WO1998009140A1 - Verfahren zum überwachen schwingungserregter aggregate - Google Patents
Verfahren zum überwachen schwingungserregter aggregate Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998009140A1 WO1998009140A1 PCT/EP1996/003842 EP9603842W WO9809140A1 WO 1998009140 A1 WO1998009140 A1 WO 1998009140A1 EP 9603842 W EP9603842 W EP 9603842W WO 9809140 A1 WO9809140 A1 WO 9809140A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- statement
- frequency spectrum
- spectral lines
- statements
- evaluated
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
- G01H1/00—Measuring characteristics of vibrations in solids by using direct conduction to the detector
- G01H1/003—Measuring characteristics of vibrations in solids by using direct conduction to the detector of rotating machines
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for monitoring vibration-excited aggregates, wherein at least one status information is recorded and evaluated.
- vibration-excited units are generally understood to mean any type of machine and / or machine parts, for example bearings, which emit structure-borne noise signals (for example distance, speed, acceleration signals) during their intended use. It is known to monitor these vibration-excited units and to record and evaluate status information.
- the status information can be, for example, the structure-borne noise signals mentioned, further vibration signals, status variables, specific events and / or characteristic data of the monitored unit.
- the invention has for its object to provide a method of the generic type with which a reliable error analysis is possible in a simple manner.
- this object is achieved by a method having the features mentioned in claim 1.
- the fact that the at least one recorded and evaluated status information with a gate-specific link rule of the monitored aggregate is led to a first intermediate statement, this first intermediate statement is evaluated and a first individual probability is assigned, at least one further piece of information related to the status information is led to at least one further aggregate-specific link rule of the monitored aggregate to further intermediate statements, these further interim statements are evaluated and substantiated with further individual probabilities, and the interim statements are combined to form an overall statement, which is evaluated with an overall evaluation resulting from the individual evaluations and with an overall probability resulting from the individual probabilities, and which is documented with the overall probability Combine overall statement preferably with a remedial measure to eliminate a detected error and an urgency level for a final statement is pft, it is advantageously possible to carry out a stepped evaluation of the detected and evaluated status information, said intermediate statements obtained based on each other and lead to an afflicted with high accuracy conclusion statement.
- the accuracy of the overall statement can be increased by combining each additional intermediate statement, which is assigned and evaluated with an individual probability.
- This link to the overall statement makes one very advantageous for the overall statement Weighting of the interim statement, which has been documented and evaluated with its probability, is possible for its influence on the overall statement, so that based on the summary of the overall statement, which is also backed up by an overall probability resulting from the individual probabilities, a highly precise conclusion can be drawn about the actual state of the monitored Can find aggregate.
- the interim statements are evaluated with definable levels. This advantageously makes it possible to use uniform evaluation standards for all interim statements, so that when summarizing the interim statements that have been evaluated and have been proven with certainty, no weighting errors can occur as a result of different evaluation levels.
- the evaluation levels of the respective interim statement are dependent on one another. This further improves the accuracy of the evaluation of the interim statement.
- an advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that at least one of the assessment levels, preferably the highest assessment level, can be adapted to the monitored unit in a self-learning cycle.
- the assessment standard can be continuously improved in the self-learning cycle, that is, continuously.
- This improvement in the evaluation scale can be used both in relation to the aggregate being monitored and in relation to aggregates of the same type.
- a frequency spectrum comparison is carried out, preferably spectral lines of a measured frequency spectrum being compared with spectral lines of a theoretical frequency spectrum, which is calculated on the basis of specific data of the monitored aggregate, and if at least one spectral line matches, the first intermediate statement is made.
- a preferred embodiment of the invention provides that dynamic status information, for example a rotational speed of a rotating part, is acquired from the measured spectrum and the theoretical frequency spectrum calculated for comparison purposes is compared by means of the acquired dynamic status information.
- dynamic status information for example a rotational speed of a rotating part
- the theoretical frequency spectrum calculated for comparison purposes is compared by means of the acquired dynamic status information.
- Another preferred embodiment of the invention is one in which, in the case of monitoring variables which cannot be evaluated by influencing variables which fluctuate greatly at the same time, these are converted into a monitoring variable based on a representative constant assumed influencing variable, and in that case the conversion of varying individual values using a Calibration function takes place, and for this purpose, simply by measuring several support points of the monitoring variable, this calibration function curve is recorded over the entire range of the influencing variable.
- This advantageously makes it possible to calibrate these measured variables, which are used as input data when determining the suspected cause of the error or checking it, in particular if these depend strongly on process variables or are influenced. record functions by means of which a reference value is calculated which leads this measured variable back to a constant measured variable at a reference point to which the evaluation fits. This also further increases the accuracy of the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a flow diagram of the method according to the invention
- Figure 2 is a comparison of a theoretical
- Figure 3 shows a speed comparison of the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows an aggregate 10 which is to be monitored using the method according to the invention which is yet to be explained. Any machine, in particular any machine having rotating parts, can be monitored as the unit 10. By means of the inventive 11
- both the entire unit 10 and only a part of the unit 10, for example a bearing accommodating a rotor, can be monitored.
- the invention is of course not limited to the exemplary embodiment explained below, but is only intended to illustrate the method according to the invention.
- other vibration-excited media for example liquids, gases, etc., can also be monitored by means of the method according to the invention.
- structure-borne noise signals 12 are emitted by the unit 10 during its intended use. These structure-borne sound signals 12 have certain propagation speeds, certain frequency mixtures, certain amplitude distributions, etc. Depending on the occurrence of an error, typical structure-borne noise signals 12 are emitted. These fault-typical structure-borne noise signals 12 occur in addition to the "normal" structure-borne noise signals during the operation of the unit 10. These structure-borne noise signals 12, for example a structure-borne vibration acceleration, can be detected by means of a measurement sensor 14.
- the structure-borne noise signals 12 are recorded analogously in a manner known per se, optionally integrated for the oscillation speed and oscillation, digitized by means of an analog-digital converter and converted into a measured frequency spectrum 16 via a frequency analysis device. The transfer into that Measured frequency spectrum 16 can take place, for example, by means of a Fast Fourier transformation.
- the unit 10 can be monitored in various ways by means of the sensor 14.
- the unit 10 can be monitored cyclically, in which the structure-borne noise signals 12 are recorded at more or less regular intervals.
- the duration of the acquisition cycles can last from fractions of a second to several minutes or continuously (real time).
- the pauses between two acquisition cycles can also be of different lengths, for example from the second range to the day or week range.
- the sensor 14, which detects the structure-borne sound signals is part of a small, portable measuring device, for example, or it is assigned to a fixed monitoring device assigned to a specific unit 10.
- a trigger that the frequency spectrum 16 is measured can take place, for example, by triggering an alarm 18 in that one of the monitored main monitoring state variables 20 or 22 exceeds an alarm threshold.
- the main monitoring state variables 20 and 22 are dependent on the monitored unit 10, the arrangement of the measuring point, that is, whether, for example, a radial or axial arrangement of the sensor 14 to a rotating part of the unit 10, and on the detection of further state variables typical of the unit.
- Another possibility is to measure the frequency spectrum 16 in triggering the method by an external user 24 or an internal control command 26. Of course, combinations between the alarm trigger 18, the user 24 and the internal control command 26 are possible for detecting the measured frequency spectrum 16.
- the measured frequency spectrum 16 contains the spectral lines of the structure-borne noise signal 12 actually measured via the transducer 14. According to the structure-borne noise signals 12 detected, actual spectral lines result which lie at certain frequency values.
- a selector 28 a certain selectable number, for example ten, twelve, fifteen, twenty or even forty, spectral lines can be selected from the total measured spectral lines, which for example have the highest amplitudes. According to a further example, all spectral lines lying in a predeterminable frequency range can also be filtered out.
- the spectral lines determined by means of the selector 28 are fed to a comparator 30.
- the function of the comparator 30 is explained using the example of FIG. 2.
- the spectral lines of the measured frequency spectrum 16 selected via the selector 28 are shown below a line 32.
- the spectral lines each lie in a narrow frequency band of a certain frequency and have a certain amplitude which corresponds, for example, to a structure-borne sound signal speed. speaks, which results from the measured structure-borne noise signals 12.
- a theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34 which is shown in FIG. 3 above the line 32, is also fed to the comparator 30.
- the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34 has theoretically determined spectral lines. According to known machine fix data 38 of the monitored unit 10 and the speeds, as already explained, exact spectral lines can be calculated for certain causes of errors. For example, at a frequency f n, a spectral line is drawn in which corresponds to a specific error, for example an unbalance, of the unit 10 shown in FIG. 1. In accordance with the resulting signal profile of the structure-borne noise signal 12, there is a fundamental oscillation, which is denoted here by 1 and its harmonics, a 2nd and 3rd harmonic being shown. A distance ⁇ f between the spectral lines is known to be speed-dependent.
- the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34 can have further spectral lines, here for example at the frequency f x and at the frequency f t , which can represent further causes of errors.
- the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34 is recalculated for each monitored aggregate 10 and accordingly has different spectral lines. Special damage with special frequencies will not be discussed in more detail here 2, only the basic principle of the comparison 30 of the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34 with the measured frequency spectrum 16 is to be explained.
- the first three spectral lines of the measured frequency spectrum 16 match the first three spectral lines of the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34, that is to say the spectral lines lie in the same narrow frequency band, so that an error, for example an unbalance, occurs , the unit 10 can be closed. Based on the correspondence of the spectral lines, an exact assignment to a specific cause of error can be made via the fixed frequency f n of the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34 and this determination can be made as the first intermediate statement 38.
- the 4th, 5th and 6th spectral lines seen from the left in the measured frequency spectrum 16 can be traced back to any causes which are in any case not related to a theoretically expected error or the main monitoring state variable, since the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34 has no spectral lines of this frequency.
- the measured frequency spectrum 16 is also fed to a correction element 40, which has an effect on the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34.
- the correction element 40 carries out the function explained in more detail with reference to FIG. 3.
- the spectral lines of the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34 determined. For example, the spectral line determined in FIG. 2 at frequency f n is calculated with its harmonics, the fundamental or the harmonics having a frequency spacing of ⁇ f of, for example, theoretically 24.5 Hz.
- the position of the spectral lines of the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34 is based here on a target speed of the unit 10 assumed in the context of the machine fixates 36.
- the actual speed of the unit 10 can be subject to certain operating-related deviations during operation which result in a changed frequency position of the determined Can lead spectral lines.
- the spectral lines of the measured frequency spectrum 16 have the actual speed-dependent distance ⁇ f 'of the harmonics.
- the ⁇ f ' is determined with the corresponding harmonic cursor in accordance with the highest harmonic oscillation which can be determined. Due to the deviations of the theoretical distance ⁇ f from the actual distance ⁇ f ', a comparison of the spectral lines would lead to an incorrect assessment.
- the spectral lines of the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34 are now corrected via the correction element 40 in such a way that the speed dependence of the .distance ⁇ f of the spectral lines is also corrected for the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34 on the basis of the actual speed of the monitored unit 10.
- the fundamental and the harmonics of the measured frequency spectrum 16 are scanned via the correction element 40, the distance ⁇ f ', which in the assumed example can be 24.521 Hz instead of the theoretically expected 24.5 Hz here, and determined corresponding shifting of the spectral lines of the theoretical frequency spectrum 34 causes.
- the correction element 40 determines the maximum of the sums of the amplitudes of the covered harmonics in the lower frequency range, which occurs at the frequency spacing ⁇ f '.
- the comparator 30 thus links the state information about the aggregate 10, which has been recorded and evaluated in the form of the measured frequency spectrum 16, to an aggregate-specific linking rule in the form of the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34, the agreement of the spectral lines leading to the statement that, for example there is an imbalance. This is the first interim statement 38.
- the first intermediate statement 38 is supplied to an evaluation level 44 linked to a probability level 42.
- the evaluation stage 44 is coupled to a limit value comparator 46, which samples the limit values of the main monitoring status variables detected.
- the limit value comparator 46 is designed such that it detects the amplitudes of the spectral lines of the measured frequency spectrum 16.
- the limit value comparator 46 is given a plurality of evaluation levels, for example four evaluation levels. The four evaluation levels are controlled depending on the actual amplitude of the monitored spectral lines. A different amplitude level, which is entered as an example in the characteristic frequency spectrum 34, is assigned to each evaluation level.
- Evaluation level x4 can be very advantageously specified by specifying the limit value of the amplitude, which can be determined by means of a start study related to the monitored unit 10
- the evaluation levels xl, x2 and x3 are linked to the evaluation level x4 by a factor that is less than 1.
- the intermediate statement 38 is classified into the evaluation stages xl to x4 on the basis of the amplitudes of the spectral lines, which represent the unbalance, so that, for example, if the amplitude of the evaluation stage x4 is exceeded, the evaluated first intermediate statement is made: the unbalance is not permitted.
- this statement is coupled with probability level 42, with certain rules being specifiable here. In this way, the probability statement can be coupled with the evaluation level 44. If, for example, the frequency of a spectral line coincides and the amplitude exceeds the evaluation level x4, the following statement can be made, for example, the unbalance (intermediate statement 38), which is not permitted. (Evaluation level 44) is 80% probability (probability level 42). This combination leads to a partial statement 48 which is evaluated and has an individual probability and which, in a manner still to be explained, is incorporated into an overall statement.
- the probability linkage of the evaluated intermediate statement 38 can vary.
- the probability statement can be reduced from 80% to, for example, 60% if the amplitude of the matching frequency is lower.
- corresponding probability statements can of course be made for each of the evaluation levels xl to x4.
- the limit value comparator 46 is coupled to an evaluation catalog 50, which records the individual limit values assigned to the evaluation levels.
- the limit value stipulating the maximum evaluation level x4 can be continuously improved here via a self-learning cycle 52.
- the self-learning cycle 52 starting with the limit value determined by the start study and determining the evaluation level x4, the actually occurring errors of the monitored unit 10 are recorded and processed in a corresponding case study.
- These case studies automatically process and store the main monitoring state variables before and after a damage repair to the unit 10 and leave the knowledge gained here in the evaluation catalog 50 included.
- the limit value previously specified as the start study can be verified on the basis of the actually identified and corrected errors and used for determining the evaluation level x4. Since the assessment levels xl, x2, x3 - as mentioned - are linked to the assessment level x4, this self-learning cycle also corrects these assessment levels.
- the measured variables determined from the case studies via the self-learning cycle 52 can be fed to the correction element 40 at the same time, so that the case studies influence the theoretical characteristic frequency spectrum 34 via the correction element 40.
- the accuracy of the method according to the invention thus becomes more and more precise over the duration of the measurement, that is to say over the repeated detection and correction of a fault in the unit 10.
- the characteristic frequency spectrum 34 can thus be made available to the comparator 30 very precisely from the machine fixed data 36, the speed correction via the measured frequency spectrum 16 and via the self-learning cycle 52.
- the partial statement 48 obtained on the basis of the process sequence described so far represents a main statement for the overall statement still to be explained.
- the partial statement 48 is linked to further partial statements 54, 56, 58 and 60.
- a large number of further partial statements, for example ten, can be linked together to form the overall statement 62.
- the partial say 48 add the partial statements 56, 58 and 60.
- the partial statements 56, 58 and 60 always relate to information assigned to the main monitoring state variable of the monitored unit 10.
- the partial statement 56 can use a history of the main monitoring status variable of the unit 10, for example an unbalance, as a basis.
- a detection element 64 is provided which can be started by the first intermediate statement 38.
- the structure-borne noise signal 12, which is typical for the occurrence of an unbalance, can be viewed in its historical development by means of the detection element 64. This is to be understood to mean that, for example, the number of structure-borne noise signals due to an imbalance are recorded over a period of time. Depending on whether these structure-borne noise signals occur once, twice, three times, five times or ten times, an assessment is made.
- This consideration can be weighted with a monitoring element 66 with regard to its increase or decrease per unit of time and a second intermediate statement 68 can be obtained from this.
- the second intermediate statement 68 is in turn coupled to an evaluation level 70, which is linked to an evaluation catalog 72.
- an evaluation level 70 is coupled to a probability level 74 which increases which contains a probability-weighted, assessed partial statement 56.
- the number of structure-borne noise signals 12 due to an unbalance is detected by means of the detection element 64.
- the change in the number of structure-borne noise signals 12 is measured via the monitoring element 66, and the resulting second intermediate result 68 is evaluated and provided with a probability.
- the statement can be obtained as partial statement 56 that the unit 10 emits structure-borne noise signals 12 with a probability of 85%, which go back to an impermissible imbalance.
- the evaluation catalog 72 is coupled to a further self-learning cycle 76, which in turn continuously corrects the limit values specified as the start study in the evaluation catalog 72 in accordance with the actual cases (case study) and thus increases the accuracy.
- the further partial statement 58 can be obtained, for example, from general information about the unit 10 and / or the arrangement of the sensor 14.
- a detection element 78 is provided, into which the user or automatically provides information about the unit 10, about the arrangement of the sensor 14, for example radially or axially to a rotating part, about certain vulnerabilities of the unit 10 being monitored certain errors etc. can be entered.
- a third intermediate statement 80 is obtained, which leads to the partial statement 58 via an evaluation level 82 and a probability level 84.
- the partial statement 58 can consist, for example, that the unit 10 is particularly susceptible to imbalance with an 80% probability.
- partial statement 60 it is also possible to obtain intermediate statements with a probability.
- the basis of a partial statement 60 can, for example, be observations from the staff that the unit 10 vibrates strongly. Furthermore, it can serve as a partial statement as to whether an error, for example an unbalance, has already occurred in the monitored unit 10.
- the series of partial statements - which are always related to the main monitoring status variable - could still be continued.
- the partial statements 48, 56, 58, 60 and, if appropriate, further partial statements, each of which is based on an intermediate statement with a probability and is evaluated, are combined to form the overall statement 62.
- the individual probabilities are combined to form an overall probability, and the individual evaluations are combined to form an overall evaluation.
- the overall evaluation results from the partial evaluations of evaluation levels 44, 70, 82 etc., whereby the individual evaluations are averaged and rounded up. Following a concrete example For the overall evaluation Xg it results in an evaluation of evaluation level 44 with x4, an evaluation of evaluation level 70 with x3, an evaluation of evaluation level 82 with x4 and a further evaluation of an evaluation level not shown in FIG.
- the individual probabilities are denoted by P] _, P 2 or P n .
- the linking of the partial statements 48, 56, 58, 60 etc. to the overall statement 62 can lead to the overall statement in a specific example: the unit 10 has a 90% probability of a strong unbalance.
- This overall statement 62 is additionally linked to a remedial measure for eliminating a detected error and an urgency level to a final statement, which reads, for example:
- the unit 10 has a 90% probability of severe imbalance, the rotor having to be briefly balanced.
- This conclusion is obtained according to the method of the invention from several intermediate statements, which are in one fixed order are processed and which are linked with an individual evaluation and an individual probability. All interim statements are based on the main monitoring status variable or related events.
- the technical events relating to a particular unit to be monitored, machine fix data, possible types of damage, data that cannot be determined mathematically and physically can be stored separately in order to have them available for the specific monitoring case of a specific unit 10.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Monitoring And Testing Of Nuclear Reactors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP96930148A EP0859946A1 (de) | 1996-08-27 | 1996-09-02 | Verfahren zum überwachen schwingungserregter aggregate |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19636228.8 | 1996-08-27 | ||
| DE19636228 | 1996-08-27 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1998009140A1 true WO1998009140A1 (de) | 1998-03-05 |
Family
ID=7804829
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP1996/003842 Ceased WO1998009140A1 (de) | 1996-08-27 | 1996-09-02 | Verfahren zum überwachen schwingungserregter aggregate |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0859946A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE29715220U1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO1998009140A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19938722A1 (de) * | 1999-08-16 | 2001-02-22 | Busch Dieter & Co Prueftech | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Analyse von Wälzlagern in Maschinen |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4644270A (en) * | 1982-08-31 | 1987-02-17 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Apparatus for monitoring housed turbine blading to obtain blading-to-housing distance |
| EP0246637A2 (de) * | 1986-05-21 | 1987-11-25 | Union Carbide Corporation | Verfahren zur Überwachung von Schwingungen in rotierenden Geräten |
| US5210704A (en) * | 1990-10-02 | 1993-05-11 | Technology International Incorporated | System for prognosis and diagnostics of failure and wearout monitoring and for prediction of life expectancy of helicopter gearboxes and other rotating equipment |
-
1996
- 1996-09-02 EP EP96930148A patent/EP0859946A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-09-02 WO PCT/EP1996/003842 patent/WO1998009140A1/de not_active Ceased
-
1997
- 1997-08-26 DE DE29715220U patent/DE29715220U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4644270A (en) * | 1982-08-31 | 1987-02-17 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Apparatus for monitoring housed turbine blading to obtain blading-to-housing distance |
| EP0246637A2 (de) * | 1986-05-21 | 1987-11-25 | Union Carbide Corporation | Verfahren zur Überwachung von Schwingungen in rotierenden Geräten |
| US5210704A (en) * | 1990-10-02 | 1993-05-11 | Technology International Incorporated | System for prognosis and diagnostics of failure and wearout monitoring and for prediction of life expectancy of helicopter gearboxes and other rotating equipment |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| KOENIG W ET AL: "PROZESSUEBERWACHUNG BEIM MESSERKOPFSTIRNFRAESEN DURCH AUSWERTUNG VON ACOUSTIC EMISSION-SIGNALEN", VDI Z, vol. 136, no. 4, 1 April 1994 (1994-04-01), pages 92 - 97, XP000446297 * |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19938722A1 (de) * | 1999-08-16 | 2001-02-22 | Busch Dieter & Co Prueftech | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Analyse von Wälzlagern in Maschinen |
| US6553837B1 (en) | 1999-08-16 | 2003-04-29 | Pruftechnik Dieter Busch Ag | Process and apparatus device for analysis of roller bearings in machines |
| DE19938722B4 (de) * | 1999-08-16 | 2010-10-07 | Prüftechnik Dieter Busch AG | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Analyse von Wälzlagern in Maschinen |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0859946A1 (de) | 1998-08-26 |
| DE29715220U1 (de) | 1998-01-22 |
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