WO2003102985A1 - Method and apparatus for dyeing a layer of nanocrystalline material - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for dyeing a layer of nanocrystalline material Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003102985A1
WO2003102985A1 PCT/NL2003/000375 NL0300375W WO03102985A1 WO 2003102985 A1 WO2003102985 A1 WO 2003102985A1 NL 0300375 W NL0300375 W NL 0300375W WO 03102985 A1 WO03102985 A1 WO 03102985A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
substrate
substrate holder
liquid dye
layer
supply container
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/NL2003/000375
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2003102985A9 (en
WO2003102985A8 (en
Inventor
Martin SPÄTH
Nicolaas Petrus Gijsbertus Van Der Burg
Danny Roberto Mahieu
Paul Mathieu Sommeling
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Original Assignee
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands filed Critical Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Priority to JP2004509977A priority Critical patent/JP4418365B2/en
Priority to EP03733618A priority patent/EP1509935B1/en
Priority to AT03733618T priority patent/ATE312407T1/en
Priority to DE60302662T priority patent/DE60302662T2/en
Priority to AU2003238710A priority patent/AU2003238710B2/en
Priority to US10/514,508 priority patent/US7709051B2/en
Publication of WO2003102985A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003102985A1/en
Publication of WO2003102985A8 publication Critical patent/WO2003102985A8/en
Publication of WO2003102985A9 publication Critical patent/WO2003102985A9/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
    • H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
    • H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
    • H01G9/2004—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
    • H01G9/2068—Panels or arrays of photoelectrochemical cells, e.g. photovoltaic modules based on photoelectrochemical cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for dyeing a layer of a nanocrystalline material on a substrate using a liquid dye.
  • An example of a layer of nanocrystalline material on a substrate is the work, electrode of a liquid- containing photovoltaic element.
  • a liquid-containing photovoltaic element is known from the American patent no. 5,350,644.
  • the known photovoltaic element comprises a work electrode which is formed by a layered structure of at least a first electrically conductive layer which is for instance deposited on a first substrate, or even forms a first substrate, a layer of nanocrystalline metal oxide semiconductor material deposited on the first electrically conductive layer, a counter-electrode which is formed by a transparent second electrically conductive layer deposited on a transparent second substrate, and an electrolytic liquid contained between the layer of semiconductor material and the second electrically conductive layer.
  • use is usually made of a glass plate for the first and second substrate.
  • the nanocrystalline metal oxide semiconductor material is dyed with an organic dye which sensitizes the semiconductor material to light incident upon the photovoltaic element in order to cause a photovoltaic effect in the element with this incident light, resulting in the creation of a negative and a positive electrical charge carrier (respectively an electron and a hole') .
  • an organic dye which sensitizes the semiconductor material to light incident upon the photovoltaic element in order to cause a photovoltaic effect in the element with this incident light, resulting in the creation of a negative and a positive electrical charge carrier (respectively an electron and a hole') .
  • the dyeing takes place as desired in batches or one by one, but in both cases manually.
  • the surface of a work electrode is successively brought into contact with the organic dye, heated and rinsed with an ethanol and dried.
  • Manual dyeing of work electrodes has the drawback of being laborious, time-consuming and expensive. It is moreover difficult during manual dyeing to control the process parameters, such as dye concentration, process temperature and duration of the dyeing process.
  • a further object is to provide a method according to which the process parameters important for the dyeing process are adjustable in reproducible manner within predetermined tolerances.
  • a method of the type stated in the preamble which according to the invention comprises the successive steps of (i) providing said layer on a substrate, (ii) providing an apparatus for dyeing said layer, which apparatus comprises at least a supply container for the liquid dye, a closable substrate holder provided with at least one inlet and at least one outlet for a substrate provided with a layer of nanocrystalline material, and conduit and circulation means for causing the liquid dye to circulate through the supply container and the substrate holder, (iii) placing the substrate with said layer in the substrate holder and closing the substrate holder, and providing a liquid dye in the supply container and (iv) causing the liquid dye from the supply container to circulate for a determined time through the substrate holder.
  • the substrate holder to be provided in the second step (ii) is preferably provided with heating means, and in the fourth step (iv) the substrate and the liquid dye are heated during circulation of the liquid dye using these heating means.
  • the adhesion of the liquid dye to the nanocrystalline material is enhanced by heating the liquid dye and the substrate.
  • the liquid dye is preferably set into turbulence in the substrate holder during performing of the fourth step (iv) so that the liquid dye is brought into contact in the shortest possible time with the whole surface of the nanocrystalline material to be dyed, and the process time is thus kept as short as possible.
  • the invention further relates to an apparatus for performing the above described method, which apparatus according to the invention comprises a supply container for a liquid dye, a closable substrate holder provided with at least one inlet and at least one outlet for a substrate provided with a layer of nanocrystalline material, and conduit and circulation means for causing the liquid dye from the supply container to circulate through the substrate holder.
  • the substrate holder in an apparatus according to the invention comprises a platform for placing the substrate thereon, which platform is provided with at least one inlet channel which co-acts with the inlet and which is provided with outflow openings directed at a substrate placed on the platform and with at least one outlet channel which co-acts with the outlet and which is provided with inflow openings.
  • the platform is manufactured for instance from a chemically inert plastic material, preferably from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) .
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • the substrate holder is preferably provided with heating means for heating a substrate placed in the substrate holder and liquid dye circulating through this holder.
  • heating means comprise an inductive element.
  • such heating means comprise a resistor element which is manufactured for instance from a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) which is arranged on a plate which in the operating situation extends above a substrate placed in the substrate holder.
  • TCO transparent conducting oxide
  • Fig. 1 shows a top view of an embodiment of a substrate holder for an apparatus for dyeing a work electrode for a solar cell
  • Fig. 2 is a vertical cross-section through the substrate holder shown in fig. 1 along the line II-II.
  • Fig. 1 shows a substrate holder 1 provided with inlets 2 and outlets 3 which are connected via a circulation line (not shown) to a supply container (not shown) for a liquid dye which, using a pump (not shown) , can be set into circulation in the direction of arrows 4 through substrate holder 1 and the supply container.
  • Laid into substrate holder 1 is a plate which forms a platform 5 on which a substrate can be laid, which platform 5 is provided with respective inlet channels 6 which are connected onto inlets 3 and which are provided with outflow openings 7 which are directed at a substrate placed on platform 5 and out of which liquid dye can flow (indicated symbolically by arrows 10), and with respective outlet channels 8 which are connected onto outlets 3 and which are provided with inflow openings 9.
  • Fig. 10 shows a substrate holder 1 provided with inlets 2 and outlets 3 which are connected via a circulation line (not shown) to a supply container (not shown) for a liquid dye which, using a pump (not shown) , can be set into circulation
  • FIG. 2 shows substrate holder 1 in a vertical cross-section along the line II-II in fig. 1, with, in addition to the already described components, a heating plate 15-which is provided on its underside with a spacer ring 13 with a seal 14 of a suitable silicone material.
  • a heating plate 15 Arranged in heating plate 15 is a resistive film of a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) , provided with electrical connections (not shown) .
  • TCO transparent conducting oxide
  • the heating plate 15 is pressed using a pneumatic pressing element (not shown) onto a work electrode 16, of which the layer of nanocrystalline material for dyeing is directed downward, and of which a peripheral edge not covered with nanocrystalline material rests on seal 14 with which the work electrode is sealed onto the platform 5.
  • the dyeing liquid dye which is preferably preheated to a temperature of for instance 60°C, flows via inlets 2, inlet channels 6 and outflow openings 7 as according to arrows 10 against the work electrode 16, which is heated to a temperature of a maximum of 60°C using heating plate 15.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Hybrid Cells (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Physical Deposition Of Substances That Are Components Of Semiconductor Devices (AREA)

Abstract

Method for dyeing a layer of a nanocrystalline material on a substrate using a liquid dye, comprising the successive steps of (i) providing said layer on a substrate, (ii) providing an apparatus for dyeing said layer, which apparatus comprises at least a supply container for the liquid dye, a closable substrate holder provided with at least one inlet and at least one outlet for a substrate provided with a layer of nanocrystalline material, and conduit and circulation means for causing the liquid dye to circulate through the supply container and the substrate holder, (iii) placing the substrate with said layer in the substrate holder and closing the substrate holder, and providing a liquid dye in the supply container, and (iv) causing the liquid dye from the supply container to circulate for a determined time through the substrate holder, and apparatus for performing this method.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DYEING A LAYER OF A NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL
The invention relates to a method for dyeing a layer of a nanocrystalline material on a substrate using a liquid dye.
An example of a layer of nanocrystalline material on a substrate is the work, electrode of a liquid- containing photovoltaic element.
A liquid-containing photovoltaic element is known from the American patent no. 5,350,644. The known photovoltaic element comprises a work electrode which is formed by a layered structure of at least a first electrically conductive layer which is for instance deposited on a first substrate, or even forms a first substrate, a layer of nanocrystalline metal oxide semiconductor material deposited on the first electrically conductive layer, a counter-electrode which is formed by a transparent second electrically conductive layer deposited on a transparent second substrate, and an electrolytic liquid contained between the layer of semiconductor material and the second electrically conductive layer. In practical situations use is usually made of a glass plate for the first and second substrate. The nanocrystalline metal oxide semiconductor material is dyed with an organic dye which sensitizes the semiconductor material to light incident upon the photovoltaic element in order to cause a photovoltaic effect in the element with this incident light, resulting in the creation of a negative and a positive electrical charge carrier (respectively an electron and a hole') . During manufacture of a work electrode it has to be dyed with the organic dye.
In the prior art the dyeing takes place as desired in batches or one by one, but in both cases manually. Here the surface of a work electrode is successively brought into contact with the organic dye, heated and rinsed with an ethanol and dried.
Manual dyeing of work electrodes has the drawback of being laborious, time-consuming and expensive. It is moreover difficult during manual dyeing to control the process parameters, such as dye concentration, process temperature and duration of the dyeing process.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method according to which a layer of a nanocrystalline material on a substrate, and in particular a work electrode, can be dyed in a short time.
A further object is to provide a method according to which the process parameters important for the dyeing process are adjustable in reproducible manner within predetermined tolerances.
These objectives are achieved with a method of the type stated in the preamble which according to the invention comprises the successive steps of (i) providing said layer on a substrate, (ii) providing an apparatus for dyeing said layer, which apparatus comprises at least a supply container for the liquid dye, a closable substrate holder provided with at least one inlet and at least one outlet for a substrate provided with a layer of nanocrystalline material, and conduit and circulation means for causing the liquid dye to circulate through the supply container and the substrate holder, (iii) placing the substrate with said layer in the substrate holder and closing the substrate holder, and providing a liquid dye in the supply container and (iv) causing the liquid dye from the supply container to circulate for a determined time through the substrate holder.
The substrate holder to be provided in the second step (ii) is preferably provided with heating means, and in the fourth step (iv) the substrate and the liquid dye are heated during circulation of the liquid dye using these heating means. The adhesion of the liquid dye to the nanocrystalline material is enhanced by heating the liquid dye and the substrate.
In a method according to the invention the liquid dye is preferably set into turbulence in the substrate holder during performing of the fourth step (iv) so that the liquid dye is brought into contact in the shortest possible time with the whole surface of the nanocrystalline material to be dyed, and the process time is thus kept as short as possible.
The invention further relates to an apparatus for performing the above described method, which apparatus according to the invention comprises a supply container for a liquid dye, a closable substrate holder provided with at least one inlet and at least one outlet for a substrate provided with a layer of nanocrystalline material, and conduit and circulation means for causing the liquid dye from the supply container to circulate through the substrate holder. In a practically advantageous embodiment the substrate holder in an apparatus according to the invention comprises a platform for placing the substrate thereon, which platform is provided with at least one inlet channel which co-acts with the inlet and which is provided with outflow openings directed at a substrate placed on the platform and with at least one outlet channel which co-acts with the outlet and which is provided with inflow openings.
In this latter embodiment the platform is manufactured for instance from a chemically inert plastic material, preferably from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) .
The substrate holder is preferably provided with heating means for heating a substrate placed in the substrate holder and liquid dye circulating through this holder. In one embodiment such heating means comprise an inductive element.
In another embodiment such heating means comprise a resistor element which is manufactured for instance from a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) which is arranged on a plate which in the operating situation extends above a substrate placed in the substrate holder.
The invention is elucidated hereinbelow on the basis of an embodiment of an apparatus, with reference to the drawings.
In the drawings
Fig. 1 shows a top view of an embodiment of a substrate holder for an apparatus for dyeing a work electrode for a solar cell, and Fig. 2 is a vertical cross-section through the substrate holder shown in fig. 1 along the line II-II.
Corresponding components are designated in the drawings with the same reference numerals.
Fig. 1 shows a substrate holder 1 provided with inlets 2 and outlets 3 which are connected via a circulation line (not shown) to a supply container (not shown) for a liquid dye which, using a pump (not shown) , can be set into circulation in the direction of arrows 4 through substrate holder 1 and the supply container. Laid into substrate holder 1 is a plate which forms a platform 5 on which a substrate can be laid, which platform 5 is provided with respective inlet channels 6 which are connected onto inlets 3 and which are provided with outflow openings 7 which are directed at a substrate placed on platform 5 and out of which liquid dye can flow (indicated symbolically by arrows 10), and with respective outlet channels 8 which are connected onto outlets 3 and which are provided with inflow openings 9. Fig. 2 shows substrate holder 1 in a vertical cross-section along the line II-II in fig. 1, with, in addition to the already described components, a heating plate 15-which is provided on its underside with a spacer ring 13 with a seal 14 of a suitable silicone material. Arranged in heating plate 15 is a resistive film of a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) , provided with electrical connections (not shown) . In the operating situation the heating plate 15 is pressed using a pneumatic pressing element (not shown) onto a work electrode 16, of which the layer of nanocrystalline material for dyeing is directed downward, and of which a peripheral edge not covered with nanocrystalline material rests on seal 14 with which the work electrode is sealed onto the platform 5. During the dyeing liquid dye, which is preferably preheated to a temperature of for instance 60°C, flows via inlets 2, inlet channels 6 and outflow openings 7 as according to arrows 10 against the work electrode 16, which is heated to a temperature of a maximum of 60°C using heating plate 15.

Claims

1. Method for dyeing a layer of a nanocrystalline material on a substrate (16) using a liquid dye, comprising the successive steps of
(i) providing said layer on a substrate (16), (ii) providing an apparatus for dyeing said layer, which apparatus comprises at least a supply container for the liquid dye, a closable substrate holder (1) provided with at least one inlet (2) and at least one outlet (3) for a substrate (16) provided with a layer of nanocrystalline material, and conduit and circulation means (6, 7, 8, 9) for causing the liquid dye to circulate through the supply container and the substrate holder (1),
(iii) placing the substrate (16) with said layer in the substrate holder (1) and closing the substrate holder (1), and providing a liquid dye in the supply container and
(iv) causing the liquid dye from the supply container to circulate for a determined time through the substrate holder (1) .
2. Method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that in the second step (ii) an apparatus is provided which comprises a substrate holder (1) which is provided with heating means (15), and in the fourth step (iv) the substrate (16) and the liquid dye are heated during circulation of the liquid dye using said heating means (15) .
3. Method as claimed in either of the claims 1-2, characterized in that the liquid dye is set into turbulence in the substrate holder (1) during performing of the fourth step (iv) .
4. Apparatus for performing a method as claimed in claim 1, comprising a supply container for a liquid dye, a closable substrate holder (1) provided with at least one inlet (2) and at least one outlet (3) for a substrate (16) provided with a layer of nanocrystalline material, and conduit and circulation means (6, 7, 8, 9) for causing the liquid dye from the supply container to circulate through the substrate holder (1) . 5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that the substrate holder (1) comprises a platform
(5) for placing the substrate (16) thereon, which platform (5) is provided with at least one inlet channel
(6) which co-acts with the inlet (2) and which is provided with outflow openings (7) directed at a substrate (16) placed on the platform (5) and with at least one outlet channel (8) which co-acts with the outlet (3) and which is provided with inflow openings (9) • 6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that the platform (5) is manufactured from a chemically inert plastic material.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the platform (5) is manufactured from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) .
8. Apparatus as claimed in any of the claims 4-7 for performing a method as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the substrate holder (1) is provided with heating means (15) for heating a substrate (16) placed in the substrate holder (1) and liquid dye circulating through this holder.
9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that the heating means comprise an inductive element.
10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that the heating means (15) comprise a resistor element.
11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that the resistor element (15) is manufactured from a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) which is arranged on a plate which in the operating situation extends above a substrate (16) placed in the substrate holder (1) .
PCT/NL2003/000375 2002-06-04 2003-05-21 Method and apparatus for dyeing a layer of nanocrystalline material Ceased WO2003102985A1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2004509977A JP4418365B2 (en) 2002-06-04 2003-05-21 Method and apparatus for dyeing layers of nanocrystalline material
EP03733618A EP1509935B1 (en) 2002-06-04 2003-05-21 Method and apparatus for dyeing a layer of nanocrystalline material
AT03733618T ATE312407T1 (en) 2002-06-04 2003-05-21 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DYING A LAYER OF NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL
DE60302662T DE60302662T2 (en) 2002-06-04 2003-05-21 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR STAINING A LAYER OF NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL
AU2003238710A AU2003238710B2 (en) 2002-06-04 2003-05-21 Method and apparatus for dyeing a layer of nanocrystalline material
US10/514,508 US7709051B2 (en) 2002-06-04 2003-05-21 Method and apparatus for dyeing a layer of nanocrystalline material

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1020748A NL1020748C2 (en) 2002-06-04 2002-06-04 Method and device for coloring a layer of a nanocrystalline material.
NL1020748 2002-06-04

Publications (3)

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WO2003102985A1 true WO2003102985A1 (en) 2003-12-11
WO2003102985A8 WO2003102985A8 (en) 2004-06-10
WO2003102985A9 WO2003102985A9 (en) 2004-07-29

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PCT/NL2003/000375 Ceased WO2003102985A1 (en) 2002-06-04 2003-05-21 Method and apparatus for dyeing a layer of nanocrystalline material

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US7709051B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1509935B1 (en)
JP (1) JP4418365B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE312407T1 (en)
AU (1) AU2003238710B2 (en)
DE (1) DE60302662T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2253680T3 (en)
NL (1) NL1020748C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2003102985A1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE60302662D1 (en) 2006-01-12
US7709051B2 (en) 2010-05-04
ATE312407T1 (en) 2005-12-15
US20060107471A1 (en) 2006-05-25
WO2003102985A9 (en) 2004-07-29
AU2003238710B2 (en) 2008-04-03
NL1020748C2 (en) 2003-12-08
WO2003102985A8 (en) 2004-06-10
JP4418365B2 (en) 2010-02-17
ES2253680T3 (en) 2006-06-01
DE60302662T2 (en) 2006-07-20
JP2005528749A (en) 2005-09-22
EP1509935B1 (en) 2005-12-07
EP1509935A1 (en) 2005-03-02
AU2003238710A1 (en) 2003-12-19

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