WO2002038700A2

WO2002038700A2 - Fcc process with improved yield of light olefins

Info

Publication number: WO2002038700A2
Application number: PCT/US2001/046472
Authority: WO
Inventors: Rusty M. Pittman; Larry L. Upson
Original assignee: UOP LLC
Current assignee: Honeywell UOP LLC
Priority date: 2000-11-13
Filing date: 2001-11-13
Publication date: 2002-05-16
Anticipated expiration: 2003-05-13
Also published as: ES2298282T3; DE60132024D1; ATE381604T1; DE60132024T2; EP1414930B1; CA2428147C; EP1414930A2; CN1228418C; US7312370B2; US6538169B1; CA2428147A1; AU2002228803A1; WO2002038700A3; US20030121825A1; CN1527874A

Abstract

An FCC process for obtaining light olefins comprises contacting a hydrocarbon feed stream with blended catalyst comprising regenerated catalyst and coked catalyst. The catalyst has a composition including a first component and a second component compring a zeolite with no greater than medium pore size wherein the zeolite comprises at least 1 wt-% of the catalyst composition. The hydrocarbon feed stream is in contact with the blended catalyst in a riser for less than or equal to 2 seconds on average. A first portion of the coked catalyst is passed to a regeneration zone, while a second portion of the coked catalyst is blended with the regenerated catalyst and introduced to the riser.

Description

"FCC PROCESS WITH IMPROVED YIELD OF LIGHT OLEFINS"

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) conversion of

heavy hydrocarbons into light hydrocarbons with a fluidized stream of catalyst particles.

More specifically, this invention relates to an FCC process for the production of light

olefins.

Catalytic cracking is accomplished by contacting hydrocarbons in a reaction zone

with a catalyst composed of finely divided particulate material. The reaction in catalytic

cracking, as opposed to hydrocracking, is carried out in the absence of added hydrogen or

the consumption of hydrogen. As the cracking reaction proceeds, substantial amounts of

coke are deposited on the catalyst. The catalyst is regenerated at high temperatures by

burning coke from the catalyst in a regeneration zone. Coke-containing catalyst, referred

to herein as "coked catalyst", is continually transported from the reaction zone to the

regeneration zone to be regenerated and replaced by essentially coke-free regenerated

catalyst from the regeneration zone. Fluidization of the catalyst particles by various

gaseous streams allows the transport of catalyst between the reaction zone and

regeneration zone. Methods for cracking hydrocarbons in a fluidized stream of catalyst,

transporting catalyst between reaction and regeneration zones, and combusting coke in

the regenerator are well known by those skilled in the art of FCC processes.

Propylene is conventionally produced through FCC processes, dehydrogenation

processes, and predominantly from steam cracking processes. The demand for propylene

is projected to begin to outstrip supply. FCC units are filling some of this growing

demand for propylene. Typically, however, FCC units produce only around 5 wt-% of

propylene. Consequently, modifications to FCC units that can increase propylene production are necessary. Several references disclose modified FCC processes to

improve propylene yields.

Many of these processes increase propylene yields by increasing conversion by

utilizing longer reaction times and hot catalyst temperatures. One such process called

deep catalytic cracking ("DCC") requires 5-10 seconds of contact time to increase

propylene yields. However, this process also yields a relatively substantial quantity of

undesirable dry gas; i.e., hydrogen, ethane and methane. See David Hutchinson and

Roger Hood, Catalytic Cracking to Maximize Light Olefins, PETROLE ET TECHMQUES,

March-April 1996, at 29. US-A-4,980,053 also discloses a deep catalytic cracking

process that cracks over a mixture of Y-type zeolite and a pentasil, shape-selective

zeolite to give substantial yields of propylene. Similarly, this patent discloses an effort to

prolong the catalyst contact time which is probably the reason for it reporting relatively

high yields of dry gas.

Other patents disclosing short catalyst contact times do not recognize significant

light olefin yields. US-A-5,965,012 discloses an FCC process with a catalyst recycle

arrangement with a very short contact time of the feed and catalyst. However, the short

contact time does not take place in the riser. Cracking takes place in a chamber where

only regenerated catalyst contacts the feed. The cracked products are immediately

withdrawn from the cracking chamber and separated from the catalyst in a conduit which

is separate from the riser. US-A-6,010,618 discloses another FCC process which

provides for very short catalyst-to-feed contact time in the riser by quickly removing

cracked product from the riser well below halfway to the outlet of the riser. US-A-

5,296,131 discloses ultra-short FCC catalyst contact times to improve selectively to

gasoline while decreasing coke and dry gas production. These patents do not target

significant production of light olefins. US-A-5,389,232 discloses quenching the feed and catalyst mixture with naptha in

the riser to shorten the catalyst-to-feed contact time to obtain light olefins. This patent,

however, reports relatively low yields of light olefins.

Other patents disclose processes that use catalyst recycle without regeneration.

US-A-3, 888,762 discloses sending stripped catalyst and regenerated catalyst to the base

of the riser without mixing. US-A-4,853,105 discloses an FCC process whereby stripped,

coked catalyst is recycled to the riser just less than mid-way up the riser. This stripped,

coked catalyst contacts feed in the riser for less than 1 second but the feed also has

contact time with regenerated catalyst from about 10 to about 50 seconds. US-A-

5,858,207 discloses an FCC process wherein regenerated catalyst and stripped coked

catalyst are subjected to secondary stripping before being returned to the riser to contact

feed. US-A-5,372,704 discloses an FCC process wherein spent catalyst from a first FCC

unit is charged to a riser of a second naphtha cracking unit and then recycled back to the

riser of the first FCC unit.

US-A-4,990,314, US-A-4,871,446, and US-A-4,787,967 disclose two component

catalyst FCC systems in which a portion of the catalyst is recycled back to the riser

without regeneration. Specifically, one component of the catalyst typically includes a

large-pore zeolite for cracking the larger molecular hydrocarbons and the second

component includes a medium pore zeolite for cracking the smaller molecular

hydrocarbons. These patents, by recognizing that the cataylst component with medium

pore zeolite are susceptible to hydrothermal degradation, attempt to recycle a

homogeneous composition of the catalyst component with medium pore zeolite back to

the riser without undergoing regeneration. The exclusion of the catalyst component with

medium pore zeolite from the regeneration zone requires either special configuration of

the catalyst matrix and/or complex design of the apparatus. US-A-4J 17,466 discloses a variant of this process wherein two risers are utilized. One riser has a greater

concentration of ZSM-5 catalyst component in a base with a larger diameter for

prolonged contact time with a lighter feed.

PCT Publication WO 95/27019 reports aggregate yields of 26.2 wt-% of ethylene,

propylene and butylene in a circulating fluidized bed reactor having a relatively short

residence time of 0.1 to 3.0 seconds. The reaction zone disclosed in this application

terminates at an external cyclone which separates catalyst and products. The catalyst is

stripped and sent either to the base of the reaction zone or a circulating fluidized bed

regenerator. This publication does not teach use of a medium or smaller pore zeolite in

the catalyst composition.

Some do not use a medium to smaller pore zeolite in the catalyst composition,

perhaps, for fear that the concentration of the larger pore or amorphous catalyst would be

insufficient to crack the feed down to naptha range molecules. Two cracking steps have

to take place to obtain light olefins. First, a catalyst component containing a large pore

zeolite and/or an active amorphous material cracks the feed into naphtha range

hydrocarbons. Second, a catalyst component containing a medium or small pore zeolite

cracks the naphtha range hydrocarbons into light olefins. The medium or small pore

zeolite cannot crack the large hydrocarbon molecules in the feed. Hence, the concern that

a high concentration of the medium or small pore zeolite component in the catalyst

composition could unduly dilute the amorphous or large pore catalytic component to

restrain the first step of cracking FCC feed down to naphtha range hydrocarbons.

US-A-6, 106,697 avoids this concern by using a two-stage catalytic cracking

system wherein a large pore zeolite component cracks the feed in an FCC unit down to

naphtha range hydrocarbons which is then cracked over a medium to small pore zeolitic

catalyst component in a second FCC unit to get light olefins. US-A-5 ,997,728 discloses an FCC process that cracks feed over a catalyst composition containing relatively large

proportions of medium or smaller pore zeolite catalyst and large pore zeolite for 5

seconds of catalyst contact time to obtain good yields of propylene but with high yields

of dry gas. However, PCT Publication WO 00/31215 discloses a catalytic cracking

process which uses a ZSM-5 and or ZSM-11 zeolite component on a substantially inert

matrix material in a catalytic cracking process to obtain high yields of light olefins

US-A-5,597,537 teaches an FCC process that uses a high ratio of catalyst to feed

and higher regenerator temperatures to ensure that gasoline fraction olefins will

overcrack to provide a high yield of C3 and C4 olefins. This patent also teaches recycling

part of the coked catalyst to a mixing chamber at the base of the riser while transporting

another portion of the coked catalyst to the regenerator for regeneration. The regenerated

catalyst portion and the recycled, coked catalyst portion are combined in a blending

vessel and allowed to thermally equilibrate before being introduced to the riser to

catalyze fresh feed. Although this patent does indicate that the disclosed process could be

used for lower residence time cracking, it explains that lower residence times are desired

to prevent catalyst from coking, not to yield higher quantities of C3 and C4 olefins. This

patent also teaches adding a medium pore zeolite component to the catalyst composition

in an effort to prevent catalyst coking. However, it does not couple the use of a medium

pore zeolite component and short contact times to obtain greater yields of light olefins.

This patent reflects the concern that a large pore zeolite and/or active amorphous

containing catalyst component that is diluted with a medium pore zeolite component and

coked from recycling without regeneration may not be sufficiently active to crack feed

down to naptha range hydrocarbon. Hence, the desire to minimize coking.

It is an object of this invention to provide a FCC process that produces high

yields of light olefins with less production of dry gas. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An FCC process is modified to produce greater yields of light olefins;

particularly, ethylene, propylene and butylene with less production of dry gas; i.e.,

hydrogen, methane and ethane at relatively high conversion.

We have discovered that recycling coked catalyst including a large pore zeolite

and/or an active amorphous material and a zeolite with no greater than medium average

pore size and blending it with regenerated catalyst improves the yield of light olefins and

the overall conversion. We have discovered this to be the case even at lower riser

residence times. Additionally, the lower temperature of the catalyst resulting from

blending hot regenerated catalyst and cooler recycled catalyst improve olefin selectivity.

Additional objects, embodiments, and details of this invention will become

apparent from the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic elevational view showing a FCC unit in accordance with the

present invention.

FIG. 2 is a graph comparing conversion for regenerated and blended catalyst

compositions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention is more fully explained in the context of a FCC process that is

modified to yield greater quantities of light olefins. Light olefins are olefins with six or

less carbon atoms and, preferably, less than five carbon atoms. FIG. 1 shows a typical

schematic arrangement of a FCC unit arranged in accordance with the present invention. The description of this invention in the context of the specific process arrangement shown is not meant to limit it to the details disclosed therein.

The FCC arrangement shown in FIG. 1 consists of a separator vessel 10, a regenerator 12, a blending vessel 14, and a vertical riser 16 that provides a pneumatic conveyance zone in which conversion takes place. The arrangement circulates catalyst and contacts feed in the manner hereinafter described.

The catalyst comprises two components that may or may not be on the same matrix. The two components are circulated throughout the entire system. The first component may include any of the well-known catalysts that are used in the art of fluidized catalytic cracking, such as an active amorphous clay-type catalysts and/or a high activity, crystalline molecular sieve. Molecular sieve catalysts are preferred over amorphous catalysts because of their much-improved selectivity to desired products. Zeolites are the most commonly used molecular sieves in FCC processes. Preferably, the first catalyst component comprises a large pore zeolite, such as an Y-type zeolite, an active alumina material, a binder material, comprising either silica or alumina and an inert filler such as kaolin.

The zeolitic molecular sieves appropriate for the first catalyst component should have a large average pore size. Typically, molecular sieves with a large pore size have pores with openings of greater than 0J nm in effective diameter defined by greater than 10 and typically 12 membered rings. Pore Size Indices of large pores are above about 31.

Suitable large pore zeolite components include synthetic zeolites such as X-type and Y- type zeolites, mordenite and faujasite. We have found that Y zeolites with low rare earth content are preferred in the first catalyst component. Low rare earth content denotes less than or equal to about 1.0 wt-% rare earth oxide on the zeolite portion of the catalyst. Octacat catalyst made by W.R. Grace & Co. is a suitable low rare earth Y-zeolite

catalyst.

The second catalyst component comprises a catalyst containing, medium or

smaller pore zeolite catalyst exemplified by ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-23, ZSM-

35, ZSM-38, ZSM-48, and other similar materials. US-A-3,702,886 describes ZSM-5.

Other suitable medium or smaller pore zeolites include ferrierite, erionite, and ST-5,

developed by Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. The second catalyst component preferably

disperses the medium or smaller pore zeolite on a matrix comprising a binder material

such as silica or alumina and an inert filer material such as kaolin. The second

component may also comprise some other active material such as Beta zeolite. These

catalyst compositions have a crystalline zeolite content of 10-25 wt-% or more and a

matrix material content of 75-90 wt-%. Catalysts containing 25 wt-% crystalline zeolite

material are preferred. Catalysts with greater crystalline zeolite content may be used,

provided they have satisfactory attrition resistance. Medium and smaller pore zeolites are

characterized by having an effective pore opening diameter of less than or equal to 0.7

nm, rings of 10 or fewer members and a Pore Size Index of less than 31.

The total catalyst composition should contain 1-10 wt-% of a medium to small

pore zeolite with greater than or equal to 1J5 wt-% being preferred. When the second

catalyst component contains 25 wt-% crystalline zeolite, the composition contains 4-40

wt-% of the second catalyst component with a preferred content of greater than or equal

to 7 wt-%. ZSM-5 and ST-5 type zeolites are particularly preferred since their high coke

resistivity will tend to preserve active cracking sites as the catalyst composition makes

multiple passes through the riser, thereby maintaining overall activity. The first catalyst

component will comprise the balance of the catalyst composition. The relative proportions of the first and second components in the catalyst composition will not

substantially vary throughout the FCC unit.

The high concentration of the medium or smaller pore zeolite in the second

component of the catalyst composition improve selectivity to light olefins by further

cracking the lighter naphtha range molecules. But at the same time, the resulting smaller

concentration of the first catalyst component still exhibits sufficient activity to maintain

conversion of the heavier feed molecules to a reasonably high level.

FCC feedstocks, suitable for processing by the method of this invention, include

conventional FCC feeds and higher boiling or residual feeds. The most common of the

conventional feeds is a vacuum gas oil which is typically a hydrocarbon material having

a boiling range of from 343° to 552°C (650° to 1025°F) and is prepared by vacuum

fractionation of atmospheric residue. Heavy or residual feeds, i.e., boiling above 499°C

(930°F), are also suitable. The FCC process of the present invention is suited best for

feed stocks that are heavier than naptha range hydrocarbons boiling above about 177°C

(350°F).

Looking then at FIG. 1, riser 16 provides a conversion zone for cracking of the

feed hydrocarbons. Vertical riser 16 may have a smaller diameter than blending vessel

14, so that catalyst accelerates as it passes out of blending vessel 14 into riser 16. An

embodiment of the present invention is that the residence time for the feed in contact

with the catalyst in the riser is less than or equal to 2 seconds. Any residence time of less

than or equal to 2 seconds may be preferred depending on the desired product

distribution. The shorter residence time assures that the desired products once obtained

do not convert to undesirable products. Hence, the diameter and height of the riser may

be varied to obtain the desired residence time. The riser typically operates with dilute phase conditions above the point of feed injection wherein the density is usually less than 320 kg/m^ (20 lb/ft^) and, more typically, less than 160 kg/m^ (10 lb/ft ). Feed is introduced into the riser by nozzle 17 between an inlet 28 to the riser and substantially upstream from an outlet 30. Volumetric 5 expansion resulting from the rapid vaporization of the feed as it enters the riser further decreases the density of the catalyst within the riser to typically less than 160 kg/m^ (10 lb/fl ). Before contacting the catalyst, the feed will ordinarily have a temperature in a range of from 149° to 316°C (300° to 600°F). Additional amounts of feed may be added downstream of the initial feed point. o The blended catalyst and reacted feed vapors are then discharged from the top of riser 16 through an outlet 30 and separated into a cracked product vapor stream including olefins and a collection of catalyst particles covered with substantial quantities of coke and generally referred to as "coked catalyst." In an effort to minimize the contact time of the feed and the catalyst which may promote further conversion of desired products to 5 undesirable other products, this invention can use any arrangement of separators to remove coked catalyst from the product stream quickly. In particular, a swirl arm arrangement 29, provided at the end of riser 16 can further enhance initial catalyst and cracked hydrocarbon separation by imparting a tangential velocity to the exiting catalyst and cracked product vapor stream mixture. Such swirl arm arrangements are more fully 0 described in US-A-4,397,738. The swirl arm arrangement is located in an upper portion of a chamber 31, and a stripping zone 38 is situated in the lower portion of the chamber

31. Catalyst separated by the swirl arm arrangement 29 drops down into the stripping zone 38. The cracked product vapor stream comprising cracked hydrocarbons including light olefins and some catalyst exit the chamber 31 via conduit 33 in communication with 5 cyclones 32. The cyclones 32 remove remaining catalyst particles from the product vapor stream to reduce particle concentrations to very low levels. The product vapor stream then exits the top of separating vessel 10 through outlet 34. Catalyst separated by cyclones 32 return to separating vessel 10 through dipleg conduits 35 into dense bed 36 where it will enter the stripping zone through openings 37. The stripping zone 38 removes adsorbed hydrocarbons from the surface of the catalyst by counter-current contact with steam. Steam enters stripping zone 38 through line 40.

The present invention recycles a first portion of the coked catalyst to the riser 16 without first undergoing regeneration. A second portion of the coked catalyst is regenerated in the regenerator 12 before it is delivered to the riser 16. The first and second portions of the catalyst may be blended in a blending vessel 14 before introduction to the riser 16. The recycled catalyst portion may be withdrawn from the stripping zone 38 for transfer to the blending vessel 14. The recycle conduit 22 transfers the first portion of the coked catalyst stripped of hydrocarbon vapors exiting stripping zone 38 back to blending vessel 14 as the recycled catalyst portion at a rate regulated by control valve 24. The second portion of the coked, stripped catalyst is transported to the regeneration zone through coked catalyst conduit 42 at a rate regulated by control valve 46 for the removal of coke.

On the regeneration side of the process, coked catalyst transferred to regenerator 12 via conduit 42 undergoes the typical combustion of coke from the surface of the catalyst particles by contact with an oxygen-containing gas. The oxygen-containing gas enters the bottom of regenerator 12 via an inlet 48 and passes through a dense fluidizing bed of catalyst (not shown). Flue gas consisting primarily of CO2 and perhaps containing

CO passes upwardly from the dense bed into a dilute phase of regenerator 12. A separator, such as cyclones 49 or other means, remove entrained catalyst particles from the rising flue gas before the flue gas exits the vessel through an outlet 50. Combustion

of coke from the catalyst particles raises the temperatures of the catalyst which is

withdrawn by regenerator standpipe 18.

Regenerator standpipe 18 passes regenerated catalyst from regenerator 12 into a

blending vessel 14 at a rate regulated by control valve 20 where it is blended with

recycled catalyst from separating vessel 10 via recycle conduit 22. Fluidizing gas passed

into blending vessel 14 by conduit 26 contacts the catalyst and maintains the catalyst in a

fluidized state to blend the recycled and regenerated catalyst.

The regenerated catalyst which is relatively hot is cooled by the unregenerated,

coked catalyst which is relatively cool to reduce the temperature of the regenerated

catalyst by 28° to 83°C (50° to 150°F) depending upon the regenerator temperature and

the coked catalyst recycle rate. We have found that reducing the catalyst-to-feed contact

results in an increased light olefin yield and a decreased dry gas yield. Other processes

currently used in FCC operations to increase conversion result in poorer coke and dry gas

selectivity.

The amount of blended catalyst that contacts the feed will vary depending on the

temperature of the regenerated catalyst and the ratio of recycled to regenerated catalyst

comprising the catalyst blend. The term "blended catalyst" refers to the total amount of

solids that contact the feed and include both the regenerated catalyst from regenerator 12

and the recycled catalyst portion from the reactor side of the process. Generally, the

blended catalyst to feed will be in a ratio of from 10 to 50. Preferably, the blended

catalyst to feed will be in a ratio of from 10 to 30 and more preferably in a ratio of from

15 to 25. The high catalyst-to-feed ratio will operate to maximize conversion which tends

to favor light olefin production. Although it has been well established within the art of FCC that increasing

catalyst-to-feed ratios will increase conversion, catalyst-to-feed ratios cannot be easily

increased since this ratio is not an independent variable in standard FCC units. Rather the

ratio of catalyst to feed is dependent on the heat balance limitations of the unit.

Consequently, only relatively low catalyst-to-feed ratios of 4-10 are typically observed.

One means of increasing the catalyst-to-feed ratio within the riser is to recycle coked

catalyst along with regenerated catalyst back to the riser, because this avoids the heat

balance limitations. Such a means of increasing catalyst-to-feed ratios, however, was not

expected to maintain high catalyst activities due to the coke deactivation of the catalyst.

Our research has revealed that blends of coked and regenerated catalyst have comparable

activity to that of the regenerated catalyst. Consequently, recycling coked catalyst can be

effectively utilized to increase the catalyst-to-feed ratios in the riser, thereby, allowing

operation at very short catalyst-to-feed contact times with catalyst that has been heavily

diluted with catalyst containing medium to small pore zeolite while still maintaining high

conversions. Maximizing conversion is particularly important in order to maximize

yields of key light olefins. Our discovery that the catalyst composition with a relatively

low concentration of the first catalyst component and a relatively high concentration of

the second catalyst component still exhibits improved conversion and selectivity to light

olefins even when a portion of the catalyst composition is coked and when the riser

residence time is very short was completely unexpected.

Ordinarily, the ratio of recycled catalyst to regenerated catalyst entering the

blending zone will be in a broad range of from 0.1 to 5.0 and more typically in a range of

from 0.3 to 3.0. Preferably, the blended catalyst will comprise a 1:1 ratio of recycled

catalyst to regenerated catalyst. The amount of coke on the recycled catalyst portion

returning to the blending vessel 14 will vary depending on the number of times the catalyst particle has recycled through the riser. Since the separation of the catalyst particles out of the riser is random, the coke content of the particles leaving the riser will be normally distributed, varying between the coke content of a particle going through the

riser only once and the coke content of a particle that has gone through the riser many times. Nevertheless, the coked catalyst portion entering the regeneration zone as well as the recycled catalyst portion could range from an average coke concentration of between 0.3 to 1.1 wt-%. The preferred range of average coke concentration is 0.5 to 1.0 wt-%. Moreover, the blended catalyst composition will contain at least 0.1 wt-% coke before contacting the feed. When the blending vessel 14 is used, blending of catalyst portions should occur for sufficient time to achieve substantially thermal equilibrium. Further details regarding conditions in the blending vessel are given in US-A-5,597,537.

Regenerated catalyst from regenerator standpipe 18 will usually have a temperature in a range from 677° to 760°C (1250° to 1400°F) and, more typically, in a range of from 699° to 760°C (1290° to 1400T). The temperature of the recycled catalyst portion will usually be in a range of from 510° to 621°C (950° to 1150°F). The relative proportions of the recycled and regenerated catalyst will determine the temperature of the blended catalyst mixture that enters the riser. The blended catalyst mixture will usually range from about 593° to 704°C (1100° to 1300°F) and, more preferably at about 649°C (1200°F).

Low hydrocarbon partial pressure operates to favor the production of light olefins.

Accordingly, the riser pressure is set at about 172 to 241 kPa (25 to 35 psia) with a hydrocarbon partial pressure of about 35 to 172 kPa (5 to 25 psia), with a preferred hydrocarbon partial pressure of about 69 to 138 kPa (10 to 20 psia). This relatively low partial pressure for hydrocarbon is achieved by using steam as a diluent to the extent that the diluent is 10-55 wt-% of feed and preferably about 15 wt-% of feed. Other diluents

such as dry gas can be used to reach equivalent hydrocarbon partial pressures.

The temperature of the cracked stream at the riser outlet will be about 510° to

621°C (950° to 1150°F). However, we have found that riser outlet temperatures above

566°C (1050°F) make more dry gas and little more olefins. Whereas, riser outlet

temperatures below 566°C (1050°F) make less ethylene and propylene. Thus,

temperatures of 538°C (1000°F) to 538°C (1100°F) at the riser are preferred and a

temperature around 1050°F appears to be optimal.

EXAMPLE 1

We conducted a study to determine the benefits of reducing riser contact time

effects in the presence of a catalyst composition containing a large quantity of a small to

medium pore zeolite component, and in a process system where the temperature of the

catalyst contacting the feed is representative of a recycled catalyst system. The study was

conducted in a FCC riser operating under conditions favorable to obtain greater yields of

light olefins. Tests were performed using three riser residence times: 2.5 seconds, 1.5

seconds, and 0J seconds. A riser in the FCC process was run at 141 kPa (20.5 psia), a

regenerator temperature of around 654°C (1210°F), an outlet temperature of 566°C

(1050°F), a feed temperature of about 121°C (250°F), a riser hydrocarbon partial pressure

of about 76 kPa (11 psia), and a catalyst-to-feed ratio of about 28. The feed was High

Sulfur Diesel and the catalyst composition was a mixture of 80 wt-% Octacat , a Y-type

zeolite catalyst component and 20 wt-% of an additive containing about 25 wt-% ST-5

medium pore zeolite. The conversion reported in this study, 37°C, was chosen to

highlight conversion towards lighter hydrocarbons rather than the standard FCC conversion, 221°C, which highlights conversion to naphtha. The results for each of the residence times in the riser are presented in Table I.

Table I

Decreasing the residence time in the riser from 2.5 seconds to 0J seconds 5 increased the relative propylene yield by 12% with a corresponding decrease in dry gas of

44%. This corresponds to an absolute yield increase of 2.3 wt-% propylene and 1.8 wt-% decrease in dry gas. Decreasing the residence time in the riser from 2.5 seconds to 1.5 seconds increased the relative propylene yield by 15% with the corresponding decrease in dry gas of 32%. Ethylene production increased in 1.5 second riser residence time and o nominally decreased at 0.7 second riser residence time. Additionally, butylene production increased with reductions in riser residence time. Surprisingly, the 2.5 second residence time actually experienced lower conversion than the shorter times of 1.5 or 0.7 seconds. We attribute this drop in conversion due to a reduction of secondary reactions such as olefin oligomerization, which produce higher molecular weight components. 5 Consequently, some of the yield advantages at lower riser times are due to a preservation of olefins in the riser, which not only increases olefin yields but maintains conversion by preventing the reformation of material boiling higher than 37°C. We believe the conversion drop that was observed when the riser time was lowered from 1.5 to 0.7 seconds was due to insufficient cracking time although the conversion was still higher than that obtained at 2.5 seconds due to a reduction in secondary reactions that form

heavier molecules.

EXAMPLE 2 One of the benefits of the present invention is that recycling of coked catalyst and mixing it with regenerated catalyst can reduce the catalyst temperature entering the riser by 28° to 83°C (50° to 150°F), depending on the regenerator temperature and the coked catalyst recycle rate. A study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of lower catalyst temperature contacting the feed in a short riser residence time system where the catalyst contained a high concentration of a medium pore zeolite. The effect of catalyst temperature contacting the feed was observed at 649°C (1200°F) and 732°C (1350°F) with catalyst composition containing 20 wt-% of an additive containing about 25 wt-% ST-5 medium pore zeolite and 80 wt-% of Octacat , a catalyst containing Y-type zeolite. Tests were performed at 141 kPa (20.5 psia) with a hydrocarbon partial pressure of 76 kPa (11 psia), 566°C (1050°F) riser outlet temperature, 149°C (300°F) feed temperature, and a riser contact time of 1.5 seconds. The feed used was a blend of 78 wt-

% straight run diesel and 12 wt-% atmospheric gas oil. The high catalyst temperature, 732°C (1350°F), was chosen to represent a standard FCC regenerator temperature. The lower catalyst inlet temperature of 649°C (1200°F) resulted in a catalyst-to-feed ratio of 28 compared to the catalyst-to-feed ratio of 12 used for the hotter catalyst inlet temperature of 732°C (1350°F). Since the riser outlet temperature was maintained at

566°C (1050°F) in both cases, decreasing the catalyst inlet temperature forces operation at higher catalyst-to-feed ratio in the riser. Inert catalysts in an amount of 60 wt-% was blended with the Octacat™ catalyst in an amount of 40 wt-% for the cooler catalyst temperature in order to reduce the catalyst activity and achieve a conversion that is comparable to the conversion obtained with the higher catalyst temperature. Again, the conversion reported in this study, 37°C, was chosen to highlight conversion towards lighter hydrocarbons rather than the standard FCC conversion, 221°C, which highlights conversion to naphtha. The results are presented in Table II.

Table II

The comparison of the effect of catalyst temperature on propylene yield indicates that reducing the catalyst inlet temperature by 66°C (150°F) results in a 22% relative increase and a 3.7 wt-% absolute increase in propylene yield. Additionally, a 15% relative increase and a 1.9 wt-% absolute increase in butylenes and a 27% relative decrease and a 1.1 wt-% absolute decrease in dry gas was observed with the reduction in catalyst inlet temperature. Conversion for the lower catalyst temperature was also improved.

EXAMPLE 3

We compared the performance of a fully regenerated catalyst and a blend containing 50 wt-% coked catalyst and 50 wt-% regenerated catalyst. The tests were performed in a circulating riser pilot plant, which has the capability of recycling coked

catalyst and regenerated catalyst to the riser. The amount of coke on the regenerated

catalyst was about 0.01 wt-%, whereas, the amount of coke on the 50/50

coked/regenerated blend was between 0.27 and 0.35 wt-%. The feed used in the study

was a West Texas Intermediate Vacuum Gas Oil with a boiling point range of 274° to

573°C (526° to 1063°F). The catalyst used was a typical Y-type zeolite containing FCC

catalyst called Orion ™ produced by W.R. Grace & Co., which was previously used in a

commercial FCC unit to insure that equilibrium activity was reached. The key riser pilot

plant tests were all performed with a riser outlet temperature of 515° C (960°F) and a

riser pressure of 241.3 kPa (35 psia).

Surprisingly, the results of these tests illustrated in FIG. 2 reveal that the fully

regenerated catalyst and the blend containing 50 wt-% recycled, coked catalyst and 50%

fully regenerated catalyst have comparable activities. Over a wide range of catalyst-to-oil

ratios tested in the riser, similar conversion of the feed to gasoline or light material

(221°C (430°F)) was observed. The catalyst evaluated in these tests did not contain any

small to medium pore zeolite. These smaller pore zeolites have high resistivity to coke.

We, therefore, expect them to maintain activity when recycled without regeneration.

EXAMPLE 4

We conducted another study to compare feed conversion over varying

concentrations of a component additive containing ZSM-5. These tests were performed

in a riser pilot plant using a Diesel/Atmospheric Gas Oil blend (78%/22%) with a boiling

point range of 239° to 472°C (463° to 882°F). The catalyst composition included

Octacat™ , Y-type zeolite, standard FCC catalyst taken from a commercial FCC unit to

insure equilibrated activity and Olefins Max™ , an additive manufactured by W.R. Grace & Co., which contained 25 wt-% of ZSM-5. The additive level was varied from 0 to 40%. All tests were run with a catalyst to feed ratio of about 28, a riser outlet temperature of 566°C (1050°F), a riser partial pressure was 79.3 kPa (11.5 psia), and a feed-to-catalyst contact time in the riser of 1.5 seconds.

Interestingly, we discovered that increasing the additive to very high levels had only a marginal affect on the conversion to light materials that boil under 37°C (98°F). The data is illustrated in Table IE. Although the conversion does drop slightly from 61.9 to 60.0 wt-% as the additive level is increased from 10 to 40 wt-%, the data indicates that the activity of the standard, Y-type zeolite, FCC catalyst has been well maintained even after high dilution. Since the ZSM-5 additive can only crack lighter, naptha-range molecules, ZSM-5 addition had been thought to significantly reduce feed conversion at higher levels. Our tests show that significant feed conversion can be achieved at very high medium pore zeolite additive levels and short catalyst-to-feed contact time using higher than typical catalyst-to-feed ratios.

Table m

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A process for fluidized catalytic cracking of a hydrocarbon feed stream to

obtain light olefins, said process comprising:

contacting the hydrocarbon feed stream with a blended catalyst

5 comprising regenerated catalyst and coked catalyst, said catalyst having a catalyst

composition including a first component comprising an amorphous and/or large

pore molecular sieve and a second component comprising a zeolite with no

greater than medium pore size, said zeolite with no greater than medium pore size

comprising at least 1.0 wt-% of the catalyst composition, said contacting

0 occurring in a riser (16) to crack hydrocarbons in said feed stream and obtain a

cracked stream containing hydrocarbon products including light olefins and coked

catalyst;

passing said cracked stream out of an end (30) of said riser (16) such that

said hydrocarbon feed stream is in contact with the blended catalyst in the riser

5 (16) for less than or equal to 2 seconds on average;

separating said hydrocarbon products including light olefins from said

coked catalyst;

passing a first portion of said coked catalyst to a regeneration zone (12)

and combusting coke from said catalyst to produce regenerated catalyst, said

o regenerated catalyst having substantially the same relative proportions of the first

component and the second component as the blended catalyst that contacts the

hydrocarbon feed stream;

blending a second portion of said coked catalyst with said regenerated

catalyst to make the blended catalyst; and introducing said blended catalyst to said riser (16).

2. The process of claim 1 wherein said first catalyst component comprises no more than 80 wt-% of the catalyst composition.

3. The process of claim 1 wherein said molecular sieve is selected from one of 5 an X-type or a Y-type zeolite.

4. The process of claim 1 wherein said second portion of said coked catalyst and said regenerated catalyst are blended outside of the riser (16) before contacting said feed stream.

5. The process of claim 1 wherein said partial pressure of said hydrocarbons in 0 said riser (16) is less than or equal to 172 kPa (25 psia).

6. The process of claim 1 wherein a diluent in said riser (16) is greater than or equal to 10 wt-% of the feed stream.

7. The process of claim 1 wherein the ratio of catalyst to feed in the riser (16) is greater than or equal to 10. 5

8. The process of claim 1 wherein the ratio of a coked catalyst to regenerated catalyst in the riser (16) is in the range of 0.3 to 3.0.

9. The process of claim 1 wherein the temperature of the cracked stream at the top end of the riser (16) is in the range of 510° to 621°C (950° to 1150°F).

10. The process of claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbon feed stream and the blended o catalyst are contacted at an initial temperature of 621° to 677°C (1150° to 1250°F) and wherein the temperature of the blended catalyst is greater than or equal to 28°C (50°F) lower than a temperature of the regenerated catalyst coming from the regeneration zone (12).