WO1997023286A1 - A flexible mini-ring in the plum flower shape - Google Patents

A flexible mini-ring in the plum flower shape Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997023286A1
WO1997023286A1 PCT/CN1996/000111 CN9600111W WO9723286A1 WO 1997023286 A1 WO1997023286 A1 WO 1997023286A1 CN 9600111 W CN9600111 W CN 9600111W WO 9723286 A1 WO9723286 A1 WO 9723286A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ring
filler
plum
packing
flexible
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PCT/CN1996/000111
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Weiyang Fei
Xiaoming Wen
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Tsinghua University
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Tsinghua University
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Priority to EP96942240A priority Critical patent/EP0882501A4/en
Priority to US09/091,276 priority patent/US6102376A/en
Priority to AU11379/97A priority patent/AU1137997A/en
Publication of WO1997023286A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997023286A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/30—Loose or shaped packing elements, e.g. Raschig rings or Berl saddles, for pouring into the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/30—Details relating to random packing elements
    • B01J2219/302—Basic shape of the elements
    • B01J2219/30215—Toroid or ring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/30—Details relating to random packing elements
    • B01J2219/302—Basic shape of the elements
    • B01J2219/30223—Cylinder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/30—Details relating to random packing elements
    • B01J2219/304—Composition or microstructure of the elements
    • B01J2219/30408—Metal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S261/00—Gas and liquid contact apparatus
    • Y10S261/72—Packing elements

Definitions

  • the present invention is a flexible plum ring packing, which belongs to the field of chemical separation equipment.
  • Packed tower is an important chemical mass transfer equipment used in the distillation, absorption, extraction and other mass transfer separation processes in the fields of chemical industry, petroleum, light industry, medicine and environmental protection.
  • the structure and performance of the packing have a decisive influence on the technical and economic indicators of the packed tower. It is a large-volume and wide-ranging product with significant economic and social benefits. Therefore, the structure and performance of the packing has been deeply developed in various countries. Research has created a wide range of chemical fillers. Fillers can be divided into two categories: granular fillers and structured fillers. Generally speaking, granular fillers are suitable for normal pressure and pressurized operations, while structured fillers are more suitable for reduced pressure operations. Because particulate fillers are simpler to manufacture and easier to install, The cost is low, so the application is extremely wide.
  • the present invention belongs to a granular filler.
  • stepped ring packing is shown in Fig. 1 (front view) and Fig. 2 (half cross-sectional view of Fig. 1A-B-A).
  • 1 is the metal piece constituting the filler
  • 2 is the tongue
  • 3 is the notch on the ring wall
  • 4 is the tapered flange at one end of the filler.
  • the aspect ratio of the filler is 0.5. Because the height-diameter ratio of the stepped ring packing is only half of the Bower ring, the center of gravity is low, the regularity of the arrangement in the tower after random placement is increased, and the inner surface is fully utilized, which is conducive to reducing the continuous phase through the packing Resistance drop during layering and improve mass transfer efficiency. However, the height-diameter ratio of this filler is still large, and the internal tongue structure is not ideal, and there is still much room for improvement. Its rigid structure requires a larger filler thickness and consumes more plates.
  • Inner curved arc rib flat ring packing was mainly created by the applicant of this patent, and has obtained the utility model patent (89220935.6) and invention patent (89109152.1) of the China Patent Office.
  • Figure 3a is the inner curved arc rib flat ring packing
  • Figure 3b is a top view of a flat ring packing with curved inner ribs. As can be seen from the figure, the characteristics of this packing are:
  • This new type of filler has excellent performance, but there is room for improvement.
  • the ring structure has a limited specific surface area.
  • the curved inner ribs divide the interior of the filler into four parts, there is still room for further division.
  • the rigid structure of the filler Thicker plates are required and more metal materials are consumed.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to further increase the specific surface area of the filler, improve its mass transfer efficiency, and reduce the consumption of filler material on the basis of the inner curved plate filler.
  • the invention is a flexible plum ring packing, which is composed of a flat ring with a rectangular window and an inner curved arc rib connected to the two short sides of the rectangular window. It is characterized in that the flat ring is plum-shaped, of which one There is a small gap between the hem of the end of the adjacent and severed petals; there is a said rectangular window in the longitudinal center of each plum petal ring wall; between the two said rectangular windows A small rectangular window is located in the center of each inner curved arc rib connected to the short side; one end of each rectangular small window is regularly connected with a tongue pointing to the middle of the flat ring and dividing the area inside the filler uniformly; the height of the filler
  • the ratio (HD) is 0.2-0.3.
  • the plum shape preferably has four to seven petals.
  • Figure 1 is a structural diagram of a stepped ring packing in the prior art (front view)
  • Fig. 2 is a structural diagram of a stepped ring packing in the prior art (A-B-A half sectional view of Fig. 1)
  • Figure 3a is a front view of a flat ring packing with curved inner ribs
  • Figure 3b is a top view of a flat ring packing with curved inner ribs
  • Figure 4 is a front view and a top view of the 5-petal flexible plum ring packing of the present invention
  • Figure 5 is an expanded view of the filler of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is a front and top view of a 5-petal flexible plum ring packing.
  • 1 is a metal flat ring constituting a filler
  • 2 is a rectangular window ⁇ on the ring wall
  • 3 is an inner curved arc rib connected to the two short sides of the rectangular window
  • 4 is a rectangular small ⁇ on this arc rib.
  • window. 5 is a tongue connected to one end of the small rectangular window and pointing to the middle of the flat ring.
  • a pair of adjacent and broken petals at both ends of the hem 6 becomes a flexible structure with a small gap, which can control the deformation of the filler.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the filler of the present invention.
  • a flexible plum ring can be made after cutting, punching out arc ribs and tongues and bending them into a ring.
  • the use of composite molds can complete the above steps at once, which is convenient for large-scale industrial production of this new filler.
  • This filler is punched from thinner sheets. Due to the function of the inner curved ribs, the petal-shaped portions of the filler still have high strength, and the entire filler has a certain flexibility, and a pair of small flanges 6 can control the deformation of the filler and ensure that it meets the requirements of engineering applications. Claim.
  • the height-to-diameter ratio (H / D) of this filler is 0.2-0.3. This extremely low height-to-diameter ratio can ensure that the filler also has a high degree of orderly arrangement in bulk, that is, it is difficult for the filler to stand on the side wall. Therefore, the angle between the cross section of the flexible plum ring packing and the horizontal plane is kept small. In this way, the two-phase countercurrent flows through the packing layer with lower resistance drop and smaller axial mixing, which helps to further improve the processing capacity and mass transfer efficiency of the packing.
  • the plum-shaped filler increases its specific surface area; the inner curved ribs and tongues on the ribs that point to the middle of the filler can promote the surface renewal of the dispersed phase and suppress the non-ideal of the two phases.
  • Flow Extremely low height-diameter ratio (0.2-0.3) can make it have a large degree of regular arrangement characteristics in bulk; flexible structure can use thinner plates to process fillers, improve the weight of the filler layer and reduce Filler cost. Therefore, the present invention not only has the special advantages of high mass transfer efficiency, large processing capacity, and small resistance drop, but also has light weight and low cost. Comparison of mass transfer characteristics of two packings
  • Filler 1 is a flexible toroidal flat ring
  • filler 2 is an inner curved arc-shaped flat ring filler. Comparison of several characteristics of four kinds of fillers ( ⁇ 50mm)
  • the flexible plum ring packing of the present invention is shown in Table 1. It is a ⁇ 25mm flexible plum ring measured in a medium extraction system with 50% TBP (kerosene) -acetic acid-water in a packed extraction tower of ⁇ 100 mm. The mass transfer characteristics are compared with the ⁇ 25mm inner curved arc rib flat ring packing under the same conditions. In the table, the flow rate of the water phase and the flow rate of the oil phase are expressed in liters / hour. Noxp is the number of mass transfer units in a one-meter-high filler layer. The higher the value of Noxp, the higher the mass transfer efficiency of the filler.
  • the mass transfer efficiency of the packing of the present invention is 21% higher than that of the internally curved arc-shaped flat ring packing.
  • the mass transfer performance of the flat curved ring packing with inner curved ribs is obviously better than that of Bauer ring, ring saddle and Mellapak structured packing (Fei, W., et al. 1993, Proceeding of ISEC-93, Vol. 1 , P. 49, York, U. K)
  • the mass transfer performance of the packing of the present invention is very excellent.
  • Table 2 lists the geometrical characteristics of ⁇ 50mm Bauer ring, step ring, inner curved rib filler and flexible plum ring. From the data in the table, it can be seen that for four kinds of fillers with the same nominal size, The ring has the smallest specific gravity, the largest specific surface area and the highest porosity. Therefore, the packing of the present invention has the best mass transfer performance, the largest processing capacity and low cost. The advantages of the present invention are quite obvious.
  • the flexible plum ring packing of the present invention has obvious advantages such as excellent mass transfer performance, large processing capacity, small resistance drop, and low cost. It can be used in atmospheric and pressure rectification processes in petrochemical industry, absorption and washing processes in chemical industry (such as fertilizer production), liquid-liquid extraction processes such as lubricating oil refining and aromatics extraction. If such packings are used to replace Raschig ring, Bauer ring, step ring and ring saddle in the technical transformation of existing equipment, the mass transfer efficiency and processing capacity of the device will be greatly improved, and significant economic benefits will be obtained.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)

Description

挠性梅花扁环填料
技术领域
本发明为一种挠性梅花扁环填料， 属于化工分离设备领域.
背景技术
填料塔是一种重要的化工传质设备， 用于化工、 石油、 轻工、 医药和环保等 领域的精馏、 吸收、 萃取等传质分离过程。
填料的结构和性能对填料塔的技术经济指标具有决定性的影响，它是一种量 大面广的产品，具有重大的经济和社会效益， 因而各国都对填料的结构和性能幵 展了深人的研究，创制了种类繁多的化工填料。填料可分为颗粒填料和规整填料 两大类. 一般说来， 颗粒填料适合于常压和加压操作， 而规整填料更适用于减压 操作. 由于颗粒填料加工制造比较简单， 安装比较方便， 成本较低， 因而应用极 为广泛. 本发明属于颗粒型填料。
颗粒型填料的种类很多， 如拉西环、 鲍尔环、 阶梯环、 环矩鞍填料等。 由于 金属材质制成的颗粒填料空隙率高、易加工成较为理想的形状， 因而成为一种重 要的发展趋势。而高径比较小的环形填料如阶梯环和内弯弧形筋片扁环填料更具 特色。
阶梯环填料的结构如图 1(主视图)和图 2(图 1A— B— A半剖视图)所示。图 中 1为构成填料的金属片； 2 为舌片； 3 为环壁上的幵口； 4 为填料一端的锥 形翻边. 填料的高径比为 0.5。 由于阶梯环填料的高径比仅为鲍尔环的一半， 重 心较低， 增加了随机投放后在塔内排列的规则性， 并较充分地利用内表面， 因而 有利于减小连续相通过填料层时的阻力降和提高传质效率。但是，这种填料高径 比仍较大， 内部舌片结构也不理想， 还大有改进的余地. 其刚性结构要求填料厚 度较大， 消耗板材较多。
内弯弧形筋片扁环填料是本专利申请人为主创制的，获得了中国专利局的实 用新型专利 (89220935.6)和发明专利 (89109152.1). 图 3a是内弯弧形筋片扁环填 料的主视图， 图 3b是内弯弧形筋片扁环填料的俯视图， 从图可以看出， 这种填 料的特点是：
(1) 采用独特的内弯弧形筋片结构， 既使填料内部通道更为合理， 也增加了填 料强度， 消除了可能引起液滴群聚结或物料结焦的翻边。
(2) 采用 0.2-0.4的极低的高径比， 使填料在乱堆时也能体现较大程度的有序 排列的特点， 从而降低填料的阻力降， 有效地抑制两相的非理想流动， 进一步提 高填料的处理能力和传质效率。
(3) 便于加工， 可用多种材质制造以适应各种生产要求。
这种新型填料性能优良，但也有改进余地，如环形结构，填料比表面积有限； 内弯弧形筋片虽把填料内部分成四个部分，但仍有进一步分割的余地；此外， 填 料的刚性结构需较厚的板材， 消耗的金属材料也比较多。
发明的公开
本发明的目的是在内弯弧片填料的基础上， 进一步提高填料比表面积， 提高 其传质效率， 并降低填料材料的消耗。
现在对本发明进行概述。 本发明为一种挠性梅花扁环填料， 由幵有矩形窗口 的扁环和与矩形窗口的两条短边相连的内弯弧形筋片组成，其特征在于扁环为梅 花状， 其中有一对相邻的并且断幵的花瓣， 其端部的折边间留有小间隙； 每片 梅花瓣环壁的纵向中部幵有一个所说的矩形窗口；在所说的与矩形窗口的两条短 边相连的各内弯弧形筋片中央幵有一个矩形小窗口；每个矩形小窗口的一端规则 地连有一块指向扁环中部并均匀分割填料内部的区域的舌片;填料的高径比 (H D) 为 0.2-0.3。 所说的梅花状最好有四至七个花瓣。
附图的简要说明
图 1为现有技术中阶梯环填料的结构图 （主视图）
图 2为现有技术中阶梯环填料的结构图 （图 1的 A— B— A半剖视图） 图 3a为内弯弧形筋片扁环填料的主视图
图 3b为内弯弧形筋片扁环填料的俯视图
图 4为本发明 5花瓣挠性梅花扁环填料的主视图和俯视图
图 5为本发明填料的展开图
其中： 1一 填料的金属扁环 2— 矩形窗口 3— 内弯弧形筋片
4一 矩形小窗口 5— 舌片 6— 折边
实现本发明的最佳方案
现在结合附图对本发明进行详细描述。 图 4为 5 花瓣挠性梅花扁环填料的 主视图和俯视图。 图中 1为构成填料的金属扁环， 2为环壁上幵的矩形窗口， 3为与矩形窗口两短边相连的内弯弧形筋片， 4为在此弧形筋片上幵的矩形小窗 口。 5为与矩形小窗口一端相连并指向扁环中部的舌片。一对相邻并断开的花瓣 的两端的折边 6成为留有小间隙的挠性结构， 可以控制填料的变形。五个内弯弧 形筋片和五条指向填料中部的舌片将梅花扁环内部分成十个小区。当两相流体逆 流通过填料时，五个弧形筋片和五个舌片可有效地促进液滴群分散一聚合一再分 散循环， 促进传质表面的更新。 这种精巧的内部结构也可更好地切割连续相流 体， 抑制非理想流动。 这种新填料的梅花形周边， 比传统的圆形填料周边长 10% 以上， 因此当直径相同时， 填料单位体积的比表面积高于内弯弧形筋片扁环填 料， 更大于阶梯环和鲍尔环等填料。
图 5 为本发明填料的展幵图。 利用图示的给定长度和宽度的金属薄片， 经 过切口、 冲出弧形筋片和舌片并弯曲成环后即可制成挠性梅花扁环。 利用复合模 具可使上述几道工序一次完成， 便于这种新填料的大规模工业化生产。
这种填料用较薄的板片冲制而成。 由于内弯弧形筋片的作用， 填料的各花瓣 形部分仍具有较高的强度， 而整个填料具有一定的挠性， 而且一对小折边 6可以 控制填料的变形并保证满足工程应用的要求。 这种填料的高径比 (H/D)为 0.2-0.3 , 这种极低的高径比可以保证填料在散装 时也具有较高程度的有序排列的特点， 即填料难以用侧壁站立， 因而挠性梅花扁 环填料的横截面与水平面之间保持较小的夹角。这样两相逆流通过填料层时阻力 降较低， 轴向混合较小， 有助于进一步提高填料的处理能力和传质效率。
本发明达到了预期效果。 正如发明的构思所预期的那样， 梅花形的填料增加 了它的比表面积；内弯弧形筋片及筋片上的指向填料中部的舌片可以促进分散相 的表面更新和抑制两相的非理想流动； 极低的高径比 (0.2-0.3)可以使它散装时也 具有较大程度的规整排列的特点； 挠性结构可以使用较薄的板材来加工填料， 进 步减轻填料层的重量和降低填料成本。 因此， 本发明不仅具有传质效率高， 处 理能力大， 阻力降小的特殊优点， 而且重量轻， 成本较低。 两种填料的传质特性比较
Figure imgf000006_0001
填料 1为挠性梅花扁环， 填料 2为内弯弧形筋片扁环填料。 四种填料的几种特性比较（ Φ 50mm)
Figure imgf000007_0001
* 即内弯弧形筋片扁环填料
** 即本发明的挠性梅花扁环填料 表 1 是在 φ 100mm的填料萃取塔中，用 50%TBP (煤油) -醋酸-水的中等介面 张力体系，测定的 φ 25mm挠性梅花扁环的传质特性并与同样条件下的 φ 25mm 内弯弧形筋片扁环填料进行比较的结果。 表中水相流量和油相流量均以升 /小时 表示， Noxp是一米高填料层所具有的传质单元数， Noxp的数值越高， 则填料 的传质效率越高。 从表列数据可以看出， 本发明的填料的传质效率比内弯弧形筋 片扁环填料平均提高了 21%。考虑到内弯弧形筋片扁环填料的传质性能已明显优 于鲍尔环、环矩鞍和 Mellapak规整填料 (Fei, W., et al. 1993, Proceeding of ISEC-93, Vol. 1, P. 49， York, U. K)本发明填料的传质性能是十分优异的。
表 2 列举了 φ 50mm鲍尔环、 阶梯环、 内弯弧形筋片填料和挠性梅花扁环 的几何特性数据。 由表列数据可以看出， 对于名义尺寸相同的四种填料， 梅花扁 环的堆比重最小， 比表面积最大而空隙率最高. 因而本发明填料的传质性能最 好、 处理能力最大而成本较低。 本发明的优势是十分明显的.
综上所述， 本发明的挠性梅花扁环填料具传质性能优异， 处理能力大， 阻力 降小和成本较低等明显优点。 可用于石油化工中的常压、 加压精馏过程， 化学工 业 (如化肥生产等)中的吸收和洗涤过程， 润滑油精制、 芳烃抽提等液一液萃取过 程。 如在现有设备的技术改造中用此种填料代替拉西环、 鲍尔环、 阶梯环和环矩 鞍等， 将大大提高装置的传质效率和处理能力， 取得重大的经济效益。
例举的实施例如下：
1. Φ 75mm的挠性梅花扁环填料，五个花瓣。填料高度 15mm ,高径比 0.2， 内 弯弧形筋片高度 9mm , 此弧形筋片上的内冲舌片高度 4mm。
2. φ 50mm的挠性梅花扁环填料， 五个花瓣。填料高度 12.5mm， 高径比 0.25 ， 内弯弧形筋片高度 7.5mm , 此弧形筋片上的内冲舌片高度 3.5mm。
3. φ 38mm的挠性梅花扁环填料， 五个花瓣。 填料高度 1 1.4mm , 高径比 0.3 , 内弯弧形筋片高度 6.6mm， 此弧形筋片上的内冲舌片高度 3.0tnm。
4. φ 50mm的挠性梅花扁环填料， 六个花瓣。 填料高度 12.5mm , 高径比 0.25 , 内弯弧形筋片高度 7.5mm， 此弧形筋片上的内冲舌片高度 3.5mm„

Claims

权利要求书
1. 一种挠性梅花扁环填料， 由幵有矩形窗口的扁环和与矩形窗口的两条短边相 连的内弯弧形筋片组成， 其特征在于扁环为梅花状， 其中有一对相邻的并且断开 的花瓣， 其端部的折边间留有小间隙； 每片梅花瓣环壁的纵向中部幵有一个矩 形窗口； 在所说的与矩形窗口的两条短边相连的各内弯弧形筋片中央幵有一个 矩形小窗口，每个矩形小窗口的一端规则地连有一块指向扁环中部并均匀分割填 料内部的区域的舌片； 填料的高径比 (H/D)为 0.2-0.3 。
2. 按权利要求 1所说的挠性梅花扁环填料， 其特征在于所说的梅花状最好有四 至七个花瓣。
PCT/CN1996/000111 1995-12-22 1996-12-19 A flexible mini-ring in the plum flower shape Ceased WO1997023286A1 (en)

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EP96942240A EP0882501A4 (en) 1995-12-22 1996-12-19 A flexible mini-ring in the plum flower shape
US09/091,276 US6102376A (en) 1995-12-22 1996-12-19 Flexible mini-ring in the plum flower shape
AU11379/97A AU1137997A (en) 1995-12-22 1996-12-19 A flexible mini-ring in the plum flower shape

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CN95117866A CN1038911C (zh) 1995-12-22 1995-12-22 挠性梅花扁环填料
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EP1731221B1 (de) * 2005-06-08 2008-09-03 Vereinigte Füllkörper-Fabriken GmbH & Co. KG Füllkörper gebildet aus mindestens zwei flachen Einheiten
US7722945B2 (en) * 2006-10-10 2010-05-25 Koch-Glitsch, Lp Random packing elements and column containing same
JP2008183501A (ja) * 2007-01-29 2008-08-14 Anemosu:Kk 流体混合器
CN105107453B (zh) * 2015-08-14 2017-06-30 海盐新世纪石化设备有限公司 一种双层舌片的梅花形金属填料
CN105080466B (zh) * 2015-08-14 2017-03-29 海盐新世纪石化设备有限公司 一种爪形舌叶镶嵌固定式填料
USD819895S1 (en) * 2017-06-02 2018-06-05 Christopher L. Smith Wearable hummingbird feeder ring
CN108295800B (zh) * 2018-04-10 2023-09-26 深圳市高德威技术有限公司 适用于厨房油烟净化的填料环及填料

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AU1137997A (en) 1997-07-17
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EP0882501A1 (en) 1998-12-09
CN1038911C (zh) 1998-07-01
US6102376A (en) 2000-08-15

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