WO2003020454A1 - Verfahren zum strangpressen eines hohlprofils od.dgl. körppers aus einem barren sowie vorrichtung dafür - Google Patents
Verfahren zum strangpressen eines hohlprofils od.dgl. körppers aus einem barren sowie vorrichtung dafür Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003020454A1 WO2003020454A1 PCT/EP2002/009412 EP0209412W WO03020454A1 WO 2003020454 A1 WO2003020454 A1 WO 2003020454A1 EP 0209412 W EP0209412 W EP 0209412W WO 03020454 A1 WO03020454 A1 WO 03020454A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- tool
- arm
- pressing direction
- chamber
- cross
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES, PROFILES OR LIKE SEMI-MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
- B21C23/01—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion starting from material of particular form or shape, e.g. mechanically pre-treated
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES, PROFILES OR LIKE SEMI-MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C25/00—Profiling tools for metal extruding
- B21C25/02—Dies
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES, PROFILES OR LIKE SEMI-MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C33/00—Feeding extrusion presses with metal to be extruded ; Loading the dummy block
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for extruding a hollow profile or the like.
- the invention relates to a device which is particularly suitable for this method according to the preamble of patent claim 4.
- the material which has become ductile is a heated ingot or rolled rod section of a stamp - or in the metal range, for example made of non-ferrous metals, sintered metals or steel, but in particular pre-formed from an aluminum alloy in hydrostatic extrusion by means of a liquid - from a recipient is pressed through one or more mold cross-section (s) of a molding tool crossing the pressing direction.
- the punch moves towards the shape of the profile in the direction of the profile that is created.
- indirect or reverse extrusion the material is pressed against the punch direction by a tool that is attached to the hollow punch.
- hollow profile tools with a die plate are used for the extrusion process, as disclosed, for example, in DE 24 46 308 A1.
- the die plate is integrated in a mandrel part to shape the profile outer contour.
- a mandrel - in the case of multi-chamber profiles there are several mandrels - for shaping the internal contour that is to be established so that the mandrel protrudes into the die plate and extends beyond its shaping region.
- the ductile material is fed into the press tool via inlets in such a way that the partial strands of the individual inlets flow together under mandrel support arms - in a welding chamber - and weld them together.
- the material or the aluminum alloy flows past the mandrel and the die opening and takes on the intended shape of the hollow profile.
- the inlets are always arranged around the outside of the profile cavity - or several of them;
- the aluminum alloy is fed into the shaping area of the tool from the outside and above all via several inlets. If, in the case of multi-chamber hollow profiles, the interior of the hollow profile cannot be adequately fed from the outside, material inlets for feeding are also provided in the interior of the hollow profile.
- the main inlets are always arranged around the outer contour of the profile cavity.
- the size of a hollow profile that can be produced - its maximum possible circumferential diameter - is limited by the recipient diameter and the size of the inlets arranged around the outside of the cavity and the load-bearing capacity of the mandrel support arms mentioned.
- the profile size which can be produced with them is limited by the press size, the recipient diameter used and the tool carrying capacity.
- the mentioned DE 24 46 308 AI and DE 28 12 690 AI of the applicant deal with the dimensioning of the latter in the case of large hollow profiles with a large mandrel area.
- the quality of the press seams is also influenced by the inflow of the press stud edge zone into the outer inlets in the extrusion die, with the possible consequence of being forced to twist off the press stud before it is used. Furthermore, the formability and lifespan of the extrusion tools is considerably reduced by the high load on the tool mandrel surface and the creeping process caused by this high load as well as the deflection.
- metal bars are contaminated with contaminants such as lubricant residues - as well as with an oxide layer.
- the oxide particles on the forehead have proven to be extremely harmful to the structure of the resulting profile;
- the resulting zone with contaminating inclusions - also known as a transverse press seam - is relatively long depending on the profile shape and pressing speed and, with increasing quality requirements, forces longer and longer profile sections to be removed from the resulting strand as waste with all the resulting consequences decreasing economy with shrinking profile output; If the new ingot is pressed, the transverse press seam is created between it and the metal that remains in the tool inlet. This can be found again in the form of a tongue in the extruded profile strand.
- the quality of the transverse press seam depends on the tool design and the "clean" mode of operation during extrusion Profile strand but not measurable without destroying it. For this reason, in the case of profiles that are mechanically stressed, the more or less long cross-seam area is cut out of the extruded profile strand.
- DE 196 05 885 A1 proposed the applicant before the front ingot end entered the mold cross section to push this ingot out of the transducer in the pressing direction by a small cantilever, to shear off and remove a resulting disk-like section of that free ingot end and then to bring the latter to the shape cross section or the rear end of the previously compressed bolt.
- This front section or its oxide skin or the like Contamination eliminated so that - assuming that the almost virgin ingot forehead hits the tool quickly - to reduce contamination by oxide particles in this ingot end and to prevent the formation of longer waste sections in a profile strand if possible.
- the ingot end should be removed at about the same time as usual with the pressing residue being sheared off the tool.
- the transducer is to be moved axially away from this at the end of a pressing process; If their neighboring end faces are fixed to each other, the shearing process for the press residue and ingots can begin.
- the two sheared surfaces are put together after just over ten seconds during the pressing process. This means that the shaving surfaces oxidize minimally, and most of them become virgins Material surfaces in the transverse press seam combined as a prerequisite for producing good transverse press seams.
- the device for carrying out the method discussed above offers a shear knife with two mutually spaced shear blades, which are simultaneously guided in a radial movement path over the mouth of the recipient bore and the rear surface of the tool.
- the shaving surfaces have an undefined roughness, for example due to the increasing adherence of the smallest aluminum residues to the shaving knife.
- air can be trapped in the valleys of the grooves, which prevents virgin surfaces from coming together and good welding can take place over the entire cross-seam contact surface.
- the inventor set the goal of making the profile widths that can be produced largely independent of the press geometry.
- contamination areas occurring in aluminum alloys in particular are to be prevented and the cross-weld seam quality is to be prevented from decreasing with increasing compression ratios and increasing wall thicknesses.
- the ingot material is expanded with the surface of the ingot in a chamber with a central inlet, which is arranged upstream of the molding tool and widens in cross-section in the pressing direction, and the surface is torn apart.
- the material to be pressed thus arrives in a prechamber which opens the ductile material to be pressed before the central inlet opening of the tool; parts of the surface that are oxidized or exposed to air are advantageously torn apart and virgin surface parts are guided for diffusion and welding.
- an extrusion device - with a recipient or receiver for an ingot being fed to the shaping cross-section of a molding tool by means of a press ram in the pressing direction - in which at least one - preferably disk-like - from the tool inlet side of the molding tool in the pressing direction - Attachment tool is arranged upstream with an approximately central inlet, which offers a chamber widening in the pressing direction, in the cross-section of which protrude elements which cross the pressing direction and form a flow obstacle - preferably designed as arm attachments;
- welding chambers should be arranged under the elements or arm attachments for a uniform material flow.
- the longitudinal and / or cross-section should be of the arm tip, which is inclined to the central axis of the tool, taper away from the chamber wall and be directed towards the central axis of the tool with its free end.
- the element or the arm attachment as a flat rib, as seen in the pressing direction, in which the distance between the two flank walls from one another decreases towards the free end of the element or the arm attachment.
- the front surface of the element or arm attachment should be inclined in the pressing direction towards the central axis of the tool.
- the free ends of two elements or arm projections protruding into the chamber should be diametrically spaced from one another, the free ends of several elements or arm projections of the chamber determine a circular contour around the central axis of the tool.
- the arm bases delimit two radial gaps between them.
- the free ends of at least some of the elements or arm attachments are connected to a baffle plate crossing the pressing direction, i.e. the radial gaps between the arm bases are limited to the central axis by the circumference of this baffle plate.
- Another shape of the arm attachments contains lateral rib-like projections that protrude from the arm attachments. These rib-like projections - preferably one on each side of the arm attachment - can determine a circular contour placed around the central axis of the tool and serve as additional flow obstacles. Otherwise, the diameter of the circular contour corresponds to approximately one third of the largest diameter of the chamber.
- a further shaping of the elements or arm attachments that increases the swirl effect is in each case a molded-in flat area pointing against the pressing direction, which is connected to the baffle plate by an end connecting web. This flat area begins on the back of the arm base at a distance from the chamber wall.
- the arm tips described are - as I said - molded onto the funnel-like chamber wall; the latter is adjoined in the pressing direction by a cylindrical section, which is preferably formed by the inner surface of a limiting ring inserted into the attachment tool and can thus be designed to be interchangeable.
- the tool center axis is the axis of symmetry for the tool cross section - or the tool longitudinal section - leads to a particularly favorable fluidic chamber shape.
- the above-described configuration of the chamber which is also referred to as the vortex chamber, allows the production of profiles with large loop diameters - in particular larger than the recipient diameter - because of their narrow center inlet, also from recipients for small bolt diameters with high specific pressures.
- Figure 1 is an oblique view of part of an extrusion press with a horizontally extending ram.
- FIG. 2 shows a section from another extrusion press, enlarged and cut compared to FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 shows a longitudinal section through a sketch-like pick-up of the extrusion press with a press ram arranged at a distance in the pressing direction and the subsequent molding tool;
- Fig. 4,5 The reproductions of the press die and the pick-up in front of a molding tool in different positions, corresponding to FIG. 3;
- FIG. 7 a longitudinal section approximately corresponding to the illustration in FIG. 2 through an embodiment of the transducer and molding tool with an intermediate so-called attachment tool; 8, 10, 11 each show a front view of an attachment tool;
- An extrusion press 10 for direct extrusion of profiles 12 has, according to FIG. 1, a press ram 16 on a press cylinder 14, which runs in the longitudinal axis A of a bore 19 penetrating a recipient or receiver 18.
- the diameter of a press washer 17 on the free end face of the press ram 16 is slightly shorter than the free bore diameter of a so-called recipient bore, so that the press ram 16 can be immersed in it.
- the free bore diameter di mentioned is limited in FIGS. 3, 4 by the inner surface 20 of a recipient sleeve 21 inserted into the receiver 18 or its bore 19.
- the interior of this recipient sleeve 21 is referred to below as the recipient bore 22.
- the maximum distance between a die-side recipient front 23 and the press disk 17 in the rest position (not shown) of the press die 16 is dimensioned such that the recipient bore 22 is a block or bar made of light metal, in particular made of a preheated aluminum alloy, indicated at 24.
- - Can be placed in front of a loading chute 26 and pushed into the recipient bore 22 by the press ram 16 in the pressing direction x.
- a plate-like matrix as forming tool 32 Near an the ram 16 remote Rezipienten- end 23 a resting in a die holder 28 at a cross-head 30, a plate-like matrix as forming tool 32. This is followed in Fig. 1 - x in the direction of pressing - a training load-bearing channel 34 of the crosshead 30 through that in one Shape cross section of the die 32 emerging profile 12 is removed.
- a lifting device 36 for a shearing knife 38 with two parallel shaving blades 39 can be seen above the recipient 18 in FIG. 1 and is provided so as to be movable radially to a gap 40, recognizable in FIG. 3, between the receiver 18 and the molding tool 32.
- a mandrel part 33 is provided between the recipient 18 and the plate-like die 32 for generating an inner contour of an emerging profile 12 a .
- the die plate is followed in the pressing direction x by a pressure plate 42 in a pressure plate holder 44.
- a pressure ring 46 connects to that pressure plate 42 and a wear ring 48 in the crosshead 30 connects to this.
- a tool holder for the die or tool holder 28, the pressure plate holder 44 and the pressure ring 46 is indicated at 50.
- a so-called pressing rest 52 from which the pressing disk 17 has been removed, is found at the end of the recipient bore 22 remote from the die on the tool surface facing it. That tool surface remains at a distance from the recipient face 23 a , thanks to a mouth collar 54 formed by the protrusion h of the recipient sleeve 21. Also on the rear recipient front 23, the recipient bore 22 surrounds an annular collar 56 as a protrusion of the recipient sleeve 21.
- the free billet end approaches the press remainder 52, for example with a thickness a of 80 mm.
- the rear bar overhang e is a maximum of 20 mm.
- the recipient or receiver 18 is now moved back - as in FIG. 5, for example, by more than 450 mm - until the press residue 52 is free.
- the ingot 24 of a total length t projects in a cantilever length of, for example, about 10 mm to 60 mm above the mouth collar 54 of the recess. client rifle 21 out; the ingot 24 should not be able to be moved by the shear knife 38 in a subsequent shearing process.
- the pickup 18 is moved back against the pressing direction x until the rear tool surface of the molding tool or the die 32 is at a distance from the recipient face 23 a . In this position transducer 18 and die 32 are temporarily fixed.
- the pressing rest 42 or an end plate 58 of the ingot 24 - determined by the protruding protrusion of the cantilever length t of the ingot 24 - and thus its end face 60 pointing in the pressing direction x away; an oxide layer has formed on this bar face 60 before the processes discussed here, the oxide particles of which would produce disruptive impurities if they were taken over into the profile 12 that was formed.
- an oxide layer-free bar end is created.
- the pickup 18 is moved again to the die or the molding tool 32 - the pressing process can begin again.
- a molded collar 62 of axial length hi with a radial surface protrudes from the recipient end 23 a, which is remote from the press ram 12 , at a radial distance from the circumferential edge of the bore 19 of the transducer 18 a, which remains here without recipient sleeve 21, and extends to the longitudinal axis A facing pockets 64 limited. These are intended to receive radially emerging press particles, which can contain disruptive impurities.
- an annular shaped collar 62 protruding from the recipient end 23 a is shown in the drawing, this shaping or its surface can also have another shape in further configurations. This also applies to a molding on the rear recipient front 23; surrounds in the drawing the recipient bore 19 is an annular collar 63 - there directly adjoining its edge.
- a flat molding trough 66 of an outline, for example corresponding to the recipient bore 19, is introduced, to which a discharge channel 68 running in the pressing direction x connects. through this a strand 70 resulting in a shaping cross section 67 of the die 32 is pushed out.
- the outline of the mold trough 66, which receives a disk-like shaped piece 72 connected to the strand 70, is selected such that it covers all the inlets of the tool 32 that run in the pressing direction x and are not shown in the drawing for reasons of clarity.
- the strand 70 emanating from the disk-like shaped piece 72 is produced from the bolt or ingot 24 pressed by the molding tool 32; the molding 72 forms in the mold cavity 66 of the die 32 described above and is made in one piece with the press residue 52 of the thickness a projecting from the tool inlet side 31 against the pressing direction x; this arises during the pressing process in the stamp-free end region of the recipient bore 19 when the pickup 18 is moved back against the pressing direction x.
- the radially extending surface of the shaped collar 62 on the recipient end 23 a then stands as a stop end parallel to this at a distance from the tool inlet side or die end 31. In this position, the receiver 18 and die 32 are temporarily fixed in order to enable a subsequent shearing process.
- a new bolt or billet 24 is placed in front of the press residue 52, and the surfaces of the billet 24 and the press residue 52 which are to be assigned to one another are sheared off in order to improve the quality of the strand 70 in their area.
- a so-called transverse press seam is formed between the metal remaining in the inlets of the molding tool 32 and the new ingot 24.
- the pressing residue 52 and an end disk of the ingot 24, determined by a protrusion of the ingot 24, and thus its end face 60 pointing in the pressing direction x are removed; '
- the latter has an oxide layer or the like before the processes discussed here. Contaminants formed, the oxide particles of which would form the above-mentioned disturbances in the transverse press seam if they were taken over into the resulting strand 70.
- the quality of the transverse press seam is such that it can remain in the extruded profile strand 70 in the case of high compression ratios and smaller wall thicknesses.
- the quality of the transverse press seam decreases, which is why a chamber 78 in an attachment tool 80 is placed in front of the molding tool 32. Its position within the extrusion press 10 can be seen in FIG. 7.
- FIG. 8 shows a front view of the plate-like attachment tool 80 with a diameter n of approximately 950 mm and a height q of 270 mm.
- a limiting ring 90 is embedded in the tool face 82, which is remote from the die, and which, with its inner surface 91, determines a circular outlet contour K of the rear diameter ni of approximately 475 mm here and its height qi corresponds to approximately half the tool height q.
- the inner cross section forms an inner surface 87 of the arm attachment 88, the flank surfaces 89 of which are approximately triangular in shape.
- the free diametrical distance z between the free ends 90 of two opposite arm attachments 88 is the diameter of a circle as the geometric location of all these free ends 90.
- the chamber 78 thus opens in a funnel shape in the pressing direction x, so that the cross-seam surface mentioned - while it traverses the chamber 78 during the pressing process - is expanded and torn apart; In this way, oxidized or air-exposed parts of the transverse press seam surface are pulled apart, virgin surface parts come into contact for diffusion and welding.
- the above-mentioned arm attachments 88 protrude into the funnel-shaped material flow, beneath these arm attachments 88 and in front of the actual extrusion tool are sufficiently large welding chambers which serve to achieve a uniform material flow different heights and shapes.
- the above-mentioned circular geometric location of the free ends 90 of the arm attachments 88 determines the contour of a disk-like baffle plate 96, to which narrow radial connecting webs 98 of the arm attachments 88 are formed.
- the baffle plate 96 defines radial openings or gap spaces 97 for the material flow with the arm projections 88 and the chamber wall 84.
- the connecting webs 98 each go into a - 'pointing in the direction of pressing - the sheet-like flat portion 91 of the arm set 88 via the f at a radial distance to the inner surface 93 of the limit ring 92 attaches and - as described - terminating at the baffle plate 96th
- a lateral rib 99 is formed on both sides of the flat region 91 from the arm attachment 88; these - here twelve - ribs 99 lie towards the baffle plate 96 towards a circular contour Ki, the diameter d 2 of which corresponds to approximately one third of the diameter ni of the outlet contour K.
- the chamber 78 of the tool 80, 80 a , 80 b - also called a whirl pre-chamber - with its narrow center inlet, it is possible to generate profiles with a large loop diameter, also from recipients 18 for small bore diameters with a high specific pressing pressure.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP02797612A EP1423217A1 (de) | 2001-08-28 | 2002-08-23 | Verfahren zum strangpressen eines hohlprofils od.dgl. körppers aus einem barren sowie vorrichtung dafür |
| CA002458775A CA2458775A1 (en) | 2001-08-28 | 2002-08-23 | Method for the extrusion of a hollow profile or similar body from a bar and corresponding device |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10141320.3 | 2001-08-28 | ||
| DE10141320 | 2001-08-28 | ||
| DE10145877A DE10145877C1 (de) | 2001-08-28 | 2001-09-18 | Verfahren zum Strangpressen eines Hohlprofils od. dgl. Körpers aus einem Barren sowie Vorrichtung dafür |
| DE10145877.0 | 2001-09-18 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2003020454A1 true WO2003020454A1 (de) | 2003-03-13 |
Family
ID=26009985
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2002/009412 Ceased WO2003020454A1 (de) | 2001-08-28 | 2002-08-23 | Verfahren zum strangpressen eines hohlprofils od.dgl. körppers aus einem barren sowie vorrichtung dafür |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1423217A1 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2458775A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2003020454A1 (de) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105750348A (zh) * | 2014-12-15 | 2016-07-13 | 北京有色金属研究总院 | 一种镁锂合金空心型材的加工方法 |
| CN109047362A (zh) * | 2018-08-30 | 2018-12-21 | 苏州铭德铝业有限公司 | 一种挤压模具 |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106540980B (zh) * | 2016-12-29 | 2019-01-11 | 广东和胜工业铝材股份有限公司 | 一种高表面要求型材用模具及其使用方法 |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3241346A (en) * | 1964-05-18 | 1966-03-22 | Joseph H Doss | Method of extruding, using a self-adjusting mandrel |
| US3777544A (en) * | 1971-10-15 | 1973-12-11 | A Alexandrov | Tool outfit for extruding hollow shapes |
| JPS60216918A (ja) * | 1984-04-11 | 1985-10-30 | Sumitomo Light Metal Ind Ltd | アルミニウムのソリツド形材押出法 |
| JPH0947812A (ja) * | 1995-08-08 | 1997-02-18 | Showa Alum Corp | 押継ぎ押出用ダイス |
-
2002
- 2002-08-23 EP EP02797612A patent/EP1423217A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-08-23 WO PCT/EP2002/009412 patent/WO2003020454A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2002-08-23 CA CA002458775A patent/CA2458775A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3241346A (en) * | 1964-05-18 | 1966-03-22 | Joseph H Doss | Method of extruding, using a self-adjusting mandrel |
| US3777544A (en) * | 1971-10-15 | 1973-12-11 | A Alexandrov | Tool outfit for extruding hollow shapes |
| JPS60216918A (ja) * | 1984-04-11 | 1985-10-30 | Sumitomo Light Metal Ind Ltd | アルミニウムのソリツド形材押出法 |
| JPH0947812A (ja) * | 1995-08-08 | 1997-02-18 | Showa Alum Corp | 押継ぎ押出用ダイス |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 010, no. 073 (M - 463) 22 March 1986 (1986-03-22) * |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1997, no. 06 30 June 1997 (1997-06-30) * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105750348A (zh) * | 2014-12-15 | 2016-07-13 | 北京有色金属研究总院 | 一种镁锂合金空心型材的加工方法 |
| CN109047362A (zh) * | 2018-08-30 | 2018-12-21 | 苏州铭德铝业有限公司 | 一种挤压模具 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2458775A1 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
| EP1423217A1 (de) | 2004-06-02 |
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