WO2004107375A1 - Electrical switch - Google Patents

Electrical switch Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004107375A1
WO2004107375A1 PCT/CN2004/000563 CN2004000563W WO2004107375A1 WO 2004107375 A1 WO2004107375 A1 WO 2004107375A1 CN 2004000563 W CN2004000563 W CN 2004000563W WO 2004107375 A1 WO2004107375 A1 WO 2004107375A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
switch
circuit
contact
hook
moving
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CN2004/000563
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Ping Liu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US10/558,844 priority Critical patent/US7623010B2/en
Priority to EP04738184.3A priority patent/EP1638121B1/en
Priority to JP2006529559A priority patent/JP4590409B2/ja
Publication of WO2004107375A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004107375A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/16—Magnetic circuit arrangements
    • H01H50/18—Movable parts of magnetic circuits, e.g. armature
    • H01H50/32—Latching movable parts mechanically
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/54—Contact arrangements
    • H01H50/60—Contact arrangements moving contact being rigidly combined with movable part of magnetic circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H89/00—Combinations of two or more different basic types of electric switches, relays, selectors and emergency protective devices, not covered by any single one of the other main groups of this subclass
    • H01H89/06—Combination of a manual reset circuit with a contactor, i.e. the same circuit controlled by both a protective and a remote control device
    • H01H89/08—Combination of a manual reset circuit with a contactor, i.e. the same circuit controlled by both a protective and a remote control device with both devices using the same contact pair
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/54—Contact arrangements
    • H01H50/546—Contact arrangements for contactors having bridging contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/10—Operating or release mechanisms
    • H01H71/12—Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release
    • H01H71/24—Electromagnetic mechanisms
    • H01H71/2436—Electromagnetic mechanisms with a holding and a releasing magnet, the holding force being limited due to saturation of the holding magnet

Definitions

  • the invention is a device for turning on and off the circuit between a load and a power source. It is called a power switch. It can be single-phase or multi-phase. This article mainly introduces three-phase power switches.
  • the load is Three-phase AC motor. Background technique
  • the product of TE Company has been disassembled and analyzed by the inventor, which is too complicated to describe. At the same time, the product remains closed like a contactor and consumes electricity.
  • the switch has a simple structure. The inventor has made a sample, and Save electricity.
  • German Moeller company also has a compact motor starter, which only changes the traditional air circuit breaker, contactor and thermal relay into a plug-in type, which makes the system smaller.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a power switch for an on-off circuit.
  • the power switch integrates the functions of a circuit breaker, a contactor, and a protection relay for on-off and protection of a circuit. It can not only operate as frequently as a contactor, but also cut off a large short-circuit current like an air switch.
  • the switch has the characteristics of small size and compact structure, and also saves energy.
  • the present invention provides a power switch for an on-off circuit, which includes an on-off circuit mechanism provided with more than one set of moving and static contacts; An electromagnetic transmission mechanism for making the contacts act to realize the connection circuit; a housing accommodating the movable and static contacts and an arc extinguishing mechanism provided in the casing and corresponding to the movable and static contacts; connected to the bottom and accommodating A housing of the electromagnetic transmission mechanism; a platen connected to the housing, which It is provided with a holding mechanism which is placed on the platen and is used for holding the contact mechanism to turn on the circuit after the contact mechanism is turned on.
  • the holding mechanism is electromagnetic type, and the electromagnetic type
  • the holding mechanism is provided with a set of electromagnetic suction mechanism.
  • the moving iron core of the electromagnetic suction mechanism is made into a hook or top stop structure. When the electromagnetic suction mechanism is powered, the moving iron core is sucked, and the moving iron core makes the The contact mechanism keeps the circuit on. .
  • the hook or the top stop of the holding mechanism keeps the switch closed by hanging or pushing the bolt, and further includes a coil, a magnetically permeable plate, a bracket, and a tension spring; the hook and the magnetically conductive
  • the top of the plate intersects and has a bevel at the hook portion to facilitate breaking off from the moving bolt.
  • the holding mechanism is of an elastic type, and the hook or the top stop of the holding mechanism keeps the switch closed by an elastic force, and further includes a spring, a stop button, and a reset button, the hook or the top The stop is attached to the moving bolt.
  • the over-current mechanism includes a set of electromagnets corresponding to each phase circuit and a set of associated chains.
  • a lever mechanism which has a lever that quickly pushes open the moving iron core of the holding mechanism when an overcurrent occurs, and includes a spring, a push plate, a push rod, and a bracket.
  • the selection switch includes a set of moving and static slides.
  • the moving slide moves with the knob lever, and the selection switch can be rotated and vertical. Movement to control the working state of the switch.
  • the power switch further includes a comprehensive protector.
  • the comprehensive protector is provided with a thermal element operating device corresponding to each phase circuit. When there is an over-limit current, the thermal element operates to switch off the switch.
  • the protector is further provided with a phase loss mechanism corresponding to the main circuit and cuts off the switch when detecting a phase loss.
  • This switch is a combination appliance. It includes two parts, the switch and the protection. Its structure can be illustrated in Figures 10, 11, 17, and so on. It can be divided into non-selective and non-selective types according to whether there is a selective switch. Circuit, the others use the circuit of FIG. 2 or FIG. 3. '
  • the switch part includes: a contact and a closing mechanism, a holding mechanism using a hook or a top stop, a current limiting mechanism, a connection support mechanism and a selection switch mechanism.
  • the protection part includes: an overload protection mechanism, an overcurrent protection mechanism, a phase loss protection mechanism, and a reset mechanism.
  • the selector switch When the switch is over-current, the selector switch immediately pops up and cuts off the switches K2, K3, and SA, and strikes the hook E1 to unhook the hook E1, thereby breaking the switch.
  • the switch can only be closed after the selector switch is pressed and reset.
  • the protection mechanism cuts off the contact K1 to de-energize the coil W2, and the switch trips. Only by resetting the protection mechanism can the switch be closed again.
  • the air switch is manually operated, and its breaking capacity is high (take 32A400V air circuit breaker as an example, domestic has a breaking capacity of 50000A, about 1562 times the rated current), but it has a short life and should not be started frequently.
  • the contactor is electrically operated, has a long life and can be started frequently, but its breaking capacity is only 10 times the rated current.
  • the reason why the breaker has higher breaking capacity than the contactor is mainly because it has a faster breaking speed. As for the breaking speed of the contactor is slow, the inventor believes that there are two main factors. One is that its mass is heavier than that of an open circuit, and the other is that the main contactor has residual magnetism at the moment of power failure.
  • the switch is small in size and simple in structure.
  • the selective switch can be used for near control, stop and remote control, which is convenient and flexible.
  • the holding coil capacity of the switch does not exceed 5% of the pull-in coil is energy-saving;
  • the switch adopts a hook structure, and the contact pressure is stable. Unlike the pull-in coil of the traditional product, which is affected by changes in the grid voltage, it has a sine wave fluctuation and the contacts are easily damaged; 4.
  • the overcurrent action process of this switch is short and the response is fast.
  • the practical effect of this switch is good.
  • TE products are said to have a breaking capacity of 50KA, it is rare in practice.
  • the maximum short-circuit current of a 560KVA transformer is only 16.7KA, and a 1800KVA transformer has only 48KA.
  • the switch often encounters a partial short circuit.
  • the short circuit current is only several times larger than the rated current. It can't make the product's striking rod action or the circuit breaker of the compact motor starter, and just make the voltage of their suction coil circuit lower, the suction force is less than the reaction force, they will break, because the coil also With a certain suction, the breaking speed will be slow, and the contacts will be easily burned by arc.
  • the load is not short-circuited, the grid voltage is low, and the contacts of the switch are easily damaged.
  • the switch adopts a trip breaking mechanism, the breaking speed is mainly affected by the reaction force. Even if the coil is tripped due to the low voltage, the breaking speed does not change. Therefore, the above-mentioned problem does not exist, so it is more practical and more reliable. Because this switch adopts a hold-coil type trip mechanism, the residual magnetism is small and can be ignored, and at the same time, its reaction force can be made larger. Its current-limiting mechanism moves faster, so it can cut off a large short-circuit current like an air switch, and it also saves energy. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a selective power switch
  • Figure 2 is a circuit diagram of a non-selective power switch
  • FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of an electric starter and a spring-hold electric switch
  • Figure 4 (a) is a schematic diagram of the state after the selection switch is closed
  • Figure 4 (b) is a schematic diagram of the state after the selection switch is opened
  • Figure 4 (c) is the action path of the selector switch
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a moving slide shown in FIGS. 4 (a) and 4 (b);
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a fixed slide shown in FIGS. 4 (a) and 4 (b);
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of the elastic push block shown in FIGS. 4 (a) and 4 (b);
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the working position of the selector switch, where Fig. 9 (a) represents a remote control state, Fig. 9 (b) represents a stop state, and Fig. 9 (c) represents a through state;
  • FIG. 10 is a top view of the vertical bolt switch
  • FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a hook-type switch
  • FIG. 12 is a sectional view of a top stop switch
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic structural diagram of the movable bolt shown in FIGS. 11 and 12;
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic structural diagram of a holding structure shown in FIG. 11;
  • FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a hook structure shown in FIG. 11;
  • FIGS. 11 and 12 are schematic diagrams of a current limiting structure shown in FIGS. 11 and 12;
  • FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of the power switch according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 18 is a schematic structural diagram of a switch with a contact at an upper end
  • Figure 18 (a) is a circuit diagram of the electronic release
  • 19 is a schematic structural diagram of a non-selective switch with a contact at the upper end; 20 is a plan view and a cross-sectional view of a side-hook power switch;
  • 21 is a schematic structural diagram of a single-contact side-hook power switch
  • FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of the side-hook power switch shown in FIG. 20;
  • FIG. 23 is a schematic structural diagram of a holding mechanism of the side-hook power switch shown in FIGS. 20 and 22;
  • FIG. 24 is a schematic structural diagram of a current limiter shown in FIG. 20;
  • FIG. 25 is a schematic structural diagram of another current limiter shown in FIG. 20;
  • FIG. 26 is a schematic structural diagram of a mechanical switch with electric starting and elastic retention
  • FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram of the cooperation between the hook and the moving bolt of the elastic retention type shutter
  • FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram of a shape of a connection shaft of the switch shown in FIG. 26; FIG.
  • FIG. 29 is a schematic structural diagram of an electromechanical protector
  • FIG. 30 is a schematic structural diagram of another electromechanical protector
  • FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram of a contact structure of the electromechanical protector shown in FIG. 30;
  • FIG. 32 is a state diagram of the protector shown in FIG. 30 after overcurrent
  • FIG. 33 is a phase loss control circuit of the protector shown in FIG. 29;
  • FIG. 34 is a schematic structural diagram of a connecting shaft and a compensating piece of the protector shown in FIG. 30;
  • FIG. 35 is a schematic diagram of components of the protector shown in FIG. 30; FIG.
  • FIG. 36 is a schematic diagram of a state after the protector shown in FIG. 30 is tripped
  • FIG. 37 is a schematic structural diagram of an overload lever of the protector shown in FIG. 30;
  • FIG. 38 is a schematic structural diagram of a bracket of the protector shown in FIG. 30; FIG.
  • Figure 39 is a schematic structural diagram of an arc-moving contact
  • FIG. 40 is a schematic structural diagram of a V-shaped contact
  • Figure 41 is a switch provided with a fuse
  • FIG. 42 is a schematic structural diagram of a switch with a moving iron core and a moving bolt separated
  • 43 is a schematic structural diagram of another type of shutter with a moving iron core and a moving bolt separated;
  • FIG. 44 is a schematic structural diagram of an impact switch
  • FIG. 45 is a structural schematic diagram of a switch manufactured by a TE company.
  • FIG. 46 is a schematic diagram of the state of the non-selective switch when the overcurrent display, breaking, and reset mechanism is reset
  • FIG. 47 is a schematic diagram of the state of the non-selective switch when the overcurrent display, breaking, and reset mechanism is feedback
  • FIG. 49 is a top view of the shutter shown in FIG. 48, wherein the schematic structure of the auxiliary contact position and the slideway is provided
  • 50 is a sectional view of the switch shown in FIG. 48;
  • FIG. 51 is a circuit diagram of the switch shown in FIG. 48;
  • FIG. 52 is a side view of a selection switch according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 53 is a schematic diagram of a knob position when the selection switch shown in FIG. 52 is turned on;
  • FIG. 54 is a schematic diagram of a knob position when the selection switch shown in FIG. 52 is turned off;
  • FIG. 55 is a circuit on / off diagram of the selection switch shown in FIG. 52;
  • FIG. 56 is a schematic structural diagram of a current limiting mechanism
  • FIGS. 48, 49, 50, and 52 are schematic structural diagrams of a suction iron of the switch shown in FIGS. 48, 49, 50, and 52;
  • FIGS. 48, 49, 50, and 52 are schematic structural diagrams of a push rod of the switch shown in FIGS. 48, 49, 50, and 52;
  • Fig. 59 is a structural diagram of an insulating bracket. detailed description
  • the circuit in Figure 1 is one of the features of the present invention. This circuit uses the contacts in the switch to ensure that the switch is powered off immediately after the switch is switched on, keeping the coil energized to form a self-protection state.
  • the ground button operation it is simpler than a contactor without a self-protection line.
  • Figure 1 is the preferred circuit of the selective power switch.
  • the large dashed box in the figure is the components and circuits in the switch.
  • A, B, and C are the input power terminals
  • a, b, and c are the input load terminals
  • xl, xll , X2, x22 are output auxiliary contact terminals
  • L, N are control power terminals
  • Wl, W2 are control terminals
  • K is the main contact and auxiliary contact of the switch
  • W1 is the pull-in coil
  • W3 is overcurrent
  • the control mechanism is a comprehensive protector in the Z wire frame. Some integrated protectors include W3 and W2.
  • the coil is a holding coil mechanism. It includes the holding coil W2 and components such as rectification, freewheeling, and display. They are mounted on the component board EJ.
  • the selection switch is inside the h frame line, and the pickup coil of this circuit can also be powered by DC.
  • Other types of switches use the circuit of Figure 2 or Figure 3.
  • the power gate is divided into selection type and non-selection type.
  • the working state of the selection type detent is determined by the selection switch.
  • the selection switch is one of the features of the present invention. It has two functions of selecting the working state and breaking circuit, and it has two operation modes of rotation and vertical.
  • Figure 4 (a :), (b) are the structural diagrams of the selector switch, and the frame of Figure lh is its circuit. It has three switches, K2,
  • K3, SA which includes knob 2 and knob 26.
  • the knob lever 26 is provided with a bowl-shaped complex ring 27, and the upper end of the knob lever 26 Flat and rounded at the lower end. See Figure 7 for its structure.
  • Z4 and Z5 represent springs
  • 28 represents a branch pipe
  • 29 represents a moving slide.
  • the middle is a long hole that cooperates with the knob lever 26, followed by the ring gear, and then the contact area.
  • the buttons on both sides are used to limit the rotation interval.
  • the structure of the moving slide is shown in Figure 5.
  • Reference numeral 30 denotes a fixed slide, in which a hole through the complex ring 27 is followed, followed by a tooth circle, and a contact area again, with fixed contacts fl, f2, G, and f4, and the buttons on both sides are used for fixing. Function, the structure of the fixed slide is shown in Figure 6. There is a groove between each contact to increase the creepage distance. The ring gears of the moving and fixed slides cooperate with each other to determine the gear position.
  • Reference numeral 32 denotes a pusher made of an elastic material, and its structure is shown in FIG. 8.
  • the fixed slide 29, the spring Z4 and the pusher 32 are all strung on the knob lever 26.
  • the front end of the knob lever 26 is held by the side of the knob lever 26, and the rear end is pushed by the pad 33.
  • the pad 33 is riveted on the knob lever. 26 on.
  • the rear end of the spring Z4 can also be blocked directly by the bracket 88.
  • the fixed slide 29 can be at the rear end of the Z4 or can be directly blocked by the bracket 88.
  • the fixed slider 29 can move in the direction of the spring Z4, and the fixed slider 29 and the pusher 32 can rotate with the knob 26.
  • the knob lever 26 is fixed to the bracket 88 through the fastener 31 and the branch pipe 28 through 30. After being placed on the spring Z5, it can be fixed on the platen 68 of the switch, as shown in Figs. 4 (a) and 4 (b).
  • the selection switch has three-position and four-position. Its working path is shown in Figure 4 (c). It can rotate in the direction shown by the arrow to select the working state.
  • the working state of each gear is as follows:
  • D1 remote control When the selector switch points to this position, K2 and 3 are on and SA is off. At this time, the switch can only be operated by remote button, and can be turned on or off.
  • D4 through lock Only the four-position selector switch has a through lock position and push-lock 32. When the selector switch is turned from the through to the through lock position. K2, K3, SA are all off, and the pusher 32 is against El, so that E1 locks the moving bolt.
  • the non-selective power switch does not have a selective switch, it uses the circuit of Figure 2.
  • Figure 10 is a top view of the vertical bolt switch, which includes two parts of the switch and comprehensive protection.
  • the switch part has a current limiter.
  • Fig. 11 is a sectional view of a switch using a hook mechanism to maintain the switch closed
  • Fig. 12 is a top view using a top A cross-sectional view of the switch that the pressure mechanism maintains the switch closed. They all use the circuit of FIG. 1, which will be explained below: a. Contact and closing mechanism
  • the mechanism includes a pull-in coil W1, a fixed iron core 15, a fixed contact 17, a movable contact 14, an arc guide 89 and an arc extinguisher 6, and the contact mechanism is of a repulsive type.
  • the moving iron core 16 and the moving bolt 19, the connecting plate 20, the insulating connecting frame 21 and the moving contact 14 are connected together.
  • the moving iron core 16 When the coil W1 is energized, the moving iron core 16 is attracted, the moving iron core 16 drives the moving contact 14, the moving bolt 19, the connecting plate 20, and the insulating connection frame 21 to move in the direction of F1, and the moving iron core 16 and the moving contact 14 Closed separately from the static iron core and the static contact.
  • 93 is a rubber pad, which is used to reduce vibration and reduce residual magnetism.
  • This mechanism is one of the features of the present invention. It adopts a hook or a top stop El to keep the switch closed by hanging or pushing the moving bolt 19. It cooperates with the moving bolt 19 and can be installed in different positions. The difference is that it has several structures such as electromagnetic retention type, elastic retention type and push-down retention type.
  • Wl, W2, and W3 all represent electromagnetic iron.
  • the electromagnet includes an iron core and a winding.
  • the drawings in this document are all represented by coils or Wl, W2, and W3.
  • the electromagnetic holding type includes W2 and related components in the W2 frame in FIG. 1, including a hook or a top stop El, a movable bolt 19, a magnetically permeable plate 23, a bracket 69, and a tension spring Z1.
  • FIG. 14 shows its structure.
  • FIG. 15 is a component diagram of the hook E1 and a structural diagram of the intersection of the top end of the magnetic plate 23 and E1.
  • the X plane of the hook E1 is an inclined plane, that is, the X plane and the F1 direction have an angle ⁇ , which is beneficial to El and Breaking of the moving bolt 19.
  • the movable bolt 19 is one of the features of the present invention, and is a component of the holding mechanism. It can be installed on the iron core and the iron core end of the contact as shown in Figs. 11 and 17, or as shown in Fig. 43. It can be installed at the contact end, or it can be installed at the end of the iron core parallel to the contacts, as shown in Figs. 20 and 21, or installed at other positions that can keep the switch on.
  • Fig. 13 is a structural diagram of the moving bolt 19.
  • the current-limiting mechanism is one of the features of the present invention. It is connected to the main circuit, and the action is direct, concise, and the inherent time is short. Therefore, the ability to interrupt the expected short-circuit current is large.
  • the current limiting mechanism is composed of coil W3, tension spring Z3, push plate 86, push rod 87, and bracket 90. Its specific structure is shown in Figure 16. In the figure, 91 is the winding core, 92 is the winding insulation shell, and the winding wire is wound around it.
  • the coil W3 as a current limiter is connected in series on the main circuit.
  • the switch is overcurrent (the overcurrent value is selected by 12-16 times the rated current)
  • the push plate 86 is sucked, and it pushes the push rod 87 to move in the direction of F2.
  • Putter 87 push hook El, hanging Hook El and cock 19 trip, and the switch trips.
  • the push rod 87 is released from the complex ring 27 at the other push of the selector switch, and the spring Z5 makes the knob 2 and the components stringed on the complex ring 26 jump in the direction of F3 until the bracket 88 stops the pad 33.
  • the table 68 is provided with a selection switch, a current limiting mechanism, and a holding mechanism. There is a hole in the middle, and the movable bolt 19 can pass through.
  • FIG. 17 is a structure of a switch.
  • the switch part includes a current limiting mechanism.
  • the position of the integrated protector and the current limiting mechanism is different from the foregoing, and the working principle is basically the same.
  • Figure 18 shows a power switch with contacts at the top.
  • Figure 19 is a power switch with contacts at the upper end, and its hook is also different from the previous ones.
  • Figures 18 and 19 do not have a selector switch, and both can use the circuit of Figure 2.
  • the attracting coil, moving iron core, fixed iron core, and contact mechanism of the aforementioned switch are all connected in a line, commonly known as a direct-acting type.
  • the switch introduced in this section is a combination of the attracting, tripping mechanism and contact mechanism.
  • Side-by-side installation commonly known as rotary, with structure similar to CJ10-60 contactor.
  • Fig. 20 is a plan view of the switch including a comprehensive protector after removing the shell, and a sectional view of plane F.
  • Fig. 22 is a sectional view of plane E.
  • the coupling shaft 84 and the connecting rod 85 are connected to the moving iron core and the moving contact so that they
  • the linkage and the structure and working principle of the selector switch and the comprehensive protector of this switch are the same as those of the vertical bolt type, but the positions are different. The combination of this position can have various forms according to the needs. Here is omitted.
  • Hook and drop bolt are the opposite, as shown in Figure 23.
  • 40 is an adjusting nut
  • 41 is an insulating jacket
  • 42 is an iron pillar
  • 43 is an iron core
  • B5 is a punch. It is made of a non-ferromagnetic material, and the wire is wound outside the insulating jacket 41.
  • the coil W3 sucks the punch B5, the punch B5 pushes the teeth 65 to rotate the shaft 64, the shaft 64 rotates and the teeth 87 push the hook El, the hook El and the movable pin 19 are tripped, the switch trips, At the same time, the teeth 87 are disengaged from the moving slide 29, the selection switch is raised, and the power of the switch is cut off. At the same time, the teeth 62 hit the connecting frame 21 to increase the switching speed of the switch.
  • Some side-hook switches have a single contact structure. As shown in Figure 21, the contacts are directly mounted on the connecting frame 21, and connected to the connecting terminal 18 through a flexible wire 66.
  • the connecting frame 21 and the tail end of the connecting rod 85 are both The coupling shaft 84 rotates around the coupling shaft 84 as an axis, and its working principle is the same as that described above.
  • Fig. 26 is a switch which is closed or opened by electric power, and the switch maintains the closed or opened state by elastic force. It adopts the circuit of Fig. 3.
  • Zl, Z6, Z8, and Z9 are springs
  • ST is a manual stop button
  • SF is a manual reset button
  • JR is an overload actuator
  • E3 is a temperature compensation plate. The other components have been described before.
  • the moving bolt 19 is attached to the hook E1.
  • the switch is closed, the moving bolt 19 falls into the hook of the hook E1, and the tension spring bears against the hook E1 to make the hook E1 hook the moving bolt 19. Keep the switch closed.
  • press the manual stop button TA to energize the coil W2 to be electrically opened, and press the manual stop button ST to open manually.
  • the open part of the power switch can have various combinations. According to the different holding methods, there are electromagnetic holding type, elastic holding type and push-hold holding type. Depending on whether there is a selective switch, there are selective and non-selective types. Current limiting devices include switches with and without current limiting, etc., which are not listed here one by one.
  • Fig. 29 is a front view and a cross-sectional view of the protector after the cover is removed
  • Figs. 11 and 12 are schematic diagrams of its cooperation with the switch on the A-view surface
  • Figs. 18 and 20 are schematic diagrams of its cooperation with the switch on the B-view surface.
  • the protector in Figure 29 has over current, overload and phase loss protection functions.
  • W3 is an overcurrent element. It can be made according to Figure 24 or 25.
  • JR is a thermal protection element. It is bent in the direction of F7 when heated.
  • 4 is the overload adjustment lever, which rotates around Q1 as the axis, and can adjust the overload current value within the range of F.
  • the connecting shaft Bl, the overload adjustment lever 4, the coil W5, and the push plate 74 are all fixed by the bracket 76, and are finally installed in the shell Within 70.
  • the overcurrent element W3 is inserted on the connecting plate 72, the connecting plate 72 is fixed on the shell 70, and the punch B5 is close to the connecting shaft Bl.
  • the shape of the connecting shaft B1 is shown in FIG. 28, which has two rows of teeth. Three punches B5 corresponding to the overcurrent element W3 in the horizontal row, three of the vertical rows correspond to the thermal protection element JR, and the other tooth corresponds to the push plate 74.
  • the push plate 74 is fixed to the overload adjustment lever with Q2 as the axis. 4, the push plate 74 presses the compensation plate E3.
  • the connection shaft B1 is rotated.
  • the connection shaft B1 presses the push plate 74, the push plate 74 presses the temperature compensation plate E3, and the temperature compensation plate E3 pushes the switch Kl. Switch K1 is off and the switch trips.
  • the switch K1 and the coil W5 in Figure 29 can be used as small relays. Its normally closed point is the switch K1, and the coil is W5. It forms a phase-loss control circuit with wire ⁇ W4 and iron core 9, as shown in Figure 33.
  • Each phase of the coil W4 uses a single iron core, a single coil output, and a three-phase coil connected in series. Its output is rectified and filtered and input to the coil W5. If the three-phase power supply is balanced and all are on, the output of coil W4 will be zero. If there is no phase, there will be output, and then switch K1 will be attracted by coil W5.
  • the selection of the operating value of the coil W5 is determined according to the rated current.
  • the three-phase power supply is allowed to have an imbalance of 20%, that is, the coil W4 is allowed to have an output rated current of 20%, and the coil W5 can not be operated for a long time.
  • Figure 30 is a front view and a cross-sectional view of the protector.
  • Figure 17 is a schematic diagram of the connection between the protector and the switch.
  • the protector includes overload and phase loss protection functions.
  • R2 in the figure is the working status light.
  • the overcurrent lever B2, the spring Z6, the tension spring Zl, the block E2, the coil W4, and the coil W5 constitute a phase-loss action mechanism.
  • the coil W5 sucks the gear E2, so that the gear E2 and the overcurrent lever B2 are tripped.
  • the overcurrent lever B2 is springed up by the spring Z6.
  • the overcurrent lever B2 brings K1 up to make the switch K1 contact is open.
  • the structure of K1 is shown in Figure 31. It is an elastic copper sheet with two semi-circular contacts. When the overcurrent bar B2 jumps up, it is obviously high on the surface of the protector, as shown in Figure 32. To reset, just press the overcurrent bar B2.
  • the overload lever B4 and the coupling shaft B3, the compensation piece E3, the thermal element JR, and the spring Z7 constitute an overload action mechanism.
  • the structure of the coupling shaft B3 and the compensation piece E3 is shown in FIG. 34. It has a row of three teeth.
  • the front end of the patch E3 is made into a hook to buckle the overload lever B4, and the rear end is clamped in the coupling shaft B3.
  • the two ends of the coupling shaft B3 are cylindrical for fixing and rotating, and Z9 is against the coupling shaft B3.
  • the pedestal 77 of the overload rod is specially made into an eccentric circular shape, and the radius from the low point to the high point is selected according to the bending degree of the current received by the thermal element JR.
  • Fig. 38 shows the structure of the bracket 76, and the overflow rod B2, the coupling shaft B3, and the overload rod B4 are all fixed by it.
  • Figure 26 is a mechanical trip type electric gate.
  • the left part of the figure is a comprehensive protector. Its structure and principle have been described above.
  • Figure 18 (a) is the circuit diagram of the electronic tripping type comprehensive protector.
  • the coil W4 is a transformer for detecting the current change of the main circuit
  • DP is a power transformer
  • AD is an electronic controller, and it can be an integrated circuit. Or directly use a microcontroller.
  • the working process of the electric integrated protector is based on the current change detected by W4, and compares whether the load is overcurrent, overload and phase loss, and decides whether to trip based on the comparison result.
  • the controller using a single-chip microcomputer can be designed to display the current and voltage of each phase of the controlled load, and display the ambient temperature, humidity, time and cumulative start times. It can record each overcurrent, overload or phase loss. The phase sequence of the current, voltage or phase loss of the controlled load within a period of time before tripping. It can also use audible and visual alarms.
  • the electronic protector can be combined with the aforementioned electromechanical protector to form a comprehensive protector, that is, the structure and function of the organic electric type and the electronic structure and function on a comprehensive protector.
  • Figure 29 73 in is the electronic controller.
  • switches K2 and KK3 are turned on. At this time, the shutter can perform remote button operation. If QA is turned on, the coil W1 is energized, and the switch is attracted. At this time, the moving contact 14, the moving iron core 16, the moving bolt 19, the connecting plate 20, and the insulating connecting frame 21 move in the direction of F1, the switch is closed, and the moving contact Point 14, fixed contact 17 The coil W2 is immediately energized, the hook El is sucked and closed, and the hook E1 locks the bolt 19. At this time, although the coil W1 loses power, the coil W2 is powered to make the hook E1 lock the bolt 19 to ensure the switch. ⁇ closure.
  • the switch needs to be disconnected, turn off the switch TA, de-energize the coil W2, and the hook E1 loses its suction.
  • the elastic force of the spring Z2 causes the movable contact 14, the movable iron core 16, the movable bolt 19, the connecting plate 20, and the insulating connecting frame 21 to move in the opposite direction of F1.
  • the switch is open.
  • the pusher 87 can compress the pusher 32, and the hook El is opened, so that the hook El and the movable bolt 19 are tripped, and the switch trips.
  • the non-selective switch can be equipped with an overcurrent display, disconnection and reset mechanism on the bracket 69 to control the switch K2 of FIG. 2.
  • the closed structure of this mechanism is shown in Figure 46.
  • the rod 26 is a cylinder with a bowl-shaped complex ring 27 in the middle
  • switch K2 is a standard normally open button
  • Z5 is a spring
  • 69 is a bracket.
  • the pusher 87 presses the compound ring 27, and the switch K2 is turned on.
  • the switch is overcurrent, the pusher 87 is disconnected from the lever 26, the lever 26 jumps, and the switch K2 is turned off, as shown in FIG. 47. Only by resetting the lever 26 can the switch operate normally.
  • Fig. 39 is a structural diagram of the contact, wherein T1 is a moving contact, T2 is a stationary contact, T3 is a moving contact, and T4 is a static contact.
  • T1 is a moving contact
  • T2 is a stationary contact
  • T3 is a moving contact
  • T4 is a static contact.
  • the contact shape is made into a V shape, as shown in Figure 40. Compared with the conventional semi-circular or planar contact, this contact has an increased contact area and a reduced contact resistance. 3. There are fuses inside the switch to limit the maximum short-circuit current
  • a fuse 94 is added to each phase of the main circuit to limit the maximum short-circuit current.
  • FIG. 42 is a schematic diagram of the structure.
  • the moving bolt 19, the connecting plate 20, the connecting frame 21, and the moving contact 14 are all connected together.
  • the iron core 16 is in the space.
  • the hook 96 hooks the moving iron core 16 to cause it to move the moving bolt 19, the moving contact 14 and the like together.
  • E1 hooks the moving Bolt 19 closes the switch.
  • the moving iron core When the coil is de-energized, the moving iron core is pushed back to the starting point by Zo, and the moving contact 14 and moving bolt 19 are separated. If the switch is tripped at this time, the moving contact will be opened with lighter weight and higher speed, thereby improving the short-circuit breaking capacity of the switch.
  • Figure 42 shows the structure of the iron core and the moving bolt using two return springs
  • Figure 43 shows the structure of the iron core and the moving bolt using one return spring.
  • the original design is to use the energy generated by the overcurrent of the switch to strike the bolt to increase the breaking speed.
  • Figure 20 is one of them, and its working principle has been introduced previously.
  • the aforementioned switches can be changed into impact switches, as shown in FIG. 44.
  • the coil W3 is horizontal, and the rotating shaft 64 and the push rod 87, the impact rod 65 and the attracting iron 86 are connected together.
  • the attracting iron 86 is attracted, and the push rod 87 pushes the hook El in the direction of F2 to release the hook El and the movable pin 19, and at the same time, the impact rod 65 impacts the movable pin 19, so that the movable pin 19 is relatively High speed breaking, which improves the overcurrent breaking ability of the switch.
  • This barrier can adopt a building block structure, and it can be equipped with various auxiliary functions, such as a leakage protection module.
  • the switch can also be made into explosion-proof and reversing type. Explosion-proof only need to seal the contact mechanism of the switch or the entire switch, or place the switch's contacts in a vacuum or arc-extinguishing substance.
  • the inventor has seen a vacuum DC contactor with a large pull-in coil. If the holding mechanism of the present invention is used, the energy saving effect can be very good.
  • FIGS 48, 49, 50, 51, 52 are structural views of example switches
  • Tanaka J is a standard auxiliary contact group, and its structure is similar to the auxiliary contact of a CJXI type contactor, in which the shaft 94 is provided with a moving auxiliary contact. It penetrates up and down and can move up and down in the contact group.
  • Z8 is a spring. When the switch is in the open position, spring Z8 makes contact J1 on and contact J3 off. When the switch is closed, the insulation support 21 is moved up to 94 to make contact J1 open and contact J3 open.
  • There are two auxiliary contact groups on the switch one for personal use and one for output. The contact group is embedded in a groove in the middle of both sides of the shell 10 and is clamped by the cover 1.
  • the switch is fixed and packed by the bottom 22, the casing 10, and the cover 1.
  • the shell stands with 4 pillars, and the pillars form a plane.
  • the bottom 22 has a long groove in the middle of the plane to communicate with the upper and lower parts, and there are slide rails on both sides of the groove.
  • the insulating bracket supports the moving iron core and three sets of moving contacts. Its structure is shown in Figure 59. It is connected to the moving iron core moving contacts in the form of a CJX2 contactor.
  • the platen 68 is fixed to the four pillars of the casing 10 by fasteners 31.
  • the platen 68 is at a right angle.
  • the selection switch and the holding mechanism are fixed by fasteners on the platen.
  • E1 uses a hook and the moving bolt 19 passes through the platen. 68 square hole in the middle, it is fastened by fasteners on the side of the flow mechanism.
  • the miniature buttons K4 and K5 are fixed to two holes of the bracket 88, and the upper ends of the buttons pass through the holes of the cover 1 and are exposed outside the cover 1 for operation.
  • the simple type of power switch does not need to select the switch. It only retains the holding mechanism and the overcurrent mechanism. It will turn knob 2, switch K4, switch K5, complex ring 26, moving slide 29, and fixed slide in Figures 50 and 52. All 30 are removed, leaving only the bracket 88 for fixing the iron 86 and the push rod 87.
  • Some power switches are simpler, they only retain the holding mechanism.
  • the selection switch and the current limiting mechanism are all removed, and the side of the platen 68 is also removed. Some switches retain only the holding mechanism and the selection switch.
  • the circuit of the simple switch is also simple. It removes the short circuits K2, K3, and K4 in Figure 51 and shorts them out, and removes K5 and opens it.
  • the example switch adopts the circuit of Fig. 51. Compared with Fig. 1, it only uses one normally open auxiliary contact, and its selection switch is a two-position double switch.
  • the switch When its knob 2 is parallel to the main circuit, the switch is in the control position, as shown in Figure 53, which corresponds to the on position (a) of Figure 55.
  • the switches K2 and 3 are turned off, and the remote control is controlled by the button QA, TA control, proximity control is controlled by the miniature buttons K4 and K5 on the switch.
  • the switch When the knob 2 and the main circuit of the switch are vertical, the switch is in a stop position, as shown in FIG. 54, which corresponds to the stop position (b) in FIG. 55. At this time, the switches K2, KK3 of the switch are turned off, and switches K4, KK5 are also Covered by knob 2, the switch cannot be closed.
  • the over-current control mechanism of the example switch is shown in Fig. 56, where 86 is a push plate, and the structure is shown in Fig. 57.
  • 0Z is the pivot of the push plate 86, 0Z is a slot hole on both sides of the platen 68, the two sides of the push plate 86 fit in these two grooves, and the bottom edge of the push plate 86 is the wide side, corresponding to The punch bar B5 of W3, whose top edge is a cylinder, is embedded in two side grooves of the bracket 88.
  • 87 is a push rod. Its structure is shown in Figure 58. Its two front hooks hook the top cylinder of the push plate 86. The rear axle is in the two side grooves of the bracket 69.
  • the tension spring Z3 is pulled between the push rods 87 and 23. .
  • the switch When the switch is closed, if the overcurrent causes the plunger B5 to move in the direction of F6, the plunger B5 pushes the push plate 86, the push plate 86 rotates with 0Z as the fulcrum, pulls the push rod 87, and the push rod 87 pushes the hook El to make the hook El and the moving bolt 19 are tripped, and the switch is tripped. At the same time, the push plate 86 is released from the stop of the complex ring 26, and the complex ring 26 moves in the direction of F3, so that the moving and static slides of the selection switch are separated. When the overcurrent is released, press the compound ring 26 to make it lower than the push plate 86, and the spring Z3 pulls the push plate 86 and the push rod 87 to reset the system.
  • the assembly procedure of the example switch is to first assemble the moving iron core 16 with the connection plate 20 and the insulating bracket 21, insert it into the long slot of the shell 10, and then install the tension spring Z2 and the coil Wl. 1. Fix the iron core 15, and then fix the moving bolt 19 on the connecting plate 20.
  • the platen 68 equipped with the holding mechanism, the selection switch and the overcurrent mechanism is pressed on the fixed iron core 15, the rubber plate 93 is cushioned between the push plate 68 and the fixed iron core 15, and the push plate 68 is fixed to the shell with the fastener 31
  • the fixed contact 17 is fixed on the casing 10
  • one end of the wire of the coil W3 is fixed at the 17 end with the fastener, and the other end of the wire is fixed at the terminal 18, and the movable contact 14 is inserted into the
  • the arc extinguisher 6 and the arc striking plate 89 are installed in the interior of the shell
  • the bottom 22 is fixed on the shell 10 with fasteners
  • the auxiliary contact groups are placed in the grooves on both sides of the shell.

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Description

电力开关器
技术领域
本发明是一种用于接通和断开负载和电源之间电路的装置， 称其为电力开关器， 它可以是单相或多相的， 本文主要介绍三相电力开关器， 其负载是三相交流电动机。 背景技术
1983年，法国 Telemecanique(TE)公司将 Integral 32组合电器推向市场，它代表当 今世界水平， 它的开关部分结构如图 45， 它的开关的通断由吸合线圈 WI控制. 限流 机构由限流器 W3 , 冲杆 B5， 击打杆 65组成， Z1是拉簧， Z2是弹簧. Z1力大于 Z2。 当 W1通电时， 连接板 20上抬， Z2使开关器的触点闭合， 当 W1断电时， Z1拉 20 压 Z2使触点断开， 当开关器过流时， W3吸 B5， B5使 65击打 21， 使动、 静触点以 较快的速度分断。 电流越大， 分断速度越快。 TE公司在中国申请了两项专利。 申请 号为 89108203、 89108574ο
上海电科所也开发过与 ΤΕ公司类似的产品，并获得中国专利，专利号： 95227387。
ΤΕ公司的产品， 本发明人拆析过， 太复杂了， 无法描述， 同时， 该产品象接触 器一样保持闭合状态， 费电，而本开关器结构简单， 本发明人已制成样品， 而且节电。
德国 Moeller公司也有紧凑式电动机起动器， 它只是将传统的空开、 接触器、 热 继电器改成接插式， 使系统体积小了。 发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种用于通断电路的电力开关器，所述电力开 关器将断路器、 接触器以及保护继电器的功能集中于一体， 用于通断和保护电路， 它 既可以象接触器一样频繁地操作， 又向空气幵关一样分断较大的短路电流， 该开关器 具有体积小、 结构紧凑的特点， 同时还节能。
为实现本发明的上述和其它方面， 本发明提供一种用于通断电路的电力开关器， 它包括设有一组以上用于动、 静触头的通、 断电路机构； 控制所述触头使之动作以实 现接通电路的电磁传动机构； 容纳所述动、 静触头的壳和设于壳内并与所述动、 静触 头对应的灭弧机构； 与底相连并容纳所述电磁传动机构的壳； 与壳相连的台板， 其特 征是设有置于台板上、 当所述触头机构接通后、 用于保持所述触头机构接通电路的保 持机构，所述的保持机构为电磁式的，所述的电磁式保持机构设有一组电磁吸合机构， 电磁吸合机构的动铁芯制成挂钩或顶挡结构，当电磁吸合机构得电时，动铁芯被吸住， 所述动铁芯使所述的触头机构保持电路接通。 .
在上述电力开关器中，所述保持机构的挂钩或顶挡通过挂或顶动栓的方式，保持 开关器闭合， 并进一步包括线圈、 导磁板、 支架及拉簧； 所述挂钩与导磁板的顶端相 交， 并在 钩部具有斜面， 以便于与动栓的分断。
在上述电力开关器中，所述保持机构为弹力式的，所述保持机构的挂钩或顶挡通 过弹力的方式保持开关器闭合， 并进一步包括弹簧、 停止按钮以及复位按钮， 所述挂 钩或顶挡与动栓相贴。
在上述电力开关器中， 还设有置于台板上检测、 限定过电流的限流机构， 所述的 过电流机构包含对应于每相电路的一组电磁铁和一组与之关联的链杆机构， 所述链杆 机构有在过电流时快速推开保持机构的动铁芯的杆并包括弹簧、 推板、 推杆和支架。
在上述电力开关器中， 还设有置于台板上的选择开关机构， 所述的选择开关包含 有一组动、 静滑片， 其动滑片随旋钮杆运动， 选择开关可做旋转和垂直运动， 以控制 开关器的工作状态。
在上述电力开关器中， 进一步包括综合保护器， 所述的综合保护器对应于每相电 路设有热元件动作装置， 当有过限电流时， 热元件动作使开关器分断， 所述的综合保 护器又设有对应于主电路的缺相机构并在检测缺相时分断开关器。 本开关器是组合电器， 它包括开关和保护两个部分， 它的结构可用图 10、 11、 17 等来说明， 它按是否有选择开关分选择式或非选择式， 选择式采用图 1的电路， 其它 采用图 2或图 3的电路。 '
开关部分包括： 触点和闭合机构， 采用挂钩或顶挡式的保持机构， 限流机构， 连 接支撑机构和选择开关机构。
保护部分包括： 过载保护机构， 过流保护机构、 缺相保护机构和复位机构。
本关开器的工作过程是当吸合线圈 W1得电时， 动、 静铁芯和触点闭合， 使保持 线圈 W2得电， 吸住挂钩 El， 挂钩 El即钩住或顶住动栓 19。 此时， 虽然线圈 W1失 电， 但维持闭合状态是靠绕组 W2吸住挂钩 E1而完成的， 当需分断开关器时， 使线 圈 W2失电， 挂钩 E1靠拉簧 Z1的拉力及弹簧 Z2的分力和 19迅速脱离。 当动栓 19和挂钩 El脱开后， 开关器跳闸， 弹簧 Z2使动铁芯、 动触点和静铁芯、 静触点迅速分离。
当开关器过流时， 选择开关立即弹起， 并切断开关 K2、 Κ3及 SA， 并打击挂钩 E1 , 以使挂钩 E1脱钩， 进而使开关器分断。 只有将选择开关按下复位后开关器才能 合闸。
当开关器过载或缺相时， 保护机构切断触点 K1使线圈 W2失电， 开关器跳闸， 只有使保护机构复位， 才能使开关器重新合闸。
通常， 空气开关是用人力操作的， 它的分断能力高 (以 32A400V空开为例， 国内 有分断能力 50000A, 约为额定电流的 1562倍)， 但它寿命短， 不宜频繁起动。而接触 器由电操作， 寿命长， 可频繁起动， 但它的分断能力仅有额定电流的 10倍。
为什么空开比接触器的分断能力高， 主要是它的分断速度快。 至于接触器的分断 速度慢， 本发明人认为主要有两个因素. 一是它的质量较空开重， 二是最主要的接触 器断电瞬间有剩磁。
目前， 电机控制系统中必备以下主要功能， 即过载保护、短路保护、隔离、快速、 方便控制. 这些通常是由空开 +接触器 +过载继电器来完成的。 本开关器包括上述全 部功能， 它在接通后， 线圈 W1即断电， 剩磁小。
下面就本开关器与上述产品进行比较： 1 )本开关器体积小， 结构简单， 有选择 开关可进行近控、 停止、 远控， 操作方便灵活； 2) 本开关器的保持线圈容量不超过 吸合线圈的 5%， 节能； 3 )本开关器采用挂钩结构， 触点压力稳定， 不像传统产品的 吸合线圈受电网电压变化的影响， 呈正弦波波动， 触点易损坏； 4. 本开关器的过流 动作过程短、 反应快。
特别是本开关器的实用效果好，虽然 TE的产品据称分断能力有 50KA,但实际中 罕见。如 560KVA的变压器最大短路电流只有 16.7KA, 1800KVA的变压器只有 48KA。 而实际中开关器常遇到的是部分短路， 有时， 短路电流只比额定电流大数倍。 它不能 使 TE的产品的击打杆动作或不能使紧凑型电动机起动器的断路器动作， 而恰使它们 的吸合线圈回路的电压降低，吸力小于反力，它们就会分断， 因为线圈还有一定吸力， 分断速度就慢， 触点就易拉弧烧毁。 有时， 虽然负载没有短路， 但电网电压低， 上述 开关器的触点也易损坏。
而本开关器由于采用脱扣分断机构， 分断速度主要受反力影响， 即使保持线圈因 电压低而脱扣， 分断速度也不变， 因此不存在上述问题， 因此更实用， 更可靠。 本开关器由于采用保持线圈式的脱扣机构， 因此， 剩磁小， 可以忽略， 同时， 它 的反力可以做的较大。 它的限流机构动作较快， 因此， 它可以像空气开关一样分断较 大的短路电流， 同时， 它还节能。 附图说明
参照附图， 通过以下的详细描述， 本发明的上述和其他方面、 特点和优点将变得 更加清楚， 其中- 图 1是选择式电力开关器的电路图；
图 2是非选择式电力开关器的电路图；
图 3是电力起动、 弹力保持式电力开关器的电路图；
图 4 (a)是选择开关闭合后的状态示意图；
图 4 (b) 是选择开关分断后的状态示意图；
图 4 (c) 是选择开关的动作路径；
图 5是图 4 (a) 和 4 (b)所示动滑片的结构示意图；
图 6是图 4 (a) 和 4 (b)所示定滑片的结构示意图；
图 7是图 4 (a) 和 4 (b)所示旋钮杆的结构示意图；
图 8是图 4 (a) 和 4 (b)所示弹性推挡的结构示意图；
图 9是选择开关的工作位置示意图， 其中图 9 (a) 表示远控状态， 图 9 (b)表 示停止状态， 图 9 (c) 表示直通状态；
图 10是垂栓式开关器的俯视图；
图 11是挂钩式开关器的剖视图；
图 12是采用顶挡式开关器的剖视图；
图 13是图 11和 12所示动栓的结构示意图；
图 14是图 11所示保持结构的结构示意图；
图 15是图 11所示挂钩结构的示意图；
图 16是图 11和 12所示限流结构的示意图；
图 17是本发明的实施所述电力开关器的剖视图；
图 18是一种触点在上端的开关器的结构示意图；
图 18 (a)是电子脱扣器的电路图；
图 19是一种触点在上端的非选择式开关器的结构示意图； 图 20是侧钩式电力开关器的俯视图和剖视图；
图 21是单触点的侧钩式电力开关器的结构示意图；
图 22是图 20所示侧钩式电力开关器的剖视图；
图 23是图 20、 22所示的侧钩式电力开关器的保持机构的结构示意图； 图 24是图 20所示的一种限流器的结构示意图；
图 25是图 20所示的另一种限流器的结构示意图；
图 26是一种电力起动、 弹力保持的机械式开关器的结构示意图；
图 27是弹力保持式幵关器的挂钩与动栓的配合原理图；
图 28是图 26所示的开关器的连接轴的形状示意图；
图 29是机电式保护器的结构示意图；
图 30是另一种机电保护器的结构示意图；
图 31是图 30所示机电式保护器的触点结构的示意图；
图 32是图 30所示保护器过流后的状态图；
图 33是图 29所示保护器的缺相控制电路；
图 34是图 30所示保护器的连接轴和补偿片的结构示意图；
图 35是图 30所示保护器的元件配合示意图；
图 36是图 30所示保护器脱扣后的状态示意图；
图 37是图 30所示保护器的过载杆的结构示意图；
图 38是图 30所示保护器的支架的结构示意图；
图 39是移弧触点的结构示意图；
图 40是 V型触点的结构示意图；
图 41是设有熔断器的开关器；
图 42是动铁芯和动栓分离的开关器的结构示意图；
图 43是另一种动铁芯和动栓分离的幵关器的结构示意图；
图 44是冲击式开关器的结构示意图；
图 45是 TE公司生产的开关器的结构原理图；
图 46是非选择式开关器的过流显示、 分断、 复位机构复位时的状态示意图； 图 47是非选择式开关器的过流显示、 分断、 复位机构反馈时的状态示意图； 图 48根据本发明的实施例所述开关器的主视图， 其中设有辅助触点位置； 图 49是图 48所示幵关器的俯视图，其中设有辅助触点位置和滑道的示意性结构; 图 50是图 48所示开关器的剖视图；
图 51是图 48所示开关器的电路图；
图 52是根据本发明的实施例所述选择开关的侧视图；
图 53是图 52所示的选择开关接通时的旋钮位置示意图；
图 54是图 52所示的选择开关断开时的旋钮位置示意图；
图 55是图 52所示选择开关的电路通断图；
图 56是一种限流机构的构造示意图；
图 57是图 48、 49、 50、 52所示的开关器的吸铁的结构示意图；
图 58是图 48、 49、 50、 52所示的开关器的推杆的结构示意图；
图 59是绝缘支架的结构示意图。 具体实施方式
以下将参考附图详细描述根据本发明的用于通断电路的电力开关器。
1. 电力幵关器的电路
图 1电路是本发明的特征之一， 该电路利用开关器内的触点保证开关器吸合后， 立刻使吸合线圈断电，保持线圈得电，形成自保状态，如果开关器选用远地按钮操作, 它比接触器少走一根自保线， 简单。
图 1是选择式电力开关器的首选电路，图中大虚线框内是开关器内的元件和电路， A、 B、 C是输入电源端， a、 b、 c是输入负载端， xl、 xll、 x2、 x 22是输出辅助触点 端， L、 N是控制电源端， Wl、 W2是控制端， K是开关器的主触点和辅助触点， W1 是吸合线圈， W3是过流控制机构， Z线框内是综合保护器，有的综合保护器包括 W3， W2框线内是保持线圈机构. 它包括保持线圈 W2及整流、 续流、 显示等元件， 它们 装在元件板 EJ上， h框线内是选择开关， 本电路的吸合线圈也可以采用直流供电。其 它种类的开关器选用图 2或图 3的电路。
2. 选择开关和电力开关器的工作状态
电力幵关器分选择式和非选择式， 选择式幵关器的工作状态由选择开关决定。 选择开关是本发明的特征之一， 它具有选择工作状态和分断电路两种功能， 具有 旋转和垂直两种动作方式。
图 4(a：)、 （b)是选择开关的结构图， 图 lh框线是它的电路， 它有三个开关， K2、
K3、 SA, 它包括旋钮 2、 旋钮杆 26。 旋钮杆 26上设有碗状复环 27， 旋钮杆 26上端 扁平， 下端圆， 其结构参见图 7。 Z4、 Z5表示弹簧， 28表示支管， 29表示动滑片， 其中间是与旋钮杆 26配合的长孔，其次是齿圈，再次是触点区，上有动触点 dl和 d2。 其两边的钮用于限制旋转区间， 动滑片的结构如图 5所示。 标号 30表示定滑片， 其 中间是一个通过复环 27的孔，其次是齿圆，再次是触点区，上有定触点 fl,f2,G,f4， 其 两边的钮用于固定的作用， 定滑片的结构如图 6所示。 各触点间有沟槽以增加爬电距 离。 动、 定滑片的齿圈相互配合， 用于确定挡位。 标号 32表示由弹性材料制成的推 挡， 其结构如图 8所示。
选择开关组装时， 定滑片 29、 弹簧 Z4和推挡 32都串在旋钮杆 26上， 其前端由 旋钮杆 26的边档住， 后端由垫 33顶住， 垫 33被铆在旋钮杆 26上。 弹簧 Z4的后端 也可以直接由支架 88挡住。 定滑片 29可在 Z4的后端， 也可以直接由支架 88挡住。 定滑片 29可在弹簧 Z4的弹力方向运动， 定滑片 29和推挡 32可随旋钮杆 26旋转。 然后， 将旋钮杆 26穿过 30由紧固件 31和支管 28固定在支架 88上。套在弹簧 Z5上 之后， 再固定在开关器的台板 68上即可， 如图 4 (a)、 4 (b)所示。
选择开关有三位式和四位式的，它的工作路径如图 4 (c), 它可在箭头所示的方向 内旋转， 选择工作状态， 各挡位的工作状态如下：
D1远 控： 当选择开关指向该位置时， K2、 3通， SA断。 此时， 开关器只 能在远地按钮操作， 接通或停止。
D2停 止： 当选择开关指向该位置时， K2、 K3、 SA全断， 开关器控制电源 断. 开关器分断.
D3直 通： 当选择开关指向该位置时. K2、 SA通， 开关器立即合闸。
D4直通锁定： 只有四位式的选择开关才有直通锁定位置及推挡 32。 当选择开关 由直通转向直通锁定位置时. K2、 K3、 SA全断， 推挡 32顶住 El， 使 E1锁住动栓
19而使开关器闭合， 形成推挡保持式。
三位式的选择开关在各挡位的通断状态见图 9， 图中 (a)是远控. （b)是停止， （c) 是直通。
非选择式电力开关器没有选择开关， 它采用图 2的电路。
3. 电力开关器开关部分的结构
①垂栓式电力开关器的结构
图 10是垂栓式开关器的俯视图， 它包括开关和综合保护两个部分. 开关部分带 有限流器。 图 11是采用挂钩机构维持开关器闭合的开关器的剖视图， 图 12是采用顶 压机构维持开关器闭合的开关器的剖视图，它们都采用图 1的电路，下面将分别说明： a. 触头及闭合机构
本机构包括吸合线圈 Wl， 定铁芯 15， 定触点 17， 动触点 14， 导弧片 89及灭弧 器 6， 触头机构釆用斥力型。 动铁芯 16和动栓 19， 连接板 20， 绝缘连接架 21及动触 点 14连在一起。
当线圈 W1通电时， 动铁芯 16被吸动， 动铁芯 16带动动触点 14、 动栓 19、 连 接板 20、 绝缘连接架 21沿 F1方向运动， 动铁芯 16、 动触点 14分别和静铁芯、 静触 点闭合。 图中 93是胶垫， 用于减震和减少剩磁。
b.. 保持机构
本机构是本发明的特征之一，它采用挂钩或顶挡 El，通过挂或顶动栓 19的方式， 保持开关器闭合， 它和动栓 19配合， 可以安在不同的位置， 根据保持方式的不同， 它有电磁保持式， 弹力保持式和推挡保持式等几种结构。 Wl、 W2、 W3 都代表电磁 铁， 电磁铁包括铁芯和绕组， 本文附图全用线圈或 Wl、 W2、 W3表示。
电磁保持式包括图 1中 W2框内的 W2及相关元件， 包括挂钩或顶挡 El， 动栓 19， 导磁板 23， 支架 69及拉簧 Zl， 图 14是其结构。 图 15是挂钩 E1的元件图及导 磁板 23的顶端与 E1相交处的结构图， 图中挂钩 E1的 X面是斜面， 即 X面与 F1方向 有一个夹角 α， 它有利于 El与动栓 19的分断。
当线圈 W2得电时， 挂钩 E1被吸合住， 挂钩 E1钩住或顶住动栓 19， 使开关器保 持闭合状态。
动拴 19是本发明的特征之一， 是保持机构的组成部分， 它可以象图 11、 17所示 的一样安在铁芯和触点垂直线的铁芯端， 也可以象图 43—样安在触点端， 也可以象 图 20、 21一样安在铁芯和触点并列的铁芯端， 或者安装在其它能够保持开关器接通 的位置， 图 13是动栓 19的结构图。
c 限流机构及开关器的过流跳闸
限流机构是本发明的特征之一， 它串在主回路上， 动作直接， 简练， 固有时间短， 固此分断预期短路电流的能力就大。
限流机构是由线圈 W3， 拉簧 Z3、推板 86、推杆 87及支架 90组成的， 它的具体 结构如图 16。 图中 91是绕组芯， 92是绕组绝缘壳， 绕组导线绕在它的外面。
作为限流器的线圈 W3 串在主回路上， 当开关器过流时 (过流值按额定电流 12— 16倍选)， 推板 86被吸动， 它推着推杆 87沿 F2方向运动， 推杆 87推动挂钩 El， 挂 钩 El和动栓 19脱扣， 开关器跳闹。 同时， 推杆 87在选择开关的另一推挡脱离复环 27， 弹簧 Z5使旋钮 2及串在复环 26上的元件沿 F3方向上跃， 至支架 88挡住垫 33 止。 此时， 动触点 dl、 d2和定触点 fl、 β、 β、 f4脱离， 切断了开关器的控制电源， 同时， 旋钮 2明显地高， 如图 4(b), 使人一目了然。
如果需要复位， 只需将旋钮 2按下即可。此时， 复环 27低于推杆 87， 推杆 87受 拉簧 Z3的拉力而回位， 又挡住了复环 27， 使选择开关恢复正常工作。
d. 连接支撑机构
它包括盖 1、 端盖 8、 壳 10、 底 22、 台板 68及各种连接紧固件等。 在图 11、 12 的底 22上面分几个互相隔离的室， 每个室固定两组灭弧器和一个导弧板， 并包容一 组动、 静触点. 底 22和壳 10通过紧固件相连， 底上同时有安装孔及安装卡槽， 用于 安装固定开关器。
台板 68上安有选择开关、 限流机构和保持机构， 它中间有孔， 动栓 19可穿过。 装配时， 先将动铁芯 16、连接板 20、绝缘连接架 21装入， 然后是拉簧 Z2、线圈 Wl、 定铁心 15， 最后将安好各元件的台板 68安上， 用紧固件固定好即可. 如图 10、 11、 12等.
②其它结构的开关器
图 17是一种开关器的结构， 它的开关部分包括限流机构， 它的综合保护器和限 流机构的位置与前述的不同， 工作原理基本一致。
图 18是一种触点在上端的电力开关器。
图 19是一种触点在上端的电力开关器， 其挂钩也与前几种不同。 图 18、 19都没 有选择开关， 都可釆用图 2的电路。
③侧钩式电力开关器
前述开关器的吸合线圈、 动铁芯、 定铁芯和触点机构都是串在一条线上， 俗称直 动式， 本节介绍的开关器是将吸合、 脱扣机构与触点机构并列安装， 俗称旋转式， 结 构类似于 CJ10— 60型接触器。
图 20是本开关器包括综合保护器去壳后的俯视图和 F面剖视图，图 22是 E面剖 视图， 图中连轴 84和连杆 85是连接动铁芯和动触点的， 以使它们联动， 本开关器的 选择开关和综合保护器的结构和工作原理与垂栓式的一样， 只是位置不同， 这种位置 的组合， 根据需要可有多种形式， 这里从略， 本开关器的挂钩和垂栓式的正好相反， 如图 23。 图 20中共有两个 W3， 其中开关器上的 W3是用于限制极限短路电流的， 它的结 构有多种， 如图 24、 25。 图中， 40是调整螺母， 41是绝缘外套， 42是铁柱， 43是铁 芯， B5是冲杆， 它是由非铁磁材料制成， 导线绕在绝缘外套 41外面。
当开关器过流时， 42被吸动，它会沿 F6方向运动，使冲杆 B5也沿 F6方向运动。 在图 20中， 转轴 64上有三排齿， 其中齿 65有三个， 每个对应着每相电源上的 W3上的冲杆 B5点， 齿 87有一个， 对应着挂钩 El， 齿 62对应着绝缘连接架 21。
当开关器过流时， 线圈 W3吸动冲杆 B5， 冲杆 B5推齿 65使转轴 64旋转， 转轴 64转使齿 87推挂钩 El， 使挂钩 El和动栓 19脱扣， 开关器跳闸， 同时， 齿 87脱离 动滑片 29， 选择开关跃起， 切断开关器的电源， 同时， 齿 62击打连接架 21使开关器 的分断速度提高。
有的侧钩式开关器是单触点结构， 如图 21， 它的触点直接安在连接架 21上， 通 过软线 66和接线端子 18相连， 连接架 21和连杆 85的尾端都在连轴 84上， 并以连 轴 84为轴心转动， 其工作原理同前述。
④电力起动、 弹力保持的开关器
图 26是一种电力合闸或分闸， 弹力保持合闸或分闸状态的开关器， 它采用图 3 的电路。
图中， Zl、 Z6、 Z8、 Z9是弹簧， ST是手动停止钮， SF是手动复位钮， JR是过 载动作件， E3是温度补偿板， 其余各件前已做过介绍。 分闸状态时， 动栓 19贴在挂 钩 E1上， 当线圈 W1通电时， 开关器闭合， 动栓 19落入挂钩 E1的钩中， 拉簧顶住 挂钩 E1使挂钩 E1钩住动栓 19， 维持开关器的闭合。 当需要分闸时， 按手动停止钮 TA可使线圈 W2通电电动分闸， 按手动停止钮 ST可手动分闸。
当开关器过流、 过载、 缺相时， 都使连接轴 B1按 F4的方向旋转， 使 E4脱离连 接轴 B1的阻挡而沿 F5方向前进， 垫 33击打 E1 , 使挂钩 E1与动栓 19脱扣， 开关器 跳闸， 复位时， 只需按下手动复位钮 SF即可。
前述所有的开关器都可以改成弹力保持的开关器， 其挂钩与动栓的配合原理同图
27。
综上所述电力开关器的开 部分可以有多种组合， 根据保持方式不同， 有电磁保 持式， 弹力保持式和推挡保持式， 根据是否有选择开关分选择式和非选择式， 根据是 否有限流器有带限流和不带限流的开关器等等， 这里不一一例举。
3. 综合保护器 综合保护器有多种类型， 下面将介绍几种典型结构：
①机电式一 I型
图 29是本保护器去盖后的主视图和 A剖视图，图 11、 12是它在 A视面和开关器 的配合示意图， 图 18、 20是它在 B视面和开关器的配合示意图。 图 29的保护器具有 过流、 过载及缺相保护功能。 图中 W3是过流元件， 它可按图 24或 25制做， JR是热 保护元件， 它受热向 F7方向弯曲。 4是过载调整杆， 它以 Q1为轴心转动， 可在 F范 围内调整过载电流值. 连接轴 Bl、 过载调整杆 4、 线圈 W5、 推板 74都由支架 76固 定， 最终都装在壳 70内。
过流元件 W3插在联板 72上， 联板 72固定在壳 70上， 冲杆 B5靠近连轴 Bl， 对三相负载而言， 连接轴 B1 的形状如图 28， 它有两排齿， 横排三个对应过流元件 W3的冲杆 B5， 竖排四个其中三个对应着热保护元件 JR， 另一齿对应着推板 74， 推 板 74以 Q2为轴心固定在过载调整杆 4上， 推板 74压补偿板 E3， 当开关器过载或过 流时， 使连接轴 B1转动， 连接轴 B1压推板 74， 推板 74压温度补偿板 E3， 温度补 偿板 E3推动开关 Kl， 开关 K1断， 开关器跳闸。
图 29中的开关 K1和线圈 W5可选用小型继电器， 它的常闭点即为开关 Kl， 线 圈即为 W5， 它和线圏 W4， 铁芯 9组成缺相控制电路， 如图 33。 线圈 W4每相采用 单铁芯， 单线圈输出， 三相线圈串在一起的结构， 其输出经整流、 滤波后输入线圈 W5。 如三相电源平衡并皆通时， 线圈 W4输出为零， 如缺相时， 则有输出， 则开关 K1被线圈 W5吸动。 线圈 W5动作值的选取按额定电流确定， 允许三相电源有 20% 的不平衡， 即允许线圈 W4有 20%的输出额定电流， 而线圈 W5可长期不动作。
②机电式一 II型
图 30是本保护器的主视图和 A向剖视图. 图 17是它和开关器的联接示意图，本 保护器包括过载和缺相两种保护功能， 图中 R2是工作状态灯。
在图 30中， 过流杆 B2和弹簧 Z6、 拉簧 Zl、 挡 E2、 线圈 W4、 线圈 W5组成了 缺相动作机构。 当幵关器缺相时， 线圈 W5吸动挡 E2， 使挡 E2和过流杆 B2脱扣， 过流杆 B2受弹簧 Z6的弹力而跃起， 过流杆 B2将 K1带起， 使开关 K1触点分断。 K1的结构如图 31， 它是个弹性铜片， 上面有两个半圆形触点。 当过流杆 B2跃起后， 在保护器的表面上明显地高， 如图 32， 如复位只需将过流杆 B2按下即可。
图 30中， 过载杆 B4和连轴 B3, 补尝片 E3， 热元件 JR， 弹簧 Z7组成过载动作 机构， 连轴 B3和补尝片 E3的结构如图 34， 它有一排三个齿， 每个对应着每相的过 载元件， 补尝片 E3的前端做成挂钩， 扣住过载杆 B4， 后端被夹在连轴 B3内， 连轴 B3的两端是圆柱， 用于固定和旋转， Z9顶住连轴 B3， 使其牢牢扣住过载杆 B4， 每 相的热元件 JR贴住连轴 B3的齿， 如图 35， 当热元件 JR受热弯曲使连轴 B3转动， 使补尝片 E3和过载杆 B4脱扣， 过载杆 B4弹起， K1断幵， 过载杆 B4明显地高， 如 图 36. 此时， 如复位， 只需将过载杆 B4按下即可， 补尝片 E3是用于热保护的温度 补偿。
为了调整过载电流值， 特将过载杆的台 77做成偏心圆型， 其低点到高点的半径， 按热元件 JR所受电流的弯曲度选取， 图 37是过载杆及台 77的结构图， 图 38是支架 76的结构， 过流杆 B2、 连轴 B3、 过载杆 B4都是由它固定。
③机械脱扣式
图 26是机械脱扣式电力幵关器， 图中左部是综合保护器， 其结构和原理前面都 做了介绍， 这里从略。
④电子脱扣式
图 18(a)是电子脱扣式综合保护器的电路图， 图中，线圈 W4是用于检测主回路的 电流变化的互感器， DP是电源变压器， AD是电子控制器， 它可以是集成电路或直接 采用单片机。 电于式综合保护器的工作过程是根据 W4检测出的电流变化， 比较负载 是否过流、 过载及缺相， 根据比较的结果， 决定是否跳闸。
采用单片机的控制器， 可设计成具有被控负载每相电流、 电压的显示功能， 具有 环境温度、 湿度、 时间及累计起动次数的显示功能， 它可记录下每次过流、 过载或缺 相跳闸前一段时间内的被控负载的电流、 电压值或缺相的相序， 它还可以采用声光报 警。
电子式保护器可和前述的机电式保护器结合成一体， 组成综合式保护器， 即在一 台综合保护器上即有机电式的结构和功能， 又有电子式的结构和功能. 图 29中的 73 即为电子控制器。
4. 电力开关器的工作过程
开关器的工作过程， 可用前述各图来说明， 现以图 11、 12、 17采用选择开关的 开关器为例.
当选择开关指向 D1远控位置时， 开关 K2、 Κ3通， 此时幵关器可进行远地按钮 操作。如使 QA通， 线圈 W1得电， 开关器吸合， 此时， 动触点 14、动铁心 16、动栓 19、 连接板 20、 绝缘连接架 21沿 F1方向运动， 开关器闭合， 动触点 14、 定触点 17 接通， 线圈 W2立即得电， 挂钩 El被吸动、 闭合， 挂钩 E1锁住动栓 19， 此时， 虽然 线圈 W1失电， 但线圈 W2得电使挂钩 E1锁住动栓 19而保证开关器闭合。 如需开关 器分断， 断开开关 TA， 使线圈 W2失电， 挂钩 E1失去吸力， 挂钩 E1受拉簧 Z1的拉 力及弹簧 22给动栓 19施加的压力而对挂钩 E1的 X斜面产生的分力而脱离动栓 19， 挂钩 E1和动栓 19脱扣后， 弹簧 Z2的弹力使动触点 14、 动铁心 16、 动栓 19、 连接 板 20、 绝缘连接架 21沿 F1的反方向运动， 开关器分断。
当选择开关指向 D2停止位置时， 无论开关器原工作状态如何， 开关器均分断， 远控无效。
当选择开关指向 D3直通位置时， 开关器立即合闸。 ·
当选择开关由 D3转向 D4直通锁定位置时，先是推挡 32顶住挂钩 E1.然后开关
K2、 SA断开， 开关器靠推挡 32顶住挂钩 E1而闭合， 形成推挡保持式。 当开关器在 D4位置需要停止时， 只需再转回 D2位置即可。
开关器在 D1或 D3位置闭合时，如遇过载或缺相，综合保护器的 K1触点会分断， 使线圈 W2失电， 开关器分断。 只有使综合保护器复位， 开关器才可正常工作。 如果 开关器过流， 则如第五章第 3节第 1段介绍的一样， 这里从略。
当开关器在 D4状态过流时， 因推挡 32是弹性材料， 推杆 87可压缩推挡 32， 顶 开挂钩 El， 使挂钩 El和动栓 19脱扣， 开关器跳闸。
非选择式的开关器， 可在支架 69上安一个过流显示、 分断、复位机构， 控制图 2 的开关 K2开关。 该机构的闭合状态的结构如图 46. 图中， 杆 26是个中间带有碗状 复环 27的圆柱， 开关 K2是个标准的常开按钮， Z5是弹簧， 69是支架。 正常工作时， 推杆 87压复环 27， 开关 K2通， 当开关器过流时，推杆 87与杆 26脱开， 杆 26跃起， 开关 K2断， 如图 47所示。 只有将杆 26复位， 开关器才能正常工作。
六、 提髙开关器性能的措施
1. 采用移弧触点， 提高触点寿命
图 39是本触点的结构图， 图中 T1是动触点、 T2是静触点、 T3是动触片、 T4是 静触片。 我们知道， 当两个带电体靠近时， 电荷会从距离近的尖端处释放。 移弧触点 就是利用这个原理使电弧由原来在触点处释放， 改在它处释放， 然后进入灭弧器内。
2. 改变触点形状， 增大触点接触面积
本设计是将触点形状做成 V字形，如图 40，本触点与以往的半圆型或平面式触点 相比， 接触面积增加了， 接触电阻减少丁。 3. 开关器内设熔断器， 限制最大短路电流
如图 41， 图中每相主电路增加一个熔断器 94， 用于限制最大短路电流。
4. 增加线圈的释放电路或采用双线圈结构。
5. 铁芯和动栓分离， 提髙分断速度
为了提高开关器的分断速度， 本开关器可将动铁芯和动栓分开， 以减轻动栓在分 断时的质量， 提髙分断速度。 图 42是该结构的示意图， 图中动栓 19、 连接板 20、 连 接架 21和动触点 14都连在一起，连接板上有一对弯钩 96，两块连接板夹出一块空间， 动铁芯 16在空间内。 当线圈 W1通电时， 动铁芯 16被吸合， 因弯钩 96钩住动铁芯 16使它带动动栓 19、动触点 14等一起闭合： 当线圈 W2得电时， E1钩住动栓 19， 使 开关器闭合， 当线圈 失电后， 动铁芯被 Zo顶回始点， 16和动触点 14、 动栓 19 等就分离了。 如果这时开关器脱扣， 动触点就会以较轻的质量， 较高的速度分断， 从 而提高了开关器的短路分断能力。
图 42是釆用两个回位弹簧的铁芯和动栓的结构， 图 43是采用一个回位弹簧的铁 芯和动栓的结构。
6. 采用过流冲击机构， 提高分断速度
本设计是利用开关器的过流电流产生的能量来击打动栓， 以提高分断速度。
图 20就是其中一种， 其工作原理前面已做了介绍。
前述的开关器都可以改成冲击式的开关器， 如图 44， 图中线圈 W3为卧式， 转轴 64和推杆 87， 冲击杆 65、 吸铁 86连成一体。 当线圈 W3过流时， 吸铁 86被吸动， 推杆 87沿 F2方向推挂钩 El， 使挂钩 El和动栓 19脱扣， 同时， 冲击杆 65冲击动栓 19， 使动栓 19以较高的速度分断， 从而提高了开关器的过流分断能力。
7. 采用积木式结构
本幵关器可采用积木式结构， 根据需要、 它可以加装各种辅助功能， 如加装漏电 保护模块等.
8. 其它种类的开关器
本开关器还可以做成防爆式、 换向式的。 防爆式的只需将开关器的触点机构或整 个开关器密封起来， 或者将开关器的触点置于真空中或灭弧物质中。
本发明人曾见过一种真空直流接触器，吸合线圈较大，如采用本发明的保持机构， 节能效果能非常好。
七、 电力开关器的实施例 为了便于说明电力开关器的结构和功能， 下面将本发明人制做的样机做为实施例 来叙述。
1. 实例开关器的结构
图 48、 49、 50、 51、 52是实例开关器的结构视图， 田中 J是标准辅助触点组， 其 结构类似于 CJXI型接触器的辅助触点， 其中轴 94带有动辅助触点. 它贯通上下， 可 在触点组内上下运动， Z8是弹簧。 当开关器处于开启位置时， 弹簧 Z8使触点 J1通， 触点 J3断。 当开关器闭合时， 绝缘支架 21上移顶 94使触点 J1断， 触点 J3通。 开关 器上有两套辅助触点组， 一组自用， 一组输出。 触点组嵌入壳 10在两侧中间的凹槽， 由盖 1夹住。
从图 50、 52可见， 开关器由底 22、 壳 10、 盖 1固定和包装。 壳 10下部分三个 室， 内装有动、 静触头、 灭弧器和引弧板， 壳上立 4个支柱， 柱内成一平面， 内装有 动、静铁芯、动栓、线圈 W1和底 22，平面中间有长槽连通上下部，槽的两边有滑道， 绝缘支架 21就在滑道中滑行， 如图 49剖面所示。 绝缘支架是承接动铁芯和三组动触 点的， 其结构如图 59， 它和动铁芯动触点相连的形式如同 CJX2型接触器。
台板 68被紧固件 31固定在壳 10的 4个支柱上， 台板 68成直角状， 它上面通过 紧固件固定选择开关和保持机构， E1釆用挂钩， 动栓 19穿过台板 68中间的方孔， 它 侧面由紧固件固定过流机构。
微型按钮 K4、 Κ5， 固定在支架 88的两个孔上， 按钮的上端穿过盖 1的孔， 露在 盖 1的外部， 用于操作。
简易型的电力开关器不需要选择幵关， 只保留保持机构和过流机构， 它将图 50、 52中的旋钮 2、 开关 Κ4、 开关 Κ5、 复环 26、 动滑片 29、 定滑片 30全去掉， 只留支 架 88， 用于固定吸铁 86和推杆 87。
有的电力开关器更简单， 它只保留保持机构。 选择开关和限流机构全去掉， 台板 68的侧边也去掉， 也有的开关器只保留保持机构和选择开关。
简易型开关器的电路也简单， 它将图 51中的幵关 Κ2、 Κ3、 Κ4去掉并短路， Κ5 去掉并开路。
2. 开关器的电路与控制
实例幵关器采用图 51的电路， 与图 1相比， 它仅用了一个常开辅助触点， 它的 选择开关选用双位双开关。 它的旋钮 2和主回路平行时， 开关器处于控制位置， 如图 53，它对应于图 55的接通位置 (a),此时， 开关器的幵关 K2、 3通，远控由按钮 QA、 TA控制， 近控由开关器上的微型按钮 K4、 Κ5控制。
当旋钮 2和开关器的主回路垂直时， 开关器处于停止位置， 如图 54， 它对应于图 55的停止位置（b)， 此时开关器的开关 K2、 Κ3断、 开关 Κ4、 Κ5也被旋钮 2遮住， 开关器不能合闸。
3. 开关器的过流控制
实例开关器的过流控制机构如图 56， 图中 86是推板， 结构如图 57。 0Ζ是推板 86的转动支点， 0Ζ是在台板 68两侧开的槽孔， 推板 86的两个边正好安在这两个槽 内， 推板 86的底边是宽边， 对应着 W3的冲杆 Β5， 顶边是圆柱， 它嵌在支架 88两个 边槽内。拦住旋钮杆 26。 87是推杆， 结构如图 58， 它的两个前钩钩住推板 86的顶边 圆柱， 后轴在支架 69的两个边槽内， 拉簧 Ζ3拉在推杆 87和 23之间。
当开关器闭合时， 如过流使冲杆 Β5沿 F6方向运动时， 冲杆 Β5推推板 86， 推板 86以 0Ζ为支点旋转， 拉动推杆 87， 推杆 87推挂钩 El， 使挂钩 El和动栓 19脱扣， 开关器跳闸， 同时， 推板 86脱离复环 26的挡， 复环 26沿 F3方向运动， 使选择开关 的动、 静滑片分离。 当解除过流后， 按复环 26使其挡低于推板 86， 拉簧 Z3拉推板 86和推杆 87使系统复位。
4. 实例开关器的组装
参照以前所述的附图， 实例开关器的装配程序是， 先将动铁芯 16和连接板 20、 绝缘支架 21组装在一起，插入壳 10的长槽内，然后装拉簧 Z2、线圈 Wl、定铁芯 15， 然后将动栓 19固定在连接板 20上。将装好保持机构、选择开关和过流机构的台板 68 压在定铁芯 15上， 推板 68和定铁芯 15间垫有橡胶 93， 用紧固件 31将推板 68固定 在壳 10的 4个支柱上， 将定触点 17固定在壳 10上， 用紧固件将线圈 W3的一端导 线固定在 17端， 另一端导线固定在接线端子 18端， 将动触点 14插入到绝缘支架 21 上端， 将灭弧器 6、 引弧板 89装入壳的室内， 用紧固件将底 22固定在壳 10上， 将辅 助触点组放入到壳两侧的凹槽处， 将 KJ固定在推板 68上， 按图 51接线， 将壳 10用 紧固件固定在导磁板 23上即可， 整个开关器装配好。
尽管参考本发明的优选实施例对本发明的实施例进行了展示和描述以例示本发明的 原理， 但本发明不局限于以上所述和所述实施例。 本领域技术人员将会理解在不偏离 本发明的原理和实质的情况下， 可对这些实施例进行改变。 因此， 将可以认为， 这种 变更实施方式、 改变实施方式及其等同物也落入本发明的权利要求所限定的范围内。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1. 一种用于通断电路的电力开关器， 它包括设有一组以上用于动、 静触头的通、 断电路机构； 控制所述触头使之动作以实现接通电路的电磁传动机构； 容纳所述动、 静触头的壳和设于壳内并与所述动、静触头对应的灭弧机构； 与底相连并容纳所述电 磁传动机构的壳； 与壳相连的台板， 其特征是：
设有置于台板上、 当所述触头机构接通后、 用于保持所述触头机构接通电路的保 持机构，所述的保持机构为电磁式的，所述的电磁式保持机构设有一组电磁吸合机构， 电磁吸合机构的动铁芯制成挂钩或顶挡结构，当电磁吸合机构得电时，动铁芯被吸住， 所述动铁芯使所述的触头机构保持电路接通。
2. 如权利要求 1所述的电力开关器， 其特征是：
所述保持机构的挂钩或顶挡通过挂或顶动栓的方式，保持开关器闭合，并进一步 包括线圈、 导磁板、 支架及拉簧； 所述挂钩与导磁板的顶端相交， 并在其钩部具有斜 面， 以便于与动栓的分断。
3、 如权利要求 1所述的电力开关器， 其特征是：
所述保持机构为弹力式的，所述保持机构的挂钩或顶挡通过弹力的方式保持开关 器闭合， 并进一步包括弹簧、 停止按钮以及复位按钮， 所述挂钩或顶挡与动栓相贴。
4、 如权利要求 1一 3中的任一项所述的电力开关器， 其特征是：
设有置于台板上检测、 限定过电流的限流机构， 所述的过电流机构包含对应于每 相电路的一组电磁铁和一组与之关联的链杆机构， 所述链杆机构有在过电流时快速推 开保持机构的动铁芯的杆并包括弹簧、 推板、 推杆和支架。
5、 如权利要求 1一 4中的任一项所述的电力开关器， 其特征是：
设有置于台板上的选择开关机构， 所述的选择开关包含有一组动、 静滑片， 其动 滑片随旋钮杆运动， 选择开关可做旋转和垂直运动， 以控制开关器的工作状态。
6.如权利要求 1-5中的任一项所述的电力开关器，其特征是进一步包括综合保护 器：
所述的综合保护器对应于每相电路设有热元件动作装置，当有过限电流时，热元 件动作使开关器分断， 所述的综合保护器又设有对应于主电路的缺相机构并在检测缺 相时分断开关器。
PCT/CN2004/000563 2003-05-29 2004-05-28 Electrical switch Ceased WO2004107375A1 (en)

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CN110571910A (zh) * 2019-10-09 2019-12-13 中煤华晋集团有限公司 一种矿用隔爆兼本质安全型双电源双回路照明控制装置
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CN114121526A (zh) * 2021-11-16 2022-03-01 浙江浦东矿用设备有限公司 矿用隔爆兼本质安全型真空交流软起动器

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JP4590409B2 (ja) 2010-12-01
CN1553464A (zh) 2004-12-08
US7623010B2 (en) 2009-11-24
RU2005137940A (ru) 2006-05-27
US20070126538A1 (en) 2007-06-07
JP2007504631A (ja) 2007-03-01
RU2332744C2 (ru) 2008-08-27
EP1638121A1 (en) 2006-03-22
EP1638121A4 (en) 2009-02-25
CN1253912C (zh) 2006-04-26

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