WO1996034282A1 - Apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid flow - Google Patents

Apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid flow Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996034282A1
WO1996034282A1 PCT/SE1996/000548 SE9600548W WO9634282A1 WO 1996034282 A1 WO1996034282 A1 WO 1996034282A1 SE 9600548 W SE9600548 W SE 9600548W WO 9634282 A1 WO9634282 A1 WO 9634282A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
flow cell
fluid
light
flow
measuring
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/SE1996/000548
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Ove ÖHMAN
Björn EKSTRÖM
Peter Norlin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cytiva Sweden AB
Original Assignee
Pharmacia Biotech AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from SE9501592A external-priority patent/SE9501592D0/en
Application filed by Pharmacia Biotech AB filed Critical Pharmacia Biotech AB
Priority to EP96911180A priority Critical patent/EP0823054A1/en
Priority to US08/945,337 priority patent/US5995209A/en
Priority to PCT/SE1996/000548 priority patent/WO1996034282A1/en
Priority to JP8532442A priority patent/JPH11505606A/en
Publication of WO1996034282A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996034282A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US09/316,140 priority patent/US6144447A/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
    • G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
    • G01N21/05—Flow-through cuvettes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
    • G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
    • G01N2021/0346—Capillary cells; Microcells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid flow.
  • Liquid chro atography is a widely used technique for separation and analysis of chemical compounds.
  • the basic principle of the chromatography technique is to let a test sample travel through a column containing a supporting medium, and there interact with substances of two different phases, namely a mobile phase and a stationary phase. Different sample components will interact to different degrees with the two phases, and those interacting more strongly with the stationary phase will eventually be lagging those preferring the mobile phase. The result is a separation of the test sample components during the passage of the column.
  • the object of the invention is to bring about an apparatus which makes it possible to measure more than one parameter in one and the same volume of a fluid flow.
  • the apparatus according to the invention in that it comprises a single flow cell having a fluid interface for conducting the fluid through the flow cell, an electrical interface connected to at least one first means provided in the flow cell wall for measuring at least one first parameter of the fluid in the flow cell, and an optical interface for transmitting light into the flow cell and for receiving light from the flow cell to measure at least one second parameter of the fluid in the flow cell.
  • Fig. 1 is a plan view of an embodiment of a sensor chip for a flow cell according to the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of an embodiment of a flow cell according to the invention along line A-A as indicated on the sensor chip in Fig. 1, and
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view along of the flow cell in Fig. 2 along line B-B as indicated on the sensor chip in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of an embodiment of a flow cell 1 according to the invention along line A-A as indicated in Fig. 1.
  • a flow channel 2 is defined between a sensor chip 3, a plan view of which is shown in Fig. 1, and a silicon wafer 4, which has been anisotropically etched with a KOH solution to produce the flow channel 2.
  • this etching process will produce a flow channel with sloped or inclined side-walls as apparent from Figs. 2 and 3 if mask/substrate orientation and etchant are choosen correctly.
  • the wafer 4 does not necessarily have to be a silicon wafer but that other materials are possible.
  • the sensor chip 3 is transparent and made of quartz. However, the sensor chip 3 does not have to be made of quartz but other materials are also possible.
  • the bottom area of the flow channel 2 is denoted 5. That bottom area 5 of the flow channel 2 can also be termed the measurement area of the flow cell 1.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the flow cell 1 according to the invention along line B-B as indicated on the sensor chip 3 in Fig. 1.
  • fluid is introduced into the flow channel 2 through an inlet opening 6 in the sensor chip 3 by means of an inlet capillary tube 7 or other means.
  • An outlet opening 8 for the fluid is indicated on the sensor chip 3 in Fig. 1, which outlet opening 8 is connected to an outlet capillary tube (not shown) .
  • the inlet tube 7 and the outlet tube (not shown) for the fluid may be located in a fixture (not shown) on which the flow cell 1 is docked upon measurement, in which case the inlet opening 6 and the outlet opening 8 in the sensor chip 3 constitute the fluid interface of the flow cell 1.
  • the measurement area 5 of the sensor chip 3 is provided with sensor elements 9 - 13 for measuring different parameters of the fluid in the flow channel 2.
  • the sensor elements 9 - 13 which may be produced by thin film technique, are all electrically connected to contact pads 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, respectively, on the sensor chip 3, which contact pads 14 - 18 in their turn are connected, in a manner not shown, by gold wires to connecting pins forming the electrical interface to the flow cell 1.
  • the sensor element 9 measures pH, and may comprise a known pH sensor in the form of an ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) or a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) .
  • ISFET ion sensitive field effect transistor
  • LAPS light-addressable potentiometric sensor
  • the sensor element 10 is adapted to measure the flow rate of the fluid in the flow channel 2, and may comprise in a manner not shown a known thermocouple and a known heating resistor.
  • the sensor elements 11 are adapted to measure the conductivity of the fluid. According to an alternative embodiment, one of the sensor elements 11 may be located in the silicon wafer 4 above the sensor element 11 located on the sensor chip 3.
  • the sensor element 12 is in the embodiment shown in
  • Fig. 1 adapted to measure the pressure of the fluid, while sensor element 13 is adapted, in a manner known per se, to measure the temperature of the fluid.
  • the flow cell 1 is adapted to measure light absorption of the fluid in the flow cell as well as fluorescence and turbidity of the fluid in the flow cell.
  • an optical fibre 19 (Fig. 2) is provided to transmit light into the flow channel 2 through the transparent sensor chip 3.
  • “fibre 19” actually can comprise more than one fibre.
  • the fibre 19 may be replaced by a light source, e.g. a laser diode.
  • UV, IR or visible light is transmitted into the flow cell through the optical fibre 19.
  • the light transmitted into the flow cell is reflected by the inclined end wall 20 of the flow channel 2 towards the other end wall 21 of the flow channel 2, which end wall 21 is also inclined to reflect the light towards an optical fibre 22 which in a manner not shown is connected to a device (not shown) for measuring light absorption of the fluid.
  • fibre 22 may comprise more than one fibre.
  • the fibre 22 can be replaced by a light receiver, e.g. a photodiode. It is actually to be understood that combinations of optical fibres, laser diodes, and photodetectors may used in any desired combination and manner.
  • excitation light from e.g. a laser may be conducted into the flow channel 2 through the optical fibre 19, and fluorescence may be picked up by an optical fibre 23 and conducted to a fluorescence detector (not shown) .
  • a bundle of fibres can be provided. One fibre may then be adapted to transmit excitation light into the fluid while the other fibres are adapted to receive the fluorescence from the fluid.
  • the optical fibres may be replaced by a laser diode and a photodetector.
  • the transparent sensor chip 3 constitutes the optical interface to the flow cell 1.
  • the optical fibres 19, 22 and 23 may also be fixed in the above-mentioned fixture (not shown) on which the flow cell 1 is docked upon measurement together with the inlet and outlet capillary tubes for the fluid.
  • the latter could be provided with V-grooves, and the optical fibres and the capillary tubes could be embedded by a polymer material in the V-grooves.
  • the optical fibres are replaced by combinations of laser diodes and photodetectors, the latter components may also be fixed in said fixture.
  • the sensor chip 3 has to be provided with openings or transparent windows (not shown) for the optical fibres 19, 22 and 23. Those openings or transparent windows would then constitute the optical interface of the flow cell.
  • both the cross-section of the flow channel 2 and the longitudinal section of the flow channel 2 has the form of a truncated, equally sided triangle.
  • the flow channel is anisotropically etched in silicon, as apparent from the embodiment shown in Fig. 2, the optical fibres 19 and 22 have to be slightly inclined in order for the light transmitted into the flow cell through the fibre 19 to be reflected straight through the flow cell by the end wall 20 thereof and for the light reflected by the end wall 21 to be received by the optical fibre 22.
  • the surfaces of the flow channel may be coated with a layer of a reflective material, e.g.
  • a thin aluminium film which may be deposited by means of sputtering or PVD. If the chemical resistance of the reflective layer is poor, as is the case with an aluminium layer, this can be remedied by depositing a further layer, e.g. of Si0 2 , on the aluminium layer.
  • a flow channel can be defined between two flat surfaces which are kept separated by means of intermediate spacers.
  • the flow cell according to the invention constitutes a multisensor for measuring any parameter associated with liquid chromatography measurements in one and the same very small volume of the fluid.
  • flow cell according to the invention is not limited to the field of liquid chromatography, but it can equally well be used in connection with capillary electrophoresis, flow injection analysis (FIA) for general biotechnical processes or applications of similar nature, chemical/biochemical reactors etc.
  • FIA flow injection analysis

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Optical Measuring Cells (AREA)
  • Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)

Abstract

An apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid flow comprises a single flow cell having a fluid interface (6, 8) for conducting the fluid through the flow cell, an electrical interface (14 - 18) connected to at least one first means (9 - 13) provided in the flow cell wall for measuring at least one first parameter of the fluid in the flow cell, and an optical interface (3, 19, 22, 23) for transmitting light into the flow cell and for receiving light from the flow cell to measure at least one second parameter of the fluid in the flow cell.

Description

APPARATUS FOR CONTINUOUSLY MEASURING PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PARAMETERS IN A FLUID FLOW
TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to an apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid flow.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Liquid chro atography is a widely used technique for separation and analysis of chemical compounds. The basic principle of the chromatography technique is to let a test sample travel through a column containing a supporting medium, and there interact with substances of two different phases, namely a mobile phase and a stationary phase. Different sample components will interact to different degrees with the two phases, and those interacting more strongly with the stationary phase will eventually be lagging those preferring the mobile phase. The result is a separation of the test sample components during the passage of the column.
To detect the sample components as they leave the separation column, several detector techniques are employed.
So far, separate detectors have been used to detect different parameters of the sample components as they leave the separation column. If more when one parameter are to be measured, different detectors would have to be interconnected by means of e.g. a flexible tubing in order to carry out the measurement.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The object of the invention is to bring about an apparatus which makes it possible to measure more than one parameter in one and the same volume of a fluid flow. This is attained by the apparatus according to the invention in that it comprises a single flow cell having a fluid interface for conducting the fluid through the flow cell, an electrical interface connected to at least one first means provided in the flow cell wall for measuring at least one first parameter of the fluid in the flow cell, and an optical interface for transmitting light into the flow cell and for receiving light from the flow cell to measure at least one second parameter of the fluid in the flow cell.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The invention will be described more in detail below with reference to the appended drawing, on which
Fig. 1 is a plan view of an embodiment of a sensor chip for a flow cell according to the invention,
Fig. 2 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of an embodiment of a flow cell according to the invention along line A-A as indicated on the sensor chip in Fig. 1, and
Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view along of the flow cell in Fig. 2 along line B-B as indicated on the sensor chip in Fig. 1.
PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Fig. 2 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of an embodiment of a flow cell 1 according to the invention along line A-A as indicated in Fig. 1.
In the flow cell 1, a flow channel 2 is defined between a sensor chip 3, a plan view of which is shown in Fig. 1, and a silicon wafer 4, which has been anisotropically etched with a KOH solution to produce the flow channel 2. As is well known per se, this etching process will produce a flow channel with sloped or inclined side-walls as apparent from Figs. 2 and 3 if mask/substrate orientation and etchant are choosen correctly.
It is to be understood that the wafer 4 does not necessarily have to be a silicon wafer but that other materials are possible. In the embodiment shown, the sensor chip 3 is transparent and made of quartz. However, the sensor chip 3 does not have to be made of quartz but other materials are also possible. On the sensor chip 3 in Fig. 1, the bottom area of the flow channel 2 is denoted 5. That bottom area 5 of the flow channel 2 can also be termed the measurement area of the flow cell 1. Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the flow cell 1 according to the invention along line B-B as indicated on the sensor chip 3 in Fig. 1.
With reference to Fig. 3, fluid is introduced into the flow channel 2 through an inlet opening 6 in the sensor chip 3 by means of an inlet capillary tube 7 or other means. An outlet opening 8 for the fluid is indicated on the sensor chip 3 in Fig. 1, which outlet opening 8 is connected to an outlet capillary tube (not shown) .
The inlet tube 7 and the outlet tube (not shown) for the fluid may be located in a fixture (not shown) on which the flow cell 1 is docked upon measurement, in which case the inlet opening 6 and the outlet opening 8 in the sensor chip 3 constitute the fluid interface of the flow cell 1. The measurement area 5 of the sensor chip 3 is provided with sensor elements 9 - 13 for measuring different parameters of the fluid in the flow channel 2.
The sensor elements 9 - 13 which may be produced by thin film technique, are all electrically connected to contact pads 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, respectively, on the sensor chip 3, which contact pads 14 - 18 in their turn are connected, in a manner not shown, by gold wires to connecting pins forming the electrical interface to the flow cell 1.
In the embodiment of the sensor chip 3 shown in Fig. 1, the sensor element 9 measures pH, and may comprise a known pH sensor in the form of an ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) or a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) .
The sensor element 10 is adapted to measure the flow rate of the fluid in the flow channel 2, and may comprise in a manner not shown a known thermocouple and a known heating resistor.
The sensor elements 11 are adapted to measure the conductivity of the fluid. According to an alternative embodiment, one of the sensor elements 11 may be located in the silicon wafer 4 above the sensor element 11 located on the sensor chip 3. The sensor element 12 is in the embodiment shown in
Fig. 1, adapted to measure the pressure of the fluid, while sensor element 13 is adapted, in a manner known per se, to measure the temperature of the fluid.
According to the invention, the flow cell 1 is adapted to measure light absorption of the fluid in the flow cell as well as fluorescence and turbidity of the fluid in the flow cell.
To accomplish this in the embodiment shown on the drawing, an optical fibre 19 (Fig. 2) is provided to transmit light into the flow channel 2 through the transparent sensor chip 3. It should be pointed out that "fibre 19" actually can comprise more than one fibre. Also, it is to be understood that the fibre 19 may be replaced by a light source, e.g. a laser diode. To measure light absorption of the fluid in the flow cell, UV, IR or visible light is transmitted into the flow cell through the optical fibre 19. The light transmitted into the flow cell is reflected by the inclined end wall 20 of the flow channel 2 towards the other end wall 21 of the flow channel 2, which end wall 21 is also inclined to reflect the light towards an optical fibre 22 which in a manner not shown is connected to a device (not shown) for measuring light absorption of the fluid. Also "fibre 22" may comprise more than one fibre. The fibre 22 can be replaced by a light receiver, e.g. a photodiode. It is actually to be understood that combinations of optical fibres, laser diodes, and photodetectors may used in any desired combination and manner.
To measure the fluorescence of the fluid, excitation light from e.g. a laser (not shown) may be conducted into the flow channel 2 through the optical fibre 19, and fluorescence may be picked up by an optical fibre 23 and conducted to a fluorescence detector (not shown) . As an alternative to a single fibre 23 located between the fibres 19 and 22, a bundle of fibres can be provided. One fibre may then be adapted to transmit excitation light into the fluid while the other fibres are adapted to receive the fluorescence from the fluid. Also in this case, the optical fibres may be replaced by a laser diode and a photodetector.
To measure the turbidity of the fluid in the flow cell, light, UV, IR or visible, is transmitted into the flow channel 2 by means of the optical fibre 19 and received by the optical fibre 23 which is then connected to a device for measuring the turbidity.
In the embodiment shown, the transparent sensor chip 3 constitutes the optical interface to the flow cell 1. The optical fibres 19, 22 and 23 may also be fixed in the above-mentioned fixture (not shown) on which the flow cell 1 is docked upon measurement together with the inlet and outlet capillary tubes for the fluid.
In that case, an integrated fluid and optical interface would be obtained. To secure the optical fibres and the capillary tubes in the fixture, the latter could be provided with V-grooves, and the optical fibres and the capillary tubes could be embedded by a polymer material in the V-grooves. In case the optical fibres are replaced by combinations of laser diodes and photodetectors, the latter components may also be fixed in said fixture.
It is also possible to make the sensor chip 3 of a non- transparent material. In that case, the sensor chip 3 has to be provided with openings or transparent windows (not shown) for the optical fibres 19, 22 and 23. Those openings or transparent windows would then constitute the optical interface of the flow cell.
According to one embodiment of the invention and as apparent from Figs. 2 and 3, both the cross-section of the flow channel 2 and the longitudinal section of the flow channel 2 has the form of a truncated, equally sided triangle. When the flow channel, according to the described embodiment of the invention, is anisotropically etched in silicon, as apparent from the embodiment shown in Fig. 2, the optical fibres 19 and 22 have to be slightly inclined in order for the light transmitted into the flow cell through the fibre 19 to be reflected straight through the flow cell by the end wall 20 thereof and for the light reflected by the end wall 21 to be received by the optical fibre 22. To increase the light transmission of the flow cell according to the invention, the surfaces of the flow channel may be coated with a layer of a reflective material, e.g. a thin aluminium film which may be deposited by means of sputtering or PVD. If the chemical resistance of the reflective layer is poor, as is the case with an aluminium layer, this can be remedied by depositing a further layer, e.g. of Si02, on the aluminium layer.
It should also be pointed out that instead of producing a flow channel by etching, a flow channel can be defined between two flat surfaces which are kept separated by means of intermediate spacers.
As apparent from the above description, the flow cell according to the invention constitutes a multisensor for measuring any parameter associated with liquid chromatography measurements in one and the same very small volume of the fluid.
However, it is to be understood that the use of the flow cell according to the invention is not limited to the field of liquid chromatography, but it can equally well be used in connection with capillary electrophoresis, flow injection analysis (FIA) for general biotechnical processes or applications of similar nature, chemical/biochemical reactors etc.

Claims

1. An apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid flow, characterized in that it comprises a single flow cell (1) having a fluid interface (6, 8) for conducting the fluid through the flow cell (1) , an electrical interface (14 - 18) connected to at least one first means (9 - 13) provided in the flow cell wall for measuring at least one first parameter of the fluid in the flow cell (1), and an optical interface (3, 19, 22, 23) for transmitting light into the flow cell (1) and for receiving light from the flow cell (1) to measure at least one second parameter of the fluid in the flow cell (1) •
2. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that said electrical interface (14) is connected to a pH measuring means (9) in the flow cell wall, and that said optical interface (3, 19, 22) is adapted to transmit UV, IR or visible light into the flow cell (1) and to receive that light for measuring light absorption of the fluid in the flow cell.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said electrical interface (16, 18) is connected to a means (11, 13) in the flow cell wall for measuring conductivity and temperature of the fluid in the flow cell.
4. The apparatus according to claims 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that said optical interface (3) is provided with means (23) for measuring fluorescence of the fluid in the flow cell.
5. The apparatus according to claim 4, characterized in that said optical interface (3, 19) is adapted to transmit fluorescence excitation light into the fluid in the flow cell.
6. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 - 5, characterized in that said electrical interface (15, 17) is connected to means (10, 12) in the flow cell wall for measuring pressure and flow rate of the fluid in the flow cell.
7. The apparatus according to any of claims 4 - 6, characterized in that said optical interface (3, 19, 23) is adapted to transmit light into the flow cell (1) and to receive that light to measure turbidity of the fluid in the flow cell.
8. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 - 7, characterized in that the cross-section of the flow channel (2) of the flow cell is a truncated, equally sided triangle.
9. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 - 8, characterized in that the longitudinal section of the flow channel (2) of the flow cell is essentially a truncated, equally sided triangle.
10. The apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that inclined end walls (20, 21) of the flow cell are adapted to reflect said light transmitted through the flow cell to measure light absorption of the fluid in the flow cell.
PCT/SE1996/000548 1995-04-27 1996-04-25 Apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid flow Ceased WO1996034282A1 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP96911180A EP0823054A1 (en) 1995-04-27 1996-04-25 Apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid flow
US08/945,337 US5995209A (en) 1995-04-27 1996-04-25 Apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid flow
PCT/SE1996/000548 WO1996034282A1 (en) 1995-04-27 1996-04-25 Apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid flow
JP8532442A JPH11505606A (en) 1995-04-27 1996-04-25 Apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid stream
US09/316,140 US6144447A (en) 1996-04-25 1999-05-21 Apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid flow

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9501592-1 1995-04-27
SE9501592A SE9501592D0 (en) 1995-04-27 1995-04-27 Apparatus for continuously measuring physical and vhemical parameters in a fluid flow
PCT/SE1996/000548 WO1996034282A1 (en) 1995-04-27 1996-04-25 Apparatus for continuously measuring physical and chemical parameters in a fluid flow

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1996034282A1 true WO1996034282A1 (en) 1996-10-31

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Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US5995209A (en)
EP (1) EP0823054A1 (en)
JP (1) JPH11505606A (en)
WO (1) WO1996034282A1 (en)

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