WO2004050645A1 - Substituted (thiazol-2-yl) -amide or sulfonamide as glycokinase activators useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes - Google Patents

Substituted (thiazol-2-yl) -amide or sulfonamide as glycokinase activators useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004050645A1
WO2004050645A1 PCT/EP2003/010977 EP0310977W WO2004050645A1 WO 2004050645 A1 WO2004050645 A1 WO 2004050645A1 EP 0310977 W EP0310977 W EP 0310977W WO 2004050645 A1 WO2004050645 A1 WO 2004050645A1
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zero
hydrogen
alkyl
cycloalkyl
halogen
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WO2004050645A8 (en
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Gregory Raymond Bebernitz
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Novartis Pharma GmbH Austria
Novartis AG
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Novartis Pharma GmbH Austria
Novartis AG
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Priority to MXPA05003559A priority Critical patent/MXPA05003559A/en
Priority to CA002498089A priority patent/CA2498089A1/en
Priority to JP2004556081A priority patent/JP2006509774A/en
Priority to EP03810838A priority patent/EP1549626A1/en
Priority to US10/529,670 priority patent/US7812167B2/en
Priority to HK05112147.2A priority patent/HK1079788A1/en
Priority to BR0314864-5A priority patent/BR0314864A/en
Priority to NZ539013A priority patent/NZ539013A/en
Application filed by Novartis Pharma GmbH Austria, Novartis AG filed Critical Novartis Pharma GmbH Austria
Priority to AU2003302279A priority patent/AU2003302279B2/en
Publication of WO2004050645A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004050645A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to NO20052159A priority patent/NO20052159L/en
Publication of WO2004050645A8 publication Critical patent/WO2004050645A8/en
Priority to US12/875,215 priority patent/US20100330021A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D513/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
    • C07D513/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D513/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
    • A61P5/50—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones for increasing or potentiating the activity of insulin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D277/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D277/38—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D277/44—Acylated amino or imino radicals
    • C07D277/46—Acylated amino or imino radicals by carboxylic acids, or sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D277/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D277/38—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D277/50—Nitrogen atoms bound to hetero atoms
    • C07D277/52—Nitrogen atoms bound to hetero atoms to sulfur atoms, e.g. sulfonamides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D513/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
    • C07D513/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to thiazole derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and to methods of treating glucokinase mediated conditions, in particular, impaired glucose tolerance and Type 2 diabetes, using such compounds.
  • Q is a radical in which RT and R 2 are independently hydrogen or halogen;
  • Q is a radical in which R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl; Y is CH or nitrogen; and
  • R is a radical of the formula
  • R 4 is C 2 - 4 alkyl, C 3 - 7 cycloalkyl or C 5 . 7 heterocycloalkyl;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R 7 , -C(O)R 7 or -S(O) R 7 wherein
  • R 7 is -(CR 8 R 9 )m-W-R ⁇ o in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl;
  • W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which Rn is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
  • R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R 10 and Rn, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring;
  • m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5;
  • n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or
  • Q is a radical in which R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl; and
  • R is a radical of the formula
  • R 4 is C 2 - 4 alkyl, C 3 - 7 cycloalkyl or C5- 7 heterocycloalkyl;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R 7 , -C(O)R 7 or -S(O) 2 R 7 wherein
  • R 7 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R 10 in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
  • Rn is hydrogen or lower alkyl
  • R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R 10 and Rn, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring
  • m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5
  • n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • Q is a radical in which R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl; and
  • R is a radical of the formula
  • R is Ca ⁇ alkyl, C 3 . 7 cycloalkyl or C 5 - 7 heterocycloalkyl
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R 7 , -C(O)R 7 or -S(O) 2 R 7 wherein
  • R 7 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R 10 in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
  • R 11 is hydrogen or lower alkyl
  • R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R 10 and Rn, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring
  • m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5
  • n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; provided that: (1) R 5 and R 6 are not halogen when n is zero; or (2) R 5 is not -S(O) 2 R 7 , wherein R 7 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m - -R 10 in which m is zero, W is a bond and R 10 is C h alky! when n is zero; n optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or
  • Q is a and R 2 are independently hydrogen or halogen
  • R is a radical of the formula wherein
  • R is C ⁇ alkyl, C 3 - 7 cycloalkyl or Cs-rheterocycloalkyl
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R ⁇ 4 , -C(O)R 14 , or -S(O) 2 R 14 wherein
  • R is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R 15 in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
  • Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R 15 is cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R 15 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; provided that: (1) R 12 and R 13 both are not hydrogen, halogen, cyano or combinations thereof; (2) R 12 is not -S(O) 2 R ⁇ , wherein R 14 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R 15 in which m is zero and W is a bond when n is zero; (3) R 12 is not -S(O) 2 R 1 , wherein Ru is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R 15 in which R 8 and R 9 are hydrogen, m is 1 and W is a bond when n is zero; (4) R 12 is not R 14 , wherein R 14 is -(CR 8 R
  • the compounds of the present invention provide pharmacological agents which are glucokinase activators and, thus, may be employed for the treatment of glucokinase mediated conditions. Accordingly, the compounds of formula (I) may be employed for prevention and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2 diabetes and obesity.
  • optionally substituted alkyl refers to unsubstituted or substituted straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon groups having 1-20 carbon atoms, preferably 1-10 carbon atoms.
  • exemplary unsubstituted alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, f-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl and the like.
  • Substituted alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups substituted by one or more such as 2 or 3 of the following groups: halo, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, alkanoyl, alkoxy, alkyloxyalkoxy, alkanoyloxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, acylamino, carbamoyl, thiol, alkylthio, alkylthiono, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, sulfamoyl, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkoxy, guanidino, heterocyclyl including indolyl, imidazolyl, furyl,. thienyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolidyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, piperidyl, morpholiny
  • lower alkyl refers to those optionally substituted alkyl groups as described above having 1-7, preferably 2-4 carbon atoms.
  • halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • alkenyl refers to any of the above alkyl groups having at least two carbon atoms and further containing a carbon to carbon double bond at the point of attachment. Groups having 2-4 carbon atoms are preferred.
  • alkynyl refers to any of the above alkyl groups having at least two carbon atoms and further containing a carbon to carbon triple bond at the point of attachment. Groups having 2-4 carbon atoms are preferred.
  • alkylene refers to a straight-chain bridge of 4-6 carbon atoms connected by single bonds, e.g., -(CH 2 ) X -, wherein x is 4-6, which may be interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from O, S, S(O), S(O) 2 or NR, wherein R may be hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, acyl, carbamoyl, sulfonyl, sulfamoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl or aralkoxycarbonyl, or the alkylene may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, oxo, halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl and the like.
  • cycloalkyl refers to optionally substituted monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbon groups of 3-12 carbon atoms, each of which may contain one or more carbon to carbon double bonds, or the cycloalkyl may be substituted by one or more substituents, such as alkyl, halo, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkanoyl, acylamino, carbamoyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, thiol, alkylthio, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, sulfamoyl, heterocyclyl and the like.
  • substituents such as alkyl, halo, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkanoyl, acylamino, carbamoyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, thiol, alkylthio, nitro,
  • Exemplary monocyclic hydrocarbon groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl and cyclohexenyl and the like.
  • bicyclic hydrocarbon groups include bornyl, indyl, hexahydroindyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, decahydronaphthyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl, 6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, 2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl and the like.
  • Exemplary tricyclic hydrocarbon groups include adamantyl and the like.
  • alkoxy refers to alkyl-O-.
  • alkanoyl refers to alkyl-C(O)-.
  • alkanoyloxy refers to alkyl-C(O)-O-.
  • alkylamino and “dialkylamino” refer to alkyl-NH- and (alkyl) 2 N-, respectively.
  • alkanoylamino refers to alkyl-C(O)-NH-.
  • alkylthio refers to alkyl-S-.
  • alkylthiono refers to alkyl-S(O)-.
  • alkylsulfonyl refers to alkyl-S(O) 2 -.
  • alkoxycarbonyl refers to alkyl-O-C(O)-.
  • alkoxycarbonyloxy refers to alkyl-O-C(O)O-.
  • carbamoyl refers to H 2 NC(O)-, alkyl-NHC(O)-, (alkyl) 2 NC(O)-, aryl-NHC(O)-, alkyl(aryl)-NC(O)-, heteroaryl-NHC(O)-, alkyl(heteroaryl)-NC(O)-, aralkyl-NHC(O)-, alkyl(aralkyl)-NC(O)- and the like.
  • sulfamoyl refers to H 2 NS(O) 2 -, alkyl-NHS(O) 2 -, (alkyi) 2 NS(O) 2 -, aryl-NHS(O) 2 -, alkyl(aryl)-NS(O) 2 -, (aryl) 2 NS(O) 2 -, heteroaryl-NHS(O) 2 -, ara)kyl-NHS(O) 2 -, heteroaralkyl- NHS(O) 2 - and the like.
  • sulfonamido refers to alkyl-S(O) 2 -NH-, aryl-S(O) 2 -NH-, aralkyl-S(O) 2 -NH-, heteroaryl-S(O) 2 -NH-, heteroaralkyl-S(O) 2 -NH-, alkyl-S(O) 2 -N(alkyl)-, aryl-S(O) 2 -N(alkyl)-, aralkyl-S(O) 2 -N(alkyl)-, heteroaryl-S(O) 2 -N(alkyl)-, heteroaralkyl-S(O) 2 -N(alkyl)- and the like.
  • sulfonyl refers to alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, aralkylsulfonyl, heteroaralkylsulfonyl and the like.
  • aryl refers to monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups having 6-12 carbon atoms in the ring portion, such as phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl and tetrahydronaphthyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by 1-4 substituents, such as optionally substituted alkyl, trifluoromethyl, cycloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyl, alkanoyloxy, aryloxy, optionally substituted amino, thiol, alkylthio, arylthio, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylthiono, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl and the like.
  • monocyclic aryl refers to optionally substituted phenyl as described under aryl.
  • aralkyl refers to an aryl group bonded directly through an alkyl group, such as benzyl.
  • aralkanoyl refers to aralkyl-C(O)-.
  • aralkylthio refers to aralkyl-S-.
  • alkoxy refers to an aryl group bonded directly through an alkoxy group.
  • arylsulfonyl refers to aryI-S(O) 2 -.
  • arylthio refers to aryl-S-.
  • aroyl refers to aryl-C(O)-.
  • aroyloxy refers to aryl-C(O)-O-.
  • aroylamino refers to aryl-C(O)-NH-.
  • aryloxycarbonyl refers to aryl-O-C(O)-.
  • heterocyclyl refers to an optionally substituted, fully saturated or unsaturated, aromatic or nonaromatic cyclic group, e.g., which is a 4- to 7-membered monocyclic, 7- to 12-membered bicyclic or 10- to 15-membered tricyclic ring system, which has at least one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom-containing ring.
  • Each ring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1 , 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and sulfur atoms, where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may also optionally be oxidized.
  • the heterocyclic group may be attached at a heteroatom or a carbon atom.
  • Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, oxetanyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl
  • bicyclic heterocyclic groups include indolyl, dihydroidolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothienyl, benzothiazinyl, quinuclidinyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyranyl, indolizinyl, benzofuryl, chromonyl, coumarinyl, benzopyranyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridyl, furopyridinyl (such as furo[2,3-c]pyridinyl, furo[3,2-b]-pyridinyl] or furo[2,3-b]pyr
  • Exemplary tricyclic heterocyclic groups include carbazolyl, dibenzoazepinyl, dithienoazepinyl, benzindolyl, phenanthrolinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenoxazinyl, phenothiazinyl, xanthenyl, carbolinyl and the like.
  • heterocyclyl includes substituted heterocyclic groups.
  • Substituted heterocyclic groups refer to heterocyclic groups substituted with 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of the following:
  • alkoxycarbonyl such as unsubstituted lower alkoxycarbonyl
  • heterocyclooxy denotes a heterocyclic group bonded through an oxygen bridge.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to nonaromatic heterocyclic groups as described above.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic heterocycle, e.g., monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, such as pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothienyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuryl and the like, optionally substituted by, e.g., lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or halo.
  • heteroarylsulfonyl refers to heteroaryl-S(O) 2 -.
  • heteroaroyl refers to heteroaryl-C(O)-.
  • heteroaroylamino refers to heteroaryl-C(O)NH-.
  • heteroaryl refers to a heteroaryl group bonded through an alkyl group.
  • heteroaralkanoyl refers to heteroaralkyl-C(O)-.
  • heteroaralkanoylamino refers to heteroaralkyl-C(O)NH-.
  • acyl refers to alkanoyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, aralkanoyl, heteroaralkanoyl and the like.
  • acylamino refers to alkanoylamino, aroylamino, heteroaroylamino, aralkanoylamino, heteroaralkanoylamino and the like.
  • salts of the compounds of the present invention are salts formed with acids, namely acid addition salts, such as of mineral acids, organic carboxylic acids and organic sulfonic acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid, methanesulfonic acid and maleic acid.
  • acids namely acid addition salts, such as of mineral acids, organic carboxylic acids and organic sulfonic acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid, methanesulfonic acid and maleic acid.
  • salts of the compounds of the invention include salts formed with bases, namely cationic salts, such as alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, as well as ammonium salts, e.g., ammonium, trimethylammonium, diethylammonium and tris(hydroxymethyl)- methylammonium salts and salts with amino acids provided an acidic group constitutes part of the structure.
  • bases namely cationic salts, such as alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium and magnesium
  • ammonium salts e.g., ammonium, trimethylammonium, diethylammonium and tris(hydroxymethyl)- methylammonium salts and salts with amino acids provided an acidic group constitutes part of the structure.
  • the present invention provides thiazole derivatives of formula (I), pharmaceutical compositions containing them, methods for preparing said compounds, and methods of treating glucokinase mediated conditions by administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the compounds of formula (I) have the formula
  • Ri and R 2 are independently hydrogen or halogen;
  • R is C ⁇ alkyl, C 3 . 7 cycloalkyl or C ⁇ heterocycloalkyl;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R 7 , -C(O)R 7 or -S(O) 2 R 7 wherein R 7 is -(CR 8 R9) m -W-R 10 in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
  • R 11 is hydrogen or lower alkyl
  • R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl
  • R 10 and Ru combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring
  • m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5
  • n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • R 4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • R 6 is hydrogen or halogen; R 5 is -S(O) 2 R 7 wherein
  • R 7 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R 10 in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
  • R 11 is hydrogen or lower alkyl preferably hydrogen, most preferably W is a bond
  • R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl
  • R 10 and Ru combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring
  • m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compounds of formula (I) have the formula
  • R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl;
  • R 4 is C ⁇ alkyl, C 3 . 7 cycloalkyl or C 5 - 7 heterocycloalkyl
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R 7 , -C(O)R 7 or -S(O) 2 R 7 wherein R 7 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R 10 in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl;
  • W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
  • R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R 10 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring;
  • m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5;
  • Y is CH or nitrogen; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • R is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • R 6 is hydrogen or halogen preferably hydrogen;
  • R 5 is -S(O) 2 R 7 wherein
  • R 7 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R 10 in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl;
  • W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl, most preferably is a bond;
  • R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R ⁇ 0 and R 11f combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl;
  • R 4 is C ⁇ alkyl, C 3 . 7 cycloalkyl or Cs ⁇ heterocycloalkyl;
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R 7 , -C(O)R 7 or -S(O) 2 R 7 wherein R 7 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R 10 in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
  • R 11 is hydrogen or lower alkyl
  • R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or Rio and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring
  • m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5
  • n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • R 4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • R 5 is -S(O) 2 R 7 wherein
  • R 7 is -(CR 8 R9)m- -R ⁇ o in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
  • Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl, most preferably W is a bond;
  • R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R ⁇ 0 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring;
  • m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Other preferred compounds are the preferred compounds of formula (lc) as described above, wherein R 3 is hydrogen or alkoxy.
  • R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl;
  • R 4 is C 2 ⁇ alkyl, C ⁇ cycloalkyl or C 5 . 7 heterocycloalkyl
  • R 5 and R 6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R 7 , -C(O)R 7 , or -S(O) 2 R 7 wherein R 7 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R ⁇ o in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
  • Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl
  • R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R 10 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring
  • m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5
  • n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; provided that: (1 ) R 5 and R 6 are not halogen when n is zero; or (2) R 5 is not -S(O) 2 R 7 , wherein R 7 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R ⁇ 0 in which m is zero, W is a bond and R 10 is C ⁇ alkyl when n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • R 4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Other preferred compounds are the compounds of formula (Id), wherein
  • R 4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero;
  • R 6 is hydrogen or halogen most preferably hydrogen
  • R 5 is -S(O) 2 R 7 wherein
  • R 7 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R ⁇ o in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
  • Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl, most preferably W is a bond;
  • R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or Rio and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring;
  • m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Ri and R 2 are independently hydrogen or halogen;
  • R 4 is C ⁇ alkyl, C 3 . 7 cycloalkyl or C 5 . heterocycloalkyl;
  • Ri 2 and R ⁇ 3 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R 14 , -C(O)R ⁇ 4 , or -S(O) 2 R wherein
  • Ru is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-Ri 5 in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R 15 is cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R 15 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; provided that: (1) R i2 and R ⁇ 3 both are not hydrogen, halogen, cyano or combinations thereof; (2) R ⁇ 2 is not -S(O) 2 R ⁇ 4 wherein R i4 is -(CR 8 R 9 )m-W-Ri5 in which m is zero and W is a bond when n is zero; (3) R12 is not -S(O) 2 R ⁇ , wherein R14 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R ⁇ 5 in which R 8 and R 9 are hydrogen
  • R 4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • R 6 is hydrogen or halogen preferably hydrogen;
  • R 5 is -S(O) 2 R 7 wherein
  • R 7 is -(CR 8 R 9 ) m -W-R ⁇ o in which
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl;
  • W is a bond, O, S or -NRn ' in which Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl, most preferably W is a bond;
  • R 10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R 10 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compounds of the invention depending on the nature of the substituents, may possess one or more asymmetric centers.
  • R' represents R as defined herein above, or R' is a group convertible to R, and Lgi is a leaving group, e.g., chloride, in the presence of a base such as triethylamine (TEA), diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), / -methylmorpholine (NMM) or pyridine, and an organic solvent, such as dichloromethane (DCM), A,/V-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonotrile or tetrahydrofuran (THF).
  • TAA triethylamine
  • DIEA diisopropylethylamine
  • NMM / -methylmorpholine
  • pyridine pyridine
  • organic solvent such as dichloromethane (DCM), A,/V-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonotrile or tetrahydrofuran (THF).
  • DCM dichloromethane
  • DMF A,/V-dimethylformamide
  • sulfonyl chlorides of formula (Ilia), wherein R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and n have meanings as defined herein may be coupled with amines of formula (I la), wherein R and R 2 are as defined herein, in the presence of base e.g., pyridine, to afford sulfonamides of formula (IV).
  • Sulfonamides of formula (IV) may then be treated with a base, such as sodium hydride, lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) or lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LHMDS), preferably LDA, followed by an alkylating agent of formula (V), wherein R has a meaning as defined herein, and Lg 2 represents a leaving group, such as chloride, bromide or iodide, to afford compounds of formula (la).
  • a base such as sodium hydride, lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) or lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LHMDS), preferably LDA
  • LDA lithium diisopropylamide
  • LHMDS lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
  • the alkylation step is preferably conducted in a polar organic solvent, such as THF, DMF, ⁇ /-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) or 1 ,3-dimethyl- 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2( 7 -/)-pyrimidinone (DMPU) or in a mixture of solvents thereof.
  • a polar organic solvent such as THF, DMF, ⁇ /-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) or 1 ,3-dimethyl- 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2( 7 -/)-pyrimidinone (DMPU) or in a mixture of solvents thereof.
  • acid chlorides of formula (lllb), wherein R , R 5 , R 6 and n have meanings as defined herein, may be coupled with amines of formula (Ha), wherein Ri and R 2 are as defined herein, in the presence of base, e.g., pyridine, to afford amides of formula (le).
  • Acid chlorides of formula (lllb) may be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 2, or using methods well-known in the art.
  • esters of formula (VI), wherein R ⁇ 6 is lower alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl may be treated with a base, such as sodium hydride, LDA or LHMDS, preferably LDA, followed by an alkylating agent of formula (V), wherein R 4 has a meaning as defined herein, and Lg 2 represents a leaving group, such as chloride, bromide or iodide, to afford compounds of formula (VII).
  • the alkylation step is preferably conducted in a polar organic solvent, such as THF, DMF, NMP or DMPU, or in a mixture of solvents thereof.
  • EDCI 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)- carbodiimide hydrochloride
  • HATU 0-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)- ⁇ , v ' , ⁇ /', ⁇ /-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
  • HATU 0-(1 ,2-dihydro-2-oxo-1-pyridyl)- ⁇ /, ⁇ /, ⁇ /',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate and the like.
  • Mixed anhydrides are preferably such from pivalic acid, or lower alkyl hemiesters of carbonic acids, such as ethyl or isobutyl analogs.
  • Activated esters include, for example, succinimido, phthalimido or 4-nitrophenyl esters.
  • Carboxylic acids may be converted to their activated derivatives using methods described herein, or modifications thereof, or using methods well-known in the art. The processes described herein above may be conducted under inert atmosphere, preferably under nitrogen atmosphere.
  • protecting groups are to protect the functional groups from undesired reactions with reaction components under the conditions used for carrying out a desired chemical transformation.
  • the need and choice of protecting groups for a particular reaction is known to those skilled in the art and depends on the nature of the functional group to be protected (hydroxyl group, amino group, etc.), the structure and stability of the molecule of which the substituent is a part and the reaction conditions.
  • the above-mentioned reactions are carried out according to standard methods, in the presence or absence of diluent, preferably, such as are inert to the reagents and are solvents thereof, of catalysts, condensing or said other agents, respectively and/or inert atmospheres, at low temperatures, room temperature (RT) or elevated temperatures, preferably at or near the boiling point of the solvents used, and at atmospheric or super- atmospheric pressure.
  • diluent preferably, such as are inert to the reagents and are solvents thereof, of catalysts, condensing or said other agents, respectively and/or inert atmospheres, at low temperatures, room temperature (RT) or elevated temperatures, preferably at or near the boiling point of the solvents used, and at atmospheric or super- atmospheric pressure.
  • the invention further includes any variant of the present processes, in which an intermediate product obtainable at any stage thereof is used as starting material and the remaining steps are carried out, or in which the starting materials are formed in situ under the reaction conditions, or in which the reaction components are used in the form of their salts or optically pure antipodes.
  • Compounds of the invention and intermediates can also be converted into each other according to methods generally known per se.
  • the invention also relates to any novel starting materials, intermediates and processes for their manufacture.
  • the new compounds may be in the form of one of the possible isomers or mixtures thereof, for example, as substantially pure geometric (cis or trans) isomers, diastereomers, optical isomers (antipodes), racemates or mixtures thereof.
  • the aforesaid possible isomers or mixtures thereof are within the purview of this invention.
  • Any resulting mixtures of isomers can be separated on the basis of the physicochemical differences of the constituents, into the pure geometric or optical isomers, diastereomers, racemates, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization.
  • any resulting racemates of final products or intermediates can be resolved into the optical antipodes by known methods, e.g., by separation of the diastereomeric salts thereof, obtained with an optically active acid or base, and liberating the optically active acidic or basic compound.
  • the thiazolyl moiety may be employed to resolve the compounds of the present invention into their optical antipodes, e.g., by fractional crystallization of a salt formed with an optically active acid, e.g., tartaric acid, dibenzoyl tartaric acid, diacetyl tartaric acid, di-O.O'-p-toluoyl tartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid or camphor-10-sulfonic acid.
  • Racemic products can also be resolved by chiral chromatography, e.g., high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral adsorbent.
  • HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
  • compounds of the invention are either obtained in the free form, as a salt thereof if salt forming groups are present or as prodrug derivatives thereof.
  • salts may be converted into salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases.
  • Such salts include alkali metal salts, like sodium, lithium and potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, like calcium and magnesium salts; ammonium salts with organic bases, e.g., trimethylamine salts, diethylamine salts, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine salts, dicyclohexylamine salts and ⁇ /-methyl-D-glucamine salts; salts with amino acids like arginine, lysine and the like. Salts may be formed using conventional methods, advantageously in the presence of an ethereal or alcoholic solvent, such as a lower alkanol.
  • the salts may be precipitated with ethers, e.g., diethyl ether. Resulting salts may be converted into the free compounds by treatment with acids. These or other salts can also be used for purification of the compounds obtained.
  • Compounds of the invention having basic groups, in particular, the thiazolyl moiety can be converted into acid addition salts, especially pharmaceutically acceptable salts. These are formed, e.g., with inorganic acids, such as mineral acids, e.g., sulfuric acid, phosphoric or hydrohalic acid, or with organic carboxylic acids, such as (CrC )-alkanecarboxylic acids which, e.g., are unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, e.g., acetic acid, such as saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, e.g., oxalic, succinic, maleic or fumaric acid, such as hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g., glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric or citric acid, such as amino acids, e.g., aspartic or glutamic acid, or with organic sulfonic acids, such as (C1-C 4 )- alkylsulf
  • Prodrug derivatives of any compound of the invention are derivatives of said compounds which following administration release the parent compound in vivo via some chemical or physiological process, e.g., a prodrug on being brought to the physiological pH or through enzyme action is converted to the parent compound.
  • exemplary prodrug derivatives are, e.g., esters of free carboxylic acids and S-acyl and O-acyl derivatives of thiols, alcohols or phenols, wherein acyl has a meaning as defined herein.
  • ester derivatives convertible by solvolysis under physiological conditions to the parent carboxylic acid, e.g., lower alkyl esters, cycloalkyl esters, lower alkenyl esters, benzyl esters, mono- or di-substituted lower alkyl esters, such as the ⁇ -(amino, mono- or di-lower alkylamino, carboxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl)-lower alkyl esters, the -(lower alkanoyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl or di-lower alkylaminocarbonyl)-!ower alkyl esters, such as the pivaloyloxymethyl ester and the like conventionally used in the art.
  • prodrug derivatives In view of the close relationship between the free compounds, the prodrug derivatives and the compounds in the form of their salts, whenever a compound is referred to in this context, a prodrug derivative and a corresponding salt is also intended, provided such is possible or appropriate under the circumstances.
  • the compounds, including their salts, can also be obtained in the form of their hydrates, or include other solvents used for their crystallization.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention are those suitable for enteral, such as oral or rectal, transdermal and parenteral administration to mammals, including man, to activate glucokinase, and for the treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity. Such conditions include impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2 diabetes and obesity.
  • the said pharmaceutical compositions comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmacologically active compound of the instant invention, alone or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • the pharmacologically active compounds of the invention are useful in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount thereof in conjunction or admixture with excipients or carriers suitable for either enteral or parenteral application.
  • Preferred are tablets and gelatin capsules comprising the active ingredient together with diluents, e.g., lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose and/or glycine; lubricants, e.g., silica, talcum, stearic acid, its magnesium or calcium salt and/or polyethyleneglycol; for tablets also binders, e.g., magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone; and if desired disintegrants, e.g., starches, agar, alginic acid or its sodium salt; or effervescent mixtures; and/
  • compositions are preferably aqueous isotonic solutions or suspensions, and suppositories are advantageously prepared from fatty emulsions or suspensions.
  • Said compositions may be sterilized and/or contain adjuvants, such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers. In addition, they may also contain other therapeutically valuable substances.
  • Said compositions are prepared according to conventional mixing, granulating or coating methods, respectively, and contain about 0.1-75%, preferably about 1-50%, of the active ingredient.
  • Suitable formulations for transdermal application include a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention with carrier.
  • Advantageous carriers include absorbable pharmacologically acceptable solvents to assist passage through the skin of the host.
  • transdermal devices are in the form of a bandage comprising a backing member, a reservoir containing the compound optionally with carriers, optionally a rate controlling barrier to deliver the compound of the skin of the host at a controlled and predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time, and means to secure the device to the skin.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as defined above, either alone or in a combination with another therapeutic agent, e.g., each at an effective therapeutic dose as reported in the art.
  • Such therapeutic agents include insulin, insulin derivatives and mimetics; insulin secretagogues, such as the sulfonylureas, e.g., Glipizide, glyb ⁇ ride and Amaryl; insulinotropic sulfonylurea receptor ligands, such as meglitinides, e.g., nateglinide and repaglinide; PPAR ⁇ and/or PPAR ⁇ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) ligands such as MCC-555, MK767, L-165041 , GW7282 or thiazolidinediones such as rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, troglitazone; insulin sensitizers, such as protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 B (PTP-1 B) inhibitors such as PTP-112; GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) inhibitors such as SB-517955, SB-4195052
  • a compound of the present invention may be administered either simultaneously, before or after the other active ingredient, either separately by the same or different route of administration or together in the same pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the present invention concerns a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • the present invention concerns a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of another therapeutic agent, preferably selected from antidiabetics, hypolipidemic agents, anti-obesity agents, anti-hypertensive agents or inotropic agents, most preferably from antidiabetics or hypolipidemic agents as described above.
  • another therapeutic agent preferably selected from antidiabetics, hypolipidemic agents, anti-obesity agents, anti-hypertensive agents or inotropic agents, most preferably from antidiabetics or hypolipidemic agents as described above.
  • a pharmaceutical composition as described above for use as a medicament for use as a medicament.
  • a pharmaceutical composition or combination as described above for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity preferably impaired glucose tolerance, Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome X and obesity preferably Type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance and obesity.
  • a pharmaceutical composition as described above for the treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity preferably impaired glucose tolerance, Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome X and obesity.
  • a unit dosage for a mammal of about 50-70 kg may contain between about 1 mg and 1000 mg, advantageously between about 5-500 mg of the active ingredient.
  • the therapeutically effective dosage of a compound of formula (I) is dependent on the species of warm-blooded animal (mammal), the body weight, age and individual condition, on the form of administration and on the compound involved.
  • the compounds of the present invention are glucokinase activators, and thus may be employed for the treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity, as described herein, e.g., impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome X and obesity.
  • the present invention relates to
  • a pharmaceutical composition for use in conditions associated with glucokinase activity comprising a compound of formula I in free form or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier therefore.
  • a method for the prevention and/or treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • a therapeutic combination e.g. a kit, kit of parts e.g. for use in any method as defined herein, comprising a compound of formula I, in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, to be used concomitantly or in sequence with at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising at least another therapeutic agent, preferably selected from antidiabetics, hypolipidemic agents, anti-obesity agents, anti-hypertensive agents or inotropic agents.
  • the kit may comprise instructions for its administration.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention (i) a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, (ii ) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound selected from an antidiabetic, anti-obesity agent, anti-hypertensive agent, inotropic agent or hypolipidemic agent, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the form of two separate units of the components (i) to (ii).
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound selected from an antidiabetic, anti-obesity agent, anti-hypertensive agent, inotropic agent or hypolipidemic agent, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the form of two separate units of the components (i) to (ii).
  • a method as defined above comprising co-administration, e.g.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula i in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form and a second drug substance, said second drug substance being a antidiabetic , anti-obesity agent, anti-hypertensive agent, inotropic agent or hypolipidemic agent., e.g. as indicated above.
  • the compound of the invention is administered to a mammal in need thereof.
  • the compound of the invention is used for the treatment of a disease which responds to activation of glucokinase activity.
  • the conditions associated with glucokinase activity are selected from impaired glucose tolerance, Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome X and obesity, most preferably Type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance and obesity.
  • a method or use according to the invention which comprises administering said compound in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of an antidiabetic agent, anti-obesity agent, anti-hypertensive agent, inotropic agent or hypolipidemic agent.
  • a method or use according to the invention which comprises administering said compound in the form of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.
  • treatment embraces all the different forms or modes of treatment as known to those of the pertinent art and in particular includes preventive, curative, delay of progression and palliative treatment.
  • the above-cited properties are demonstrable in vitro and in vivo tests using advantageously mammals, e.g., mice, rats, dogs, monkeys or isolated organs, tissues and preparations thereof.
  • Said compounds can be applied in vitro in the form of solutions, e.g., preferably aqueous solutions, and in vivo either enterally, parenterally, advantageously intravenously, e.g., as a suspension or in aqueous solution.
  • the dosage in vitro may range between about 10 "2 molar and 10 "9 molar concentrations.
  • a therapeutically effective amount in vivo may range depending on the route of administration, between about 0.1 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, preferably between about 1 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg.
  • the activity of compounds according to the invention may be assessed by the following methods or methods well-described in the art:
  • the glucokinase activation in vitro may be determined by measuring the activation of recombinant GST-GK by a compound of the present invention in the absence or the presence of GKRP, a 68,000 Da protein inhibitor of GK. In these assays, formation of glucose-6-phosphate is coupled directly to the formation of thioNADH. GST-GK catalyzes the reaction of glucose and Mg-ATP to produce glucose-6-phosphate and ADP. Glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) reduces thionicotinamide (thioNAD) to thioNADH. The assay measures the formation of NADH at 405 nM.
  • the basic GK assay components are as follows: 25 mM HEPES (pH 7.1), 25 mM KCI, 2.5 mM MgCI 2 , 1 mM ATP (Sigma A-5394), 1 mM DTT, 1 M thioNAD (Sigma T-7375), 80 units/mL G6PDH (Sigma G-5885), 10 mM glucose and 8.7 mg/mL GST-GK (110 nM).
  • 20 //M Fructose-1 -phosphate (F-6-P) and 25 g/mL of recombinant GKRP (370 nM) are added to these assay components.
  • F-1 -P at 1 //M is used as a control in the GK/GKRP assay.
  • F-1-P reverses inhibition of GST-GK by GKRP.
  • the assay is done in standard, 96-well, round-bottom plates and the total assay volume is 25 ⁇ L.
  • Compounds are serially diluted into 100% DMSO and 0.5 ⁇ L of diluted compound in 100% DMSO is added to the assay plate.
  • Assay reagents (24.5 ⁇ L) axe added using a Zymark robotic platform.
  • Buffer containing HEPES, MgCI 2 , KCI, thioNAD, G6PDH, F-6-P, glucose, GKRP and GST-GK, are added (5 ⁇ L) using the Zymark 8-channel hand pipet.
  • the reaction is then initiated by adding 19.5 ⁇ L of buffer containing HEPES, MgCI 2 , KCI, DTT and ATP using the Zymark Reagent Addition Station/Reagent Addition Module.
  • the plates are then delivered via the Zymark XP arm to a Thermomax plate reader and read kinetically over three min at 405 nM at RT. Units are expressed as milli-optical density per minute (mOD/min).
  • glucokinase activation in rat hepatocytes may be determined as follows:
  • Hepatocytes are isolated by collagenase perfusion of the livers of overnight-fasted male Harlen Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Raleigh, NC) as previously described (see Berry et al., J. Cell Biol, Vol. 43, pp. 506-520 (1969)). The cells are washed three times each with 100 mL of glucose-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Gibco BRL) containing 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and then suspended in glucose-free DMEM/5% FBS.
  • DMEM glucose-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • Cells are plated in collagen coated 24-well plates (Becton Dickinson) at a density of 3 x 10 5 cells/well in 1 mL of William's Medium E (Sigma) supplemented with 5% FBS, and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO 2 /95% air. After cell attachment (-4 h), the medium is replaced with serum-free DMEM containing 5 mM glucose and 10 nM dexamethasone (Sigma), and cells are cultured further for 16-20 h prior to use.
  • DMEM serum-free DMEM containing 5 mM glucose and 10 nM dexamethasone
  • the rate of glucose phosphorylation is determined by the release of 3 H 2 O from [2- 3 H]glucose.
  • the medium from the cultured hepatocytes is removed, and the cells are pre-incubated in 150 ⁇ L of fresh serum-free DMEM containing 5 mM glucose and compound (1, 10 and 30 yM) or DMSO for 3 h at 37°C. The final concentration of DMSO is 0.2%.
  • the medium is then removed and 150 ⁇ L of a fresh mixture of DMEM 5 mM glucose containing compound or DMSO, and 1 ⁇ C ⁇ of [2- 3 H]glucose (NEN) is added.
  • cells are pre-incubated in serum-free DMEM/5 mM glucose medium containing DMSO for 3 h and then are incubated for 1 h in labeled glucose medium containing 0.5 mM fructose/DMSO (precursor of F-1 -P, AnalaR ® from BDH). All conditions are tested in quadruplicate where one well per plate received 200 ⁇ L of the appropriate medium plus labeled glucose (instead of 150 L) of which 50 ⁇ L is immediately removed and placed in a 1.2 mL microfuge tube (Costar) containing 10 /L of 1 N HCI. This sample is used as a 0-minute time point for determining background 3 H 2 O release (exchange values). Following the addition of the labeled glucose media, hepatocytes are incubated at 37°C on a slow moving rocker for 1 h.
  • labeled glucose medium containing 0.5 mM fructose/DMSO (precursor of F-1 -P, AnalaR ® from B
  • the culture medium On termination of the incubation, 50 ⁇ L of the culture medium is collected into microfuge tubes containing 10 L of 1 N HCI, and determination of 3 H 2 O.
  • the tubes are left uncapped and each is placed inside a 20 mL glass scintillation vial (Wheaton) containing 1.5 mL of deionized water.
  • the vials are capped tightly and incubated at 37°C in a dry incubator for 2 days ( 3 H 2 0 from the reaction mixture will equilibrate with the water in the vial).
  • a standard curve is generated using [ 3 H]H 2 O (NEN) to correct for exchange.
  • Our compounds exhibit high affinity, selectivity, improved potency as well as good oral bioavailability, pharmacokinetic profile and safety.
  • Our compounds are particularly useful for treating diabetes or IGT without a serious risk of hypoglycemia, and have the potential to decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes or IGT.
  • our compounds would be appropriate to use for long-term treatments, particularly for use in diabetes, in diabetes prevention such as in IGT patients.
  • Our compounds exhibit a stronger control of the fasting plasma glucose level, postprandial plasma glucose level, serum triglycerides level, haemoglobin A1c level without a serious risk of hypoglycemia or fat mass increase.
  • they exhibit long duration of action, long-term tolerability, safety and lower glycaemic peaks as well as a better daily control of the plasma insulin level.
  • Our compounds have the advantage to augment hepatic glucose metabolism, glucose usage in the liver and glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic islets with a higher efficacy which should provide greater efficacy as a monotherapy.

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Abstract

Compounds of the formula (I) provide pharmacological agents which are glucokinase activators and thus may be employed for the treatment of glucokinase mediated conditions. Accordingly, the compounds of formula (I) may be employed for prevention and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2 diabetes and obesity, wherein Q is formula (II) or formula (III), R is a radical of the formula (IV) or (V) or (VI) wherein Y, R1-R6, R12 and R13 are as defined in the description.

Description

Organic Compounds
The present invention relates to thiazole derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and to methods of treating glucokinase mediated conditions, in particular, impaired glucose tolerance and Type 2 diabetes, using such compounds.
Accordingly, the present invention provides compounds of the formula (I)
R-NH-Q (I) wherein
(i) Q is a
Figure imgf000002_0001
radical in which RT and R2 are independently hydrogen or halogen; or
Q is a
Figure imgf000002_0002
radical in which R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl; Y is CH or nitrogen; and
R is a radical of the formula
Figure imgf000002_0003
wherein
R4 is C2-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl or C5.7heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7 or -S(O) R7 wherein
R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rιo in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which Rn is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R10 and Rn, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or
Q is a
Figure imgf000003_0001
radical in which R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl; and
R is a radical of the formula
Figure imgf000003_0002
wherein
R4 is C2-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl or C5-7heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7 or -S(O)2R7 wherein
R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R10 in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
Rn is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R10 and Rn, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or (iii) Q is a
Figure imgf000004_0001
radical in which R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl; and
R is a radical of the formula
Figure imgf000004_0002
wherein
R is Ca^alkyl, C3.7cycloalkyl or C5-7heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7 or -S(O)2R7 wherein
R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R10 in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
R11 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R10 and Rn, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; provided that: (1) R5 and R6 are not halogen when n is zero; or (2) R5 is not -S(O)2R7, wherein R7 is -(CR8R9)m- -R10 in which m is zero, W is a bond and R10 is Chalky! when n is zero; n optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or
(iv) Q is a
Figure imgf000004_0003
and R2 are independently hydrogen or halogen; and
R is a radical of the formula
Figure imgf000005_0001
wherein
R is C^alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl or Cs-rheterocycloalkyl;
R12 and R13 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, Rι4, -C(O)R14, or -S(O)2R14 wherein
R is -(CR8R9)m-W-R15 in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R15 is cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R15 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; provided that: (1) R12 and R13 both are not hydrogen, halogen, cyano or combinations thereof; (2) R12 is not -S(O)2Rι , wherein R14 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R15 in which m is zero and W is a bond when n is zero; (3) R12 is not -S(O)2R1 , wherein Ru is -(CR8R9)m-W-R15 in which R8 and R9 are hydrogen, m is 1 and W is a bond when n is zero; (4) R12 is not R14, wherein R14 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R15 in which m is zero and W is O when n is zero; or (5) R12 is not R14, wherein R1 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R15 in which m is zero and W is a bond when n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The compounds of the present invention provide pharmacological agents which are glucokinase activators and, thus, may be employed for the treatment of glucokinase mediated conditions. Accordingly, the compounds of formula (I) may be employed for prevention and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Listed below are definitions of various terms used to describe the compounds of the present invention. These definitions apply to the terms as they are used throughout the specification unless they are otherwise limited in specific instances either individually or as part of a larger group, e.g., wherein an attachment point of a certain group is limited to a specific atom within that group, the point of attachment is defined by an arrow at the specific atom.
The term "optionally substituted alkyl" refers to unsubstituted or substituted straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon groups having 1-20 carbon atoms, preferably 1-10 carbon atoms. Exemplary unsubstituted alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, f-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl and the like. Substituted alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups substituted by one or more such as 2 or 3 of the following groups: halo, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, alkanoyl, alkoxy, alkyloxyalkoxy, alkanoyloxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, acylamino, carbamoyl, thiol, alkylthio, alkylthiono, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, sulfamoyl, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkoxy, guanidino, heterocyclyl including indolyl, imidazolyl, furyl,. thienyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolidyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, piperidyl, morpholinyl and the like.
The term "lower alkyl" refers to those optionally substituted alkyl groups as described above having 1-7, preferably 2-4 carbon atoms.
The term "halogen" or "halo" refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
The term "alkenyl" refers to any of the above alkyl groups having at least two carbon atoms and further containing a carbon to carbon double bond at the point of attachment. Groups having 2-4 carbon atoms are preferred.
The term "alkynyl" refers to any of the above alkyl groups having at least two carbon atoms and further containing a carbon to carbon triple bond at the point of attachment. Groups having 2-4 carbon atoms are preferred.
The term "alkylene" refers to a straight-chain bridge of 4-6 carbon atoms connected by single bonds, e.g., -(CH2)X-, wherein x is 4-6, which may be interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from O, S, S(O), S(O)2 or NR, wherein R may be hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, acyl, carbamoyl, sulfonyl, sulfamoyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl or aralkoxycarbonyl, or the alkylene may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, oxo, halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl and the like.
The term "cycloalkyl" refers to optionally substituted monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbon groups of 3-12 carbon atoms, each of which may contain one or more carbon to carbon double bonds, or the cycloalkyl may be substituted by one or more substituents, such as alkyl, halo, oxo, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkanoyl, acylamino, carbamoyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, thiol, alkylthio, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, sulfamoyl, heterocyclyl and the like.
Exemplary monocyclic hydrocarbon groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl and cyclohexenyl and the like.
Exemplary bicyclic hydrocarbon groups include bornyl, indyl, hexahydroindyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, decahydronaphthyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl, 6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, 2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl and the like.
Exemplary tricyclic hydrocarbon groups include adamantyl and the like.
The term "alkoxy" refers to alkyl-O-.
The term "alkanoyl" refers to alkyl-C(O)-.
The term "alkanoyloxy" refers to alkyl-C(O)-O-.
The terms "alkylamino" and "dialkylamino" refer to alkyl-NH- and (alkyl)2N-, respectively.
The term "alkanoylamino" refers to alkyl-C(O)-NH-.
The term "alkylthio" refers to alkyl-S-.
The term "trialkylsilyl" refers to (alkyl)3Sk
The term "trialkylsilyloxy" refers to (alkyl)3SiO-.
The term "alkylthiono" refers to alkyl-S(O)-.
The term "alkylsulfonyl" refers to alkyl-S(O)2-.
The term "alkoxycarbonyl" refers to alkyl-O-C(O)-.
The term "alkoxycarbonyloxy" refers to alkyl-O-C(O)O-. The term "carbamoyl" refers to H2NC(O)-, alkyl-NHC(O)-, (alkyl)2NC(O)-, aryl-NHC(O)-, alkyl(aryl)-NC(O)-, heteroaryl-NHC(O)-, alkyl(heteroaryl)-NC(O)-, aralkyl-NHC(O)-, alkyl(aralkyl)-NC(O)- and the like.
The term "sulfamoyl" refers to H2NS(O)2-, alkyl-NHS(O)2-, (alkyi)2NS(O)2-, aryl-NHS(O)2-, alkyl(aryl)-NS(O)2-, (aryl)2NS(O)2-, heteroaryl-NHS(O)2-, ara)kyl-NHS(O)2-, heteroaralkyl- NHS(O)2- and the like.
The term "sulfonamido" refers to alkyl-S(O)2-NH-, aryl-S(O)2-NH-, aralkyl-S(O)2-NH-, heteroaryl-S(O)2-NH-, heteroaralkyl-S(O)2-NH-, alkyl-S(O)2-N(alkyl)-, aryl-S(O)2-N(alkyl)-, aralkyl-S(O)2-N(alkyl)-, heteroaryl-S(O)2-N(alkyl)-, heteroaralkyl-S(O)2-N(alkyl)- and the like.
The term "sulfonyl" refers to alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, aralkylsulfonyl, heteroaralkylsulfonyl and the like.
The term "aryl" refers to monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups having 6-12 carbon atoms in the ring portion, such as phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl and tetrahydronaphthyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by 1-4 substituents, such as optionally substituted alkyl, trifluoromethyl, cycloalkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyl, alkanoyloxy, aryloxy, optionally substituted amino, thiol, alkylthio, arylthio, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylthiono, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl and the like.
The term "monocyclic aryl" refers to optionally substituted phenyl as described under aryl.
The term "aralkyl" refers to an aryl group bonded directly through an alkyl group, such as benzyl.
The term "aralkanoyl" refers to aralkyl-C(O)-.
The term "aralkylthio" refers to aralkyl-S-.
The term "aralkoxy" refers to an aryl group bonded directly through an alkoxy group.
The term "arylsulfonyl" refers to aryI-S(O)2-.
The term "arylthio" refers to aryl-S-.
The term "aroyl" refers to aryl-C(O)-. The term "aroyloxy" refers to aryl-C(O)-O-.
The term "aroylamino" refers to aryl-C(O)-NH-.
The term "aryloxycarbonyl" refers to aryl-O-C(O)-.
The term "heterocyclyl" or "heterocyclo" refers to an optionally substituted, fully saturated or unsaturated, aromatic or nonaromatic cyclic group, e.g., which is a 4- to 7-membered monocyclic, 7- to 12-membered bicyclic or 10- to 15-membered tricyclic ring system, which has at least one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom-containing ring. Each ring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1 , 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and sulfur atoms, where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may also optionally be oxidized. The heterocyclic group may be attached at a heteroatom or a carbon atom.
Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, oxetanyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, 1 ,3-dioxolane and tetrahydro-1,1-dioxothienyl, 1 ,1 ,4-trioxo-1 ,2,5-thiadiazolidin-2-yl and the like.
Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclic groups include indolyl, dihydroidolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothienyl, benzothiazinyl, quinuclidinyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyranyl, indolizinyl, benzofuryl, chromonyl, coumarinyl, benzopyranyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridyl, furopyridinyl (such as furo[2,3-c]pyridinyl, furo[3,2-b]-pyridinyl] or furo[2,3-b]pyridinyl), dihydroisoindolyl, 1 ,3-dioxo-1 ,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl, dihydroquinazolinyl (such as 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo- quinazolinyl), phthalazinyl and the like.
Exemplary tricyclic heterocyclic groups include carbazolyl, dibenzoazepinyl, dithienoazepinyl, benzindolyl, phenanthrolinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenoxazinyl, phenothiazinyl, xanthenyl, carbolinyl and the like. The term "heterocyclyl" includes substituted heterocyclic groups. Substituted heterocyclic groups refer to heterocyclic groups substituted with 1 , 2 or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of the following:
(a) alkyl;
(b) hydroxy (or protected hydroxy);
(c) halo;
(d) oxo, i.e., =O;
(e) optionally substituted amino, alkylamino or dialkylamino;
(f) alkoxy;
(g) cycloalkyl; (h) carboxy;
(i) heterocyclooxy;
(j) alkoxycarbonyl, such as unsubstituted lower alkoxycarbonyl;
(k) mercapto;
(I) nitro;
(m) cyano;
(n) sulfamoyl or sulfonamido;
(o) aryl;
(p) alkanoyloxy;
(q) aroyloxy;
(r) arylthio;
(s) aryloxy;
(t) alkylthio;
(u) formyl;
(v) carbamoyl;
(w) aralkyl; and
(x) aryl substituted with alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, acylamino, alkylamino, dialkylamino or halo.
The term "heterocyclooxy" denotes a heterocyclic group bonded through an oxygen bridge.
The term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to nonaromatic heterocyclic groups as described above.
The term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic heterocycle, e.g., monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, such as pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothienyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuryl and the like, optionally substituted by, e.g., lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or halo.
The term "heteroarylsulfonyl" refers to heteroaryl-S(O)2-.
The term "heteroaroyl" refers to heteroaryl-C(O)-.
The term "heteroaroylamino" refers to heteroaryl-C(O)NH-.
The term "heteroaralkyl" refers to a heteroaryl group bonded through an alkyl group.
The term "heteroaralkanoyl" refers to heteroaralkyl-C(O)-.
The term "heteroaralkanoylamino" refers to heteroaralkyl-C(O)NH-.
The term "acyl" refers to alkanoyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, aralkanoyl, heteroaralkanoyl and the like.
The term "acylamino" refers to alkanoylamino, aroylamino, heteroaroylamino, aralkanoylamino, heteroaralkanoylamino and the like.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention are salts formed with acids, namely acid addition salts, such as of mineral acids, organic carboxylic acids and organic sulfonic acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid, methanesulfonic acid and maleic acid.
Similarly, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention include salts formed with bases, namely cationic salts, such as alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, as well as ammonium salts, e.g., ammonium, trimethylammonium, diethylammonium and tris(hydroxymethyl)- methylammonium salts and salts with amino acids provided an acidic group constitutes part of the structure.
The present invention provides thiazole derivatives of formula (I), pharmaceutical compositions containing them, methods for preparing said compounds, and methods of treating glucokinase mediated conditions by administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. ln one embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) have the formula
Figure imgf000012_0001
wherein
Ri and R2 are independently hydrogen or halogen; R is C^alkyl, C3.7cycloalkyl or C^heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7 or -S(O)2R7 wherein R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R10 in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
R11 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R10 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Preferred are the compounds of formula (la), wherein
R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Other preferred compounds are the compounds of formula (la), wherein R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero;
R6 is hydrogen or halogen; R5 is -S(O)2R7 wherein
R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R10 in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
R11 is hydrogen or lower alkyl preferably hydrogen, most preferably W is a bond; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R10 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In another embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) have the formula
Figure imgf000013_0001
wherein
R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl;
R4 is C^alkyl, C3.7cycloalkyl or C5-7heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7 or -S(O)2R7 wherein R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R10 in which
R8 and R9 are, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R10 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5;
Y is CH or nitrogen; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Preferred are the compounds of formula (lb), wherein
R is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Other preferred compounds are the compounds of formula (lb), wherein R is cyclopentyl; n is zero;
R6 is hydrogen or halogen preferably hydrogen; R5 is -S(O)2R7 wherein
R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R10 in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl, most preferably is a bond; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or Rι0 and R11f combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Yet in another embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) have the formula
Figure imgf000014_0001
wherein
R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl; R4 is C^alkyl, C3.7cycloalkyl or Cs^heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7 or -S(O)2R7 wherein R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R10 in which
R8 and R9 are, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
R11 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or Rio and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Preferred are the compounds of formula (lc), wherein
R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Other preferred compounds are the compounds of formula (lc), wherein R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; R6 is hydrogen or halogen preferably hydrogen;
R5 is -S(O)2R7 wherein
R7 is -(CR8R9)m- -Rιo in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl, most preferably W is a bond; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or Rι0 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Other preferred compounds are the preferred compounds of formula (lc) as described above, wherein R3 is hydrogen or alkoxy.
Yet in another embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) have the formula
Figure imgf000016_0001
wherein
R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl;
R4 is C2^alkyl, C^cycloalkyl or C5.7heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7, or -S(O)2R7 wherein R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rιo in which
R8 and R9 are, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R10 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; provided that: (1 ) R5 and R6 are not halogen when n is zero; or (2) R5 is not -S(O)2R7, wherein R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rι0 in which m is zero, W is a bond and R10 is C^alkyl when n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Preferred are the compounds of formula (Id), wherein
R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Other preferred compounds are the compounds of formula (Id), wherein
R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero;
R6 is hydrogen or halogen most preferably hydrogen;
R5 is -S(O)2R7 wherein
R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rιo in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl, most preferably W is a bond; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or Rio and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Yet in another embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) have the formula
Figure imgf000017_0001
wherein
Ri and R2 are independently hydrogen or halogen; R4 is C^alkyl, C3.7cycloalkyl or C5. heterocycloalkyl;
Ri2 and Rι3 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R14, -C(O)Rι4, or -S(O)2R wherein
Ru is -(CR8R9)m-W-Ri5 in which
R8 and R9 are, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R15 is cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R15 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; provided that: (1) Ri2 and Rι3 both are not hydrogen, halogen, cyano or combinations thereof; (2) Rι2 is not -S(O)2Rι4 wherein Ri4 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Ri5 in which m is zero and W is a bond when n is zero; (3) R12 is not -S(O)2Rι , wherein R14 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rι5 in which R8 and R9 are hydrogen, m is 1 and W is a bond when n is zero; (4) Rι2 is not Rι4, wherein Rι4 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R15 in which m is zero and W is O when n is zero; or (5) Rι2 is not Rι , wherein R is -(CR8R9)m- -Rι5 in which m is zero and W is a bond when n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Preferred are the compounds of formula (le), wherein
R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Other preferred compounds are the compounds of formula (le), wherein R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero;
R6 is hydrogen or halogen preferably hydrogen; R5 is -S(O)2R7 wherein
R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rιo in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn 'in which Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl, most preferably W is a bond; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R10 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compounds of the invention depending on the nature of the substituents, may possess one or more asymmetric centers. The resulting diastereoisomers, optical isomers, i.e., enantiomers, and geometric isomers, and mixtures thereof, are encompassed by the instant invention. Preferred are the compounds of the present invention wherein the substituent at the carbon atom adjacent to the amide or sulfonamide group attains the R-configuration.
Compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by coupling amines of the formula
H2N— Q (||), or acid addition salts thereof, wherein Q' represents Q as defined herein above, or Q' is a group convertible to Q, with a compound of the formula
R' — Lg, (III) wherein R' represents R as defined herein above, or R' is a group convertible to R, and Lgi is a leaving group, e.g., chloride, in the presence of a base such as triethylamine (TEA), diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), / -methylmorpholine (NMM) or pyridine, and an organic solvent, such as dichloromethane (DCM), A,/V-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonotrile or tetrahydrofuran (THF). The reaction may be conducted at an ambient temperature, preferably at a temperature ranging from about -4°C to about 30°C. Amines of formula (II) and compounds of formula (III) are either commercially available or they may be prepared using methods described herein in the Examples, or modifications thereof, or using methods well-known in the art.
For example, as illustrated in Scheme 1, sulfonyl chlorides of formula (Ilia), wherein R4, R5, R6 and n have meanings as defined herein may be coupled with amines of formula (I la), wherein R and R2 are as defined herein, in the presence of base e.g., pyridine, to afford sulfonamides of formula (IV). Sulfonamides of formula (IV) may then be treated with a base, such as sodium hydride, lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) or lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LHMDS), preferably LDA, followed by an alkylating agent of formula (V), wherein R has a meaning as defined herein, and Lg2 represents a leaving group, such as chloride, bromide or iodide, to afford compounds of formula (la). The alkylation step is preferably conducted in a polar organic solvent, such as THF, DMF, Λ/-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) or 1 ,3-dimethyl- 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2( 7 -/)-pyrimidinone (DMPU) or in a mixture of solvents thereof. Scheme 1
coupling
Figure imgf000020_0001
Figure imgf000020_0002
Similarly, as illustrated in Scheme 2, acid chlorides of formula (lllb), wherein R , R5, R6 and n have meanings as defined herein, may be coupled with amines of formula (Ha), wherein Ri and R2 are as defined herein, in the presence of base, e.g., pyridine, to afford amides of formula (le). Acid chlorides of formula (lllb) may be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 2, or using methods well-known in the art. For example, esters of formula (VI), wherein Rι6 is lower alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl, may be treated with a base, such as sodium hydride, LDA or LHMDS, preferably LDA, followed by an alkylating agent of formula (V), wherein R4 has a meaning as defined herein, and Lg2 represents a leaving group, such as chloride, bromide or iodide, to afford compounds of formula (VII). The alkylation step is preferably conducted in a polar organic solvent, such as THF, DMF, NMP or DMPU, or in a mixture of solvents thereof. Compounds of formula (VII) may then be hydrolyzed, e.g., in the presence of an aqueous base such as sodium, lithium or potassium hydroxide and an organic solvent such as THF or lower alcohol, preferably methanol or ethanol. The resulting carboxylic acids may then be treated with a chlorinating agent such as thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride to afford acid chlorides of formula (lllb). Scheme 2
Figure imgf000021_0001
1. hydrolysis
2. chlorinating agent
Figure imgf000021_0002
(VII)
Figure imgf000021_0003
coupling
(lllb)
Figure imgf000021_0004
In addition to acid chlorides, other activated derivatives of carboxylic acids may be used, e.g., acid bromides and fluorides, mixed anhydrides, lower alkyl esters, and activated esters thereof, and adducts formed with coupling agents, such as 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)- carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), 0-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-Λ, v',Λ/',Λ/-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), 0-(1 ,2-dihydro-2-oxo-1-pyridyl)-Λ/,Λ/,Λ/',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate and the like. Mixed anhydrides are preferably such from pivalic acid, or lower alkyl hemiesters of carbonic acids, such as ethyl or isobutyl analogs. Activated esters include, for example, succinimido, phthalimido or 4-nitrophenyl esters. Carboxylic acids may be converted to their activated derivatives using methods described herein, or modifications thereof, or using methods well-known in the art. The processes described herein above may be conducted under inert atmosphere, preferably under nitrogen atmosphere.
In starting compounds and intermediates which are converted to the compounds of the invention in a manner described herein, functional groups present, such as amino, thiol, carboxyl and hydroxy groups, are optionally protected by conventional protecting groups that are common in preparative organic chemistry. Protected amino, thiol, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are those that can be converted under mild conditions into free amino thiol, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups without the molecular framework being destroyed or other undesired side reactions taking place.
The purpose of introducing protecting groups is to protect the functional groups from undesired reactions with reaction components under the conditions used for carrying out a desired chemical transformation. The need and choice of protecting groups for a particular reaction is known to those skilled in the art and depends on the nature of the functional group to be protected (hydroxyl group, amino group, etc.), the structure and stability of the molecule of which the substituent is a part and the reaction conditions.
Well-known protecting groups that meet these conditions and their introduction and removal are described, e.g., in McOmie, "Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry", Plenum Press, London, NY (1973); and Greene and Wuts, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY (1999).
The above-mentioned reactions are carried out according to standard methods, in the presence or absence of diluent, preferably, such as are inert to the reagents and are solvents thereof, of catalysts, condensing or said other agents, respectively and/or inert atmospheres, at low temperatures, room temperature (RT) or elevated temperatures, preferably at or near the boiling point of the solvents used, and at atmospheric or super- atmospheric pressure. The preferred solvents, catalysts and reaction conditions are set forth in the appended illustrative Examples.
The invention further includes any variant of the present processes, in which an intermediate product obtainable at any stage thereof is used as starting material and the remaining steps are carried out, or in which the starting materials are formed in situ under the reaction conditions, or in which the reaction components are used in the form of their salts or optically pure antipodes. Compounds of the invention and intermediates can also be converted into each other according to methods generally known per se.
The invention also relates to any novel starting materials, intermediates and processes for their manufacture.
Depending on the choice of starting materials and methods, the new compounds may be in the form of one of the possible isomers or mixtures thereof, for example, as substantially pure geometric (cis or trans) isomers, diastereomers, optical isomers (antipodes), racemates or mixtures thereof. The aforesaid possible isomers or mixtures thereof are within the purview of this invention.
Any resulting mixtures of isomers can be separated on the basis of the physicochemical differences of the constituents, into the pure geometric or optical isomers, diastereomers, racemates, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization.
Any resulting racemates of final products or intermediates can be resolved into the optical antipodes by known methods, e.g., by separation of the diastereomeric salts thereof, obtained with an optically active acid or base, and liberating the optically active acidic or basic compound. In particular, the thiazolyl moiety may be employed to resolve the compounds of the present invention into their optical antipodes, e.g., by fractional crystallization of a salt formed with an optically active acid, e.g., tartaric acid, dibenzoyl tartaric acid, diacetyl tartaric acid, di-O.O'-p-toluoyl tartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid or camphor-10-sulfonic acid. Racemic products can also be resolved by chiral chromatography, e.g., high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral adsorbent.
Finally, compounds of the invention are either obtained in the free form, as a salt thereof if salt forming groups are present or as prodrug derivatives thereof.
Compounds of the instant invention which contain acidic groups may be converted into salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases. Such salts include alkali metal salts, like sodium, lithium and potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, like calcium and magnesium salts; ammonium salts with organic bases, e.g., trimethylamine salts, diethylamine salts, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine salts, dicyclohexylamine salts and Λ/-methyl-D-glucamine salts; salts with amino acids like arginine, lysine and the like. Salts may be formed using conventional methods, advantageously in the presence of an ethereal or alcoholic solvent, such as a lower alkanol. From the solutions of the latter, the salts may be precipitated with ethers, e.g., diethyl ether. Resulting salts may be converted into the free compounds by treatment with acids. These or other salts can also be used for purification of the compounds obtained.
Compounds of the invention having basic groups, in particular, the thiazolyl moiety, can be converted into acid addition salts, especially pharmaceutically acceptable salts. These are formed, e.g., with inorganic acids, such as mineral acids, e.g., sulfuric acid, phosphoric or hydrohalic acid, or with organic carboxylic acids, such as (CrC )-alkanecarboxylic acids which, e.g., are unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, e.g., acetic acid, such as saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, e.g., oxalic, succinic, maleic or fumaric acid, such as hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g., glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric or citric acid, such as amino acids, e.g., aspartic or glutamic acid, or with organic sulfonic acids, such as (C1-C4)- alkylsulfonic acids, e.g., methanesulfonic acid; or arylsulfonic acids which are unsubstituted or substituted (for example by halogen). Preferred are salts formed with hydrochloric acid, maleic acid and methanesulfonic acid.
Prodrug derivatives of any compound of the invention are derivatives of said compounds which following administration release the parent compound in vivo via some chemical or physiological process, e.g., a prodrug on being brought to the physiological pH or through enzyme action is converted to the parent compound. Exemplary prodrug derivatives are, e.g., esters of free carboxylic acids and S-acyl and O-acyl derivatives of thiols, alcohols or phenols, wherein acyl has a meaning as defined herein. Preferred are pharmaceutically acceptable ester derivatives convertible by solvolysis under physiological conditions to the parent carboxylic acid, e.g., lower alkyl esters, cycloalkyl esters, lower alkenyl esters, benzyl esters, mono- or di-substituted lower alkyl esters, such as the ω-(amino, mono- or di-lower alkylamino, carboxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl)-lower alkyl esters, the -(lower alkanoyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl or di-lower alkylaminocarbonyl)-!ower alkyl esters, such as the pivaloyloxymethyl ester and the like conventionally used in the art.
In view of the close relationship between the free compounds, the prodrug derivatives and the compounds in the form of their salts, whenever a compound is referred to in this context, a prodrug derivative and a corresponding salt is also intended, provided such is possible or appropriate under the circumstances.
The compounds, including their salts, can also be obtained in the form of their hydrates, or include other solvents used for their crystallization. The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention are those suitable for enteral, such as oral or rectal, transdermal and parenteral administration to mammals, including man, to activate glucokinase, and for the treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity. Such conditions include impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2 diabetes and obesity. The said pharmaceutical compositions comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmacologically active compound of the instant invention, alone or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
The pharmacologically active compounds of the invention are useful in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount thereof in conjunction or admixture with excipients or carriers suitable for either enteral or parenteral application. Preferred are tablets and gelatin capsules comprising the active ingredient together with diluents, e.g., lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose and/or glycine; lubricants, e.g., silica, talcum, stearic acid, its magnesium or calcium salt and/or polyethyleneglycol; for tablets also binders, e.g., magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone; and if desired disintegrants, e.g., starches, agar, alginic acid or its sodium salt; or effervescent mixtures; and/or absorbants; colorants; flavors and sweeteners. Injectable compositions are preferably aqueous isotonic solutions or suspensions, and suppositories are advantageously prepared from fatty emulsions or suspensions. Said compositions may be sterilized and/or contain adjuvants, such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers. In addition, they may also contain other therapeutically valuable substances. Said compositions are prepared according to conventional mixing, granulating or coating methods, respectively, and contain about 0.1-75%, preferably about 1-50%, of the active ingredient.
Suitable formulations for transdermal application include a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention with carrier. Advantageous carriers include absorbable pharmacologically acceptable solvents to assist passage through the skin of the host. Characteristically, transdermal devices are in the form of a bandage comprising a backing member, a reservoir containing the compound optionally with carriers, optionally a rate controlling barrier to deliver the compound of the skin of the host at a controlled and predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time, and means to secure the device to the skin. The pharmaceutical formulations contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as defined above, either alone or in a combination with another therapeutic agent, e.g., each at an effective therapeutic dose as reported in the art. Such therapeutic agents include insulin, insulin derivatives and mimetics; insulin secretagogues, such as the sulfonylureas, e.g., Glipizide, glybυride and Amaryl; insulinotropic sulfonylurea receptor ligands, such as meglitinides, e.g., nateglinide and repaglinide; PPARα and/or PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) ligands such as MCC-555, MK767, L-165041 , GW7282 or thiazolidinediones such as rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, troglitazone; insulin sensitizers, such as protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 B (PTP-1 B) inhibitors such as PTP-112; GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) inhibitors such as SB-517955, SB-4195052, SB- 216763, NN-57-05441 , NN-57-05445 or RXR ligands such as GW-0791 , AGN-194204; sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter inhibitors, such as T-1095, glycogen phosphorylase A inhibitors, such as BAY R3401 ; biguanides, such as metformin;; alpha- glucosidase inhibitors, such as acarbose; GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide-1), GLP-1 analogs, such as Exendin-4, and GLP-1 mimetics; DPPIV (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) inhibitors such as LAF237; hypolipidemic agents, such as 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, e.g., lovastatin, pitavastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, cerivastatin, mevastatin, velostatin, fluvastatin, dalvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, fluindostatin and rivastatin, squalene synthase inhibitors or FXR (farnesoid X receptor) and LXR (liver X receptor) ligands, cholestyramine, fibrates, nicotinic acid and aspirin,, anti-obesity agents, such as orlistat, anti-hypertensive agents, inotropic agents and hypolipidemic agents, e.g., loop diuretics, such as ethacrynic acid, furosemide and torsemide; angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perinodopril, quinapril, ramipril and trandolapril; inhibitors of the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, such as digoxin; neutralendopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors; ACE/NEP inhibitors, such as omapatrilat, sampatrilat and fasidotril; angiotensin II antagonists, such as candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, telmisartan and valsartan, in particular valsartan; β-adrenergic receptor blockers, such as acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, nadolol, propranolol, sotalol and timolol; inotropic agents, such as digoxin, dobutamine and milrinone; calcium channel blockers, such as amlodipine, bepridil, diltiazem, felodipine, nicardipine, nimodipine, nifedipine, nisoldipine and verapamil. Other specific antidiabetic compounds are described by Patel Mona (Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2003 Apr;12(4):623-33) in the figures 1 to 7, which are herein incorporated by reference. A compound of the present invention may be administered either simultaneously, before or after the other active ingredient, either separately by the same or different route of administration or together in the same pharmaceutical formulation.
The structure of the active agents identified by code nos., generic or trade names may be taken from the actual edition of the standard compendium 'The Merck Index" or from databases, e.g. Patents International (e.g. IMS World Publications). The corresponding content thereof is hereby incorporated by reference.
Thus in an additional aspect the present invention concerns a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
In a further aspect the present invention concerns a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of another therapeutic agent, preferably selected from antidiabetics, hypolipidemic agents, anti-obesity agents, anti-hypertensive agents or inotropic agents, most preferably from antidiabetics or hypolipidemic agents as described above.
A pharmaceutical composition as described above for use as a medicament.
Use of a pharmaceutical composition or combination as described above for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity preferably impaired glucose tolerance, Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome X and obesity preferably Type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance and obesity.
A pharmaceutical composition as described above for the treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity preferably impaired glucose tolerance, Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome X and obesity.
A unit dosage for a mammal of about 50-70 kg may contain between about 1 mg and 1000 mg, advantageously between about 5-500 mg of the active ingredient. The therapeutically effective dosage of a compound of formula (I) is dependent on the species of warm-blooded animal (mammal), the body weight, age and individual condition, on the form of administration and on the compound involved.
The compounds of the present invention are glucokinase activators, and thus may be employed for the treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity, as described herein, e.g., impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome X and obesity.
Thus, in an additional embodiment, the present invention relates to;
- A compound of the invention for use as a medicament.
- The use of a compound of the invention for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and/or treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity.
- A pharmaceutical composition, for use in conditions associated with glucokinase activity comprising a compound of formula I in free form or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier therefore.
- A method for the prevention and/or treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity, which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention.
In accordance with the foregoing the present invention provides in a yet further aspect:
- A therapeutic combination, e.g. a kit, kit of parts e.g. for use in any method as defined herein, comprising a compound of formula I, in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, to be used concomitantly or in sequence with at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising at least another therapeutic agent, preferably selected from antidiabetics, hypolipidemic agents, anti-obesity agents, anti-hypertensive agents or inotropic agents. The kit may comprise instructions for its administration.
- A kit of parts comprising
(i) a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, (ii ) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound selected from an antidiabetic, anti-obesity agent, anti-hypertensive agent, inotropic agent or hypolipidemic agent, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the form of two separate units of the components (i) to (ii). - A method as defined above comprising co-administration, e.g. concomitantly or in sequence, of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula i in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, and a second drug substance, said second drug substance being a antidiabetic , anti-obesity agent, anti-hypertensive agent, inotropic agent or hypolipidemic agent., e.g. as indicated above.
Preferably the compound of the invention is administered to a mammal in need thereof.
Preferably the compound of the invention is used for the treatment of a disease which responds to activation of glucokinase activity.
Preferably the conditions associated with glucokinase activity are selected from impaired glucose tolerance, Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome X and obesity, most preferably Type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance and obesity.
A method or use according to the invention which comprises administering said compound in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of an antidiabetic agent, anti-obesity agent, anti-hypertensive agent, inotropic agent or hypolipidemic agent.
A method or use according to the invention which comprises administering said compound in the form of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.
As used throughout the specification and in the claims, the term "treatment" embraces all the different forms or modes of treatment as known to those of the pertinent art and in particular includes preventive, curative, delay of progression and palliative treatment.
The above-cited properties are demonstrable in vitro and in vivo tests using advantageously mammals, e.g., mice, rats, dogs, monkeys or isolated organs, tissues and preparations thereof. Said compounds can be applied in vitro in the form of solutions, e.g., preferably aqueous solutions, and in vivo either enterally, parenterally, advantageously intravenously, e.g., as a suspension or in aqueous solution. The dosage in vitro may range between about 10"2 molar and 10"9 molar concentrations. A therapeutically effective amount in vivo may range depending on the route of administration, between about 0.1 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, preferably between about 1 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. The activity of compounds according to the invention may be assessed by the following methods or methods well-described in the art:
The glucokinase activation in vitro may be determined by measuring the activation of recombinant GST-GK by a compound of the present invention in the absence or the presence of GKRP, a 68,000 Da protein inhibitor of GK. In these assays, formation of glucose-6-phosphate is coupled directly to the formation of thioNADH. GST-GK catalyzes the reaction of glucose and Mg-ATP to produce glucose-6-phosphate and ADP. Glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) reduces thionicotinamide (thioNAD) to thioNADH. The assay measures the formation of NADH at 405 nM.
The basic GK assay components are as follows: 25 mM HEPES (pH 7.1), 25 mM KCI, 2.5 mM MgCI2, 1 mM ATP (Sigma A-5394), 1 mM DTT, 1 M thioNAD (Sigma T-7375), 80 units/mL G6PDH (Sigma G-5885), 10 mM glucose and 8.7 mg/mL GST-GK (110 nM). For assessing reversal of GK inhibition by GKRP, 20 //M Fructose-1 -phosphate (F-6-P) and 25 g/mL of recombinant GKRP (370 nM) are added to these assay components. F-1 -P at 1 //M is used as a control in the GK/GKRP assay. F-1-P reverses inhibition of GST-GK by GKRP.
The assay is done in standard, 96-well, round-bottom plates and the total assay volume is 25 μL. Compounds are serially diluted into 100% DMSO and 0.5 μL of diluted compound in 100% DMSO is added to the assay plate. Assay reagents (24.5 μL) axe added using a Zymark robotic platform. Buffer, containing HEPES, MgCI2, KCI, thioNAD, G6PDH, F-6-P, glucose, GKRP and GST-GK, are added (5 μL) using the Zymark 8-channel hand pipet. The reaction is then initiated by adding 19.5 μL of buffer containing HEPES, MgCI2, KCI, DTT and ATP using the Zymark Reagent Addition Station/Reagent Addition Module. The plates are then delivered via the Zymark XP arm to a Thermomax plate reader and read kinetically over three min at 405 nM at RT. Units are expressed as milli-optical density per minute (mOD/min).
The glucokinase activation in rat hepatocytes may be determined as follows:
Hepatocytes are isolated by collagenase perfusion of the livers of overnight-fasted male Harlen Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Raleigh, NC) as previously described (see Berry et al., J. Cell Biol, Vol. 43, pp. 506-520 (1969)). The cells are washed three times each with 100 mL of glucose-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Gibco BRL) containing 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and then suspended in glucose-free DMEM/5% FBS. Cells are plated in collagen coated 24-well plates (Becton Dickinson) at a density of 3 x 105 cells/well in 1 mL of William's Medium E (Sigma) supplemented with 5% FBS, and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2/95% air. After cell attachment (-4 h), the medium is replaced with serum-free DMEM containing 5 mM glucose and 10 nM dexamethasone (Sigma), and cells are cultured further for 16-20 h prior to use.
The rate of glucose phosphorylation is determined by the release of 3H2O from [2-3H]glucose. The medium from the cultured hepatocytes is removed, and the cells are pre-incubated in 150 μL of fresh serum-free DMEM containing 5 mM glucose and compound (1, 10 and 30 yM) or DMSO for 3 h at 37°C. The final concentration of DMSO is 0.2%. The medium is then removed and 150 μL of a fresh mixture of DMEM 5 mM glucose containing compound or DMSO, and 1 μC\ of [2-3H]glucose (NEN) is added. As a positive control for stimulation of glucose phosphorylation, cells are pre-incubated in serum-free DMEM/5 mM glucose medium containing DMSO for 3 h and then are incubated for 1 h in labeled glucose medium containing 0.5 mM fructose/DMSO (precursor of F-1 -P, AnalaR® from BDH). All conditions are tested in quadruplicate where one well per plate received 200 μL of the appropriate medium plus labeled glucose (instead of 150 L) of which 50 μL is immediately removed and placed in a 1.2 mL microfuge tube (Costar) containing 10 /L of 1 N HCI. This sample is used as a 0-minute time point for determining background 3H2O release (exchange values). Following the addition of the labeled glucose media, hepatocytes are incubated at 37°C on a slow moving rocker for 1 h.
On termination of the incubation, 50 μL of the culture medium is collected into microfuge tubes containing 10 L of 1 N HCI, and determination of 3H2O. The tubes are left uncapped and each is placed inside a 20 mL glass scintillation vial (Wheaton) containing 1.5 mL of deionized water. The vials are capped tightly and incubated at 37°C in a dry incubator for 2 days (3H20 from the reaction mixture will equilibrate with the water in the vial). A standard curve is generated using [3H]H2O (NEN) to correct for exchange. 50 μL aliquots of serial dilutions of the labeled water are added to 10 μL of 1 N HCI and exchange is performed as described for the samples (typically, approximately 90% exchange is observed). The microfuge tubes are then removed from the vials carefully to minimize the removal of any water from the vial and 18 mL of scintillation cocktail (Ready Safe, Beckman Coulter) is then added to each vial. The 3H-label recovered from [2-3H]glucose in the water is determined using a Beckman Model LS500 scintillation counter and the counts (minus the 0-time point) are corrected for recovery of 3H2O. The amount of glucose de-tritiated in nanomoles/h per 10 cells is calculated, and the results are expressed as percent increase over the DMSO control.
Our compounds exhibit high affinity, selectivity, improved potency as well as good oral bioavailability, pharmacokinetic profile and safety.
Our compounds are particularly useful for treating diabetes or IGT without a serious risk of hypoglycemia, and have the potential to decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes or IGT. Thus, our compounds would be appropriate to use for long-term treatments, particularly for use in diabetes, in diabetes prevention such as in IGT patients. Our compounds exhibit a stronger control of the fasting plasma glucose level, postprandial plasma glucose level, serum triglycerides level, haemoglobin A1c level without a serious risk of hypoglycemia or fat mass increase. Furthermore, they exhibit long duration of action, long-term tolerability, safety and lower glycaemic peaks as well as a better daily control of the plasma insulin level. Our compounds have the advantage to augment hepatic glucose metabolism, glucose usage in the liver and glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic islets with a higher efficacy which should provide greater efficacy as a monotherapy.
The following Examples are intended to illustrate the invention and are not to be construed as being limitations thereon. If not mentioned otherwise, all evaporations are performed under reduced pressure, preferably between about 50 mmHg and 100 mmHg. The structure of final products, intermediates and starting materials is confirmed by standard analytical methods, e.g., microanalysis, melting point (m.p.) and spectroscopic characteristics, e.g., MS, IR and NMR. Abbreviations used are those conventional in the art.
Example 1 3-Cyclopentyl-2-[4-(2-phenyl-ethanesulfonyl)-phenyl]-ΛHhiazol-2-yl-propionamide
Figure imgf000032_0001
A. 3-Cyclopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester
To a solution of diispropylamine (25 mmol, 3.6 mL) in 24 mL of THF and 7.5 mL of ethidathion (DMTP) at -78°C is added n-BuLi (25 mmol, 10 mL, 2.5 M in hexanes) and the mixture stirred for 15 min. 4-Methylsulfonylphenylacetic acid methyl ester (24 mmol, 5.47 g) in 24 mL of THF and 7.5 mL of DMTP is then added dropwise over 30 min and the reaction is stirred for 90 min further. Cyclopentylmethyliodide (28.9 mmol, 6.08 g) in 10 mL of THF is then added dropwise and the reaction is stirred for 1 h at -78°C before allowing to warm to RT. After 12 h, the reaction is quenched with water, evaporated and then partitioned between ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and brine, and the organic solution is dried and evaporated to afford an oil. The crude material is chromatographed on silica (eluent: 5%→25% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford 3-cyclopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester.
B. 3-Cyclopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-propionic acid
The title A compound, 3-cyclopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-propionic acid methyl ester (17.4 rrirhol, 5.4g) is saponified under standard conditions using aqueous 1 N aqueous NaOH in methanol (MeOH) with warming to 60°C in an oil bath. The solvent is removed by evaporation and the aqueous residue is acidified with aqueous 6 N aqueous HCI. The resulting solid is collected by filtration and washed with water and dried under vacuum to afford 3-cyclopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-propionic acid as a white solid.
C. 3-Cyclopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-iV-thiazol-2-yl-propionamide
The title B compound, 3-cycIopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-propionic acid (3.44 mmol, 1.02 g) is suspended in thionyl chloride (5 mL) with a catalytic amount of DMF and stirred for 12 h. The mixture is evaporated and then diluted with toluene and re-evaporated to afford an oil which is diluted with 4 mL of DCM and added to 2-aminothiazole (3.8 mmol, 0.4 g) in 10 mL of pyridine at 0°C and then stirred for 12 h while warming to RT. The reaction mixture is evaporated, diluted with EtOAc and 0.1 N HCI and the organic solution is washed with brine, dried and evaporated to an oil. Chromatography on silica (eluent: 5%→25% EtOAc in hexanes) affords 3-cyclopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-N-thiazol- 2-yl-propionamide: 1H NMR δ 11.7 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J = 8, 2H), 7.55 (d, J = 3.5, 1 H), 7.53 (d, J = 8, 2H), 7.10 (d, J = 3.5, 1 H), 3.81 (t, J = 7.5, 1 H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 1.1-2.2 (m, 11 H).
D. 3-Cyclopentyl-2-[4-(2-phenyl-ethanesulfonyl)-phenyl]-W-thiazol-2-yl-propionamide
The title C compound, 3-cyclopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-Λ/-thiazol-2-yl- propionamide (0.58 mmol, 220 mg) is dissolved in 15 mL of THF and cooled to -78°C. LHMDS (1.2 mmol, 1.2 mL of 1.0 M solution) is added and the mixture is stirred to 1 h at -78°C. Benzyl bromide (0.6 mmol, 103 mg) is added and the mixture stirred at -78°C for 2 h further. The reaction mixture is quenched with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride, the solvent is evaporated and the residue is partitioned between EtOAc and brine. The organic solution is dried and evaporated to an oil. Chromatography on silica (eluent: 35% EtOAc in hexanes) affords 3-cyclopentyl-2-[4-(2-phenyl-ethanesulfonyl)-phenyl]-Λ/-thiazol-2-yl- propionamide: 1H NMR δ 11.8 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J = 8, 2H), 7.55 (m, 3H), 7.05-7.32 (m, 6H) 3.8 (t, J = 7.5, 1H), 3.33 (m, 2H), 3.05 (m, 2H), 2.29 (m, 1H), 1.0-1.9 (m, 8H); e/z (ES) 469 (M+1, 100%).
Example 2
2-Cyclopentyl-1 -(4-methanesulf onyl-phenyl)-ethanesulf onic acid thiazol-2-ylamide
Figure imgf000034_0001
A. (4-Methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-methanesulfonic acid, sodium salt
To a solution of 1-chloromethyl-4-methanesulfonyl-benzene (48.8 mmol, 10 g) in 180 mL of water and 20 mL of DMF is added Na2SO3 (0.116 mmol, 14.6 g) and the mixture stirred at 40°C for 12 h. The reaction is evaporated and the resulting solid is triturated with ethanol to afford crude (4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-methanesulfonic acid, sodium salt which is used as such in the next step.
B. (4-Methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-methanesulfonyl chloride
To the title A compound, (4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-methanesulfonic acid, sodium salt is added PCI5 (10 g) in 200 mL of chloroform and the mixture is stirred for 48 h. The solids are filtered off, the chloroform is removed by evaporation, and the residue is triturated with hexanes, and the solids are collected by filtration to afford (4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)- methanesulfonyl chloride.
C. C-(4-Methanesulfonyl-phenyI)-N-thiazol-2-yl-methanesulfonamide
To the solution of the title B compound, (4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-methanesulfonyl chloride (1.86 mmol, 0.5 g) in 5 mL of pyridine is added 2-aminothiazole (2.5 mmol, 0.25 g) and the mixture is stirred for 48 h. The reaction mixture is quenched with aqueous 1 N HCI and the product is taken up in EtOAc, dried and concentrated to afford C-(4-methane- sulfonyl-phenyl)-Λ-thiazol-2-yl-methanesulfonamide.
D. 2-Cyclopentyl-1-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-ethanesulfonic acid thiazol-2- ylamide
To a solution of diisopropylamine (1.0 mmol, 0.10 g) in 7 mL of THF and 3 mL of DMPU at 0°C is added n-BuLi (0.61 mL, 2.5 M in hexane) and the reaction mixture is stirred for 15 min, then cooled to -78°C. The title C compound, C-(4-methane-sulfonyl-phenyl)-N-thiazol- 2-yl-methanesulfonamide (0.693 mmolr 0.23 g) is added and the reaction mixture .shallowed to warm to 0°C. After 1 h, the reaction is recooled to -78°C, cyclopentylmethyliodide (0.72 mmol, 0.15 g) is added and the reaction is allowed to warm to RT over 3 h. The reaction mixture is poured into aqueous 1 N HCI, and the product is taken up in EtOAc, dried and evaporated to afford an orange oil. Chromatography on silica affords 2-cyclopentyl-1-(4- methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-ethanesulfonic acid thiazol-2-ylamide: 1H NMR δ 11.6 (br s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8, 2H), 7.58 (d, J = 8, 2H), 6.67 (d, J = 4.5, 1 H), 6.39 (d, J = 4.5, 1 H), 4.27 (m, 1H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.04-2.2 (m, 1H), 1.12-1.61 (m, 10H); e/z (ES) 415 (M+1, 100%).
Example 3
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-W-(5-methoxy-thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)- propionamide
Figure imgf000035_0001
A. 5-Methoxy-thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-ylamine
A solution of 6-methoxy-pyridin-3-ylamine (40.3 mmol, 5.0 g) in 10 mL of acetic acid is added slowly to a solution of potassium thiocyanate (205 mmol, 20 g) in 100 mL of acetic acid at 0°C followed by a solution of bromine (48.8 mmol, 2.5 mL) in 5 mL of acetic acid. The reaction is stirred for 2 h at 0°C and then allowed to warm to RT. The resulting solid is collected by filtration and washed with acetic acid, then partitioned between EtOAc and saturated aqueous NaHCO3. The insoluble material is removed by filtration and the organic layer is dried and evaporated to afford 5-methoxy-thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-ylamine as a tan solid.
B. 3-Cyclopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-W-(5-methoxy-thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin- 2-yl)-propionamide
To a solution of the title A compound, 5-methoxy-thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-ylamine (1.22 mmol, 222 mg) in 3 mL of pyridine at 0°C is added 3-cyclopentyl-2-(4-methansulfonyl- phenyl)-propionyl chloride (1.02 mmol, prepared as described for the preparation of the title C compound in Example 1). The reaction is allowed to warm to RT over 12 h, then evaporated and the residue is partitioned between MTBE and aqueous 0.1 N HCI. The organic solution is washed with water, saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and brine, dried and evaporated to an oil. Chromatography over silica affords 3-cyclopentyl-2-(4- methanesulfonyl-phenyl)-Λ/-(5-methoxy-thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl)-propionamide; 1H NMR δ 9.7 (s, 1 H), 7.85 (m, 3H), 7.38 (d, J = 8, 2H), 6.83 (d, J = 8, 1 H), 4.05 (s, 3H), 3.63 (t, J = 7.5, 1H), 3.09 (s, 3H), 2.2 (m, 1H), 1.1-1.9 (m, 10H); e/z (ES) 460 (M+1 , 100%).

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A compound of the formula
R-NH-Q (I) wherein
Figure imgf000037_0001
Q is a radical in which R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl; Y is CH or nitrogen; and
R is a radical of the formula
Figure imgf000037_0002
wherein
R is C^alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl or C5-7heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7 or -S(O)2R7 wherein
R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rιo in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; Rio is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R 0 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or
(ii) Q is a
Figure imgf000038_0001
radical in which R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl; and
R is a radical of the formula
Figure imgf000038_0002
wherein
R4 is C^alkyl, C3.7cycloalkyl or Cs^heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7 or -S(O)2R7 wherein
R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rιo in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or Rι0 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or
(iii) Q is a radical in which R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl; and
R is a radical of the formula
Figure imgf000039_0001
wherein
R4 is C^alkyl, C3.7cycloalkyl or C5.7heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7 or -S(O)2R7 wherein
R7 is -(CRβRgJm-W-Rio in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
R11 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R 0 and Rn, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; provided that: (1) R5 and R6 are not halogen when n is zero; or (2) R5 is not -S(O)2R7, wherein R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R10 in which m is zero, W is a bond and Rι0 is C^alkyl when n is zero; n optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or
(iv) Q is a
Figure imgf000039_0002
radical, wherein Ri and R2 are independently hydrogen or halogen; and
R is a radical of the formula
Figure imgf000039_0003
wherein
R4 is C2. alkyl, C3.7cycloalkyl or C5-7heterocycloalkyl; R 2 and Rι3 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R , -C(O)RV4, or -S(O)2Rι4 wherein
Rι4 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Ri5 in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
R11 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R15 is cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R15 and Rn, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; provided that: (1) R 2 and R13 both are not hydrogen, halogen, cyano or combinations thereof;
(2) Rι2 is not -S(O)2Rι , wherein R is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rι5 in which m is zero and W is a bond when n is zero; (3) Rι2 is not -S(O)2Rι4, wherein Rι4 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rι5 in which R8 and R9 are hydrogen, m is 1 and W is a bond when n is zero; (4) R12 is not Rι , wherein Rn4 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rι5 in which m is zero and W is O when n is zero; or (5) Rι2 is not Ru, wherein R 4 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R 5 in which m is zero and W is a bond when n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
A compound according to Claim 1 of the formula
Figure imgf000040_0001
wherein
Ri and R2 are independently hydrogen or halogen; R4 is C2-4alkyl, C3.7cycloalkyl or C^heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7 or -S(O)2R7 wherein R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rιo in which
R8 and R9 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or Rι0 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
3. A compound according to Claim 2, wherein R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
4. A compound according to Claim 1 of the formula
Figure imgf000041_0001
wherein
R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl;
R4 is C2- alkyl, C3.7cycloalkyl or C^heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7 or -S(O)2R7 wherein R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rιo in which
R8 and R9 are, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; Rio is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or Rno and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5;
Y is CH or nitrogen; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
5. A compound according to Claim 4, wherein
R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
6. A compound according to Claim 1 of the formula
Figure imgf000042_0001
wherein
R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl;
R4 is C2-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl or C^heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7 or -S(O)2R7 wherein R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R10 in which
R8 and R9 are, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; Rio is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or Ri0 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
7. A compound according to Claim 6, wherein R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
8. A compound according to Claim 1 of the formula
Figure imgf000043_0001
wherein
R3 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, acyl, sulfonyl, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, acylamino, sulfonamido or alkoxycarbonyl;
R4 is C2-4alkyl, C3.7cycloalkyl or Cs^heterocycloalkyl;
R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, R7, -C(O)R7, or -S(O)2R7 wherein R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-Ri0 in which
R8 and R9 are, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R o is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or R 0 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; provided that: (1 ) R5 and R6 are not halogen when n is zero; or (2) R5 is not -S(O)2R7l wherein R7 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R10 in which m is zero, W is a bond and R10 is Cι-3alkyl when n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
9. A compound according to Claim 8, wherein R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
10. A compound according to Claim 1 of the formula
Figure imgf000044_0001
wherein
Ri and R2 are independently hydrogen or halogen;
R4 is C2-4alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl or C^heterocycloalkyl;
Ri2 and Rι3 are independently hydrogen, halogen, cyano, Rι , -C(O)R14, or -S(O)2R wherein
Rι4 is -(CR8R9)π,-W-Ri5 in which
R8 and R9 are, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl; W is a bond, O, S or -NRn in which
Ru is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R15 is cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl; or Rι5 and Ru, combined, are alkylene which together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- to 7-membered ring; m is zero or an integer from 1 to 5; n is zero or an integer of 1 or 2; provided that: (1) Rι2 and R 3 both are not hydrogen, halogen, cyano or combinations thereof; (2) R12 is not -S(O)2Rι4 wherein Rι4 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R15 in which m is zero and W is a bond when n is zero; (3) Rι2 is not -S(O)2R 4, wherein RM is -(CR8R9)m-W-Rι5 in which R8 and R9 are hydrogen, m is 1 and W is a bond when n is zero; (4) Rι2 is not Rι4, wherein R 4 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R 5 in which m is zero and W is O when n is zero; or (5) Rι2 is not Rι4, wherein Rι4 is -(CR8R9)m-W-R 5 in which m is zero and W is a bond when n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
11. A compound according to Claim 10, wherein R4 is cyclopentyl; n is zero; or an optical isomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
12. A method for the activation of glucokinase activity in mammals which method comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 1.
13. A method for the prevention and/or treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity in mammals which method comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 1.
14. The method according to Claim 13, which method comprises administering said compound in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of insulin, insulin derivative or mimetic; insulin secretagogue; insulinotropic sulfonylurea receptor ligand; PPAR ligand; insulin sensitizer; biguanide; alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; GLP-1 , GLP-1 analog or mimetic; DPPIV inhibitor; PTP-1 B inhibitor; HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; squalene synthase inhibitor; FXR or LXR ligand; cholestyramine; f ibrates; nicotinic acid or aspirin.
15. A method for the treatment of impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2 diabetes and obesity which method comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 1.
16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 1 in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 1 in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of insulin, insulin derivative or mimetic; insulin secretagogue; insulinotropic sulfonylurea receptor ligand; PPAR ligand; insulin sensitizer; biguanide; alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; GLP-1, GLP-1 analog or mimetic; DPPIV inhibitor; HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; squalene synthase inhibitor; FXR or LXR ligand; cholestyramine; fibrates; nicotinic acid; or aspirin.
18. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16 or 17 for the treatment of impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2 diabetes and obesity.
19. A compound of formula 1 according to claim 1 , for use as a medicament.
20. Use of a compound of formula 1 according to claim 1 , for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity activity.
21. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16 or 17, for use as medicament.
22. Use of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16 or 17, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of conditions associated with glucokinase activity.
23. Use according to any one of claims 20 or 22 wherein the conditions associated with glucokinase activity is selected from impaired glucose tolerance, Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome X and obesity.
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