WO1997044923A1 - Stopfverfahren für plesiochrone datenübertragung (ii) - Google Patents
Stopfverfahren für plesiochrone datenübertragung (ii) Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997044923A1 WO1997044923A1 PCT/CH1996/000197 CH9600197W WO9744923A1 WO 1997044923 A1 WO1997044923 A1 WO 1997044923A1 CH 9600197 W CH9600197 W CH 9600197W WO 9744923 A1 WO9744923 A1 WO 9744923A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- data
- segment
- determining
- clock signal
- stuffing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
- H04J3/02—Details
- H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
- H04J3/07—Synchronising arrangements using pulse stuffing for systems with different or fluctuating information rates or bit rates
- H04J3/073—Bit stuffing, e.g. PDH
Definitions
- the invention relates to a stuffing method for plesiochronous data transmission, in which
- the invention further relates to a data transmission system and a terminal for carrying out the method.
- State of the art
- an elastic memory (FIFO memory) must be provided at the interface, in which one data rate is entered and one is read out with the other.
- the frequencies of the two clock signals will usually deviate by a few ppm.
- the frequency of the clock signal which is read out is selected to be slightly, but sufficiently higher than that of the memory which is to be stored. Accordingly, stuff bits are inserted into the outgoing data stream from time to time. If necessary, the insertion takes place at the end of a data frame.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method of the type mentioned at the outset which allows a reduction of the jitter amplitudes going beyond the prior art.
- the solution according to the invention is defined by the features of claim 1. Accordingly, a difference frequency existing between the clock signals (e.g. in the form of a ppm deviation) is measured and, depending on which of several predetermined (difference frequency) segments it is in, a correspondingly predefined modulation curve is used as the threshold.
- the (threshold) modulation curve can therefore differ from segment to segment. According to the invention, at least two different segments with different modulation curves are specified.
- a modulation curve optimized with regard to minimal jitter amplitudes is preferably defined in each segment. It has been shown that it is much easier to avoid strong amplitude maxima for only a section of the total permissible maximum difference frequency than for the entire range.
- the area adjacent to the zero point can be defined as a separate segment that works with its own modulation curve. That is, outside the segment mentioned, a modulation curve .A "could be used, while another modulation curve" B "could be used within the same.
- the segments are preferably of different sizes. However, this does not have to apply to everyone, some can easily be the same size.
- the amplitudes mentioned are defined as follows:
- the periodicity is preferably N ⁇ 10. Good results can be achieved with 5 ⁇ N ⁇ 7.
- the maximum value of the (integer) index K is preferably not greater than 2 5 . It turns out that the amplitudes D ⁇ m are proportional to 1 / K. The maximum amplitude values to be minimized are predominantly small index values.
- the resolution ⁇ should be better than 1/5. Good results have been achieved e.g. B. achieved with a resolution of 1/20. If the resolution is too fine (eg ⁇ 1/100), the numerical optimization becomes very lengthy and nevertheless cannot produce any corresponding improvements in the result.
- a differential frequency range of z. B. - 80 ppm to + 80 ppm 9 segments provided.
- the segmentation according to the invention should typically develop its strengths from 4 segments. However, the optimal number will depend on the individual case. In a specific application, it was successfully used with e.g. B. 9 or 14 segments operated.
- What is essential in a data transmission system according to the invention is a terminal which has a circuit for determining a difference frequency existing between the clock signals and a correspondingly relevant segment, and which has a memory which contains a modulation curve for each segment.
- a table with the respective segment boundaries must also be provided.
- 1 shows a schematic representation of a plesiochronous transmission system
- 2 shows a block diagram of a circuit for carrying out the stuff control
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of a circuit for determining the difference frequency
- Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of the segmentation of the differential frequency range according to the invention.
- a terminal 3 or 4 is now available for each of these stations.
- the data transmission between the terminals 3, 4 (ie the transmission link 5) is formed, for example, by two pairs of copper wires 6.1, 6.2. These are operated at a data rate that is somewhat higher than half the data rate of the data sources 1.1, 1.2. It is z. B. 1'168 Kbit / s (HDSL clock rate). The maximum transmission performance is 2 * 336 Kbit / s.
- One of the two terminals has an independent clock signal generator 7 for generating the clock signal for data transmission.
- This clock signal is in the second Terminal 4 taken over by the clock signal arrester 8.
- the terminals 3, 4 are therefore synchronized with one another.
- the plesiochronous interface exists between the terminals 3, 4 and the external data sources or sinks 1.1, 1.2 or 2.1, 2.2.
- a control circuit 9 or 10 (framer)
- the data to be transmitted are divided between the two copper wire pairs 6.1, 6.2 and, on the other hand, the received data are combined and output to the data sink 2.1 or 2.2.
- the copper wire pairs 6.1, 6.2 are served by transmitter / receiver circuits 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2 (data pumps).
- the control circuit 9 or 10 distributes the data to be transmitted to the two transmitter / receiver circuits 11.1, 11.2 or 12.1, 12.2 (switches 13.1, 14.1) and on the other hand brings together the incoming data (switches 13.2, 14.2).
- the essence of the invention is the stuffing control circuit 15, 16 integrated in the control circuit 9, 10.
- this includes an elastic memory 19, a comparator 20 and an AND gate 21.
- the data to be transmitted (TX_DATA_IN) are entered into the memory 19. They are output on the basis of the clock signal of the transmission system (HDSL_CLK). Since the reading takes place at a slightly higher clock rate than the input, stuffing bits must be inserted from time to time.
- a comparator 20 which compares the two clock signals (WRITE_CLK and HDSL_CLK) and, depending on the phase difference accumulated within a data frame, generates an enable signal which is linked in AND gate 21 with the HDSL clock signal .
- a frame end pulse generator 24 indicates the end of a user data block. Whenever the phase difference when the frame end pulse occurs exceeds a certain threshold, then the readout clock (READ_CLK) for z. B. 4 HDSL clock periods stopped. (Since the number of useful bits per data frame is known on the receiver side, it is possible to eliminate the stuff bits generated in this way.)
- the threshold value for the phase difference from frame to frame is now varied in a certain way (stuffing threshold modulation).
- a frequency discriminator 27 is provided which compares WRITE_CLK and HDSL_CLK and transfers the difference frequency (for example in the form of a counter reading which can be converted into a ppm value) to the table memory 28.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of a circuit for measuring the differential frequency.
- the clock signal TX_USER_CLK of the external data source is given to the input of a frequency divider 22. This realizes, for example, a division ratio 2 21 .
- the resultant divided output signal is given on the one hand to the reset input of a counter 23 and on the other hand to the clock input of a memory 24.
- the counter 24 is incremented by the clock signal HDSL_CLK (and reset in accordance with the output pulse of the frequency divider 22).
- a word (counter reading) with 8 bits is generated on the output side of the counter 23 and is stored in the memory 24. From there it can e.g. B. be picked up by a microprocessor of the terminal (to determine the relevant segment and the correct modulation curve).
- difference frequency can also be determined in other ways.
- the comparator 20 accesses the table memory 28.
- a plurality of digitized modulation curves are stored there. Which of these curves is to be used depends on the difference frequency determined. The segmentation of the differential frequency range and the suitable choice of the modulation curves will be explained below.
- a range 25 from -82 ppm to + 82 ppm is shown by way of example in FIG. 4. This area 25 depends on the specific system parameters. It results essentially from the fact that both the clock signal of the data source and that of the transmission system may deviate from the nominal value by a predetermined range.
- the maximum ppm deviation is usually defined by a standard. (In principle, the ppm values used in the present description represent the sum of the relative deviations of the user clock and the HDSL clock from the respectively predetermined nominal value of the corresponding clock rate.)
- the whole ppm range 25 is divided into a plurality of segments 26.1 to 26.9.
- a (digital) modulation curve 27.1 to 27.9 is assigned to each segment.
- not all segments 26.1 to 26.9 are of the same size.
- the segments near 0 ppm are smaller than those at higher ppm values.
- the smallest segment 26.5 is in the middle, the largest segments 26.1, 26.9 are on the outside.
- Every deviation (Xppm) in the ppm range corresponds to a stop rate p.
- the relationship is determined by the following formula.
- a different modulation curve can be determined for each segment. According to a preferred embodiment, it results from a numerical optimization of the following type:
- a segment is selected and the corresponding range for the stuffing rate p is determined. Furthermore, the number N of the support values T 0 T N. Is determined as required (period of the stuffing threshold modulation). Finally, threshold value ranges for T 0 T N-1 including the resolution are defined. For all base values z. B. a range from 0 to 4 signal cycles (assumption: maximum 4 stuff bits) and one
- Resolution ⁇ 0.2 can be specified. These areas are suitable for. B. for the implementation of a 0/4 stuffing bit method.
- K max can be of any size. However, it has been shown that with
- Pairs of defined set of amplitude values D ⁇ m are primarily interested in how large the maximum amplitude value occurring in a particular set is.
- the aim is namely a set whose amplitude values are all as small as possible or do not exceed a suitable maximum value.
- the N-tuple (T 0 , ..., T N-1 ) is varied over all permissible base value combinations and for each combination all amplitude values D ⁇ m calculated.
- the N-tuple (T 0l ..., T N-1 ) that shows the best amplitude values also defines the optimal base value combination or the optimal modulation curve.
- the numerical optimization can also be done in other ways.
- a certain type of curve is considered as predetermined (eg a sawtooth or Gaussian curve) and that only the scaling (eg the parameters periodicity, value range etc.) is optimized become. So it is z. B. possible that an optimal sawtooth curve is used as a modulation curve in each segment.
- the modulation curves and segments according to the invention can be stored in a ROM of the terminal.
- the tamping process uses the different values of the modulation curve to be taken into account on the basis of the phase difference determined.
- threshold_1, threshold_2 two thresholds (threshold_1, threshold_2) are defined, which vary synchronously (corresponding to those specified in the table) Values) and have a distance of 2 HDSL cycles.
- a new threshold is defined for each data frame (index i). (As a rule, the threshold value will change continuously, but this does not mean that, in exceptional cases, two successive values can be the same.)
- the stuffing bits are inserted on the basis of the following comparisons:
- the stuffing threshold modulation means that a receiver-side PLL circuit 17, 18 (cf. FIG. 1) below the cutoff frequency (i.e. typically in the range ⁇ 1 Hz) has rather small jitter or wander amplitude peaks.
- the stuffing threshold modulation according to the invention brings particularly good results for 0/4 and 0/2/4 stuffing processes (that is, stuffing processes with one or two sleepers). However, other applications make sense. Basically, it doesn't matter how many bits are inserted. In terms of hardware, in addition to transmission systems with two wire pairs, systems with three or only one are also of interest. Of course, the invention can be used in any transmission system (especially in optical).
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Time-Division Multiplex Systems (AREA)
- Synchronisation In Digital Transmission Systems (AREA)
- Communication Control (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Dental Preparations (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/194,200 US6470033B1 (en) | 1996-05-21 | 1996-05-21 | Padding process for plesiochronous data transmission (II) |
| PCT/CH1996/000197 WO1997044923A1 (de) | 1996-05-21 | 1996-05-21 | Stopfverfahren für plesiochrone datenübertragung (ii) |
| AU56432/96A AU722136B2 (en) | 1996-05-21 | 1996-05-21 | Padding process for plesiochronous data transmission (II) |
| DE59611151T DE59611151D1 (de) | 1996-05-21 | 1996-05-21 | Stopfverfahren für plesiochrone datenübertragung (ii) |
| EP96913426A EP0953239B1 (de) | 1996-05-21 | 1996-05-21 | Stopfverfahren für plesiochrone datenübertragung (ii) |
| AT96913426T ATE283588T1 (de) | 1996-05-21 | 1996-05-21 | Stopfverfahren für plesiochrone datenübertragung (ii) |
| NO985416A NO985416L (no) | 1996-05-21 | 1998-11-20 | Takttilpasning for plesiokron dataoverf÷ring |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CH1996/000197 WO1997044923A1 (de) | 1996-05-21 | 1996-05-21 | Stopfverfahren für plesiochrone datenübertragung (ii) |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1997044923A1 true WO1997044923A1 (de) | 1997-11-27 |
Family
ID=4550428
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CH1996/000197 Ceased WO1997044923A1 (de) | 1996-05-21 | 1996-05-21 | Stopfverfahren für plesiochrone datenübertragung (ii) |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6470033B1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0953239B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE283588T1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU722136B2 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE59611151D1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO1997044923A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1133091A3 (de) * | 2000-03-07 | 2004-07-21 | Nec Corporation | Bitratenkonverter mit geregelter Stopfrate |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6952826B1 (en) * | 1999-10-21 | 2005-10-04 | Sony Corporation | Method for implementing a multi-level system model for deterministically handling selected data |
| US6904111B1 (en) * | 2000-03-01 | 2005-06-07 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Asynchronous resampling for data transport |
| US6944190B1 (en) | 2000-09-14 | 2005-09-13 | Ciena Corporation | Methods and apparatuses for serial transfer of SONET framed data between components of a SONET system |
| US7023100B2 (en) * | 2003-12-15 | 2006-04-04 | Glycon Technologies, L.L.C. | Method and apparatus for conversion of movement to electrical energy |
| US7489675B2 (en) * | 2005-09-12 | 2009-02-10 | Motorola, Inc. | Method for indicating padding in a digital mobile radio system |
| US10957445B2 (en) | 2017-10-05 | 2021-03-23 | Hill-Rom Services, Inc. | Caregiver and staff information system |
| US10672098B1 (en) * | 2018-04-05 | 2020-06-02 | Xilinx, Inc. | Synchronizing access to buffered data in a shared buffer |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0248551A2 (de) * | 1986-05-29 | 1987-12-09 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Synchronisierung von asynchronen Datensignalen |
| WO1991018457A1 (en) * | 1990-05-18 | 1991-11-28 | Northern Telecom Limited | Method of and circuit for synchronizing data |
| EP0549125A1 (de) * | 1991-12-20 | 1993-06-30 | AT&T Corp. | Desynchronisierer von synchronen digitalen Signalen zu asynchronen digitalen Signalen |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5563891A (en) * | 1995-09-05 | 1996-10-08 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Waiting time jitter reduction by synchronizer stuffing threshold modulation |
-
1996
- 1996-05-21 AU AU56432/96A patent/AU722136B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-05-21 US US09/194,200 patent/US6470033B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-05-21 WO PCT/CH1996/000197 patent/WO1997044923A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1996-05-21 DE DE59611151T patent/DE59611151D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-05-21 AT AT96913426T patent/ATE283588T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-05-21 EP EP96913426A patent/EP0953239B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0248551A2 (de) * | 1986-05-29 | 1987-12-09 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Synchronisierung von asynchronen Datensignalen |
| WO1991018457A1 (en) * | 1990-05-18 | 1991-11-28 | Northern Telecom Limited | Method of and circuit for synchronizing data |
| EP0549125A1 (de) * | 1991-12-20 | 1993-06-30 | AT&T Corp. | Desynchronisierer von synchronen digitalen Signalen zu asynchronen digitalen Signalen |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| ABEYSEKERA S S ET AL: "SELECTION OF STUFF THRESHOLD MODULATION DITHER SEQUENCES FOR KNOWN SYN-DES OPERATING CONDITIONS", PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, vol. 2, 5 May 1996 (1996-05-05) - 7 May 1996 (1996-05-07), pages 825 - 828, XP000613378 * |
| ABEYSEKERA S S: "Optimum stuff threshold modulation schemes for digital data transmission", ICASSP-94. 1994 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ACOUSTICS, SPEECH AND SIGNAL PROCESSING (CAT. NO.94CH3387-8), PROCEEDINGS OF ICASSP '94. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ACOUSTICS, SPEECH AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, ADELAIDE, SA, AUSTRALIA, 19-22 APRIL 1, ISBN 0-7803-1775-0, 1994, NEW YORK, NY, USA, IEEE, USA, pages IV/169 - 172 vol.4, XP000616703 * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1133091A3 (de) * | 2000-03-07 | 2004-07-21 | Nec Corporation | Bitratenkonverter mit geregelter Stopfrate |
| US6885681B2 (en) | 2000-03-07 | 2005-04-26 | Nec Corporation | Bit rate converter with controlled stuffing rate |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE59611151D1 (de) | 2004-12-30 |
| AU722136B2 (en) | 2000-07-20 |
| EP0953239A1 (de) | 1999-11-03 |
| ATE283588T1 (de) | 2004-12-15 |
| AU5643296A (en) | 1997-12-09 |
| EP0953239B1 (de) | 2004-11-24 |
| US6470033B1 (en) | 2002-10-22 |
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