) to a position in which it extends downwardly from inner to outer ends thereof.

14. A method as defined in claim 11 , further comprising expanding a mbe (32) against said collar (44) to form a finned mbe heat exchanger in which said first major surface (42) and parallel surfaces of said triangular members (46) form primary and secondary heat exchange surfaces of a fin (34A) of said heat exchanger.

15. A method as defined in claim 11. wherein said collar (44) is a first collar, wherein said second metal sheet (36) forms a second fin (34B) and has a second collar (44) which borders said second aperture (50) and which extends upwardly from said second major surface (42). and wherein the height of said first collar determines the spacing between said fins, and further comprising expanding said mbe (32) against said second collar.

16. A method comprising:

(F) providing a heat exchanger (30) including

(1) at least one mbe (32); and

(2) a plurality of fins (34a. 34b) each of which has a major surface (42) forming a primary heat exchange surface, each of said fins being formed from a thermally conductive metal sheet, wherein each of said metal sheets

(a) has an aperture (50) formed therein which receives said mbe;

(b) has a collar (44) formed therein which borders said aperture, which is in thermal contact with said mbe, and which extends at least generally perpendicularly from the major surface thereof; and

(c) includes a plurality of generally planar secondary heat exchange surfaces (46) which have a combined surface area essentially equal to a surface area of said aperture, each of said secondary heat exchange surfaces (a) being made from material removed from said aperture, and (b) being spaced from said major surface, wherein at least major portions of the secondary heat exchange surfaces of a first fin (34A) are spaced apart from a second fin (34B) located adjacent said first fin; (G) drawing an ambient fluid through said heat exchanger in contact with said fins such that said secondary heat exchange surfaces increase mrbulence of ambient fluid flow through said heat exchanger without significantly increasing resistance to overall ambient fluid flow through said heat exchanger;

(H) conveying a heat exchange fluid through said mbe;

(I) exchanging heat, via convective heat transfer, between said heat exchange fluid and said mbe and between said ambient fluid and said primary and secondary heat exchange surfaces; and

(J) exchanging heat, via conductive heat transfer, between said mbe and said primary and secondary heat exchange surfaces.

STATEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 19

The International Search Report indicates that claims 1. 6-8, and 14-20 lack novelty in view of Plumeri et al. and that the remaining claims lack an inventive step over Plumeri et al. considered in conjunction with Young. Applicant respectfully urges that the Examiner reconsider his position at least with respect to the substi te claims.

Referring to Figures 4-9 of the drawings by way of explanation, the invention relates to an improved finned mbe heat exchanger having what applicant has dubbed "secondary star fins" These fins, formed from material that would normally be removed from metal sheets as blanks during the heat exchanger fabrication process, improve heat exchange efficiency dramatically. The secondary star fins or heat exchange surfaces 46 1) surround metal mbes 32 adapted to receive a heat exchange fluid. 2) are generally planar. 3) have a combined surface area essentially equal to a surface area of an associated aperture, and 4) are spaced from bøtΛ the major surface of the fin from which they are formed and the major surface of immediately overlying or adjacent fin. Convective heat transfer is enhanced because the secondary heat exchange surfaces 46 contact a stream of air. at or near ambient temperamre, flowing between the two adjacent primary heat exchange surfaces 44 Conductive heat exchange efficiency is enhanced because the secondary heat exchange surface 46 are in direct contact with the mbes 32 Moreover, because the secondary heat exchange surfaces 46 are generally planar, they do not significantly add to the overall resistance of airflow to the heat exchanger. The benefits of the invention are amply defined by 1) substimte claim 1 defining a finned mbe heat exchanger having secondary heat exchange surfaces. 2) substimte claim 11 defining a method of making a structure having secondary heat exchange surfaces: and 3) substimte claim 16 defining a method of using a heat exchanger having secondary heat exchange surfaces

In sharp contrast, the Plumeri et al. reference cited by the Examiner merely discloses the formation of projections 4 which serve to determine the spacing between adjacent fins of the heat exchanger. (See, e.g.. Column 1. lines 6-14) Plumeri et al. prefers that, rather than being planar, the ends of the projections 4 should be curled or bent as indicated at 5 "in order to increase the smoothness, firmness, and extent of the contact with adjacent fins. " (Column 4. lines 10-14) The described contact between the projections 4 and an overlying sheet is required to set the spacing as desired in Plumeri et al. and proceeds directly contrary to the claimed invention which requires that the secondary heat exchange surfaces be spaced both from the sheet from which they are formed and an overlying sheet. Simply put, Plumeri et al. 's projection 4 not only are not planar as claimed, they also are provided to solve a completely different problem, namely the perceived failure of prior art attempts to adequately set the spacing between adjacent heat exchange fins as opposed to the loss of heat exchange efficiency normally occurring upon removal of blanks during fabrication of a finned mbe heat exchanger.

Young can add nothing to the deficiencies of Plumeri et al. In Young, as in Plumeri et al.. the stated purpose of forming projections 14, 16, 32, etc. is to form a contact surface for an overlying fin. Once again, there is no disclosure or suggestion of forming generally planar secondary heat exchange surfaces disposed between a fin from which they are formed and an overlying fin for the purpose of enhancing heat exchange efficiency of a finned mbe heat exchanger. Each of the independent substimte claims 1. 11, and 16 and all claims dependent therefrom are therefore believed to be novel and to present an inventive step over the prior art cited in the Search Report.