WO1997000127A2

WO1997000127A2 - Catalyst composition and process for the preparation of copolymers of carbon monoxide and an olefinically unsaturated compound

Info

Publication number: WO1997000127A2
Application number: PCT/EP1996/002537
Authority: WO
Inventors: Eit Drent; Mirjam Catharina Theodora De Kock
Original assignee: Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Current assignee: Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Priority date: 1995-06-12
Filing date: 1996-06-11
Publication date: 1997-01-03
Anticipated expiration: 1997-12-12
Also published as: JPH11507966A; AU6302696A; WO1997000127A3; MX9710001A; CA2222627A1; ZA964914B; US5688909A; EP0832148A2; AU699862B2

Abstract

A catalyst composition which is based upon (a) a source of nickel cations, and (b) a bidentate ligand of the general formula (I): R?1R2M1-R-M2R3R4¿ wherein M?1 and M2¿ represent independently phosphorus, nitrogen, arsenic or antimony, R?1, R2, R3 and R4¿ represent independently optionally substituted hydrocarbyl groups on the understanding that at least one of R?1, R2, R3 and R4¿ represent a substituted aryl group, and R represents a bivalent bridging group of which the bridge consists of at most two bridging atoms, and a process for the preparation of copolymers of carbon monoxide and an olefinically unsaturated compound comprising contacting the monomers in the presence of the said catalyst composition.

Description

CATALYST COMPOSITION AND PROCESS FOR THE

PREPARATION OF COPOLYMERS OF CARBON MONOXIDE

AND AN OLEFINICALLY UNSATURATED COMPOUND

The invention relates to a catalyst composition and a process for the preparation of copolymers of carbon monoxide and one or more olefinically unsaturated compounds. Linear copolymers of carbon monoxide with one or more olefinically unsaturated compounds can be prepared by contacting the monomers in the presence of a Group VIII metal containing catalyst. The copolymers can be processed by means of conventional techniques- into films, sheets, plates, fibres and shaped articles for domestic use and for parts in the car industry. They are eminently suitable for use in many outlets for thermoplastics. In the copolymers in question the units originating from carbon monoxide on the one hand and the units originating from the olefinically unsaturated compound(s) on the other hand occur in an alternating or substantially alternating arrangement.

So far, the preparation of the copolymers by using catalysts based on palladium as the Group VIII metal has been studied extensively because palladium based catalysts provide a high polymerization rate. However, a disadvantage of using palladium based catalysts is the high palladium price. This high price is to be accepted as a matter of fact because it is caused by the limited natural availability of this metal. Methods for the extraction of palladium remnants from the copolymers which allow the recycle of palladium are available, but these methods introduce additional process steps which complicates the total polymerization process scheme. Another disadvantage is that palladium based catalysts have a tendency to plate-out, i.e. to convert into the zero-valent metallic state. Plating-out during the copolymer work-up and further processing may cause some grey discoloration of the copolymer, in particular when its content of catalyst remnants is high. Plating-out may also occur during the catalyst preparation or the storage of the catalyst composition prior to its use in the copolymerization process. The tendency to plate-out is associated with the noble-metal character of palladium. It would be desirable to find an alternative to palladium based catalysts.

Nickel and cobalt are other Group VIII metals which can be used in the copolymerization of carbon monoxide with olefinically unsaturated compounds. For example, US-A-3984388 disclosed the use of nickel cyanide based catalysts. These catalysts, however, displayed a low polymerization activity despite the application of a high polymerization temperature. Moreover, copolymers made with these catalysts contain cyanides as catalyst remnants. It would then be likely that cyanide containing compounds, for example hydrogen cyanide, are being released from the copolymer during its end-use application. This is in particular undesirable when the copolymer is used as a packaging material in contact with food.

An improvement in the polymerization rate was accomplished in EP-A-121965 which teaches the use of catalysts containing nickel or cobalt complexed with a bidentate ligand which is 1, 3-bis (diphenylphosphino) - propane or 1,4-bis (diphenylphosphino)butane. However, in the instance that the copolymer's molecular weight was determined it was lower than desirable in many applications. Moreover, the polymerization rates obtained still leave substantial room for further improvements.

EP-A-470759 disclosed the use of catalysts based on nickel complexed with a mercaptocarboxylic acid. From the working examples in the latter application it can be comprehended that the polymerization rates achieved were again low.

It is to be concluded that so far only unsatisfactory results have been obtained with nickel or cobalt based catalysts.

It has now been found that substantial improvements in the performance of nickel containing catalysts can be achieved by using therein nickel complexed with a modified bidentate ligand. The modification involves the presence of a chelating atom carrying a substituted aromatic group and the presence of a small bridging group connecting two chelating atoms. The improvements reside in the polymerization rate, as well as in the molecular weight achievable. Advantages of this finding are that in a simple and efficient manner copolymers can be prepared using a cyanide free, non-plating metal containing catalyst. Further, the reactor powders thus prepared can have a very low content of catalyst remnants and they have a good colour performance. The copolymers have a good level of melt stability and they are in principle free of cyanides. It also appeared that the use of the nickel based catalyst surprisingly leads to a copolymer with a higher molecular weight than when a similar palladium based catalyst is used under otherwise identical conditions. The results with cobalt were unsatisfactory.

Accordingly, the invention relates to a catalyst composition which is based upon (a) a source of nickel cations, and (b) a bidentate ligand of the general formula R¹R²M¹-R- M²R³R⁴ (I) wherein M¹ and M² represent independently phosphorus, nitrogen, arsenic or antimony, R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ represent independently optionally substituted hydrocarbyl groups on the understanding that at least one of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ represent a substituted aryl group, and R represents a bivalent bridging group of which the bridge consists of at most two bridging atoms. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of copolymers of carbon monoxide and an olefinically unsaturated compound comprising contacting the monomers in the presence of a catalyst composition according to this invention.

In addition the invention relates to a linear copolymer of carbon monoxide and an olefinically unsaturated compound which copolymer comprises nickel in a quantity of up to 500 ppmw relative to the weight of the copolymer and which copolymer is free or substantially free of palladium. As the source of nickel cations conveniently a nickel salt, such as a nickel (II) salt, is used. Suitable salts include salts of mineral acids such as sulphuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and sulphonic acids, and organic salts, such as nickel acetylacetonate. Preferably, a nickel salt of a carboxylic acid is used, for example a carboxylic acid with up to 8 carbon atoms, such as formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, propionic acid and citric acid. Other preferred nickel salts are nickel halogenates, such as nickel (II) bromide and nickel (II) iodide. Nickel (II) acetate represents a particularly preferred source of nickel cations. Another very suitable source of nickel cations is a compound of nickel in its zero-valent state, i.e. nickel (0) , complexed with an organic ligand, such as a diene or a phosphine. Examples of such complexes are nickel (0) tetracarbonyl, nickel (0) bis (triphenyl¬ phosphine) dicarbonyl and nickel (0) dicyclooctadiene, from which cationic species may be formed by reaction, e.g., with a strong acid, such as acids as defined hereinafter, e.g. trifluoroacetic acid.

In the ligands of formula (I) M^ and M² preferably represent phosphorus atoms. The groups Rl, R², R³ _an(_ R⁴ are independently hydrocarbyl groups which may optionally be polar substituted. R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ may independently represent optionally polar substituted alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl groups having typically up to 20 carbon atoms, more typically up to 10 carbon atoms, on the understanding that at ^' least one of R^, R², R³ and R⁴ represents a substituted aryl group. Such a substituted aryl group has preferably up to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably up to 10 carbon atoms. Typically at least one of Rl and R² and at least one of R³ and R⁴ represent a substituted aryl group, more typically each of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ represent a substituted aryl group.

Suitable substituents present at the substituted aryl group (s) are alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl or t-butyl groups. However, it is preferred that the substituted aryl groups are polar substituted. Suitable polar substituents include halogen atoms, such as fluorine and chlorine, alkoxy groups such as methoxy and ethoxy groups and alkylamino groups such as methyl¬ amino-, dimethylamino- and diethylamino groups. Alkoxy groups and alkylamino groups contain in particular up to 5 carbon atoms in each of their alkyl groups. The preferred polar substituent is an alkoxy group, especially a methoxy group.

It is preferred that substituted aryl groups R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are phenyl groups having a substituent typically at an ortho position with respect to M¹ or M². Further substituents are preferably positioned in an ortho position, as well, or in a para position with respect to M¹ or M². The bridging group R of the ligands of formula (I) is typically an organic bridging group having up to 10 carbon atoms. The bridging atoms are preferably carbon atoms, but it is also feasible that one or two bridging atoms are heteroatoms, such as silicon or oxygen atoms. Preferably there are two bridging carbon atoms. The bridging group R may be aliphatic, olefinic or aromatic of nature. However, it is preferably a 1,2-alkylene group, for example a 1,2-propylene, a 2, 3-butylene group or a 1, 2-cyclohexylene group. R represents most preferably an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-) .

Preferred bidentate ligands are 1,2-bis [ (2-methoxy¬ phenyl) ,phenylphosphino] ethane, 1,2-bis [bis (2,4-di- methoxyphenyl)phosphino] ethane, 1,2-bis [bis (2,4, 6-tri- methoxyphenyl)phosphino] ethane and, most preferred, 1,2-bis [bis (2-methoxyphenyl)phosphino] ethane.

The amount of bidentate ligand supplied to the catalyst composition may vary, but is conveniently selected in the range of from 0.1 to 2 moles of bidentate ligand per gram atom of nickel. Preferably, the amount is in the range of from 0.5 to 1.5 moles of ligand per gram atom of nickel.

The nickel containing catalyst composition may be based on a source of anions as a further catalyst component. The skilled person will appreciate that suitable anions are those which are non- or only weakly co-ordinating with nickel under the conditions of the copolymerization. Examples of suitable anions are anions of protic acids, which include acids which are obtainable by combining a Lewis acid and a protic acid, and acids which are adducts of boric acid and a 1,2-diol, a catechol or a salicylic acid. Preferred acids are strong acids, i.e. those which have a pKa of less than 6, in particular less than 4, more in particular less than 2, when measured in aqueous solution at 18 °C. Examples of suitable protic acids are the above mentioned acids which may also participate in the nickel salts, e.g. trifluoroacetic acid. Examples of Lewis acids which can be combined with a protic acid are the Lewis acids defined and exemplified hereinafter, in particular boron trifluoride, boron pentafluoride, tin dichloride, tin difluoride, tin di (methylsulphonate) , aluminium trifluoride and arsenic ^' pentafluoride, triphenylborane, tris (perfluorophenyl) - borane and tris [3, 5-bis (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borane. Examples of protic acids which may be combined with a

Lewis acid are sulphonic acids and hydrohalogenic acids, in particular hydrogen fluoride. Very suitable combinations of a Lewis acid with a protic acid are tetrafluoroboric acid and hexafluoroboric acid (HBF4 and HBFg) . Other suitable anions are anions of which it appears that there are no stable conjugated acids, such as tetrahydrocarbylborate anions or carborate anions. Borate anions may comprise the same or different hydrocarbyl groups attached to boron, such as alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and cycloalkyl groups. Preferred are tetraarylborates, such as tetraphenylborate, tetrakis [3 , 5-bis (trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borate and tetrakis (perfluorophenyl)borate, and carborate (B₁₁CH₁₂ ^") . The source of anions may be acids from which the anions are derivable, or their salts. Other sources of anions are suitably Lewis acids, such as halides, in particular fluorides, of boron, tin, antimony, aluminium or arsenic. Boron trifluoride and boron pentafluoride are very suitable. Other suitable Lewis acids are hydrocarbylboranes. The hydrocarbylboranes may comprise one hydrocarbyl group or two or three of the same or different hydrocarbyl groups attached to boron, such as alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and cycloalkyl groups, preferably aryl groups. They may also comprise hydrocarbyloxy or hydroxy groups or halogen atoms attached to boron. Examples of very suitable hydrocarbylboranes are tri- phenylborane, tris (perfluorophenyl)borane and tris [3,5- bis (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borane. Again other suitable compounds which may function as a source of anions are aluminoxanes, in particular methyl aluminoxanes and t- butyl aluminoxanes.

The quantity of the source of anions is preferably selected such that it provides in the range of from 0.5 to 50 equivalents of anions per gram atom of nickel, in^' particular in the range of from 0.1 to 25 equivalents of anions per gram atom of nickel. However, the aluminoxanes may be used in such a quantity that the molar ratio of aluminium to nickel is in the range of from 4000:1 to 10:1, preferably from 2000:1 to 100:1, most preferably from 500:1 to 200:1.

The activity of the catalyst composition is such, that amounts in the range from 10^~7 to IO^-2 gram atom of nickel per mole of olefinically unsaturated compound to be copolymerized, are adequate. Preferably, the amount will be from IO^-6 to IO^"3, on the same basis.

Olefinically unsaturated compounds which can be used as monomers in the copolymerization process of the invention, include compounds consisting exclusively of carbon and hydrogen and compounds which in addition comprise hetero atoms, such as unsaturated esters. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are preferred. Examples of suitable monomers are lower olefins, i.e. olefins containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, such as ethene, propene and butene-1, cyclic olefins such as cyclopentene, aromatic compounds, such as styrene and alpha-methylstyrene and vinyl esters, such as vinyl acetate and vinyl propionate. Preference is given to ethene and mixtures of ethene with another α-olefin, such as propene or butene-1.

Generally, the molar ratio of on the one hand carbon monoxide to on the other hand the olefinically unsaturated compound(s) may be selected within a wide range, for example in the range of from 1:50 to 20:1. However, it is preferred to employ a molar ratio in the range of from 1:20 to 2:1.

The process of the invention is conveniently carried out in the presence of a diluent. Preferably a diluent is used in which the copolymers are insoluble or virtually insoluble so that they form a suspension upon their formation. Recommended diluents are polar organic liquids, such as ketones, ethers, esters or amides. Preferably, protic liquids are used, such as monohydric and dihydric alcohols, in particular the lower alcohols having at most 4 carbon atoms per molecule, such as methanol and ethanol. The process of this invention may also be carried out as a gas phase process, in which case the catalyst is typically used deposited on a solid particulate material or chemically bound thereto. When a diluent is used in which the formed copolymer forms a suspension it is preferred to have a solid particulate material suspended in the diluent before the monomers are contacted with the catalyst composition. Suitable solid particulate materials are silica, polyethene and a copolymer of carbon monoxide and an olefinically unsaturated compound, preferably a copolymer which is based on the same monomers as the copolymer to be prepared. The quantity of the solid particulate material is preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 20 g, particularly from 0.5 to 10 g per 100 g diluent.

The conditions under which the process of the invention is performed, include the use of elevated temperatures and pressures, such as between 20 and

200 °C, in particular between 30 and 130 °C, and between 1 and 200 bar, in particular between 5 and 100 bar. The pressure of carbon monoxide is typically at least 1 bar. The copolymers can be recovered from the polymerization mixture by using conventional techniques. When a diluent is used the copolymers may be recovered by filtration or by evaporation of the diluent. The copolymer may be purified to some extend by washing.. . Copolymers are suitably prepared in which the units originating from carbon monoxide on the one hand and the units originating from the olefinically unsaturated compound(s) on the other hand occur in an alternating or substantially alternating arrangement. The term "substantially alternating" will generally be understood by the skilled man as meaning that the molar ratio of the units originating from carbon monoxide to the units originating from the olefinically unsaturated compound(s) is above 35:65, in particular above 40:60. When the copolymers are alternating this ratio equals 50:50.

A high Limiting Viscosity Number (LVN) , or intrinsic viscosity, of the copolymers LVN is indicative of a high molecular weight . The LVN is calculated from determined viscosity values, measured for different copolymer concentrations in m-cresol at 60 °C. It is preferred to prepare copolymers having in LVN in the range of from 0.2 to 10 dl/g, in particular from 0.4 to 8 dl/g, more in particular from 0.6 to 6 dl/g. It is also preferred to prepare copolymers which have a melting point above 150 °C, as determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) . For example, linear copolymers of carbon monoxide and ethene and linear copolymers of carbon monoxide, ethene and another α-olefin which are alternating or substantially alternating fall into this category. It is particularly preferred to prepare linear alternating copolymers of carbon monoxide and ethene or linear alternating copolymers of carbon monoxide, ethene and another α-olefin in which the molar ratio of the other α-olefin to ethene is typically above 1:100, preferably in the range of from 1:100 to 1:3, more preferably in the range of from 1:50 to 1:5. Furthermore, for practical reasons the nickel content of the copolymers will typically be above 0.01 ppmw, relative to the weight of the copolymer. It^' is preferred to prepare copolymers which have a nickel content in the range of from 0.05 to 300 ppmw, in particular from 0.1 to 200 ppmw, relative to the weight of the copolymer. The copolymers are substantially free, preferably free of palladium. "Substantially free of palladium" means to the skilled person that the palladium content is lower than the value normally achieved when a palladium based catalyst is employed in the copolymerization, for example less than 1 ppmw, in particular less than 0.1 ppmw, relative to the weight of the copolymer. Alternatively it is preferred that, if palladium is present, the weight ratio of palladium to nickel is less than 1:50, in particular less than 1:100 or most in particular even less than 1:200.

Preferably the copolymers are free or substantially free of inorganic cyanides. Substantially free of organic cyanides may be considered copolymers of which the content of inorganic cyanide, measured as the weight of CN, is less than 10 ppm, in particular less than 1 ppm, more in particular less than 0.1 ppm, relative to the weight of the copolymer. The copolymer' s content of cyanide can be determined by bringing the cyanide into an aqueous solution, for example by dissolving the copolymer in a suitable polar solvent, such as hexa- fluoroisopropanol, and adding water, after which the cyanide content of the aqueous solution can be determined using standard methods.

The invention is illustrated by the following examples of the preparation of linear alternating carbon monoxide/olefin copolymers. Example 1

A carbon monoxide/ethene copolymer was prepared as follows.

A stirred 200 ml autoclave was charged with a catalyst solution consisting of 100 ml of methanol,

0.25 mmol of nickel (II) acetate, 1 mmol of trifluoroacetic acid, and 0.3 mmol of 1,2-bis [bis (2-methoxy¬ phenyl)phosphino] ethane. The air in the autoclave was removed by evacuation.

The autoclave was then pressurized with ethene to 20 bar and additionally with 30 bar carbon monoxide, i.e. a total of ethene and carbon monoxide of 50 bar. Subsequently the autoclave was heated to 90 °C. After 5 hours the polymerization was terminated by cooling to ambient temperature and subsequently releasing the pressure. The copolymer reactor powder was recovered by filtration, washing with methanol and drying at 60 °C in nitrogen at a reduced pressure. The yield was 13.5 g of a water-white copolymer having an LVN of 1.67 dl/g, which corresponds with a number average molecular weight of about 25000. Example 2 (for comparison)

A carbon monoxide/ethene copolymer was prepared as described in Example 1, but with the differences that 0.3 mmol of 1, 3-bis [bis (2-methoxyphenyl)phosphino] - propane was used instead of 1,2-bis [bis (2-methoxy¬ phenyl)phosphino] ethane and that the polymerization time was 10 hours instead of 5 hours. The yield was 0.7 g of a yellowish white copolymer.

Example 3 (for comparison)

A carbon monoxide/ethene copolymer was prepared as described in Example 1, but with the differences that 0.3 mmol of 1, 2-bis (diphenylphosphino) ethane was used instead of 1, 2-bis [bis (2-methoxyphenyl)phosphino] ethane and that the polymerization time was 10 hours instead of 5 hours.

The yield was 0.6 g of a yellowish white copolymer. Example 4 (for comparison) A carbon monoxide/ethene copolymer was prepared as described in Example 1, but with the differences that 0.3 mmol of 1, 3-bis (diphenylphosphino)propane was used instead of 1, 2-bis [bis (2-methoxyphenyl)phosphino] ethane and that the polymerization time was 3 hours instead of 5 hours.

The yield was 0.1 g of a yellowish white copolymer. Example 5

A carbon monoxide/ethene copolymer was prepared as described in Example 1, but with the differences that (1) the catalyst solution consisted of 100 ml of methanol, 0.1 mmol of nickel (II) acetate, 0.2 mmol of tetrafluoroboric acid, and 0.12 mmol of 1, 2-bis [bis (2-methoxyphenyl)phosphino] - ethane,

(2) the temperature was 100 °C instead of 90 °C, and

(3) the polymerization time was 3 hours instead of 5 hours.

The yield was 8 g of a water-white copolymer having an LVN of 1.64 dl/g. Example 6

A carbon monoxide/ethene copolymer was prepared as described in Example 1, but with the differences that (1) the catalyst solution consisted of 100 ml of methanol,

0.1 mmol of nickel (II) acetate,

0.2 mmol of trifluoroacetic acid, and

0.12 mmol of 1,2-bis [bis (2-methoxyphenyl)phosphino] - ethane, (2) the temperature was 100 °C instead of 90 °C,

(3) the ethene and the carbon monoxide were fed at

30 bar and 20 bar pressure instead of 20 bar and 30 bar, respectively, and

(4) the polymerization time was 1 hour instead of 5 hours.

The yield was 4.5 g of a water-white copolymer having an LVN of 2.10 dl/g. Example 7 (for comparison)

A carbon monoxide/ethene copolymer was prepared as described in Example 6, but with the differences that the catalyst solution contained 0.1 mmol of cobalt (II) acetate instead of nickel (II) acetate and that the polymerization time was 3 hours instead of 1 hour.

The yield was 0.3 g of a yellowish white copolymer. Example 8

A carbon monoxide/ethene copolymer was prepared as described in Example 1, but with the differences that

(1) the catalyst solution consisted of 100 ml of methanol, 0.02 mmol of nickel (II) acetate,

0.04 mmol of trifluoroacetic acid, and 0.024 mmol of 1, 2-bis [bis (2-methoxyphenyl) - phosphino] ethane,

(2) the temperature was 100 °C instead of 90 °C, (3) the ethene and the carbon monoxide were fed at

40 bar and 20 bar pressure instead of 20 bar and 30 bar, respectively, and

(4) the polymerization time was 1.5 hour instead of 5 hours .

The yield was 6.0 g of a water-white copolymer having an LVN of 2.35 dl/g. Example 9

(1) the catalyst solution consisted of 100 ml of methanol,

0.02 mmol of nickel (II) acetate, 0.04 mmol of trifluoroacetic acid, and 0.024 mmol of 1, 2-bis [bis (2-methoxyphenyl) - phosphino] ethane,

(2) the temperature was 50 °C instead of 90 °C,

(3) the ethene and the carbon monoxide were fed at

30 bar and 10 bar pressure instead of 20 bar and 30 bar, respectively, and

(4) the polymerization time was 0.12 hours instead of 5 hours.

The yield was 3.5 g of a water-white copolymer having an LVN of 5.95 dl/g. Example IQ

(1) the catalyst solution consisted of 100 ml of methanol, 0.1 mmol of nickel (II) acetate, and

0.12 mmol of 1, 2-bis [bis (2-methoxyphenyl) - phosphino] ethane,

(2) the ethene and the carbon monoxide were fed at

40 bar and 10 bar pressure instead of 20 bar and 30 bar, respectively, (3) additional carbon monoxide was fed at 10 bar pressure at three points in time, viz. at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 hours after the start of the copolymerization, and

(4) the polymerization time was 2.5 hours instead of 5 hours.

The yield was 11 g of a water-white copolymer having an LVN of 4.1 dl/g.

Claims

C L A I M S

1. A catalyst composition which is based upon

(a) a source of nickel cations, and

(b) a bidentate ligand of the general formula R¹R²M¹-R- M²R³R⁴ (I) wherein M¹ and M² represent independently phosphorus, nitrogen, arsenic or antimony, R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ represent independently optionally substituted hydrocarbyl groups on the understanding that at least one of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ represent a substituted aryl group, and R represents a bivalent bridging group of which the bridge consists of at most two bridging atoms.

2. A catalyst composition as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the source of nickel cations comprises a nickel salt or a compound of nickel (0) complexed with an organic ligand.

3. A catalyst composition as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that M¹ and M² represent phosphorus atoms and that at least one of R¹ and R² and at least one of R³ and R⁴ of the bidentate ligand of the general formula (I) , typically each of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴, represent a polar substituted aryl group.

4. A catalyst composition as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the polar substituted aryl group is a phenyl group substituted at an ortho position with respect to M^- or M² with an alkoxy group, especially a methoxy group.

5. A catalyst composition as claimed in any of claims 1-4, characterized in that the bivalent bridging group R is a 1,2-alkylene group, preferably an ethylene group

(-CH2-CH2-⁾ • 6. A catalyst composition as claimed in any of claims

1-5, characterized in that the amount of the bidentate ligand of the general formula (I) is selected in the range of from 0.5 to 1.5 moles per gram atom of nickel.

7. A process as claimed in any of claims 1-6, characterized in that the catalyst composition is based, as an additional component, on a source of anions selected from sources of anions of protic acids, tetrahydrocarbylborate anions and carborate anions, or selected from Lewis acids and aluminoxanes, which anions are preferably applied in a quantity of from 1 to 25 equivalents per gram atom of nickel, on the understanding that aluminoxanes are preferably applied in such a quantity that the molar ratio of aluminium to nickel is in the range of from 2000:1 to 100:1, in particular from 500:1 to 200:1.

8. A process for the preparation of copolymers of carbon monoxide and an olefinically unsaturated compound comprising contacting the monomers in the presence of a catalyst composition as claimed in any of claims 1-7.

9. A process as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that the olefinically unsaturated compound is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, such as ethene or a mixtures of ethene with another α-olefin.

10. A process as claimed in claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the contacting is carried out in a diluent in which the copolymers are insoluble or virtually insoluble, such as methanol or ethanol, so that they form a suspension upon their formation, using such an amount of the catalyst composition that the amount of nickel present is in the range of from 10^~7 to IO"² gram atom, preferably from IO^"6 to 10^~3 gram atom per mole of olefinically unsaturated compound to be copolymerized, and applying a molar ratio of carbon monoxide to the olefinically unsaturated compound(s) in the range of from 1:50 to 20:1, preferably from 1:20 to 2:1, a temperature between 20 and 200 °C, in particular between 30 and 130 °C, and a pressure between 1 and 200 bar, in particular between 5 and 100 bar.

11. A linear copolymer of carbon monoxide and an olefinically unsaturated compound which copolymer comprises nickel in a quantity of up to 500 ppmw relative to the weight of the copolymer and which copolymer is free or substantially free of palladium.

12. A copolymer as claimed in claim 11, characterized in that the copolymer has a nickel content in the range of from 0.05 to 300 ppmw, in particular from 0.1 to

200 ppmw, relative to the weight of the copolymer.

13. A copolymer as claimed in claim 11 or 12, characterized in that if palladium and/or inorganic cyanide are present, the content of palladium is less than 1 ppm and the content of inorganic cyanide is less • than 10 ppm, calculated as the weight of CN, both contents being relative to the weight of the polymer.

14. A copolymer as claimed in any of claims 11-13, characterized in that the copolymer is a linear alternating copolymer of carbon monoxide and ethene or a linear alternating copolymer of carbon monoxide, ethene and another α-olefin.