WO2000002306A1 - Power amplifier - Google Patents
Power amplifier Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000002306A1 WO2000002306A1 PCT/JP1999/003591 JP9903591W WO0002306A1 WO 2000002306 A1 WO2000002306 A1 WO 2000002306A1 JP 9903591 W JP9903591 W JP 9903591W WO 0002306 A1 WO0002306 A1 WO 0002306A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- power
- grounded
- transistor
- transistors
- output
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/60—Amplifiers in which coupling networks have distributed constants, e.g. with waveguide resonators
- H03F3/601—Amplifiers in which coupling networks have distributed constants, e.g. with waveguide resonators using FET's, e.g. GaAs FET's
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/08—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce detrimental influences of internal impedances of amplifying elements
- H03F1/22—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce detrimental influences of internal impedances of amplifying elements by use of cascode coupling, i.e. earthed cathode or emitter stage followed by earthed grid or base stage respectively
- H03F1/226—Modifications of amplifiers to reduce detrimental influences of internal impedances of amplifying elements by use of cascode coupling, i.e. earthed cathode or emitter stage followed by earthed grid or base stage respectively with junction-FET's
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03G—CONTROL OF AMPLIFICATION
- H03G1/00—Details of arrangements for controlling amplification
- H03G1/0005—Circuits characterised by the type of controlling devices operated by a controlling current or voltage signal
- H03G1/0017—Circuits characterised by the type of controlling devices operated by a controlling current or voltage signal the device being at least one of the amplifying solid-state elements
- H03G1/0029—Circuits characterised by the type of controlling devices operated by a controlling current or voltage signal the device being at least one of the amplifying solid-state elements using field-effect transistors [FET]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a power amplifier that amplifies UHF, microphone mouthband, and millimeter-wave signals that have a wide transmission output and can be varied over a dynamic range.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing one configuration example of a conventional power amplifier.
- FETs 403 and 408 whose sources are grounded are connected in two stages, and each of the FETs 403 and 408 has a gate terminal.
- CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
- this CDMA system in order to reduce the difference in transmission power between near and far, it is necessary to control the transmission power so that the transmission output is in the range of 80 dB, and the envelope at the time of detection is required. Fluctuations must be accurately reproduced. Therefore, the transmission power There is a demand for linear amplification with less distortion than conventional digital systems.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a conventional transmission output variable device.
- a high-frequency signal oscillator 4 13 that generates a predetermined high-frequency signal
- a modulator 4 14 that modulates the high-frequency signal generated by the high-frequency signal oscillator 4 13
- a power amplifier 416 for amplifying the transmission power of the signal modulated by the modulator 414
- a variable gain amplifier 415 for outputting a signal for controlling the amplification in the power amplifier 416
- an antenna shared A variable gain amplifier 415 controls the power input to the power amplifier 416 to variably control the transmission output. I'm wearing
- the input power of the power amplifier is controlled by the variable gain amplifier, and a small input power is input to the power amplifier.
- the power added efficiency of the power amplifier becomes the maximum transmission power.
- it is much smaller than in the case of power output and consumes extra power.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems of the conventional technology, and has high efficiency and low distortion characteristics even when a wide dynamic range of transmission power is required. It is intended to provide a power amplifier having a variable gain. Disclosure of the invention
- the present invention provides a power amplifier configured by connecting a plurality of transistors in multiple stages and amplifying and outputting input power.
- G A transistor, of the plurality of transistors, a subsequent transistor is a gate grounded field effect transistor, and has a plurality of bias terminals for applying a predetermined voltage to a source and a drain of the subsequent transistor, respectively.
- the output power is made smaller than a predetermined threshold, a predetermined voltage is applied to the bias terminal, and the input power of the subsequent transistor is transmitted and output as output power.
- a transistor in a preceding stage among the plurality of transistors is an emitter-grounded bipolar transistor, Of the plurality of transistors, the latter transistor is a grounded base bipolar transistor, and has a plurality of bias terminals for applying a predetermined voltage to an emitter and a collector of the latter transistor, respectively.
- a predetermined threshold value When the power is made smaller than a predetermined threshold value, a predetermined voltage is applied to the bias terminal, and the input power of the subsequent transistor is transmitted and output as output power.
- a power amplifier configured by connecting a plurality of transistors in multiple stages and amplifying and outputting input power
- at least two of the plurality of transistors are gate ground field effect transistors.
- a predetermined voltage is applied to a bias terminal connected to a source and a drain of at least one of the gate ground field effect transistors, and the gate ground to which the voltage is applied is applied. Transmits the input power of the field effect transistor and outputs it as output power.
- a small number of the plurality of transistors be provided.
- At least two transistors are grounded base bipolar transistors, and have a plurality of bias terminals for applying predetermined voltages to the emitters and collectors of the grounded base bipolar transistors, respectively.
- the threshold value is smaller than the predetermined threshold value, a predetermined voltage is applied to a bias terminal connected to an emitter and a collector of at least one base-grounded bipolar transistor of the base-grounded bipolar transistor.
- the input power of the base-grounded bilateral transistor to which the voltage is applied is transmitted and output as output power.
- the linear gain of the gate grounded field effect transistor which is connected to the preceding gate grounded field effect transistor and which is the former stage is the latter.
- a first input / output matching circuit set to be larger than the first input / output matching circuit, and a gate ground field effect transistor connected to a subsequent gate ground field effect transistor of the plurality of gate ground field effect transistors.
- a second input / output matching circuit set so that the output power of the effect transistor is larger than the output power of the gate-grounded field-effect transistor at the preceding stage.
- the linear gain of the preceding common ground bipolar transistor is connected to that of the preceding common ground bipolar transistor, and the linear gain of the preceding common ground bipolar transistor is smaller than the linear gain of the subsequent common ground bipolar transistor.
- a first input / output matching circuit set to be larger, and an output of a base grounded bipolar transistor connected to a subsequent grounded base bipolar transistor of the plurality of grounded base bipolar transistors of the plurality of grounded base bipolar transistors
- a plurality of transistors are connected in multiple stages.
- the output power is made smaller than a predetermined threshold value in the configured power amplifier, the input power of at least one of the plurality of transistors is transmitted, so even if the transmission power is small. High power added efficiency can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a first embodiment of the power amplifier of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the input / output power characteristics and the power added efficiency of the FET of the preceding stage shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the input / output power characteristics and power added efficiency of the FET in the subsequent stage shown in FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the input / output power characteristics when the transmission power in the subsequent FET shown in FIG. 1 is small.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a second embodiment of the power amplifier of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a power amplifier according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the input / output power characteristics and power added efficiency of the FET in the preceding stage shown in FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the input / output power characteristics and power added efficiency of the FET in the subsequent stage shown in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a fourth embodiment of the power amplifier of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing an example of the input / output power characteristics of the amplifier in the preceding stage.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing an example of the input / output power characteristics of the subsequent-stage amplifier.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a conventional power amplifier.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a conventional transmission output variable device. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a first embodiment of the power amplifier of the present invention.
- the FET 103 grounded to the source and the FET 108 grounded to the gate are connected in two stages, and the FET 103 is connected to the gate terminal.
- the input matching circuit 102 and the gate bias terminal 104 are connected to the drain terminal, and the drain bias terminal 105 and the output matching circuit 106 are connected to the drain terminal.
- the input matching circuit 107 and the source bias terminal 109 are connected to the source terminal; and the drain bias terminal 110 and the output matching circuit 111 are connected to the drain terminal. 6 and c via the input matching circuit 1 0 7 and the source terminal of the drain terminal and the FET 1 0 8 of FET 1 0 3 is connected
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the input / output power characteristics and power added efficiency of the FET 103 shown in FIG. The characteristics at z are shown.- As shown in Fig. 2, in FET 1 () 3, for 15 dBm input power, 15 dBm output power and 50% power added efficiency are obtained. It is obtained in a good linear range.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing input / output power characteristics and power added efficiency of the FET 108 shown in FIG. Note that the FET 108 has a gate width about five times that of the FET 103 in the preceding stage in order to obtain a large output. As shown in Fig. 3, in the FET 108, the output power of 25 dBm and the power added efficiency of 40% are obtained in a good linear range for the input power of 15 dBm. If the common-source FET 103 having the characteristics shown in Fig. 2 and the common-gate FET 1 ⁇ 8 having the characteristics shown in Fig. 3 are connected as shown in Fig.
- variable gain control voltage VC When the transmission power is low, for example, when the transmission power is set to 0 dBm, the variable gain control voltage VC is applied to the FET 10 via the source bias terminal 107 and the drain bias terminal 110, respectively.
- the source voltage becomes 0 V and the drain voltage becomes 0 V for example, the input power of the FET 108 is transmitted.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing input / output power characteristics when the transmission power at FET 108 shown in FIG. 1 is small. As shown in FIG. 4, output power of 0 dBm is obtained with respect to input power of OdBm. When input power of 20 dBm is input to the previous FET 103, the transmission power is 0 dBm, and the power added efficiency of all amplifiers of FETs 103 and 108 is FET 10 It is determined only by 3, and 30% power added efficiency can be obtained.
- variable gain control voltage VC to the source and drain of the gate-grounded FET 108 via the source bias terminal 109 and the drain bias terminal 110, respectively. Even when the input power passes through the FET 108 and the transmission power is small, high power added efficiency can be obtained. Note that, in the present embodiment, the description has been given of the gate ground F ET connected in two stages.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a power amplifier according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 5 As shown in FIG. 2, in this embodiment, the emitter-grounded bipolar transistor 1 13 and the grounded bipolar transistor 1 16 are connected in two stages, and the bipolar transistor 1 13
- the input terminal of the input matching circuit 102 and the base bias terminal 114 are connected to the base terminal, and the collector bias terminal 115 and the output matching circuit 106 are connected to the collector terminal.
- the input matching circuit 107 and the emitter bias terminal 117 are connected to the emitter terminal, and the collector bias terminal 118 and the output matching circuit 111 are connected to the collector terminal.
- the collector terminal of bipolar transistor 113 and the emitter terminal of bipolar transistor 116 are connected via matching circuit 106 and input matching circuit 107.
- the gain is variable through the emitter bias terminal 117 and the collector bias terminal 118 to the emitter and collector of the base-grounded bipolar transistor 116.
- the control voltage VC By applying the control voltage VC, the input power is transmitted through the bipolar transistor 116, and high power added efficiency is obtained even when the transmission power is small.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a power amplifier according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- the FETs 203 and 208 with the gates grounded are connected in two stages, and the input matching circuit 200
- a drain bias terminal 205 and an output matching circuit 206 are connected to the drain terminal, and an input matching circuit 200 is connected to the source terminal of the FET 208.
- a drain bias terminal 210 and an output matching circuit 211 are connected to the drain terminal, and a drain bias terminal 210 and an output matching circuit 211 are connected to the drain bias terminal via the output matching circuit 206 and the input matching circuit 207.
- the drain terminal of FET 203 and the source terminal of FET 208 It is connected.
- the amplification operation of the power amplifier configured as described above will be described.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the input / output power characteristics and the power added efficiency of the FET 203 shown in FIG. 6, and shows the characteristics at a frequency of 950 MHz. As shown in Fig. 7, in the FET 203, the output power of 15 dBm and the power added efficiency of 40% can be obtained in a good linear range for the input power of --5 dBm. ing.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing input / output power characteristics and power added efficiency of FET 208 shown in FIG.
- the FET 208 has a gate width that is about five times that of the FET 203 in the preceding stage in order to obtain a large output.
- the output power of 25 dBm and the power added efficiency of 40% are obtained in a good linear range with respect to the input power of 15 dBm.
- the grounded gate FET 203 having the characteristics shown in Fig. 7 and the gated FET 208 having the characteristics shown in Fig. 8 are connected as shown in Fig. 6.
- the bias voltages of FET 203 and 208 for example, the gate voltage is grounded to 0 V, the source voltage is biased to 1 IV, and the drain voltage is biased to 5 V, respectively.
- variable gain control voltage VC is applied to the source of the FET 208 via the source bias terminal 209 and the drain bias terminal 210, respectively.
- the input power of the FET 208 is transmitted.
- the input output power characteristics of the FET 208 when the transmission power is small are the same as those shown in Fig. 4, and the output power of O dBm is 0 dBm. Power is obtained.
- the transmission power becomes 0 dBm, and the power added efficiency of all amplifiers of FETs 203 and 208 is FET 20 Determined by 3 alone, 30% additional power efficiency is obtained.
- the source voltage is set to 0 V and the drain voltage is set to 0 V for both FETs 203 and 208, the input power of the preceding FET 203—15 dBm is used as the transmission output as it is. However, the power consumption of the power amplifier at that time is very small.
- variable gain control voltage VC to the source and drain of the gate-grounded FET 208 via the source bias terminal 209 and the drain bias terminal 210, respectively.
- the above-described amplification operation can be performed even when a bipolar transistor is used instead of the FET 203 and 208 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a fourth embodiment of the power amplifier of the present invention.
- the base-grounded bipolar transistors 2 13 and 2 16 are connected in two stages, and the bipolar transistor 2 13 has input matching with the emitter terminal.
- the circuit 200 and the emitter bias terminal 2 14 are connected to the collector terminal, the collector bias terminal 2 15 and the output matching circuit 206 are connected, and the bipolar transistor 2 16 is connected to the emitter
- the input matching circuit 2 07 and the emitter bias terminal 2 17 are connected to the terminal, and the collector bias terminal 2 18 and the output matching circuit 2 11 are connected to the collector terminal.
- the collector terminal of bipolar transistor 211 and the emitter terminal of bipolar transistor 211 are connected via input matching circuit 207.
- variable gain control is performed on the emitter and the collector of the base-grounded bipolar transistor 216 via the emitter bias terminal 217 and the collector bias terminal 218.
- the input power is transmitted through the bipolar transistor 216, and high power added efficiency can be obtained even when the transmission power is small:
- the first-stage amplifier is connected to the first input / output matching circuit such that the linear gain of the first-stage amplifier is larger than the linear gain of the second-stage amplifier.
- the second input / output matching circuit is connected to the second amplifier so that the output power of the second amplifier is higher than the output power of the first amplifier.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing an example of the human output power characteristic of the amplifier in the preceding stage, and shows the characteristic at a frequency of 950 MHz.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing an example of the human output power characteristic of the amplifier at the subsequent stage.
- the amplifier at the front stage has a higher linear gain than the amplifier at the subsequent stage, and has a gain of 15 dB for an input power of 15 dBm.
- m output power can be output.
- the latter stage amplifier maintains its linearity even when the input power is 10 dBm, and the output power of 20 dBm higher than that of the preceding stage amplifier. Can be output.
- a gate-grounded FET composed of elements of the same size Even if this is the case, connect a gate-grounded FET with different characteristics depending on the matching circuit as shown in Fig. 6, and control the source and drain terminals of the preceding or subsequent gate-grounded FET with the variable gain control voltage VC. I do.
- the input power of this gate-grounded FET is transmitted, and the input power is directly used as the rear-stage input power.
- the gate ground F ET connected in two stages has been described.
- the same configuration can be applied to the case of three or more stages.
- a power amplifier configured by connecting a plurality of transistors in multiple stages, when the output power is made smaller than a predetermined threshold, at least Since the input power of one transistor is transmitted, high power added efficiency can be obtained even when the transmission power is small.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Amplifiers (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99926910A EP1096668B1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Power amplifier |
| DE69928811T DE69928811T2 (de) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Leistungsverstärker |
| US09/674,065 US6466095B1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Power amplifier |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP10/190379 | 1998-07-06 | ||
| JP19037998A JP3164151B2 (ja) | 1998-07-06 | 1998-07-06 | 電力増幅器 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2000002306A1 true WO2000002306A1 (en) | 2000-01-13 |
Family
ID=16257200
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP1999/003591 Ceased WO2000002306A1 (en) | 1998-07-06 | 1999-07-02 | Power amplifier |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6466095B1 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP1096668B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP3164151B2 (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE69928811T2 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2000002306A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20110269831A1 (en) * | 2003-04-03 | 2011-11-03 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Reducing nephropathy with inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase and epoxyeicosanoids |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6819179B2 (en) * | 2003-04-16 | 2004-11-16 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | Variable gain low noise amplifier |
| US7019593B2 (en) * | 2003-12-26 | 2006-03-28 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | Variable-gain cascode amplifier using voltage-controlled and variable inductive load |
| JP2006005839A (ja) * | 2004-06-21 | 2006-01-05 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | 増幅器 |
| US7443241B2 (en) * | 2005-11-28 | 2008-10-28 | Via Technologies Inc. | RF variable gain amplifier |
| JP5267407B2 (ja) * | 2009-10-02 | 2013-08-21 | 富士通株式会社 | 増幅回路及び通信装置 |
| US10374558B1 (en) * | 2018-04-30 | 2019-08-06 | Speedlink Technology Inc. | Wideband distributed power amplifier utilizing metamaterial transmission line conception with impedance transformation |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57160213U (ja) * | 1981-04-01 | 1982-10-07 | ||
| JPH05145349A (ja) * | 1991-11-19 | 1993-06-11 | Fujitsu Ltd | 電力増幅器 |
| JPH05308233A (ja) * | 1992-04-28 | 1993-11-19 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 高周波増幅装置 |
| JPH06224647A (ja) * | 1992-12-03 | 1994-08-12 | Sharp Corp | 増幅回路 |
| JPH09148852A (ja) * | 1995-11-24 | 1997-06-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 送信出力可変装置 |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1791202C3 (de) * | 1968-09-30 | 1979-07-05 | Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen | Einstellbare elektrische Entzerrerschaltung |
| US4041412A (en) * | 1976-06-14 | 1977-08-09 | Motorola, Inc. | High power, pulsed microwave frequency converter |
| FR2371817B1 (fr) * | 1976-11-19 | 1980-09-05 | Thomson Csf | Dispositif correcteur de distorsion des etages d'amplification transistorises a large bande et amplificateur comportant de tels dispositifs |
| DE2904011C3 (de) * | 1979-02-02 | 1981-11-26 | SIEMENS AG AAAAA, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Hochfrequenzimpulsverstärker |
| JPS57160213A (en) | 1981-03-27 | 1982-10-02 | Toshiba Corp | Flip-flop circuit |
| US4658220A (en) * | 1985-09-06 | 1987-04-14 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Dual-gate, field-effect transistor low noise amplifier |
| JP3393514B2 (ja) | 1994-03-03 | 2003-04-07 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | モノリシック集積化低位相歪電力増幅器 |
| JP3395068B2 (ja) | 1994-08-15 | 2003-04-07 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | モノリシック集積化fet電力増幅器 |
| KR0157206B1 (ko) * | 1996-03-28 | 1999-02-18 | 김광호 | 저잡음 증폭기 |
| JP2853739B2 (ja) * | 1996-09-30 | 1999-02-03 | 日本電気株式会社 | 負帰還増幅回路 |
| US5966051A (en) * | 1998-04-21 | 1999-10-12 | Conexant Systems, Inc. | Low voltage medium power class C power amplifier with precise gain control |
-
1998
- 1998-07-06 JP JP19037998A patent/JP3164151B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-07-02 EP EP99926910A patent/EP1096668B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-02 DE DE69928811T patent/DE69928811T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-02 WO PCT/JP1999/003591 patent/WO2000002306A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 1999-07-02 US US09/674,065 patent/US6466095B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57160213U (ja) * | 1981-04-01 | 1982-10-07 | ||
| JPH05145349A (ja) * | 1991-11-19 | 1993-06-11 | Fujitsu Ltd | 電力増幅器 |
| JPH05308233A (ja) * | 1992-04-28 | 1993-11-19 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 高周波増幅装置 |
| JPH06224647A (ja) * | 1992-12-03 | 1994-08-12 | Sharp Corp | 増幅回路 |
| JPH09148852A (ja) * | 1995-11-24 | 1997-06-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 送信出力可変装置 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See also references of EP1096668A4 * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20110269831A1 (en) * | 2003-04-03 | 2011-11-03 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Reducing nephropathy with inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase and epoxyeicosanoids |
| US8513302B2 (en) * | 2003-04-03 | 2013-08-20 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Reducing nephropathy with inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase and epoxyeicosanoids |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1096668B1 (en) | 2005-12-07 |
| JP2000022452A (ja) | 2000-01-21 |
| DE69928811D1 (de) | 2006-01-12 |
| US6466095B1 (en) | 2002-10-15 |
| EP1096668A4 (en) | 2005-02-02 |
| EP1096668A1 (en) | 2001-05-02 |
| DE69928811T2 (de) | 2006-08-24 |
| JP3164151B2 (ja) | 2001-05-08 |
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