WO1999006631A1 - Double layer fabric having a high stability weave - Google Patents

Double layer fabric having a high stability weave Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999006631A1
WO1999006631A1 PCT/US1998/015609 US9815609W WO9906631A1 WO 1999006631 A1 WO1999006631 A1 WO 1999006631A1 US 9815609 W US9815609 W US 9815609W WO 9906631 A1 WO9906631 A1 WO 9906631A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
yarns
cmd
fabric
layer
pair
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US1998/015609
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO1999006631B1 (en
Inventor
Henry J. Lee
T. Payton Crosby
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Asten Inc
Original Assignee
Asten Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to AT98937198T priority Critical patent/ATE230044T1/en
Priority to JP2000505366A priority patent/JP4326691B2/en
Priority to BR9815961A priority patent/BR9815961A/en
Priority to EP98937198A priority patent/EP1000195B1/en
Priority to DE69810299T priority patent/DE69810299T2/en
Priority to AU85967/98A priority patent/AU751899B2/en
Application filed by Asten Inc filed Critical Asten Inc
Priority to MXPA00000898A priority patent/MXPA00000898A/en
Publication of WO1999006631A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999006631A1/en
Publication of WO1999006631B1 publication Critical patent/WO1999006631B1/en
Priority to NO20000430A priority patent/NO316649B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/0027—Screen-cloths
    • D21F1/0036—Multi-layer screen-cloths
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3179—Woven fabric is characterized by a particular or differential weave other than fabric in which the strand denier or warp/weft pick count is specified
    • Y10T442/3195—Three-dimensional weave [e.g., x-y-z planes, multi-planar warps and/or wefts, etc.]
    • Y10T442/3211—Multi-planar weft layers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3472—Woven fabric including an additional woven fabric layer
    • Y10T442/3528—Three or more fabric layers
    • Y10T442/3537—One of which is a nonwoven fabric layer

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to a woven fabric which is designed for use in a papermaking, cellulose or board manufacturing machine and more particularly to a double layer papermaking fabric .
  • Double layer fabrics have two layers of cross machine direction (CMD) yarns which are interconnected by a system of machine direction (MD) yarns.
  • CMD cross machine direction
  • MD machine direction
  • One type of double layer fabric which is useful in a dryer section is shown in Figure 1. This fabric is characterized by a weave in which each MD yarn in succession binds between a first pair of CMD yarns, above a second pair, between a third pair and beneath a fourth pair before the procedure is repeated.
  • This MD weave pattern generally produces a yarn having a diagonal section that passes between CMD layers and is often referred to as an "N" weave .
  • the structure of standard double layer fabrics results in fabrics which are less stable in the MD since the MD yarns weave into the construction with fewer interlacings of the CMD yarns and provide little crimp interchange between the MD and CMD yarns. As a result, the double layer fabric's ability to withstand distortion during use is decreased.
  • a common method of enhancing fabric stability is the addition of post weaving treatments or resins. However, these processes are generally messy, time consuming and expensive.
  • the present invention provides a double layer papermaking fabric having a system of machine direction MD yarns interwoven with two layers of CMD yarns .
  • the MD yarn weave pattern includes a portion that weaves exclusively with the CMD first layer and a portion that weaves exclusively with the CMD second layer.
  • Each exclusive MD weave portion weaves with at least three CMD yarns and interlaces with at least one of the CMD yarns in that layer.
  • the MD yarn weave repeat also includes portions which extend between the exclusive weave portions and transition between the two CMD layers.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of a prior art double layer fabric.
  • Figure 2 is a perspective view of a fabric according to the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a top plan view of the fabric of Figure 2.
  • Figure 4 shows the side elevation of each MD yarn in a given repeat of the fabric of Figure 2.
  • Figure 5 shows the MD weave pattern of a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 6 shows the MD weave pattern of a third embodiment of the fabric of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 shows the MD weave pattern of a fourth embodiment of the fabric of the present invention.
  • Figures 8 and 9 show the preferred pattern for seaming a first end of the fabric.
  • Figures 10 and 11 show the preferred pattern for seaming a second end of the fabric.
  • MD yarns 3 interweave with two CMD layers 1 and 2. Each yarn of upper CMD layer 1 is paired with a yarn of lower CMD layer 2. In a given repeat, each MD yarn 3 weaves in a plain weave in CMD layer 1, transitions between the layers using a diagonal pass similar to that used in an "N" weave, weaves in a plain weave in CMD layer 2, and transitions between the layers. The preferred weave repeats on eight MD yarns. The repeat of each of the MD yarns 3a-3h is illustrated in Figure 4. MD yarn 3a weaves over the first pair, between the second pair, over the third pair, between the fourth pair, under the fifth pair, between the sixth pair, under the seventh pair, and between the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
  • MD yarn 3b weaves under the first pair, between the second pair, under the third pair, between the fourth pair, over the fifth pair, between the sixth pair, over the seventh pair, and between the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
  • MD yarn 3c weaves between the first pair, over the second pair, between the third pair, under the fourth pair, between the fifth pair, under the sixth pair, between the seventh pair, and over the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
  • MD yarn 3d weaves between the first pair, under the second pair, between the third pair, over the fourth pair, between the fifth pair, over the sixth pair, between the seventh pair, and under the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
  • MD yarn 3e weaves over the first pair, between the second pair, under the third pair, between the fourth pair, under the fifth pair, between the sixth pair, over the seventh pair, and between the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
  • MD yarn 3f weaves under the first pair, between the second pair, over the third pair, between the fourth pair, over the fifth pair, between the sixth pair, under the seventh pair, and between the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
  • MD yarn 3g weaves between the first pair, under the second pair, between the third pair, under the fourth pair, between the fifth pair, over the sixth pair, between the seventh pair, and over the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
  • MD yarn 3h weaves between the first pair, over the second pair, between the third pair, over the fourth pair, between the fifth pair, under the sixth pair, between the seventh pair, and under the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
  • the diagonal passes of adjacent MD yarns in the fabric as described herein crisscross each other.
  • adjacent MD yarns 3a and 3b both transition between the fourth pair of CMD yarns.
  • the diagonal passes of adjacent MD yarns 3 do not have to crisscross, but instead may be spaced from one another.
  • the MD plain weave in CMD layers 1 and 2 provides machine direction stability to the fabric since the MD yarns interlace with, and thereby crimp and hold, the CMD yarns.
  • the MD weave pattern in a given layer can be any weave pattern which crimps at least two of the CMD yarns in that section of repeat .
  • the MD yarns 3 remain in substantially a vertical plane extending in the machine direction.
  • Respective CMD yarn pairs 1 and 2 remain in substantially a vertical plane extending in the cross machine direction.

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  • Paper (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)

Abstract

A double layer papermaking fabric having first and second layers (1, 2) of cross machine direction (CMD) yarns (1A-1H, 2A-2H) interwoven with a system of machine direction (MD) yarns (3A-3H). The MD repeat pattern is characterized by a portion that weaves exclusively with the first CMD layer (1), a portion that transitions between the layers (1, 2), a portion that weaves exclusively with the second CMD layer (2) and a portion that transitions between the layers (1, 2).

Description

DOUBLE LAYER FABRIC HAVING A HIGH STABILITY WEAVE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a woven fabric which is designed for use in a papermaking, cellulose or board manufacturing machine and more particularly to a double layer papermaking fabric .
Description of the Prior Art
Woven fabrics of single and double layer constructions are used in the various sections of a papermaking, cellulose, board or other similar machine. Frequently, double layer fabrics have two layers of cross machine direction (CMD) yarns which are interconnected by a system of machine direction (MD) yarns. One type of double layer fabric which is useful in a dryer section is shown in Figure 1. This fabric is characterized by a weave in which each MD yarn in succession binds between a first pair of CMD yarns, above a second pair, between a third pair and beneath a fourth pair before the procedure is repeated. This MD weave pattern generally produces a yarn having a diagonal section that passes between CMD layers and is often referred to as an "N" weave .
The structure of standard double layer fabrics results in fabrics which are less stable in the MD since the MD yarns weave into the construction with fewer interlacings of the CMD yarns and provide little crimp interchange between the MD and CMD yarns. As a result, the double layer fabric's ability to withstand distortion during use is decreased. A common method of enhancing fabric stability is the addition of post weaving treatments or resins. However, these processes are generally messy, time consuming and expensive.
Accordingly, there is a need for a double layer papermaking fabric which provides greater stability without requiring finishing processes to achieve such stability.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a double layer papermaking fabric having a system of machine direction MD yarns interwoven with two layers of CMD yarns . The MD yarn weave pattern includes a portion that weaves exclusively with the CMD first layer and a portion that weaves exclusively with the CMD second layer. Each exclusive MD weave portion weaves with at least three CMD yarns and interlaces with at least one of the CMD yarns in that layer. The MD yarn weave repeat also includes portions which extend between the exclusive weave portions and transition between the two CMD layers.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a perspective view of a prior art double layer fabric. Figure 2 is a perspective view of a fabric according to the present invention. Figure 3 is a top plan view of the fabric of Figure 2.
Figure 4 shows the side elevation of each MD yarn in a given repeat of the fabric of Figure 2.
Figure 5 shows the MD weave pattern of a second embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 6 shows the MD weave pattern of a third embodiment of the fabric of the present invention.
Figure 7 shows the MD weave pattern of a fourth embodiment of the fabric of the present invention. Figures 8 and 9 show the preferred pattern for seaming a first end of the fabric.
Figures 10 and 11 show the preferred pattern for seaming a second end of the fabric.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the embodiment of Figures 2 to 4, MD yarns 3 interweave with two CMD layers 1 and 2. Each yarn of upper CMD layer 1 is paired with a yarn of lower CMD layer 2. In a given repeat, each MD yarn 3 weaves in a plain weave in CMD layer 1, transitions between the layers using a diagonal pass similar to that used in an "N" weave, weaves in a plain weave in CMD layer 2, and transitions between the layers. The preferred weave repeats on eight MD yarns. The repeat of each of the MD yarns 3a-3h is illustrated in Figure 4. MD yarn 3a weaves over the first pair, between the second pair, over the third pair, between the fourth pair, under the fifth pair, between the sixth pair, under the seventh pair, and between the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
MD yarn 3b weaves under the first pair, between the second pair, under the third pair, between the fourth pair, over the fifth pair, between the sixth pair, over the seventh pair, and between the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
MD yarn 3c weaves between the first pair, over the second pair, between the third pair, under the fourth pair, between the fifth pair, under the sixth pair, between the seventh pair, and over the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated. MD yarn 3d weaves between the first pair, under the second pair, between the third pair, over the fourth pair, between the fifth pair, over the sixth pair, between the seventh pair, and under the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated. MD yarn 3e weaves over the first pair, between the second pair, under the third pair, between the fourth pair, under the fifth pair, between the sixth pair, over the seventh pair, and between the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
MD yarn 3f weaves under the first pair, between the second pair, over the third pair, between the fourth pair, over the fifth pair, between the sixth pair, under the seventh pair, and between the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
MD yarn 3g weaves between the first pair, under the second pair, between the third pair, under the fourth pair, between the fifth pair, over the sixth pair, between the seventh pair, and over the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
MD yarn 3h weaves between the first pair, over the second pair, between the third pair, over the fourth pair, between the fifth pair, under the sixth pair, between the seventh pair, and under the eighth pair of CMD yarns before the pattern is repeated.
The diagonal passes of adjacent MD yarns in the fabric as described herein crisscross each other. For example, adjacent MD yarns 3a and 3b both transition between the fourth pair of CMD yarns. However, the diagonal passes of adjacent MD yarns 3 do not have to crisscross, but instead may be spaced from one another. The MD plain weave in CMD layers 1 and 2 provides machine direction stability to the fabric since the MD yarns interlace with, and thereby crimp and hold, the CMD yarns. Although it is preferred to use a plain weave, the MD weave pattern in a given layer can be any weave pattern which crimps at least two of the CMD yarns in that section of repeat .
As can be seen from Figure 3 , the MD yarns 3 remain in substantially a vertical plane extending in the machine direction. Respective CMD yarn pairs 1 and 2 remain in substantially a vertical plane extending in the cross machine direction.
An example of an alternate MD weave pattern is shown in Figure 5. As can be seen therein, the MD yarn 3 crimps CMD

Claims

yarns la and Id in the first layer portion of the repeat and CMD yarns 2f and 2i in the second layer portion of the repeat . The MD weave pattern in each layer can be independent of the other layer. Additionally, the weave patterns of the transitions can also be varied, an example of which is shown in Figure 6. The weave patterns may also be varied by varying the number of yarns upon which the fabric repeats. For example, the weave pattern shown in Figure 6 repeats on six CMD yarns and six MD yarns. The permeability of the fabric may be adjusted by inserting stuffer yarns 4 in the fabric. As shown in Figure 7, the stuffer yarns 4 are preferably inserted between each pair of CMD yarns 1 and 2. If desired, a layer of batt material 10, see Figure 2, may be applied to one or both sides of the fabric.If the fabric is flat woven, it is preferably seamed with uniform loops 100 and tiebacks 102. Since the preferred fabric repeats on eight MD yarns, the seam patterns for standard "N" weave fabrics generally do not provide even length seam loops or tiebacks in the eight MD yarns. Therefore, it is preferred to utilize seam patterns for the individual seam loops 100 and tiebacks 102 that provides even seam loops 100 and tiebacks 102 on each seam forming end. Exemplary seam patterns that provide even seam loops 100 and tiebacks 102 are shown in Figures 8-11. We claim : *"
1. A double layer papermaking fabric of a type having a first layer of cross machine direction (CMD) yarns, a second layer of CMD yarns, and a system of machine direction (MD) yarns interwoven with the CMD yarn layers, wherein selected MD yarns weave in a pattern characterized by: a portion that weaves exclusively with the CMD first layer for at least three CMD yarns and has at least one interlacing; a portion that transitions between the layers; a portion that weaves exclusively with the CMD second layer for at least three CMD yarns and has at least one interlacing; and a portion that transitions between the layers; and all portions of the selected MD yarns lying in substantially the same vertical plane extending in the machine direction.
2. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the first layer MD weave portion weaves in a plain weave.
3. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the second layer MD weave portion weaves in a plain weave.
4. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the first and second layer weave portions have the same weave pattern.
5. The fabric of claim 1 wherein each first layer CMD yarn is paired with a second layer CMD yarn.
6. The fabric of claim 5 wherein each MD transition portion passes between at least one pair of first and second CMD yarns .
7. The fabric of claim 5 wherein each MD transition portion weaves in a plain weave between adjacent pairs of first and second layer CMD yarns.
8. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric repeats on eight CMD yarns.
9. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric repeats on six CMD yarns.
10. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric repeats on eight MD yarns.
11. The fabric of claim 1 wherein the fabric repeats on six MD yarns.
12. The fabric of claim 5 wherein each MD yarn weaves over a first pair, between a second pair, over a third pair, between a fourth pair, under a fifth pair, between a sixth pair, under a seventh pair, and between an eighth pair of CMD yarns in a given repeat .
13. The fabric of claim 5 wherein each MD yarn weaves over a first pair, between a second pair, over a third pair, under a fourth pair, between a fifth pair, and under a sixth pair of CMD yarns in a given repeat .
14. The fabric of claim 1 further comprising stuffer yarns between the CMD layers .
15. The fabric of claim 1 further comprising batt material attached thereto.
16. A double layer, open ended papermaking fabric of a type having a first layer of cross machine direction (CMD) yarns, a second layer of CMD yarns, and a system of machine direction (MD) yarns interwoven with the CMD yarn layers and is rendered endless by a seam, wherein the fabric is characterized by: selected MD yarns woven in a pattern having: a portion that weaves exclusively with the CMD first layer for at least three CMD yarns and has at least one interlacing; a portion that transitions between the layers ; a portion that weaves exclusively with the CMD second layer for at least three CMD yarns and has at least one interlacing; a portion that transitions between * the layers ; and all portions of the selected MD yarns lie in substantially the same vertical plane extending in the machine direction; and each seam forming end has even loops and tiebacks.
17. A method of weaving a double layer papermaking fabric of a type having a first layer of cross machine direction (CMD) yarns, a second layer of CMD yarns, and a system of machine direction (MD) yarns interwoven with the CMD yarn layers, wherein the weave of selected MD yarns is characterized by: weaving a portion of a selected MD yarn exclusively in the first CMD layer for at least three CMD yarns with at least one interlacing; weaving a portion of that yarn such that it transitions between the layers; weaving a portion of that yarn exclusively in the second CMD layer for at least three CMD yarns with at least one interlacing; and weaving a portion of that yarn such that it transitions between the layers; and weaving the selected MD yarn to lie in substantially a single vertical plane extending in the machine direction.
PCT/US1998/015609 1997-07-31 1998-07-28 Double layer fabric having a high stability weave Ceased WO1999006631A1 (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2000505366A JP4326691B2 (en) 1997-07-31 1998-07-28 Double layer fabric with high strength weave
BR9815961A BR9815961A (en) 1997-07-31 1998-07-28 Double layer fabric having a high stability weave
EP98937198A EP1000195B1 (en) 1997-07-31 1998-07-28 Double layer fabric having a high stability weave
DE69810299T DE69810299T2 (en) 1997-07-31 1998-07-28 DOUBLE-LAYER FABRIC WITH VERY STABLE BINDING
AU85967/98A AU751899B2 (en) 1997-07-31 1998-07-28 Double layer fabric having a high stability weave
AT98937198T ATE230044T1 (en) 1997-07-31 1998-07-28 DOUBLE-LAYER FABRIC WITH VERY STABLE BINDING
MXPA00000898A MXPA00000898A (en) 1997-07-31 1998-07-28 Double layer fabric having a high stability weave.
NO20000430A NO316649B1 (en) 1997-07-31 2000-01-27 Two-layer textile with high-stable weaving

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/904,482 1997-07-31
US08/904,482 US5865219A (en) 1997-07-31 1997-07-31 Double layer papermaking fabric having a high stability weave

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999006631A1 true WO1999006631A1 (en) 1999-02-11
WO1999006631B1 WO1999006631B1 (en) 1999-04-15

Family

ID=25419235

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1998/015609 Ceased WO1999006631A1 (en) 1997-07-31 1998-07-28 Double layer fabric having a high stability weave

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (1) US5865219A (en)
EP (1) EP1000195B1 (en)
JP (1) JP4326691B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE230044T1 (en)
AU (1) AU751899B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9815961A (en)
CA (1) CA2229196C (en)
DE (1) DE69810299T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2189215T3 (en)
MX (1) MXPA00000898A (en)
NO (1) NO316649B1 (en)
PT (1) PT1000195E (en)
WO (1) WO1999006631A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA986871B (en)

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US6439269B1 (en) * 2000-06-28 2002-08-27 Burlington Industries, Inc. Room darkener fabric with solution dyed black yarn
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EP1448820B1 (en) * 2001-10-29 2009-08-26 Albany International Corp. High-speed spun-bond production of non-woven fabrics
US6998014B2 (en) * 2002-01-26 2006-02-14 Applied Materials, Inc. Apparatus and method for plasma assisted deposition
US6911391B2 (en) 2002-01-26 2005-06-28 Applied Materials, Inc. Integration of titanium and titanium nitride layers
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US6902652B2 (en) * 2003-05-09 2005-06-07 Albany International Corp. Multi-layer papermaker's fabrics with packing yarns
BRPI0515951A (en) 2004-09-30 2008-08-12 Roger Danby high strength dual layer forming fabric of central plane
US7059360B1 (en) 2005-03-03 2006-06-13 Albany International Corp. Double layer forming fabric with paired warp binder yarns
DE102006001388A1 (en) * 2006-01-11 2007-07-12 Andreas Kufferath Gmbh & Co. Kg papermaker

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE230044T1 (en) 2003-01-15
ZA986871B (en) 1999-02-09
BR9815961A (en) 2001-02-20
JP4326691B2 (en) 2009-09-09
AU751899B2 (en) 2002-08-29
PT1000195E (en) 2003-04-30
DE69810299T2 (en) 2003-06-05
JP2001512193A (en) 2001-08-21
NO20000430D0 (en) 2000-01-27
EP1000195A1 (en) 2000-05-17
CA2229196A1 (en) 1999-01-31
ES2189215T3 (en) 2003-07-01
EP1000195B1 (en) 2002-12-18
DE69810299D1 (en) 2003-01-30
AU8596798A (en) 1999-02-22
CA2229196C (en) 2001-10-09
NO316649B1 (en) 2004-03-22
WO1999006631B1 (en) 1999-04-15
MXPA00000898A (en) 2003-01-27
US5865219A (en) 1999-02-02
NO20000430L (en) 2000-03-23

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