WO2005113127A1 - Verfahren zum langzeitbetrieb einer heterogen katalysierten gasphasenpartialoxidation wenigstens einer organischen verbindung - Google Patents
Verfahren zum langzeitbetrieb einer heterogen katalysierten gasphasenpartialoxidation wenigstens einer organischen verbindung Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005113127A1 WO2005113127A1 PCT/EP2005/005334 EP2005005334W WO2005113127A1 WO 2005113127 A1 WO2005113127 A1 WO 2005113127A1 EP 2005005334 W EP2005005334 W EP 2005005334W WO 2005113127 A1 WO2005113127 A1 WO 2005113127A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
- B01J8/06—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactors; the solid particles being arranged in tubes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
- C07C51/25—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of unsaturated compounds containing no six-membered aromatic ring
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
- C07C51/255—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of compounds containing six-membered aromatic rings without ring-splitting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C57/00—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C57/02—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with only carbon-to-carbon double bonds as unsaturation
- C07C57/03—Monocarboxylic acids
- C07C57/04—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00539—Pressure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00548—Flow
- B01J2208/00557—Flow controlling the residence time inside the reactor vessel
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the long-term operation of a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of at least one organic compound in at least one oxidation reactor, in which the reaction gas starting mixture containing at least one organic compound, molecular oxygen and at least one inert diluent gas is passed through at least one catalyst bed located at elevated temperature.
- Complete oxidation of an organic compound with molecular oxygen is understood here to mean that the organic compound is reacted under the reactive action of molecular oxygen in such a way that the total carbon contained in the organic compound in oxides of carbon and that in the organic compound as a whole contained hydrogen is converted into oxides of hydrogen. All of the different reactions of an organic compound under the reactive action of molecular oxygen are summarized here as partial oxidations of an organic compound.
- partial oxidations are to be understood here as reactions of organic compounds under the reactive action of molecular oxygen in which the organic compound to be partially oxidized contains at least one more oxygen atom after the reaction has ended than before the partial oxidation was carried out.
- a diluent gas which is essentially inert under the conditions of the heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation is understood to be those diluent gases whose components under the conditions of the heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation - each component considered individually - to more than 95 mol%, preferably more than 99 mol% remain unchanged.
- Butanol to methacrolein and / or methacrylic acid see, for example, DE-A 2526 238, EP-A 92097, EP-A 58927, DE-A 41 32 263, DE-A 41 32 684 and DE-A 40 22 212
- the conversion of acrolein to acrylic acid the conversion of methacrolein to methacrylic acid (cf., for example, DE-A 25 26 238)
- the conversion of o-xylene, p-xylene or naphthalene to phthalic anhydride cf.
- the catalysts to be used are usually solids.
- the catalysts used are particularly often oxide masses or noble metals (e.g. Ag).
- the catalytically active oxide composition can only contain another element or more than another element (multi-element oxide compositions).
- Particularly often used as catalytically active oxide compositions are those which comprise more than one metallic, in particular transition metallic, element. In this case one speaks of multimetal oxide masses.
- Multielement oxide materials are usually not simple physical mixtures of oxides of the elemental constituents, but heterogeneous mixtures of complex poly compounds of these elements.
- heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidations are carried out at elevated temperature (generally a few hundred ° C., usually 100 to 600 ° C.).
- heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidations are highly exothermic, they are expediently often carried out in a fluidized bed or in isothermal fixed bed reactors where they are located in a reaction space around which a heat exchange medium is passed for the purpose of indirect heat exchange (for example because of heat dissipation) the catalyst bed can be located as a fixed bed in the contact tubes of a tube bundle reactor, around which a salt melt is passed for heat dissipation).
- heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidations can also be carried out on catalyst beds located in adiabatic reactors. It is known that the working pressure (absolute pressure) in heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidations can be either below 1 bar, at 1 bar or above 1 bar. As a rule, it is 1 to 10 bar, usually 1 to 3 bar.
- the target conversion takes place during the residence time of the reaction gas mixture in the catalyst feed through which it is passed.
- the reactants are usually diluted with a gas which is essentially inert under the conditions of the gas phase catalytic partial oxidation and which, with its thermal capacity, is able to absorb the heat of reaction released ,
- molecular nitrogen is automatically used whenever air is used as the oxygen source for the heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation.
- inert diluent gas that is widely used is water vapor because of its general availability. Both nitrogen and water vapor also advantageously form non-flammable inert diluent gases.
- Circular gas is the residual gas that is used after a single-stage or multi-stage (in the multi-stage heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of organic compounds, the gas phase partial oxidation is not carried out in one, but in at least two reactors connected in series, in contrast to the single-stage heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation (which are carried out in a common Housing can merge seamlessly), with the addition of oxidizing agents between successive reactors if necessary; the multi-stage is used in particular when the partial oxidation takes place in successive steps; in these cases it is often advisable to apply both the catalyst and the other reaction conditions to the adapt the respective reaction step in an optimizing manner and carry out the reaction step in a separate reactor in a separate reaction stage; however, it can also be used if, for reasons of heat dissipation or for other reasons (cf.
- the turnover is smeared on several reactors connected in series;
- an example of a frequently two-stage Guided heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation is the partial oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid; in the first reaction stage the propylene is oxidized to acrolein and in the second reaction stage to acrolein to acrylic acid; in a corresponding manner, the methacrylic acid preparation, usually starting from isobutene, is often carried out in two stages;
- Both of the aforementioned partial oxidations can also be carried out in one stage (both steps in one reactor) if suitable catalyst feeds are used) heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of at least one organic compound remains when the target product is more or less selectively selected from the product gas mixture (for example by absorption in a suitable solvent ) separated.
- the water vapor formed as a by-product ensures in most cases that the partial oxidation proceeds without significant changes in the volume of the reaction gas mixture.
- the inert diluent gas used is ⁇ 90% by volume, often ⁇ 95% by volume, of N 2 , H 2 O, and / or CO 2 and thus essentially from non-flammable inert dilution gases.
- the inert diluent gases which are used on the one hand help to absorb the heat of reaction and on the other hand ensure safe operation of the heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of an organic compound by keeping the reaction gas mixture outside the explosion range.
- saturated hydrocarbons i.e. flammable gases
- heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidations of at least one organic compound on catalyst beds located in at least one oxidation reactor can be operated essentially continuously over long periods of time on one and the same catalyst beds.
- the reaction conditions can generally be kept essentially constant.
- the catalyst bed loses quality over the course of the operating time.
- the activity of the at least one catalyst betts. This is particularly disadvantageous because, as the operating time of the at least one catalyst bed increases, the educt conversion decreases under otherwise constant operating conditions, which reduces the possible space-time yield.
- EP-A 990 636 and EP-A 11 06 598 attempt to take account of the above-mentioned development in the long-term operation of a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of at least one organic compound on one and the same catalyst bed in that the temperature of the catalyst bed over the course of the operating time is otherwise largely below constant operating conditions is gradually increased in order to essentially maintain the reactant conversion with a single passage of the reaction gas mixture through the at least one catalyst bed.
- EP-A 614 872 and DE-A 10 35 0822 recommend delaying the need for complete replacement of the catalyst by regenerating the catalyst bed from time to time (for example from time to time a hot mixture of molecular oxygen and inert gas through the catalyst bed to lead).
- time to time for example from time to time a hot mixture of molecular oxygen and inert gas through the catalyst bed to lead.
- a disadvantage of this procedure is that it requires an interruption in production over a long period of time.
- DE-A 10 23 2748 recommends that instead of completely replacing the catalyst bed, only a subset of the same should be replaced by a fresh catalyst feed.
- the object of the present invention was to provide an improved process for the long-term operation of a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of at least one organic compound in at least one oxidation reactor and on at least one (one and the same) catalyst bed.
- a process for the long-term operation of a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of at least one organic compound in at least one oxidation reactor in which a starting mixture containing the at least one organic compound, molecular oxygen and at least one inert diluent gas is passed through at least one catalyst bed located at elevated temperature, found, which is characterized in that, in order to counteract the deactivation of the at least one catalyst bed, the working pressure in the gas phase, based on an identical loading of the at least one catalyst bed with reaction gas starting mixture in Nl / lh, is increased during the operating time of the catalyst bed.
- the load can also relate only to a component of the reaction gas (output) mixture. Then it is the amount of this component in Nl / l-h that is passed through one liter of the catalyst bed per hour.
- the increase in the working pressure according to the invention in the gas phase can be achieved in a simple manner, for example, by placing a pressure regulator behind (ie downstream of the at least one oxidation reactor) the (outlet for the reaction gas mixture of) the at least one oxidation reactor containing the at least one catalyst bed ( attaches a device for regulating the working pressure in the at least one oxidation reactor).
- a pressure regulator behind (ie downstream of the at least one oxidation reactor) the (outlet for the reaction gas mixture of) the at least one oxidation reactor containing the at least one catalyst bed ( attaches a device for regulating the working pressure in the at least one oxidation reactor).
- This can be, for example, a swirl regulator or, in a particularly simple manner, a throttle device, for example a throttle valve.
- pinholes can be faded into the flow path of the reaction gas mixture, so that Pressure loss of the reaction gas mixture on its flow path and thereby automatically increasing the working pressure with the same load on the at least one catalyst bed with reaction gas starting mixture.
- a pinhole can have, for example, a plurality of through openings (in the simplest case, holes) which can be successively partially or completely closed.
- the pressure regulator does not necessarily have to be installed immediately behind the relevant oxidation reactor. Rather, in order to implement the procedure according to the invention, it is sufficient if the pressure control device is introduced into the further flow path of the product gas mixture leaving the oxidation reactor in question and the pressure increase is propagated by backflow into the oxidation reactor. That is, the product gas mixture leaving the oxidation reactor is subsequently fed into the lower region of a column for absorption of the target product in a e.g. in the upper area of the column, the pressure regulator can also be located at the top of the absorption column.
- this variant will generally be less preferred, since column pressures are usually comparatively limited for safety reasons. The absorption behavior could also be adversely affected. The same applies to the case in which the product gas mixture is passed on to the lower region of a column for fractional condensation of the target product.
- the aforementioned columns contain separating internals to enlarge the mass transfer interface.
- a pressure control device can be installed behind each of the individual reactors in the sense of the invention.
- the success of the procedure according to the invention is presumably due to the fact that the increase in pressure is accompanied by an increase in the residence time of the reactants on the catalyst surface. This increased residence time is then presumably sufficient to enable the target reaction again at reaction centers which have already been deactivated to a certain extent.
- the measure according to the invention is accompanied by increased partial pressures of the relevant reactants.
- the increase in the working pressure in this document, for reasons of standardization, always refers to the entry point of the reaction gas mixture into the catalyst bed, to which inert pre-fillings are added in this connection
- the increase in the working pressure will be at least 25 mbar or at least 50 mbar before that Catalyst bed is partially or completely replaced.
- the aforementioned increase in working pressure in the method according to the invention is 25 or 50 mbar to 3000 mbar, often 100 mbar to 2500 mbar, often 200 to 2000 mbar, often 300 to 1500 mbar, sometimes 400 to 1000 mbar and not infrequently 500 to 750 mbar be.
- the pressure increase according to the invention is carried out continuously and in accordance with the deactivation rate of the at least one catalyst bed (a measure of the activity is the temperature which is required to achieve the same starting material conversion, based on a single pass of the reaction gas mixture, with the same load on the catalyst bed and the same working pressure through the catalyst bed). But it can also be done in stages.
- the maximum value of the increase in working pressure according to the invention is generally reached when a further decrease in the working pressure is accompanied by a significant reduction in the selectivity of the target product formation.
- the latter can e.g. then occur when the residence times of the reactants on the catalyst surface at the still fully active centers lead to increasing full combustion, which reduces the yield of the target product.
- a reduction in selectivity can e.g. be accepted with approval if the demanded sales would otherwise only be achievable at temperatures that e.g. damage the catalyst and / or the reactor.
- the working pressures at the start of the process according to the invention will often be 1.2 to 2 bar.
- the working pressure, according to the invention will typically be up to 3 bar.
- the process according to the invention is suitable for all heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidations specifically mentioned at the beginning of this document. These include in particular the heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of propane to acrylic acid described in the documents WO 01/96270, DE-A 10316465, DE-A 10245585, DE-A 10246119.
- the aforementioned writings are to be regarded as an integral part of this writing.
- the procedure according to the invention is particularly suitable for the heterogeneously catalyzed fixed bed gas phase partial oxidation of propene to acrolein and / or acrylic acid, which is preferably carried out in one step in the tube bundle reactor, and for the first and second stage of a heterogeneously catalyzed fixed bed gas phase partial oxidation of propene to acrolein in tube bundle reactors or from acrolein to acrylic acid, as described, for example, in EP-A 700 893, EP-A 700 714, DE-A 19 91 0508, DE-A 19 91 9596, DE-A 10351269, DE-A 10350812, DE - A 10350822, EP-A 11 59 247, DE-A 10 31 3208, DE-A 102004021764, DE-A 19 94 8248, EP-A 990 636.
- EP-A 11 06 598, DE-A 30 02 8289 and DE-A 10232482 are described.
- the process according to the invention is suitable for a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase fixed bed partial oxidation of propene to acrolein, in particular when catalysts are used whose active composition is a multi-element oxide which contains the elements molybdenum and / or tungsten and at least one of the elements bismuth, tellurium, Contains antimony, tin and copper or is a multmetallic oxide containing the elements Mo, Bi and Fe.
- Multimetal oxide compositions of the aforementioned type which are particularly suitable according to the invention are Mo, Bi and Fe and are, in particular, the multimetal oxide compositions disclosed in DE-A 10 34 4149 and DE-A 10 34 4264.
- multimetal oxide active compositions of the general formula I in DE-A 19 95 5176 the multimetal oxide active compositions of the general formula I of DE-A 19 94 8523, the multimetal oxide active compositions of the general formulas I, II and III in DE-A 10 10 1695 , the multimetal oxide active compositions of the general formulas I, II and III of DE-A 19 94 8248 and the multimetal oxide active compositions of general formulas I, II and III of DE-A 19 95 5168 and the multimetal oxide active compositions mentioned in EP-A 700 714.
- the multimetal oxide catalysts containing Mo, Bi and Fe which are described in the documents DE-A 10 04 6957, DE -A 10 06 3162, DE- C 33 38 380, DE-A 19 90 2562, EP-A 15 565, DE-C 23 80 765, EP-A 807 465, EP-A 279 374, DE-A 33 00 044, EP-A 575 897, US-A 4 438 217, DE-A 19 85 5913, WO 98/24746, DE-A 19 74 6210 (those of the general formula II), JP-
- a 91/294 239, EP-A 293 224 and EP-A 700 714 are used. This applies in particular to the exemplary embodiments in these documents, among which those of EP-A 15565, EP-A 575 897, DE-A 19 74 6210 and DE-A 19 85 5913 are particularly preferred. Particularly noteworthy in this context are a catalyst according to Example 1c from EP-A 15 565 and a catalyst to be produced in a corresponding manner, the active composition of which, however, has the composition M ⁇ 2 Ni 6 , 5 Zn 2 Fe 2 Bi 1 Po ⁇ oo 65 Ko , o 6 ⁇ x • 10 SiO 2 . Furthermore are to emphasize the example with the current No. 3 from DE-A 19855913 (stoichiometry: M ⁇ i 2 Co 7 Fe 3 Bi 0 , 6 Ko , o 8 Si ⁇ , 6 ⁇ x) as a hollow cylinder full catalyst of geometry
- Example 1 of DE-A 10046957 (stoichiometry: [Bi 2 W 2 O 9 x 2WO 3] o, 5 • as a hollow cylinder (ring) fully catalytic converter with a geometry of 5 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm or 5 mm x 2 mm x 2 mm (in each case outer diameter x length x inner diameter), and shell catalysts 1, 2 and 3 from DE-A 10063162 (stoichiometry: however, applied as ring-shaped shell catalysts of appropriate shell thickness and on carrier rings of the geometry 5 mm x 3 mm x 1.5 mm or 7 mm x 3 mm x 1.5 mm (in each case outer diameter x length x inner diameter), well suited in the sense according to the invention.
- X 2 thallium, an alkali metal and / or an alkaline earth metal
- X 3 zinc, phosphorus, arsenic, boron, antimony, tin, cerium, lead and / or tungsten,
- X 4 silicon, aluminum, titanium and / or zirconium
- n a number which is determined by the valency and frequency of the elements in I other than oxygen, subsumed.
- active compositions of the general formula I can be prepared in a simple manner by producing an intimate, preferably finely divided, dry mixture of suitable elemental constituents according to their stoichiometry and calcining them at temperatures of 350 to 650 ° C.
- the calcination can take place both under inert gas and under an oxidative atmosphere such as air (mixture of inert gas and oxygen) and also under a reducing atmosphere (eg mixture of inert gas, NH 3 , CO and / or H 2 ).
- the calcination time can range from a few minutes to a few hours and usually decreases with temperature.
- Suitable sources for the elementary constituents of the multimetal oxide active materials I are those compounds which are already oxides and / or those compounds which can be converted into oxides by heating, at least in the presence of oxygen.
- such starting compounds are, above all, halides, nitrates, formates, oxalates, citrates, acetates, carbonates, amine complexes, ammonium salts and / or hydroxides (compounds such as NH 4 OH, (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , NH 4 NO 3 , NH CHO 2 , CH 3 COOH, NH 4 CH 3 CO 2 and / or ammonium oxalate, which can decompose and / or decompose into gaseous escaping compounds at the latest during later calcination, can also be incorporated into the intimate dry mixture).
- compounds such as NH 4 OH, (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , NH 4 NO 3 , NH CHO 2 , CH 3 COOH, NH 4 CH 3 CO 2 and / or ammonium oxalate, which can decompose and / or decompose into gaseous escaping compounds at the latest during later calcination, can also be
- the intimate mixing of the starting compounds for the production of multimetal oxide active compositions I can take place in dry or in wet form. If it is carried out in dry form, the starting compounds are expediently used as finely divided powders and, after mixing and, if appropriate, compaction, are subjected to the calcination. However, the intimate mixing is preferably carried out in wet form. Usually, the starting compounds are mixed together in the form of an aqueous solution and / or suspension. Particularly intimate dry mixtures are obtained in the mixing process described if only sources of the elementary constituents present in dissolved form are used. Water is preferably used as the solvent. The aqueous mass obtained is then dried, the drying process preferably being carried out by spraying. drying of the aqueous mixture with exit temperatures from the spray tower of 100 to 150 ° C.
- the multimetal oxide active compositions of the general formula I are usually used in the fixed catalyst bed not in powder form but in the form of specific catalyst geometries, it being possible for the shaping to take place before or after the final calculation.
- full catalysts can be produced from the powder form of the active composition or its uncalcined and / or partially calcined precursor composition by compressing it to the desired catalyst geometry (e.g. by tableting, extruding or extruding).
- Graphite or stearic acid can be added as lubricants and / or molding aids and reinforcing agents such as microfibers made of glass, asbestos, silicon carbide or potassium titanate.
- Suitable unsupported catalyst geometries are e.g.
- Solid cylinder or hollow cylinder with an outer diameter and a length of 2 to 10 mm.
- a wall thickness of 1 to 3 mm is appropriate.
- the full catalyst can also have a spherical geometry, the spherical diameter being 2 to 10 mm.
- a particularly favorable hollow cylinder geometry is 5 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter), especially in the case of full catalysts.
- the powdery active composition or its powdery, not yet and / or partially calcined, precursor composition can also be shaped by application to preformed inert catalyst supports.
- the coating of the support bodies for the production of the coated catalysts is usually carried out in a suitable rotatable container, as is e.g. is known from DE-A 2909671, EP-A 293859 or from EP-A 714700.
- the powder mass to be applied is expediently moistened and, after application, e.g. using hot air, dried again.
- the layer thickness of the powder composition applied to the carrier body is expediently selected in the range from 10 to 1000 ⁇ m, preferably in the range from 50 to 500 ⁇ m and particularly preferably in the range from 150 to 250 ⁇ m.
- the powder mass to be applied can also be applied directly from its suspension or solution (e.g. in water) to the carrier body.
- porous or non-porous aluminum oxides silicon dioxide, thorium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon carbide or silicates such as magnesium or aluminum silicate can be used as carrier materials.
- the carrier bodies can have a regular or irregular shape, with regularly shaped carrier bodies with clearly
- the surface roughness for example balls or hollow cylinders, are preferred. It is suitable to use essentially non-porous, rough-surface, spherical supports made of steatite (for example steatite C220 from CeramTec), the diameter of which is 1 to 8 mm, preferably 4 to 5 mm.
- cylinders as carrier bodies, the length of which is 2 to 10 mm (for example 8 mm) and the outside diameter of 4 to 10 mm (for example 6 mm).
- the wall thickness is moreover usually 1 to 4 mm.
- Annular support bodies to be preferably used according to the invention have a length of 2 to 6 mm, an outer diameter of 4 to 8 mm and a wall thickness of 1 to 2 mm.
- rings of geometry 7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm or 5 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter) are particularly suitable as carrier bodies.
- the fineness of the catalytically active oxide compositions to be applied to the surface of the carrier body is of course adapted to the desired shell thickness (cf. EP-A 714 700).
- Multimetal oxide active compositions which are particularly suitable for the catalysts of the fixed catalyst bed of a propene partial oxidation to acrolein in the sense of the invention are also compositions of the general formula II, [Y 1 ..Y a b .O J ,] p [Y 3 c .Y tf Y 5. -Y ⁇ fYVY 2 h-0] q (II),
- Y 1 only bismuth or bismuth and at least one of the elements tellurium, antimony, tin and copper,
- Y 2 molybdenum or molybdenum and tungsten
- Y 3 an alkali metal, thallium and / or samarium
- Y 4 an alkaline earth metal, nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc, tin, cadmium and / or mercury
- Y 5 iron or iron and at least one of the elements chromium and cerium
- Y 6 phosphorus, arsenic, boron and / or antimony
- Y 7 a rare earth metal, titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, silver, gold, aluminum, gallium, indium, silicon, germanium, lead, thorium and / or uranium,
- a ' 0.01 to 8
- b' 0.1 to 30,
- c ' 0 to 4
- g' 0 to 15
- h ' 8 to 16
- Particularly advantageous multimetal oxide masses II are those in which Y 1 is only bismuth.
- Z 2 molybdenum or molybdenum and tungsten
- Z 4 thallium, an alkali metal and / or an alkaline earth metal
- Z 5 phosphorus, arsenic, boron, antimony, tin, cerium and / or lead,
- Z 6 silicon, aluminum, titanium and / or zirconium
- Z 7 copper, silver and / or gold
- multimetal oxide materials II active materials is e.g. in EP-A 575897 and in DE-A 19855913, DE-A 10344149 and DE-A 10344264.
- the multimetal oxides known for this type of reaction and containing the elements Mo and V are suitable as active mass for catalysts of at least one fixed catalyst bed suitable for the partial oxidation of acrolein to acrylic acid.
- Such Mo and V-containing multimetal oxide active compositions can be described, for example, in US Pat. No. 3,775,474, US Pat. No. 3,954,555, US Pat. No. 3,893,951 and US Pat. No. 4,339,355, or EP-A 614872 or EP-A 1041062 or WO 03/055835 or WO 03/057653 can be found.
- the multimetal oxide active compositions of DE-A 10 32 5487 and DE-A 10 325 488 are also particularly suitable.
- the multimetal oxide compositions of EP-A 427508, DE-A 29 09 671, DE-C 31 51 805, DE-AS 26 26 887, DE are particularly suitable for the partial oxidation of acrolein to acrylic acid in the sense according to the invention -A 43 02 991, EP-A 700 893, EP-A 714 700 and DE-A 19 73 6105 as active compositions for the fixed bed catalysts.
- the exemplary embodiments of EP-A 714 700 and DE-A 19 73 6105 are particularly preferred.
- X 1 W, Nb, Ta, Cr and / or Ce
- X 2 Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and / or Zn
- X 3 Sb and / or Bi
- X 4 one or more alkali metals
- X 5 one or more alkaline earth metals
- X 1 W, Nb, and / or Cr
- X 2 Cu, Ni, Co, and / or Fe
- X 5 Ca, Sr and / or Ba
- X 6 Si, Al, and / or Ti
- a 1.5 to 5
- b 0.5 to 2
- c 0.5 to 3
- d 0 to 2
- e 0 to 0.2
- f 0 to 1
- n a number which is determined by the valency and frequency of the elements in IV other than oxygen.
- multimetal oxides IV in the sense of the invention are those of the general formula V Mo 12 V a ⁇ 1 b .Y 2 c .Y 5 f Y 6 g O n (V),
- Y 5 Ca and / or Sr
- n' one Number that is determined by the valency and frequency of the elements in V other than oxygen.
- Multimetal oxide active compositions (IV) are known per se, e.g. available in DE-A 43 35 973 or in EP-A 714 700. Particularly suitable as Mo and V-containing multimetal oxide active compositions in the sense of the invention for the partial oxidation of acrolein to acrylic acid, but also the multimetal oxide active compositions of DE-A 10 261 186.
- such Mo and V-containing multimetal oxide active compositions in particular those of the general formula IV, can be prepared in a simple manner by producing an intimate, preferably finely divided, dry mixture of suitable stoichiometry from suitable sources of their elemental constituents and this at temperatures of Calcined at 350 to 600 ° C.
- the calcination can take place both under inert gas and under an oxidative atmosphere such as air (mixture of inert gas and oxygen) and also under a reducing atmosphere (eg mixtures of inert gas and reducing gases such as H 2 , NH 3 , CO, methane and / or Acrolein or the mentioned reducing gases by themselves) are carried out.
- the calcination time can range from a few minutes to a few hours and usually decreases with temperature.
- Suitable sources for the elementary constituents of the multimetal oxide active compositions IV are those compounds which are already oxides and / or those compounds which can be converted into oxides by heating, at least in the presence of oxygen.
- the intimate mixing of the starting compounds for the production of multimetal oxide compositions IV can be carried out in dry or in wet form. If it is carried out in dry form, the starting compounds are expediently in the form of finely divided powders used and subjected to calcination after mixing and optionally compressing. However, the intimate mixing is preferably carried out in wet form.
- the starting compounds are mixed with one another in the form of an aqueous solution and / or suspension.
- Particularly intimate dry mixtures are obtained in the mixing process described if only sources of the elementary constituents present in dissolved form are used. Water is preferably used as the solvent.
- the aqueous mass obtained is then dried, the drying process preferably being carried out by spray drying the aqueous mixture at exit temperatures of 100 to 150 ° C.
- the multi-metal oxide active materials containing Mo and V can be used for the partial oxidation of acrolein to acrylic acid according to the invention, both in powder form and in the form of certain catalyst geometries, the shaping being able to take place before or after the final calcination.
- full catalysts can be produced from the powder form of the active composition or its uncalcined precursor composition by compression to the desired catalyst geometry (e.g. by tableting, extrusion or extrusion), where appropriate auxiliaries such as e.g. Graphite or stearic acid can be added as a lubricant and / or molding aid and reinforcing agent such as microfibers made of glass, asbestos, silicon carbide or potassium titanate.
- Suitable unsupported catalyst geometries are e.g. Solid cylinder or hollow cylinder with an outer diameter and a length of 2 to 10 mm. In the case of hollow cylinders, a wall thickness of 1 to 3 mm is advisable. Of course, the full catalyst can also have a spherical geometry, the spherical diameter being 2 to 10 mm.
- the powdery active composition or its powdery, not yet calcined, precursor composition can also be shaped by application to preformed inert catalyst supports.
- the coating of the support bodies for the production of the coated catalysts is usually carried out in a suitable rotatable container, as is e.g. is known from DE-A 2909671, EP-A 293859 or from EP-A 714700.
- the powder mass to be applied is expediently moistened and dried again after application, for example by means of hot air.
- the layer thickness of the powder mass applied to the carrier body is expediently selected in the range from 10 to 1000 ⁇ m, preferably in the range from 50 to 500 ⁇ m and particularly preferably in the range from 150 to 250 ⁇ m.
- Conventional porous or non-porous aluminum oxides, silicon dioxide, thorium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon carbide or silicates such as magnesium or aluminum silicate can be used as carrier materials.
- the carrier bodies can have a regular or irregular shape, preference being given to regularly shaped carrier bodies with a clearly formed surface roughness, for example balls or hollow cylinders.
- annular support bodies to be used preferably according to the invention have a length of 3 to 6 mm, an outer diameter of 4 to 8 mm and a wall thickness of 1 to 2 mm.
- Particularly suitable according to the invention are rings with a geometry of 7 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇ 4 mm (outer diameter ⁇ length ⁇ inner diameter) as support bodies.
- the fineness of the catalytically active oxide compositions to be applied to the surface of the carrier body is of course adapted to the desired shell thickness (cf. EP-A 714 700).
- compositions containing Mo and V to be used in the sense of the invention for an acrolein partial oxidation to acrylic acid, are also compositions of the general formula VI,
- Z 1 W, Nb, Ta, Cr and / or Ce
- z 2 Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and / or Zn
- z 3 Sb and / or Bi
- z 4 Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and / or H
- z 5 Mg, Ca, Sr and / or Ba
- z 6 Si, Al, Ti and / or Zr
- z 7 Mo, W, V, Nb and / or Ta,
- starting mass 1 separately in finely divided form (starting mass 1) and then the preformed solid starting mass 1 in an aqueous solution, an aqueous suspension or in a finely divided dry mixture of sources of the elements Mo, V, Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , Z 4 , Z 5 , Z 6 , which the aforementioned elements in the stoichiometry D,
- multimetal oxide active materials VI in which the preformed solid starting material 1 is incorporated into an aqueous starting material 2 at a temperature ⁇ 70 ° C.
- a detailed description of the production of multimetal oxide III Ill catalysts contains e.g. EP-A 668104, DE-A 19736105 and DE-A 19528646.
- multimetal oxide active compositions containing Mo and V which are favorable in the sense described are also multielement oxide active compositions of the general formula VII,
- A Mo 12 V a X 1 b X 2 c X 3 d X e X 5 f X 6 g O x
- B X CU h HiOy
- C X ⁇ Sb j H k Oz
- X 1 W, Nb, Ta, Cr and / or Ce, preferably W, Nb and / or Cr,
- X 2 Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and / or Zn, preferably Cu, Ni, Co and / or Fe,
- X 3 Sb and / or Bi, preferably Sb,
- X 6 Si, Al, Ti and / or Zr, preferably Si, Al and / or Ti,
- X 7 Mo, W, V, Nb and / or Ta, preferably Mo and / or W,
- X 8 Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Fe, Cd, Mn, Mg, Ca, Sr and / or Ba, preferably Cu and / or Zn, particularly preferably Cu,
- the areas A, B and optionally C being distributed relative to one another as in a mixture of finely divided A, finely divided B and optionally finely divided C, and all variables within the predetermined ranges being selected with the proviso that the molar fraction of the element Mo in the total amount of all elements of the multielement oxide active composition VII other than oxygen is 20 mol% to 80 mol%, the molar ratio of Mo contained in the catalytically active multielement oxide composition VII to V, Mo contained in the catalytically active multielemethylene oxide composition VII / V, 15: 1 to 1: 1, the corresponding molar ratio Mo / Cu 30: 1 to 1: 3 and the corresponding molar ratio Mo / (total amount of W and Nb) is 80: 1 to 1: 4.
- Preferred multielement oxide active materials VII in the sense of the invention are those whose regions A have a composition in the subsequent stoichiometric grid of the general formula VIII,
- X 5 Ca and / or Sr
- X a number which is determined by the valency and frequency of the elements other than oxygen in (VIII).
- phase used in connection with the multielement oxide active materials VIII means three-dimensionally extended regions whose chemical composition is different from that of their surroundings.
- the phases are not necessarily homogeneous by X-ray diffraction.
- Phase A generally forms a continuous phase in which particles of the Phase B and optionally C are dispersed.
- the finely divided phases B and optionally C advantageously consist of particles whose size diameter, ie the longest, go through the center of gravity of the particles. de connecting distance of two points on the surface of the particles is up to 300 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1 to 200 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 0.5 to 50 ⁇ m and very particularly preferably 1 to 30 ⁇ m. Particles with a size of 10 to 80 ⁇ m or 75 to 125 ⁇ m are also suitable.
- phases A, B and optionally C in the multielement oxide active materials VII can be amorphous and / or crystalline.
- the intimate dry mixtures on which the multielement oxide active compositions of the general formula VII are based and which are subsequently to be thermally treated for conversion into active compositions can e.g. can be obtained as described in WO 02/24327, DE-A 4405514, DE-A 4440891, DE-A 19528646, DE-A 19740493, EP-A 756894, DE-A 19815280, DE-A 19815278, EP -A 774297, DE-A 19815281, EP-A 668104 and DE-A 19736105.
- the basic principle of the production of intimate dry mixtures, which lead to multielement oxidative compositions of the general formula VII when subjected to thermal treatment, is to use at least one multielement oxide composition B (X / CU h HOy) as starting mass 1 and optionally one or more multielement oxide compositions C (X ⁇ Sb j H k Oz) as the starting mass 2, either separately from one another or associated with one another in a finely divided form, and then the starting masses 1 and optionally 2 with a mixture, the swelling of the elementary constituents of the multielement oxide mass
- the intimate contact of the constituents of the starting materials 1 and optionally 2 with the mixture containing the sources of the elemental constituents of the multimetal oxide composition A (starting material 3) can be carried out either dry or wet. In the latter case, it is only necessary to ensure that the preformed phases (crystallites) B and possibly C do not go into solution. The latter is guaranteed in aqueous medium at pH values that do not deviate too much from 7 and that are usually guaranteed at not too high temperatures. If the intimate contact takes place wet, the final drying step is normally normally to the intimate dry mixture to be thermally treated according to the invention (for example by spray drying). Such a dry mass is automatically obtained during dry mixing.
- the finely pre-formed phases B and optionally C can also be converted into a plastically deformable mixture which is the source of the elementary constituents of the multimetal oxide mass A can be incorporated, as recommended by DE-A 10046928.
- the intimate contact of the constituents of starting materials 1 and optionally 2 with the sources of multielement oxide material A (starting material 3) can also be carried out as described in DE-A 19815281.
- the thermal treatment to obtain the active composition and the shaping can be carried out as described for the multimetal oxide active compositions IV to VI.
- multimetal oxide active compositions IV to VN catalysts can advantageously be produced in accordance with the teaching of DE-A 10 325 487 or DE-A 10 325 488.
- reaction stage (and the use of the procedure according to the invention in the same) from propene to acrolein can be carried out in a simple manner and in terms of application technology using the catalysts described for the corresponding fixed catalyst bed in a tube bundle reactor charged with the fixed bed catalysts, as described e.g. in EP-A 700 714 or DE-A 4 431 949 or WO 03/057653, or WO 03/055835, or WO 03/059857, or WO 03/076373.
- the fixed catalyst bed is in the simplest way in the uniformly charged metal tubes of a tube bundle reactor and a tempering medium (single-zone mode), usually a molten salt, is passed around the metal tubes.
- Salt melt temperature control medium
- reaction gas mixture can be carried out in simple cocurrent or countercurrent.
- the temperature control medium the salt melt
- the temperature control medium can also be passed through the reactor, viewed in a meandering manner, around the tube bundle, so that, viewed over the entire reactor, there is a cocurrent or countercurrent to the direction of flow of the reaction gas mixture.
- the volume flow of the temperature control medium (heat exchange medium) is usually dimensioned such that the temperature rise (due to the exothermic nature of the reaction) of the heat exchange medium from the entry point into the reactor to the exit point from the reactor 0 to 10 ° C, often 2 to 8 ° C , is often 3 to 6 ° C.
- the inlet temperature of the heat exchange medium in the tube bundle reactor is usually 250 to 450 ° C, often 300 to 400 ° C or 300 to 380 ° C.
- the associated reaction temperatures then also move in these temperature ranges.
- Fluid heat transfer media are particularly suitable as heat exchange medium.
- melts of salts such as potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, sodium nitrite and / or sodium nitrate, or of low-melting metals such as sodium, mercury and alloys of various metals is particularly favorable.
- Ionic liquids can also be used.
- the reaction gas starting mixture is advantageously fed to the feed with fixed bed catalyst preheated to the desired reaction temperature.
- the desired high e.g. ⁇ 130 Nl / lh, or ⁇ 140 Nl / lh, or ⁇ 150 Nl / lh, or ⁇ 160 Nl / lh, but usually ⁇ 600 Nl / lh, often ⁇ 350 Nl / lh
- the propene partial oxidation process is advantageously carried out in a two- or multi-zone tube bundle reactor (loads in the single-zone tube bundle reactor are also possible, however).
- a preferred variant of a two-zone tube bundle reactor which can be used according to the invention for this purpose is disclosed in DE-C 2830765.
- the at least one fixed catalyst bed to be used according to the invention is then located in the uniformly charged metal tubes of a tube bundle reactor, and two temperature-regulating media, generally molten salts, which are essentially spatially separated from one another, are guided around the metal tubes.
- the pipe section over which the respective salt bath extends represents a reaction zone.
- a salt bath A is the section of the tubes (reaction zone A) in which the oxidative conversion of the propene (in a single pass) takes place until a conversion value in the range from 40 to 80 mol% is reached
- a salt bath B flows around the section of the tubes (the reaction zone B), in which the oxidative subsequent conversion of the propene (in a single pass) until a conversion value of at least as a rule is reached
- reaction zones A, B can be followed by further reaction zones which are kept at individual temperatures).
- the salt bath can be conducted within the respective temperature zone as in the single-zone mode.
- the inlet temperature of salt bath B is normally at least 5 to 10 ° C. above the temperature of salt bath A. Otherwise, the inlet temperatures can be in the temperature range recommended for the single-zone procedure for the inlet temperature.
- the two-zone high-load procedure of propene partial oxidation to acrolein e.g. as in DE-A 10 30 8836, EP-A 11 06 598, or as in WO 01/36364, or DE-A 19 92 7624, or DE-A 19 94 8523, DE-A 10 31 3210, DE-A 10 31 3213 or as described in DE-A 19 94 8248.
- the process according to the invention is suitable for propene partial oxidation to acrolein for propene loads on the fixed catalyst bed of 70 70 Nl / lh, or ⁇ 70 Nl / lh, ⁇ 90 Nl / lh, ⁇ 110 Nl / lh, ⁇ 130 Nl / lh, ⁇ 140 Nl / lh, ⁇ 160 Nl / lh, ⁇ 180 Nl / lh, ⁇ 240 Nl / lh, ⁇ 300 Nl / lh, but usually ⁇ 600 Nl / lh.
- the load is based on the volume of the fixed catalyst bed only if necessary, also used sections which consist exclusively of inert material (as is generally the case in this document, unless explicitly stated otherwise).
- shaped catalyst bodies having the corresponding multimetal oxide active composition or largely homogeneous mixtures of multimetal oxide active catalyst compositions and no multimetal oxide active composition which are essentially inert propylene oxide which are essentially heterogeneously catalyzed in partial propylene oxide oxidation and can be used in the process according to the invention behaving (consisting of inert material), shaped bodies (thinning molded bodies) can be used.
- all those materials which are also suitable as support materials for “propene-to-acroline” shell catalysts are suitable as materials for such inert shaped bodies.
- Such materials are porous or non-porous aluminum oxides, silicon dioxide, thorium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon carbide, silicates such as Magnesium or aluminum silicate or the already mentioned steatite (eg steatite C-220 from CeramTec).
- the geometry of such inert shaped dilution bodies can be as desired. That means, for example, spheres, polygons, solid cylinders or rings. It is preferred to choose those inert diluent shaped bodies whose geometry corresponds to that of the first-stage shaped catalyst bodies to be diluted with them.
- the chemical composition of the active composition used does not change via the fixed catalyst bed for the propene partial oxidation to acrolein described. That is, the active composition used for a single shaped catalyst body can be a mixture of different, e.g. the elements Mo and / or W and at least one of the elements containing Bi, Fe, Sb, Sn and Cu are multimetal oxides, but the same mixture is then advantageously used for all shaped catalyst bodies of the fixed catalyst bed.
- the volume-specific activity i.e. the activity normalized to the unit of volume
- the volume-specific activity within the fixed catalyst bed increases continuously, abruptly or stepwise in the direction of flow of the reaction gas starting mixture.
- the volume-specific activity can be reduced, for example, in a simple manner by homogeneously diluting a basic amount of uniformly produced shaped catalyst bodies with shaped dilution bodies.
- a volume-specific activity which increases at least once in the flow direction of the reaction gas mixture over the fixed catalyst bed can thus be easily e.g. adjust by starting the bed with a high proportion of inert dilution moldings based on a type of catalyst moldings, and then reduce this proportion of dilution moldings in the flow direction either continuously or at least once or several times abruptly (e.g. step-shaped).
- An increase in volume-specific activity is also e.g.
- mixtures of catalysts with chemically different active composition and, as a result of this different composition, different activity can also be used for the fixed catalyst bed of a propene partial oxidation to acrolein according to the invention.
- These mixtures can in turn be diluted with inert diluents.
- the shaped diluent bodies used for the inert bed can have the same geometry as the shaped catalyst bodies used for the sections of the fixed catalyst bed having the active composition.
- the geometry of the shaped diluent bodies used for the inert bed can also be different from the aforementioned geometry of the shaped catalyst bodies (for example spherical instead of annular).
- the section of the fixed catalyst bed for active propene partial oxidation to acrolein in the flow direction of the reaction gas mixture is often structured as follows.
- This first zone is then advantageously either up to the end of the section of the fixed catalyst bed having active composition (ie, for example over a length of 2.00 to 3.00 m, preferably 2.50 to 3.00 m) either a bed of the shaped catalyst bodies diluted only to a lesser extent (than in the first zone), or, very particularly preferably, a single bed of the same shaped catalyst bodies which were also used in the first zone.
- both the shaped catalyst bodies or their carrier rings and the shaped dilution bodies in the process according to the invention essentially have the ring geometry 5 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇ 2 mm (outer diameter ⁇ length ⁇ inner diameter).
- a pure bed of inert material the length of which, based on the total length of the fixed catalyst bed, is expediently 1 or 5 to 20%, tion of the reaction gas mixture usually a fixed catalyst bed. It is normally used as a heating zone for the reaction gas mixture.
- the contact tubes in the tube bundle reactors for the stage of the partial oxidation of propene to acrolein are usually made from ferritic steel and typically have a wall thickness of 1 to 3 mm. Their inside diameter is usually (uniformly) 20 to 30 mm, often 21 to 26 mm.
- the number of contact tubes accommodated in the tube bundle container is at least 5000, preferably at least 10,000.
- the number of contact tubes accommodated in the reaction vessel is often 15,000 to 30,000.
- Tube bundle reactors with a number of contact tubes above 40,000 are rather the exception for this reaction stage ,
- the contact tubes are normally arranged homogeneously distributed within the container, the distribution being expediently chosen such that the distance between the central inner axes from the closest contact tubes (the so-called contact tube division) is 35 to 45 mm (cf., for example, EP-B 468290 ).
- the reaction stage (and the procedure according to the invention in the same) can be carried out from acrolein to acrylic acid using the catalysts described as suitable for the fixed catalyst bed of this reaction in the simplest manner and in terms of application technology, in a tube bundle reactor charged with the fixed bed catalysts, as described eg in EP-A 700 893 or DE-A 4 431 949 or WO 03/057653, or WO 03/055835, or WO 03/059857, or WO 03/076373.
- the fixed catalyst bed to be used is located in the uniformly charged metal tubes of a tube bundle reactor, and a temperature control medium (single-zone mode of operation), usually a molten salt, is passed around the metal tubes.
- Salt melt (temperature control medium) and reaction gas mixture can be carried out in simple cocurrent or countercurrent.
- the temperature control medium (the molten salt) can also be passed through the reactor, viewed in a meandering manner, around the tube bundle, so that, viewed over the entire reactor, there is only a cocurrent or countercurrent to the direction of flow of the reaction gas mixture.
- the volume flow of the temperature control medium is usually dimensioned such that the temperature rise (due to the exothermic nature of the reaction) of the heat exchange medium from the point of entry into the reactor to the point of exit from the reactor is 0 to 10 ° C., often 2 to 8 ° C, often 3 to 6 ° C.
- the inlet temperature of the heat exchange medium in the tube bundle reactor (in this document corresponds to the temperature of the fixed catalyst bed) is generally 220 to 350 ° C, often 245 to 285 ° C or 245 to 265 ° C.
- Fluid heat transfer media are particularly suitable as heat exchange medium.
- Ionic liquids can also be used.
- the reaction gas starting mixture is advantageously fed to the feed with fixed bed catalyst preheated to the desired reaction temperature.
- Acrolein partial oxidatone to acrylic acid is expedient in a two- or multi-zone tube bundle reactor (however, it can also be carried out in a single-zone tube bundle reactor).
- a preferred variant of a two-zone tube bundle reactor which can be used according to the invention for this purpose is disclosed in DE-C 2830765. But also those in DE-C 2513405, US-A 3147084, DE-A 2201528, EP-A 383224 and DE-A 2903582 disclosed two-zone tube bundle reactors are suitable.
- the at least one fixed catalyst bed to be used according to the invention is in a simple manner in the uniformly charged metal tubes of a tube bundle reactor, and two temperature-regulating media which are essentially spatially separated from one another, usually molten salts, are passed around the metal tubes.
- the pipe section over which the respective salt bath extends represents a temperature or reaction zone.
- a salt bath C is the section of the tube (the reaction zone C) in which the oxidative conversion of acrolein (in a single pass) takes place until a conversion value in the range of 55 to 85 mol% is reached
- a salt bath D flows around the section of the tubes (the reaction zone D) in which the oxidative subsequent conversion of acrolein (in a single pass) takes place until a conversion value of at least 90 mol% is usually reached (if necessary, further reaction zones can follow the reaction zones C, D) which are kept at individual temperatures).
- the salt bath can be conducted within the respective temperature zone as in the single-zone mode.
- the inlet temperature of the salt bath D is normally at least 5 to 10 ° C above the temperature of the salt bath C. Otherwise, the inlet temperatures can be in the temperature range recommended for the single-zone procedure for the inlet temperature.
- the two-zone high-load procedure of partial acrolein oxidation to acrylic acid can be carried out, for example, as described in DE-A 19 948523, EP-A 11 06 598 or as described in DE-A 19 94 8248.
- the method according to the invention is therefore suitable for acrolein loads on the fixed catalyst bed of 70 70 Nl / lh, or 70 70 Nl / lh, 90 90 Nl / lh, 110 110 Nl / lh, 130 130 Nl / lh, 180 180 Nl / lh, ⁇ 240 Nl / lh, ⁇ 300 Nl / lh, but usually ⁇ 600 Nl / lh.
- the load is based on the volume of the fixed catalyst bed exclusively, if necessary, also used sections which consist exclusively of inert material.
- porous or non-porous aluminum oxides silicon dioxide, thorium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, Silicon carbide, silicates such as magnesium or aluminum silicate or the already mentioned steatite (eg steatite C-220 from CeramTec) can be considered.
- the geometry of such inert shaped dilution bodies can be as desired. That means, for example, spheres, polygons, solid cylinders or rings. According to the invention, preference will be given to choosing the inert shaped diluent whose geometry corresponds to that of the shaped catalyst body to be diluted with them.
- the chemical composition of the active composition used does not change via the fixed catalyst bed.
- the active composition used for a single shaped catalyst body can be a mixture of different multimetal oxides containing the elements Mo and V, but it is then advantageous to use the same mixture for all shaped catalyst bodies of the fixed catalyst bed.
- the volume-specific (i.e., the normalized to the unit of volume) activity within the fixed catalyst bed increases continuously, abruptly or stepwise in the direction of flow of the reaction gas mixture.
- the volume-specific activity can be reduced, for example, in a simple manner by homogeneously diluting a basic amount of uniformly produced shaped catalyst bodies with shaped dilution bodies.
- a volume-specific activity that increases at least once in the direction of flow of the reaction gas mixture over the fixed catalyst bed can thus be easily achieved for a method of partial acrolein oxidation to acrylic acid, e.g. adjust by starting the bed with a high proportion of inert dilution moldings based on a type of catalyst moldings, and then reduce this proportion of dilution moldings in the flow direction either continuously or at least once or several times abruptly (e.g. stepwise).
- An increase in volume-specific activity is also e.g.
- mixtures of catalysts with chemically different active composition and, as a result of this different composition, different activity can also be used for the fixed catalyst bed of an inventive acrolein oxidation to acrylic acid.
- These mixtures can in turn be diluted with inert diluents.
- the shaped diluent bodies used for the inert bed can have the same geometry as the shaped catalyst bodies used for the sections of the fixed catalyst bed having the active composition.
- the geometry of the shaped diluent bodies used for the inert bed can also be different from the aforementioned geometry of the shaped catalyst bodies (for example spherical instead of annular).
- the section of the fixed catalyst bed in the flow direction of the reaction gas mixture is often structured as follows.
- This first zone is then advantageously either up to the end of the section of the fixed catalyst bed having active composition (ie, for example over a length of 2.00 to 3.00 m, preferably 2.50 to 3.00 m) either a bed of the shaped catalyst bodies diluted only to a lesser extent (than in the first (or in the first two) zones), or, very particularly preferably, a bed of the same shaped catalyst bodies, which is also in the first (or the first two) zone have been used.
- both the shaped catalyst bodies or their carrier rings and the shaped diluent bodies in a process according to the invention for partial acrolein oxidation to acrylic acid essentially have the ring geometry 7 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇ 4 mm (outer diameter ⁇ length ⁇ inner diameter).
- a pure bed of inert material generally initiates the fixed catalyst bed for the acrolein partial oxidation in the direction of flow of the reaction gas mixture. It is normally used as a heating zone for the reaction gas mixture.
- the contact tubes in the tube bundle reactors are usually made of ferritic steel and typically have a wall thickness of 1 to 3 mm. Their inside diameter is usually (uniformly) 20 to 30 mm, often 21 to 26 mm.
- the number of contact tubes accommodated in the tube bundle container is at least 5000, preferably at least 10,000.
- the number of contact tubes accommodated in the reaction vessel is frequently 15,000 to 30,000.
- Tube bundle reactors with a number of contact tubes above 40,000 are rather the exception for acrolein partial oxidation .
- the contact tubes are normally arranged homogeneously distributed within the container, the distribution being expediently chosen such that the distance between the central inner axes from the closest contact tubes (the so-called contact tube division) is 35 to 45 mm (cf., for example, EP-B 468290 ).
- both the propene and the acrolein partial oxidation can be carried out in single-zone or in two-zone tube bundle reactors in the process according to the invention. If the two reaction stages are connected in series, only the first reaction stage can be carried out in a single-zone tube bundle reactor and the second reaction stage in a two-zone tube bundle reactor (or vice versa).
- the product gas mixture of the first reaction stage is fed directly to the second reaction stage, if appropriate after supplementing with inert gas or with molecular oxygen, or with inert gas and molecular oxygen and, if appropriate, after direct and / or indirect intermediate cooling.
- An intercooler can be located between the tube bundle reactors of the first and second reaction stages, which can optionally contain inert beds.
- the fixed catalyst bed of the propene partial oxidation and the fixed catalyst bed of the acrolein partial oxidation can also be spatially successively accommodated in a single, multi-contact tubular tube bundle reactor, which also has, for example, two temperature zones, as described, for example, in WO 03/059857.
- a single, multi-contact tubular tube bundle reactor which also has, for example, two temperature zones, as described, for example, in WO 03/059857.
- EP-A 911313 and EP-A 990636 In this case, one speaks of a single-reactor two-stage process.
- a temperature zone extends in the Usually over a fixed catalyst bed.
- the contact tubes can be continuous or interrupted by the inert bed.
- the inert gas to be used for the feed gas mixture of the “propene-to-acrolein reaction stage” can be independent of the propene load selected for the fixed catalyst bed (and regardless of whether an “acrolein-to-acrylic acid reaction stage” follows) for example ⁇ 20 vol.%, Or ⁇ 30 vol.%, Or ⁇ 40 vol.%, Or ⁇ 50 vol.%, Or ⁇ 60 vol.%, Or ⁇ 70 vol. %, or ⁇ 80 vol .-%, or ⁇ 90 vol .-%, or ⁇ 95 vol .-% consist of molecular nitrogen.
- the inert diluent gas can also consist, for example, of 2 to 35 or 20% by weight of H 2 O and 65 to 98% by volume of N 2 .
- propene loads on the fixed catalyst bed of the “propene-to-acrolein reaction stage” exceed 250 Nl / lh, however, the use of inert diluent gases such as propane, ethane, methane, butane, pentane, CO 2 , CO, water vapor and / or or noble gases are recommended. Of course, these gases can also be used with lower propene loads.
- inert diluent gases such as propane, ethane, methane, butane, pentane, CO 2 , CO, water vapor and / or or noble gases are recommended.
- these gases can also be used with lower propene loads.
- the working pressure in the gas phase partial oxidation of propene to acrolein according to the invention can be both below normal pressure (e.g. up to 0.5 bar) and above normal pressure.
- the working pressure in the gas phase partial oxidation of the propene will be from 1 to 5 bar, often 1 to 3 bar.
- the reaction pressure in the propene partial oxidation to acrolein according to the invention will normally not exceed 100 bar. It is essential according to the invention, however, that the working pressure is increased during the operating period of the at least one fixed catalyst bed for the partial oxidation of propene to acrolein, based on an identical load thereof with reaction gas starting mixture 1 in Nl / lh, in order to counteract the deactivation of the at least one fixed catalyst bed.
- the extent of the pressure increase can be designed as described in the general part of this document.
- the procedure (s) according to the invention can generally be carried out using the methods described in EP-A 990 636, EP-A 11 06 598, EP-A 614 872, DE-A 10 35 0822, DE-A 10 23 2748 and DE- A 10351269 procedures recommended for extending the service life of a catalyst bed can also be used in combination. This enables catalyst bed service lives of several years to be achieved.
- the molar ratio of O 2 : propene in the reaction gas starting mixture 1 for the propene partial oxidation to acrolein, which is led through the corresponding fixed catalyst bed in the process according to the invention, will normally be ⁇ 1 (essentially irrespective of whether an acrolein partial oxidation stage follows to acrylic acid).
- This ratio will usually be at values ⁇ 3.
- the molar ratio of O 2 : propene in the aforementioned feed gas mixture will advantageously be 1 to 2 or 1 to 1.5.
- the process of propene partial oxidation to acrolein with a propene present in the reaction gas starting mixture 1 will be: oxygen: inert gas (including water vapor) - volume ratio (NI) of 1: (1 to 3): (3 to 30), preferably 1: (1 , 5 to 2.3): Execute (10 to 15).
- the propene content in the reaction gas starting mixture 1 can e.g. with values of 4 to 20% by volume, often 5 or 7 to 15% by volume or 6 or 8 to 12% by volume or 5 to 8% by volume (in each case based on the total volume).
- a typical composition of the reaction gas starting mixture 1 (regardless of the load chosen and regardless of whether an acrolein partial oxidation step to acrylic acid follows) may contain the following components:
- reaction gas starting mixture 1 for the propene partial oxidation to acrolein can also be composed according to the invention as follows:
- reaction gas starting mixture 1 composition for propene partial oxidation to acrolein can contain according to the invention:
- reaction gas starting mixtures 1 suitable according to the invention for the “propene-to-acrolein reaction stage” can lie in the following compositional grid:
- propene to be used in the reaction gas starting mixture especially polymer-grade propene and chemical-grade propene are suitable, as is the case, for example, with DE-A 10232748 describes.
- Air is normally used as the oxygen source.
- the loading of the fixed catalyst bed (only pure inert sections) with reaction gas starting mixture 1 will typically be 1000 to 10000 Nl / lh, mostly 1000 to 5000 Nl / lh, often 1500 to 4000 Nl / lh in the process according to the invention (regardless of whether a “ Acrolein-to-acrylic acid reaction stage "connects).
- the product gas mixture is optionally fed to the propene reaction stage of the acrolein reaction stage after intermediate cooling.
- the oxygen required in the acrolein reaction stage can already be added in excess to the reaction gas starting mixture 1 for the propene reaction stage and can thus be part of the product gas mixture of the propene reaction stage.
- the product gas mixture of the propene reaction stage which may be intercooled, can be the feed gas mixture of the acrolein reaction stage.
- the oxygen required for the second oxidation step from acrolein to acrylic acid can only be partially or completely added to the product gas mixture of the propene reaction stage even before it enters the acrolein reaction stage, e.g. in the form of air. This addition may involve direct cooling of the product gas mixture of the acrolein reaction stage.
- the inert gas contained in the feed gas mixture for an acrolein reaction stage can be e.g. ⁇ 20 vol.%, Or ⁇ 30 vol.%, Or ⁇ 40 vol.%, Or ⁇ 50 vol.%, Or ⁇ 60 vol.%, Or ⁇ 70 vol. %, or ⁇ 80 vol .-%, or ⁇ 90 vol .-%, or ⁇ 95 vol .-% consist of molecular nitrogen.
- the inert diluent gas in the feed gas for the acrolein reaction stage is 5 to 25 or 20% by weight H 2 O (can be formed and / or optionally added in a preceding propene reaction stage) and 70 up to 90 vol .-% consist of N 2 .
- inert diluent gases such as propane, ethane, methane, butane, pentane, CO 2 , steam and / or noble gases is recommended for the process according to the invention.
- these gases can also be used at lower acrolein loads.
- the working pressure in the gas phase partial oxidation of the acrolein to acrylic acid according to the invention can be both below normal pressure (e.g. up to 0.5 bar) and above normal pressure.
- the working pressure in the gas phase partial oxidation of acrolein will be from 1 to 5 bar, often 1 to 3 bar.
- the reaction pressure in the partial acrolein oxidation according to the invention will normally not exceed 100 bar. It is essential according to the invention, however, that the working pressure is increased during the operating period of the at least one fixed catalyst bed for the partial oxidation of acrolein to acrylic acid, based on an identical load thereof with reaction gas starting mixture 2 in Nl / lh, in order to counteract the deactivation of the at least one fixed catalyst bed ,
- the extent of the pressure increase can be designed as described in the general part of this document.
- the procedure (s) according to the invention can generally also be carried out using the methods described in EP-A 990 636, EP-A 11 06 598, EP-A 614 872, DE-A 10 35 0822, DE-A 10 23 2748 and DE -A 10351269 can be used in combination to extend the life of a catalyst bed. This enables catalyst bed service lives of several years to be achieved.
- the molar ratio of O 2 : acrolein in the feed gas mixture for an acrolein reaction stage will normally be ⁇ 1 (regardless of whether a propene reaction stage precedes or not). This ratio will usually be at values ⁇ 3. Frequently, the molar ratio of O 2 : acrolein in the aforementioned feed gas mixture according to the invention will be 1 to 2 or 1 to 1.5.
- reaction gas starting mixture 2 feed gas mixture for the acrolein reaction stage
- oxygen water vapor: inert gas - volume ratio (NI) of 1: (1 to 3): (0 to 20): (3 to 30), preferably from 1: (1 to 3): (0.5 to 10): (7 to 20).
- the acrolein content in the feed gas mixture for the acrolein reaction stage can be, for example (regardless of whether a propene reaction stage precedes or not) at values of 3 or 6 to 15 vol.%, Often at 4 or 6 to 10 vol.% Or 5 to 8% by volume (each based on the total volume).
- the loading of the fixed catalyst bed (here only pure inert sections) with feed gas mixture (reaction gas starting mixture 2) is carried out in an “acrolein-to-acrylic acid process” according to the invention in a typical manner as for the “propene-to-acrolein Reaction step "1000 to 10000 Nl / lh, mostly 1000 to 5000 Nl / lh, often 1500 to 4000 Nl / lh.
- a fresh fixed catalyst bed for the partial oxidation of propene to acrolein after its formation will normally be operated (ie regardless of whether there is a partial oxidation of the acrolein formed to acrylic acid) in such a way that after the composition has been determined of the reaction gas starting mixture 1 and determining the load on the fixed catalyst bed for the propene partial oxidation with reaction gas starting mixture 1, the temperature of the fixed catalyst bed (or the entry temperature of the temperature control medium into the temperature control zone of the tube bundle reactor) is set such that the conversion U Pro of the propene with one pass of the reaction gas mixture 1 through the Fixed catalyst bed is at least 93 mol%. If inexpensive catalysts are used, values for U Pro ⁇ 94 mol%, or ⁇ 95 mol%, or ⁇ 96 mol%, or ⁇ 97 mol% and often even more are also possible.
- reaction gas starting mixture 1 the composition of the reaction gas starting mixture 1 and the load on the corresponding fixed catalyst bed with reaction gas starting mixture 1 will be maintained essentially constant (if necessary, the loading will be adjusted to the fluctuating market demand).
- a drop in the activity of the fixed catalyst bed over time under these production conditions will normally initially be countered by increasing the temperature of the fixed catalyst bed (the temperature of the temperature of the temperature control medium entering the temperature zone of the tube bundle reactor) from time to time (the flow rate of the temperature control medium normally becomes essentially also maintained), the propene conversion in one pass of the reaction gas mixture in the desired target corridor (ie, with U Pr0 ⁇ 93 mol%, or ⁇ 94 mol%, or ⁇ 95 mol%, or ⁇ 96 mol .-%, or ⁇ 97 mol .-%) to keep.
- U Pr0 ⁇ 93 mol%, or ⁇ 94 mol%, or ⁇ 95 mol%, or ⁇ 96 mol .-%, or ⁇ 97 mol .-%) to keep.
- such a procedure alone entails the disadvantages described at the beginning of this document.
- the gas phase partial oxidation is interrupted from time to time according to the invention in order, at a temperature of the fixed catalyst bed of 250 to 550 ° C., as described in DE-A 10351269, from molecular oxygen, inert gas and, if appropriate To conduct water vapor existing gas mixture G through the fixed catalyst bed.
- the partial oxidation of the propene is continued with the process conditions being largely retained (the propene loading on the fixed catalyst bed is preferably restored slowly) and the temperature of the fixed catalyst bed is adjusted so that the propene conversion reaches the desired target value.
- this temperature value will be at a somewhat lower value than the temperature which the fixed catalyst bed had before the interruption of the partial oxidation and the treatment according to the invention with the gas mixture G.
- the partial oxidation is continued while largely maintaining the other conditions, and the decrease in the activity of the fixed catalyst bed over time is expediently counteracted by increasing the temperature of the fixed catalyst bed from time to time.
- the partial oxidation is expediently interrupted at least once in accordance with the invention in order to pass the gas mixture G through the fixed catalyst bed in the manner according to the invention. Thereafter, the partial oxidation according to the invention is advantageously resumed as described, etc.
- the measure according to the invention of increasing the working pressure will be incorporated in an appropriate manner. This can be done in steps or uniformly.
- a fresh fixed catalyst bed for the partial oxidation of acrolein to acrylic acid after its formation will normally be operated in such a way that after determining the operation of this reaction stage and the composition of the reaction gas starting mixture 2 and determining the load on the corresponding catalyst solid bed with reaction gas starting mixture 2 adjusts the temperature of the fixed catalyst bed (or the entry temperature of the temperature control medium into the temperature control zone of the tube bundle reactor ) such that the conversion U acr of acrolein is at least 90 mol% when the reaction gas starting mixture 2 passes through the fixed catalyst bed once.
- values for U Acr are also ⁇ 92 mol%, or ⁇ 94 mol%, or ⁇ 96 mol%, or ⁇ 98 mol%, and often even ⁇ 99 mol% and more possible.
- the composition of the reaction gas starting mixture 2 and the loading of the corresponding fixed catalyst bed with reaction gas starting mixture 2 will be maintained essentially constant (if necessary, the loading will be adapted to the fluctuating market demand).
- a drop in the activity of the fixed catalyst bed over time under these production conditions will normally be countered by increasing the temperature of the fixed catalyst bed (the temperature of the temperature of the temperature control medium entering the temperature zone of the shell-and-tube reactor) from time to time (the flow rate of the temperature control medium normally becomes essentially the same) maintained), the acrolein conversion with a single passage of the feed gas mixture in the desired target corridor (ie, at values of ⁇ 90 mol%, or ⁇ 92 mol%, or ⁇ 94 mol%, or ⁇ 96 mol .-%, or ⁇ 98 mol .-%, or ⁇ 99 mol .-%) to keep.
- the desired target corridor ie, at values of ⁇ 90 mol%, or ⁇ 92 mol%, or ⁇ 94 mol%, or ⁇ 96 mol .-%, or ⁇ 98 mol .-%, or ⁇ 99 mol .-%
- the gas phase partial oxidation is interrupted at least once, at a temperature of the fixed catalyst bed from 200 to 450 ° C (in a two-stage partial oxidation of propene to acrylic acid via the fixed catalyst bed of propene oxidation to acrolein) leading the gas mixture G through the fixed catalyst bed of the partial oxidation of acrolein to acrylic acid.
- the partial oxidation is then continued while the process conditions are largely maintained (the restoration of the acrolein load on the corresponding fixed catalyst bed is preferably slow, for example as described in DE-A 10337788) and the temperature of the fixed catalyst bed is adjusted so that the acrolein conversion reaches the desired target value , As a rule, for the same conversion, this temperature value will be at a somewhat lower value than the temperature which the fixed catalyst bed had before the interruption of the partial oxidation and the treatment with the gas mixture G.
- the partial oxidation of acrolein is continued while largely maintaining the other conditions, and the decrease in the activity of the fixed catalyst bed over time is expediently counteracted by increasing the temperature of the fixed catalyst bed from time to time.
- the partial oxidation according to the invention is again interrupted at least once in order to pass the gas mixture G (possibly leading over the fixed catalyst bed of a propene reaction stage) through the fixed catalyst bed of the acrolein partial oxidation of acrolein lead to acrylic acid. Thereafter, the partial oxidation according to the invention is advantageously resumed, as described, etc.
- the measure according to the invention of increasing the working pressure will be incorporated in an appropriate manner. This can be done in steps or uniformly.
- a pressure control device may be attached.
- a pressure control device downstream (preferably directly at the outlet of the product gas mixture) of the second reaction stage, in which the partial oxidation of the acroleins to acrylic acid takes place is often sufficient. It is surprising that if the fixed catalyst bed is partially deactivated over longer operating times, the measure of increasing the working pressures requires the catalyst bed to be reactivated. It is also surprising that if this pressure increase is carried out with a sense of proportion, there is no significant reduction in the selectivity of the target product formation.
- the process according to the invention thus enables on the one hand longer service lives of the catalyst beds, in particular fixed catalyst beds, in the reactor systems before they have to be partially or completely replaced.
- the reactant conversions achieved integrally over time are also increased.
- the process according to the invention is particularly advantageous if, in the case of a propene partial oxidation to acrolein (in the case of an acrolein partial oxidation to acrylic acid), the fixed catalyst bed is loaded with propene (with acrolein) of 110 110 Nl / lh or 120 120 Nl / lh, or ⁇ 130 Nl / lh is operated (under high educt loading, catalysts usually deactivate faster).
- the loading of the fixed catalyst bed for the acrolein partial oxidation with acrolein can in each case be up to 20 Nl / l-h below the propene loading of the fixed catalyst bed for the propene partial oxidation.
- the acrylic acid can be separated from the product gas mixture and the associated recycle gas formation can be carried out as described in WO 97/48669.
- At least one air compressor is required to compress the air which is usually used as an oxygen source (for example a radial compressor according to DE-A 10259023 and DE-A 10353014) in order to bring the reaction gas starting mixture to the required working pressure bring.
- the air compressors to be used are normally designed for heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidations so that they can run through a working pressure range of up to 0.5 bar at most when the catalyst bed is loaded with a reaction gas starting mixture.
- air compressors for example the radial compressors mentioned
- the reaction gas mixture are advantageous, which are designed such that they have a working pressure range of> 0.5 to 4 bar, frequently 0.6 to, for a given load on the catalyst bed with reaction gas starting mixture 3.5 bar, often 0.7 to 3 bar and often 0.8 to 2.5 bar or 1 to 2 bar (ie, the maximum working pressure possible by means of the compressor can be up to 4 bar above the minimum working pressure)
- the loading of the catalyst bed with reaction gas starting mixture is ⁇ 1500 Nl / l-h, or ⁇ 2000 Nl / l-h, or ⁇ 2500 Nl / l-h, or ⁇ 3000 Nl / l-h, or ⁇ 4000 Nl / l-h.
- the aforementioned load in the method according to the invention is at values of 5000 5000 Nl / l-h.
- other components e.g. recycle gas
- reactants such as propene and propane are usually stored as a liquid and, as a rule, are vaporized from the same immediately at working pressure. Circular gas is sometimes compressed separately.
- the spray drying was carried out in a rotary disc spray tower in countercurrent at a gas inlet temperature of 300 ⁇ 10 ° C and a gas outlet temperature of 100 ⁇ 10 ° C.
- the spray powder obtained (particle size essentially uniform 30 ⁇ m), which had an ignition loss of 12% by weight (3 hours at 600 ° C. in air), was then mixed with 16.8% by weight (based on the powder) Water pasted in a kneader and extruded into strands with a diameter of 6 mm using an extruder (torque: ⁇ 50 Nm). These were cut into 6 cm sections on a 3-zone belt dryer with a residence time of 120 min at temperatures of 90-95 ° C. (zone 1) and 125 ° C.
- zone 2 zone 2 and 125 ° C. (zone 3) Air dried and then thermally treated at a temperature in the range from 780 to 810 ° C. (calcined; in a rotary kiln through which air flows (1.54 m 3 internal volume, 200 Nm 3 air / h)). It is essential for the exact setting of the calcination temperature that it has to be based on the desired phase composition of the calcination product.
- the phases WO 3 (monoclinic) and Bi 2 W 2 O 9 are desired, and the presence of ⁇ -Bi 2 WO 6 (russellite) is undesirable.
- the preparation must be repeated and the calcination temperature within the specified temperature range or the dwell time at constant calcination temperature until the disappearance of the reflex is reached.
- the preformed calcium ned mixed oxide thus obtained was milled so that the X ⁇ value (see.
- a solution A was prepared by dissolving 213 kg of ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate (81.5% by weight of MoO 3 ) at 60 ° C. with stirring in 600 l of water and the resulting solution while maintaining the 60 ° C. and stirring at 0.97 kg a 20 ° C aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (46.8 wt .-% KOH).
- a solution B was prepared by at 116 ° C. in 262.9 kg of an aqueous Co (II) balt nitrate solution (12.4% by weight Co) 116.25 kg of an aqueous iron (III) nitrate solution (14 , 2% by weight of Fe). Subsequently, while maintaining the 60 ° C., the solution B was continuously in the presented solution over a period of 30 minutes A pumped. The mixture was then stirred at 60 ° C for 15 minutes. Then 19.16 kg of a silica gel from Dupont of the Ludox type (46.80% by weight SiO 2 , density: 1.36 to 1.42 g / ml, pH 8.5 to 9) were added to the resulting aqueous mixture. 5, alkali content max. 0.5% by weight) added and then stirred for a further 15 minutes at 60 ° C.
- a silica gel from Dupont of the Ludox type 46.80% by weight SiO 2 , density: 1.36 to 1.42 g
- spray drying was carried out in counter-current in a turntable spray tower (gas inlet temperature: 400 ⁇ 10 ° C, gas outlet temperature: 140 ⁇ 5 ° C).
- the resulting spray powder had an ignition loss of approximately 30% by weight (3 hours at 600 ° C. in air) and an essentially uniform grain size of 30 ⁇ m.
- the starting mass 1 was compared with the starting mass 2 in the stoichiometry for a multimetal oxide active mass
- the resulting mixture was then run in a compactor (Hosokawa Bepex GmbH, D-74211 Leingart) of the compactor type K200 / 100 with concave, corrugated smooth rollers (gap width: 2.8 mm, screen width: 1.0 mm, screen size undersize: 400 ⁇ m, nominal press force: 60 kN, screw speed: 65 to 70 revolutions per minute).
- the resulting compact had a hardness of 10 N and an essentially uniform grain size of 400 ⁇ m to 1 mm.
- the compact was then mixed with, based on its weight, a further 2% by weight of the same graphite and then in a Kilian rotary machine (tableting machine) of the R x 73 type, from Kilian, D-50735 Cologne, under a nitrogen atmosphere to form annular full catalyst precursor shaped bodies the geometry (outer diameter x length x inner diameter) 5 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm with a lateral compressive strength of 19 N ⁇ 3 N.
- side compressive strength is understood to mean the compressive strength when the annular fully shaped catalyst precursor body is compressed perpendicular to the cylinder surface (i.e., parallel to the surface of the ring opening).
- All side compressive strengths of this document relate to a determination by means of a material testing machine from Zwick GmbH & Co. (D-89079 Ulm) des Type Z 2.5 / TS1S.
- This material testing machine is designed for quasi-static loads with rapid, ' stationary, swelling or changing course. It is suitable for tensile, compression and bending tests.
- the installed KAF-TC force transducer from AST (D-01307 Dresden) with the production number 03-2038 was calibrated in accordance with DIN EN ISO 7500-1 and could be used for the measuring range 1-500N (relative measurement uncertainty: + 0, 2%).
- Preload 0.5 N.
- Preload speed 10 mm / min.
- Test speed 1.6 mm / min.
- the upper punch was first lowered slowly until just before the cylindrical surface of the annular full catalyst precursor molded body. Then the upper punch was stopped in order to then be lowered at the significantly slower test speed with minimal pre-force required for further lowering.
- the preload at which the shaped catalyst precursor body shows cracking is the lateral compressive strength (SDF).
- each of the shaped catalyst precursor body were initially in a muffle furnace through which air flows (60 l internal volume, 1 l / h air per gram shaped catalyst precursor body), initially with a heating rate of 180 ° C./h from room temperature (25 ° C.) heated to 190 ° C.
- This temperature was maintained for 1 h and then increased to 210 ° C at a heating rate of 60 ° C / h.
- the 210 ° C was again maintained for 1 h before being increased to 230 ° C at a heating rate of 60 ° C / h.
- This temperature was also maintained for 1 h before it was increased to 265 ° C, again at a heating rate of 60 ° C / h.
- the 265 ° C was then also maintained for 1 h. Thereafter, the mixture was first cooled to room temperature, essentially completing the decomposition phase. The mixture was then heated to 465 ° C. at a heating rate of 180 ° C./h and this calcination temperature was maintained for 4 hours.
- annular unsupported catalysts K p were obtained from the annular unsupported shaped catalyst precursors.
- the ratio R of apparent mass density to true mass density p was 0.66.
- the same annular catalyst was advantageously treated by thermal treatment as in Example 1 of DE-A 10046957 (the bed height in the decomposition (chambers 1 to 4) was 44 mm with a residence time per chamber of 1.46 h and in the calcination (chambers 5 to 8) it advantageously amounted to 130 mm with a residence time of 4.67 h) produced using a belt calciner; the chambers had a base area (with a uniform chamber length of 1.40 m) of 1.29 m 2 (decomposition) and 1.40 m 2 (calcination) and were flowed through from below through the coarse-mesh belt of 75 Nm 3 / h of supply air which were sucked in by means of rotating fans. Within the chambers, the time and place deviation of the temperature from the setpoint was always ⁇ 2 ° C. Otherwise the procedure was as described in Example
- FIG. 1 A schematic representation of the rotary kiln is shown in FIG. 1 attached to this document. The following reference numbers refer to this FIG. 1.
- the central element of the rotary kiln is the rotary tube (1). It is 4000 mm long and has an inside diameter of 700 mm. It is made of stainless steel 1.4893 and has a wall thickness of 10 mm.
- lances On the inner wall of the rotary kiln, lances are attached, which have a height of 5 cm and a length of 23.5 cm. They primarily serve the purpose of lifting the material to be treated thermally in the rotary kiln and thereby mixing it.
- the rotary tube rotates freely in a cuboid (2) which has four electrically heated (resistance heating) heating zones, which each follow the same length in the length of the rotary tube, each of which encloses the circumference of the rotary tube furnace.
- Each of the heating zones can heat the corresponding rotary tube section to temperatures between room temperature and 850 ° C.
- the maximum heating output of each heating zone is 30 kW.
- the distance between the electrical heating zone and the outer surface of the rotary tube is approximately 10 cm. At the beginning and at the end the rotary tube protrudes approx. 30 cm from the cuboid.
- the speed of rotation can be variably set between 0 and 3 revolutions per minute.
- the rotary tube can be turned left as well as right. When turning to the right, the material remains in the rotary tube, when turning to the left, the material is conveyed from the entry (3) to the discharge (4).
- the angle of inclination of the rotary tube to the horizontal can be variably set between 0 ° and 2 °. In discontinuous operation, it is actually 0 °. In continuous operation, the lowest point of the rotary tube is at the material discharge.
- the rotary tube can be rapidly cooled by switching off the electrical heating zones and switching on a fan (5). This sucks in ambient air through holes (6) in the lower floor of the cuboid and conveys it through three flaps (7) in the lid with a variably adjustable opening.
- the material input is checked via a rotary valve (mass control).
- the material discharge is controlled via the direction of rotation of the rotary tube.
- a material quantity of 250 to 500 kg can be thermally treated. It is usually only in the heated part of the rotary tube.
- thermocouples From a lance (8) lying on the central axis of the rotary tube, a total of three thermocouples (9) lead vertically into the material at intervals of 800 mm. They enable the temperature of the material to be determined.
- the temperature of the material is understood to mean the arithmetic mean of the three thermocouple temperatures.
- the maximum deviation of two measured temperatures is expediently less than 30 ° C., preferably less than 20 ° C., particularly preferably less than 10 ° C. and very particularly preferably less than 5 or 3 ° C.
- Gas streams can be passed through the rotary tube, by means of which the calcining atmosphere or generally the atmosphere of the thermal treatment of the material can be adjusted.
- the heater (10) offers the possibility of heating the gas flow into the rotary tube to the desired temperature in advance of its entry into the rotary tube (e.g. to the temperature desired for the material in the rotary tube).
- the maximum output of the heater is 1 x 50 kW + 1 x 30 kW.
- the heater (10) can e.g. act as an indirect heat exchanger.
- Such a heater can in principle also be used as a cooler.
- it is an electric heater in which the gas flow is conducted over metal wires heated by current (expediently a CSN instantaneous heater, type 97D / 80 from C. Schniewindt KG, 58805 Neuerade - DE).
- the rotary tube device provides the possibility of partially or completely circulating the gas flow guided through the rotary tube.
- the circular line required for this is movably connected to the rotary tube at the rotary tube inlet and at the rotary tube outlet via ball bearings or via graphite press seals. These compounds are flushed with inert gas (e.g. nitrogen) (sealing gas).
- inert gas e.g. nitrogen
- the two flushing streams (11) supplement the gas stream passed through the rotary tube at the inlet into the rotary tube and at the outlet from the rotary tube.
- the rotary tube expediently tapers at its beginning and at its end and protrudes into the tube of the circular line that leads in and out.
- a cyclone (12) is located behind the outlet of the gas stream guided through the rotary tube, for separating solid particles entrained in the gas stream (the centrifugal separator separates solid particles suspended in the gas phase by the interaction of centrifugal and gravity forces; the centrifugal force of the gas stream rotating as a spiral vortex accelerates the sedimentation of the suspended particles).
- the circulating gas flow (24) (the gas circulation) is conveyed by means of a circulating gas compressor (13) (fan) which draws in in the direction of the cyclone and presses in the other direction.
- a circulating gas compressor (13) fan
- the gas pressure is usually above one atmosphere.
- Circulating gas outlet (circulating gas can be discharged via a control valve (14)).
- a cover located behind the outlet (cross-sectional taper by a factor of 3, pressure reducer) (15) facilitates the outlet.
- the pressure behind the rotary tube outlet can be regulated via the control valve. This is done in conjunction with a pressure sensor (16), which is located behind the rotary tube outlet, the exhaust gas compressor (17) (fan), which is connected to the control valve. straightens the suction, the cycle gas compressor (13) and the fresh gas supply. Relative to the external pressure, the pressure (directly) behind the rotary tube outlet can be set, for example, up to +1, 0 mbar above and, for example, up to -1, 2 mbar below. That is, the pressure of the gas stream flowing through the rotary tube can be below the ambient pressure of the rotary tube when it leaves the rotary tube.
- connection between the cyclone (12) and the cycle gas compressor (13) is closed according to the three-way valve principle (26) and the gas flow is passed directly into the exhaust gas purification device (23) guided.
- the connection to the exhaust gas cleaning device located behind the cycle gas compressor is also closed in this case according to the three-way valve principle. If the gas flow consists essentially of air, in this case it is sucked in (27) via the cycle gas compressor (13).
- the connection to the cyclone is closed according to the three-way valve principle.
- the gas stream is preferably drawn through the rotary tube, so that the internal pressure of the rotary tube is less than the ambient pressure.
- the pressure behind the rotary tube outlet is advantageously set to be -0.2 mbar below the external pressure.
- the pressure behind the rotary tube outlet is advantageously set to be -0.8 mbar below the external pressure.
- the slight negative pressure serves the purpose of avoiding contamination of the ambient air with gas mixture from the rotary kiln.
- the ammonia sensor preferably works according to an optical measuring principle (the absorption of light of a certain wavelength correlates proportionally to the ammonia content of the gas) and is expediently a device from Perkin & Eimer of the type MCS 100.
- the oxygen sensor is based on the paramagnetic properties of oxygen and is expedient an Oximat from Siemens of the type Oxymat MAT SF 7MB1010-2CA01-1AA1-Z.
- Gases such as air, nitrogen, ammonia or other gases can be metered in between the orifice (15) and the heater (10) to the actually recirculated gas fraction (19).
- a base load of nitrogen is often added (20).
- nitrogen / air splitter (21) you can react to the measured value of the oxygen sensor.
- the discharged cycle gas portion (22) (exhaust gas) often contains not completely harmless gases such as NO x , acetic acid, NH 3 , etc.), which is why these are normally separated off in an exhaust gas cleaning device (23).
- the exhaust gas is generally first passed through a scrubbing column (is essentially a column free of internals, which contains a packing which separates it before it leaves; the exhaust gas and aqueous spray mist are conducted in cocurrent and in countercurrent (2 spray nozzles with opposite spray directions) ,
- the exhaust gas is led into a device which contains a fine dust filter (usually a bundle of hose filters), from the interior of which the penetrated exhaust gas is led away. Then it is finally burned in a muffle.
- a fine dust filter usually a bundle of hose filters
- nitrogen always means nitrogen with a purity> 99% by volume.
- Solution 2 was cooled to 80 ° C. and then solution 1 was stirred into solution 2.
- the resulting mixture was mixed with 130 l of a 25% by weight aqueous NH 3 solution which had a temperature of 25 ° C. With stirring, a clear solution was formed which briefly had a temperature of 65 ° C. and a pH of 8.5. A further 20 l of water at a temperature of 25 ° C. were added to this. The temperature of the resulting solution then rose again to 80 ° C. and this was then sprayed with a spray dryer from Niro-Atomizer (Copenhagen) of type S- 50-N / R spray dried (gas inlet temperature: 350 ° C, gas outlet temperature:
- Niro-Atomizer Copenhagen
- the spray powder had a particle diameter of 2 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the strands were dried on the belt dryer for 1 hour at a temperature of 120 ° C. (material temperature). The dried strands formed the precursor mass to be thermally treated.
- the thermal treatment was carried out in the rotary tube furnace according to FIG. 1 described under “B) 1.” and under the following conditions: the thermal treatment was carried out discontinuously with a material quantity of 300 kg, which, as in “B) 2.” had been produced; the angle of inclination of the rotary tube to the horizontal was * 0 °; the rotating tube rotated clockwise at 1.5 revolutions / min; During the entire thermal treatment, a gas flow of 205 Nm 3 / h was passed through the rotary tube, which (after displacement of the air originally contained) was composed as follows and supplemented by a further 25 Nm 3 / h barrier gas nitrogen at its outlet from the rotary tube has been:
- Nm 3 / h composed of base load nitrogen (20) and gases released in the rotary tube, 25 Nm 3 / h barrier gas nitrogen (11), 30 Nm 3 / h air (splitter (21)); and 70 Nm 3 / h recirculated cycle gas (19).
- the sealing gas nitrogen was supplied at a temperature of 25 ° C.
- the mixture of the other gas streams coming from the heater was fed into the rotary tube at the temperature that the material had in the rotary tube.
- the material temperature was heated from 25 ° C to 300 ° C essentially linearly within 10 h; the material temperature was then heated essentially linearly to 360 ° C. in the course of 2 h; subsequently the material temperature was reduced substantially linearly to 350 ° C. within 7 hours; the material temperature was then increased substantially linearly to 420 ° C.
- the pressure (immediately) behind the rotary tube outlet of the gas stream was 0.2 mbar below the external pressure.
- the oxygen content of the gas atmosphere in the rotary kiln was 2.99 vol.% In all phases of the thermal treatment. Arithmetically averaged over the total duration of the reductive thermal treatment, the ammonia concentration in the gas atmosphere in the rotary kiln was 4% by volume.
- Fig. 4 shows, depending on the material temperature, the molar amounts of molecular oxygen and ammonia, which were fed into the rotary tube per kg of precursor mass and hour via the thermal treatment with the gas stream. 4. Shape of the multimetal oxide active material
- the catalytically active material obtained under “B) 3.” was ground using a Biplex cross-flow classifier mill (BQ 500) (from Hosokawa-Alpine Augsburg) to form a finely divided powder, of which 50% of the powder particles were a sieve with a mesh size of 1 to 10 ⁇ m happened and its proportion of particles with a longest expansion above 50 ⁇ m was less than 1%.
- BQ 500 Biplex cross-flow classifier mill
- 70 kg ring-shaped carrier body (7.1 mm outer diameter, 3.2 mm length, 4.0 mm inner diameter; steatite of the type C220 from CeramTec with a surface roughness R z of 45 ⁇ m and a total pore volume based on the volume of the carrier body ⁇ 1 Vol .-%; see DE-A 2135620) were filled into a coating pan (inclination angle 90 °; Hicoater from Lödige, DE) with an internal volume of 200 l. The coating pan was then set in rotation at 16 rpm. 3.8 to 4.2 liters of an aqueous solution of 75% by weight of water and 25% by weight of glycerol were sprayed onto the support bodies in the course of 25 minutes via a nozzle.
- FIG. 5 also shows the pore distribution of the ground active mass powder before it is shaped.
- the pore diameter is plotted in ⁇ m on the abscissa (logarithmic scale).
- FIG. 6 shows the individual contributions of the individual pore diameters (abscissa, in angstroms, logarithmic scale) in the micropore range to the total pore volume for the active mass powder in ml / g (ordinate) before it is shaped.
- FIG. 7 shows the same as FIG. 5, but for multimetal oxide active composition subsequently detached from the annular coated catalyst K A by mechanical scraping (its specific surface area was 12.9 m 2 / g).
- FIG. 8 shows the same as FIG. 6, but for the multimetal oxide active composition subsequently detached from the annular coated catalyst by mechanical scraping.
- Heat exchange medium used molten salt, consisting of 60% by weight of potassium nitrate and 40% by weight of sodium nitrite.
- Contact tube material ferritic steel.
- Reactor cylindrical vessel with a diameter of 6800 mm; ring-shaped tube bundle with a free central space.
- the ends of the contact tubes were sealed in contact tube bottoms with a thickness of 125 mm and each of their openings opened into a hood connected to the container at the upper and lower ends.
- a baffle plate was located between the upper hood and the upper contact tube base, against which the supplied reaction gas mixture flowed and was then redirected to the contact tubes.
- the tube bundle was divided into 4 equidistant (each 730 mm) longitudinal sections (zones) by three deflection disks (thickness 10 mm each) successively attached along the same along the contact tube sheets.
- the bottom and the top deflection plate had ring geometry, the inner ring diameter being 1000 mm and the outer ring diameter extending sealingly up to the container wall.
- the contact tubes were not attached in a sealing manner to the deflection disks. Rather, a gap width of ⁇ 0.5 mm was left in such a way that the cross-flow velocity of the molten salt was as constant as possible within a zone.
- the middle baffle was circular and extended to the outermost contact tubes of the tube bundle.
- the circulation of the molten salt was accomplished by two salt pumps, each of which supplied one half of the tube bundle.
- the pumps pressed the molten salt into an annular channel around the bottom of the reactor jacket, which distributed the molten salt over the circumference of the vessel.
- the salt melt reached the tube bundle in the lowest longitudinal section through windows in the reactor jacket.
- the molten salt then flowed from outside to inside, from inside to outside in accordance with the specification of the baffle plates, from outside to inside, from inside to outside,
- composition of the reaction gas starting mixture 1 (mixture of air, chemical grade propylene and cycle gas) was in the following pattern over the operating time:
- Reactor feed The molten salt and reaction gas mixture were passed through the reactor in countercurrent.
- the molten salt entered at the bottom, the reaction gas mixture at the top.
- the inlet temperature of the molten salt was 337 ° C at the beginning.
- the initial temperature of the molten salt was 339 ° C.
- the pumping capacity was 6200 m 3 molten salt / h.
- the reaction gas starting mixture was fed to the reactor at a temperature of 300 ° C.
- Zone A 50 cm pre-filling of steatite rings with a geometry of 7 mm x 7 mm x 4 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter)
- Zone B 100 cm catalyst feed with a homogeneous mixture of 35% by weight of steatite rings of geometry 5 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter) and 65% by weight of that produced in A) annular full catalyst Kp).
- thermotubes (their number was 10, which were evenly distributed in the central area of the tube bundle) were designed and loaded as follows: (they were used to determine the hot point temperature (maximum temperature along a thermotube) to control the inlet temperature of the molten salt; it is an arithmetic mean of independent measurements in the 10 thermotubes)
- thermotubes had a central thermowell with 40 temperature measuring points (that is, each thermotube contained 40 thermocouples, which were integrated into a thermowell with different lengths and thus formed a multithermocouple, with which the temperature could be determined simultaneously within the thermotube at different heights ).
- At least 13 and at most 30 of the 40 temperature measuring points each were in the area of the first meter of the active section of the fixed catalyst bed (in the direction of flow of the reaction gas mixture).
- thermotube The inside diameter of a thermotube was 27 mm.
- the wall thickness and the pipe material were the same as for the working pipes.
- the outer diameter of the thermal sleeve was 4 mm.
- thermal tubes were filled as follows: A thermal tube was filled with the annular unsupported catalyst K p produced in A). In addition, the ring was made into the thermotube Fully catalytic converter K p filled catalyst split of the longest dimension 2 to 3 mm.
- the catalyst split was homogeneously distributed over the entire active section of the fixed catalyst bed of the respective thermal tube in such a way that the pressure loss of the reaction gas mixture when it passed through the thermal tube corresponded to that when the reaction gas mixture was passed through a working tube (based on the active section of the fixed catalyst bed (ie, the Except for inert sections (5 to 20% by weight of catalyst split was required in the thermotube).
- the respective total filling level of active and inert sections in the working and thermotubes was dimensioned the same and the ratio of the total amount of active mass contained in the tube to the heat transfer area of the tube for working and thermotubes was set to essentially the same value.
- the product gas mixture leaving the propene reaction stage with a temperature essentially corresponding to the molten salt outlet temperature was passed through a single-zone tube bundle heat exchanger made of ferritic steel cooled with a molten salt of 60% by weight of potassium nitrate and 40% by weight of sodium nitrite, for the purpose of intermediate cooling. which was flanged directly to the reactor.
- the distance from the lower tube sheet of the reactor to the upper tube sheet of the cooler was 10 cm.
- the molten salt and the product gas mixture were passed through the heat exchanger in countercurrent.
- the salt bath itself flowed in a meandering manner around the cooling tubes through which the product gas mixture was passed, as in the first-stage, single-zone, multi-contact tube, fixed-bed reactor.
- the length of the cooling pipes was 1.65 m, their inner diameter was 2.6 cm and their wall thickness was 2.5 mm.
- the number of cooling pipes was 8,000.
- the diameter of the heat exchanger was 7.2 m.
- the product gas mixture left the intercooler at a temperature of 250 ° C. Subsequently, compressed air, which had a temperature of 140 ° C., was admixed in an amount of about 6700 Nm 3 / h, so that the one described below Composition of the feed gas mixture for the acrolein reaction stage resulted.
- reaction gas starting mixture 2 was fed to the single-zone multi-contact tube fixed-bed reactor of the acrolein reaction stage at a temperature of 220 ° C.
- a single-zone multi-contact tube fixed bed reactor was used which was identical to that of the first stage.
- composition of the feed gas mixture (reaction gas starting mixture 2) was in the following pattern over the operating time:
- Reactor feed molten salt and feed gas mixture were passed through the reactor in countercurrent. The molten salt entered at the bottom, the feed gas mixture at the top.
- the inlet temperature of the molten salt was approximately 263 ° C. at the beginning (after the formation of the fixed catalyst bed for the acrolein partial oxidation).
- the associated outlet temperature of the molten salt was initially around 265 ° C.
- the pumping capacity was 6200 m 3 molten salt / h.
- reaction gas starting mixture was fed to the reactor at a temperature of 240 ° C.
- Acrolein load of the fixed catalyst bed for partial acrolein oxidation 90 to 110 Nl / lh
- Zone A 20 cm spillage of steatite rings of geometry 7 mm x 7 mm x 4 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter).
- Zone B 100 cm catalyst feed with a homogeneous mixture of 30% by weight of steatite rings of geometry 7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter) and 70% by weight of the ring-shaped (approx. 7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm) in B) produced shell catalyst K A.
- Zone C 200 cm catalyst charge with the annular (about 7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm) in B) produced coated catalyst K A.
- the thermal tubes (their number was 10, which were evenly distributed in the central area of the tube bundle) were designed and loaded as follows:
- thermotubes had a central thermowell with 40 temperature measuring points (that is, each thermotube contained 40 thermocouples, which were integrated into a thermowell with different lengths and thus formed a multithermocouple, with which the temperature could be determined simultaneously within the thermotube at different heights ).
- At least 13 and at most 30 of the 40 temperature measuring points were located in the area of the first meter of the active section of the fixed catalyst bed (in the flow direction of the reaction gas mixture).
- the inside diameter of a thermotube was 27 mm.
- the wall thickness and the pipe material were the same as for the working pipes.
- the outer diameter of the thermal sleeve was 4 mm.
- the thermal tubes were filled as follows:
- thermotube was filled with the annular coated catalyst K A produced in B).
- spherical shell catalyst was added to the thermal tube (same active mass as the ring-shaped shell catalyst, the diameter of the Steatit C220 (CeramTec) carrier balls was 2-3 mm; the active mass fraction was 20% by weight, the production was carried out as for the ring-shaped shell catalyst K A described, but the binder was a corresponding amount of water).
- the spherical coated catalyst was charged homogeneously over the entire active section of the fixed catalyst bed of the respective thermal tube in such a way that the pressure loss of the reaction gas mixture when it passed through the thermal tube corresponded to that when it passed through a working tube (based on the active section of the Fixed catalyst bed (ie excluding the inert sections) in the thermotube required 5 to 20% by weight of spherical coated catalyst).
- the respective total filling level of active and inert sections in the working and thermotubes was dimensioned the same and the ratio of the total amount of active mass contained in the tube to the heat transfer area of the tube for working and thermotubes was set to the same value.
- the fixed catalyst bed of the tube bundle reactor for the propene partial oxidation to acrolein had been freshly fed 1.5 years before the catalyst bed of the tube bundle reactor for the acrolein partial oxidation to acrylic acid.
- the sales target for the propene to be converted in a single passage of the reaction gas starting mixture 1 through the fixed catalyst bed of the propene oxidation stage was set at 97.5 mol%.
- This conversion value could be maintained over time by gradually increasing the inlet temperature of the molten salt into the reactor of the propene reaction stage.
- the sales target for the acrolein to be converted in a single passage of the reaction gas starting mixture 2 through the fixed catalyst bed of the acrolein reaction stage was set at 99.3 mol%.
- the partial oxidation was interrupted about once per calendar month (the increase in the molten salt inlet temperature into the reactor of the acrolein reaction stage until the monthly interruption was always ⁇ 0.3 ° C and ⁇ 4 ° C; in the case of the reactor for the propene reaction stage the approximately monthly increase values were ⁇ 0.5 ° C), the inlet temperature of the molten salt last used in the respective reaction stage and in the intercooler was maintained and a gas mixture G of 6% by volume G was used for a period of time t G from 24 h to 48 h O 2 and 95 vol .-% N with a loading of the fixed catalyst bed of the propene reaction stage of 30 Nl / lh through the entire reaction system. The partial oxidation was then continued and the entry temperature of the molten salt into the respective reaction stage was adjusted so that the sales target of the respective reaction stage was further achieved.
- a reaction tube (V2A steel; 30 mm outer diameter, 2 mm wall thickness, 26 mm inner diameter, centered a thermo sleeve (to accommodate a thermocouple) with an outer diameter of 4 mm, length: 320 cm) was loaded from top to bottom as follows:
- Section 1 50 cm length steatite rings of geometry 7 mm x 7 mm x 4 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter) as a pre-fill.
- Section 2 100 cm length of catalyst feed with a homogeneous mixture of steat rings with a geometry of 5 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter) and 70% by weight of an annular full catalyst K p (as in A) ).
- Section 3 170 cm length of catalyst feed with exclusively circular full catalyst K p according to Section 2.
- the reaction tube was thermostatted in countercurrent using a nitrogen-saturated salt bath (53% by weight of potassium nitrate, 40% by weight of sodium nitrite and 7% by weight of sodium nitrate).
- a reaction tube (V2A steel; 30 mm outer diameter, 2 mm wall thickness, 26 mm inner diameter, centered a thermo sleeve (to accommodate a thermocouple) with an outer diameter of 4 mm, length: 320 cm) was loaded from top to bottom as follows:
- Section 1 20 cm long pre-fill from steatite rings of geometry 7 mm x 7 mm x 4 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter).
- Section 2 100 cm length of catalyst feed with a homogeneous mixture of 30% by weight of steatite rings of geometry 7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm (outside diameter x length x inside diameter) and 70% by weight of the ring-shaped coated catalyst K A ( as produced in B)).
- Section 3 200 cm length of catalyst feed with only an annular cup catalyst K A according to Section 2.
- the reaction tube was thermostatted in countercurrent using a nitrogen-saturated salt bath (53% by weight potassium nitrate, 40% by weight sodium nitrite and 7% by weight sodium nitrate).
- the first reaction stage (propene ⁇ acrolein) was continuously charged with a reaction gas starting mixture of the following composition:
- the loading of the catalyst feed with propene was chosen to be 130 Nl / lh.
- the salt bath temperature of the first reaction stage was T 1 (° C).
- the salt bath temperature of the second reaction stage (acrolein ⁇ acrylic acid) was T 2 (° C). So much compressed air, which had a temperature of 140 ° C., was metered into the product gas mixture leaving the intercooler at a temperature of 250 ° C. that a reaction gas starting mixture was fed to the second reaction stage, in which the ratio of molecular oxygen to acrolein (ratio of Vol .-% shares), 3 was.
- a throttling device was located behind the exit of the second reaction stage, which made it possible to regulate the working pressure.
- T 1 and T 2 were each set so that that the propene conversion was 97.5 mol% and the acrolein conversion was 99.3 mol% (in each case based on a single passage of the reaction gas mixture through the reaction system).
- results of the table were obtained.
- the results refer to a reaction operation following a preceding uninterrupted operating time of 100 h at a working pressure of 1.1 bar and the same sales.
- T 1max or T 2ma are the maximum reaction temperatures in ° C prevailing in the respective reaction stage.
- ⁇ P 1 and ⁇ P 2 are the pressure losses in bar in the respective reaction stage.
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- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP05736478A EP1750837A1 (de) | 2004-05-19 | 2005-05-17 | Verfahren zum langzeitbetrieb einer heterogen katalysierten gasphasenpartialoxidation wenigstens einer organischen verbindung |
| JP2007517069A JP2007538034A (ja) | 2004-05-19 | 2005-05-17 | 少なくとも1種の有機化合物の不均一触媒使用気相部分酸化の長時間稼働方法 |
| BRPI0511156-0A BRPI0511156A (pt) | 2004-05-19 | 2005-05-17 | processo para a operação a longo prazo de uma oxidação parcial em fase gasosa heterogeneamente catalisada de pelo menos um composto orgánico em pelo menos um reator de oxidação, e, dispositivo |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US57212404P | 2004-05-19 | 2004-05-19 | |
| US60/572,124 | 2004-05-19 | ||
| DE102004025445.1 | 2004-05-19 | ||
| DE102004025445A DE102004025445A1 (de) | 2004-05-19 | 2004-05-19 | Verfahren zum Langzeitbetrieb einer heterogen katalysierten Gasphasenpartialoxidation wenigstens einer organischen Verbindung |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2005113127A1 true WO2005113127A1 (de) | 2005-12-01 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2005/005334 Ceased WO2005113127A1 (de) | 2004-05-19 | 2005-05-17 | Verfahren zum langzeitbetrieb einer heterogen katalysierten gasphasenpartialoxidation wenigstens einer organischen verbindung |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1750837A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2007538034A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20070029748A (de) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0511156A (de) |
| RU (1) | RU2006144830A (de) |
| TW (1) | TW200611750A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2005113127A1 (de) |
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| DE102007004960A1 (de) | 2007-01-26 | 2008-07-31 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Acrylsäure |
| US7518015B2 (en) | 2006-01-05 | 2009-04-14 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Process for heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of at least one organic starting compound |
| DE102007055086A1 (de) | 2007-11-16 | 2009-05-20 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Acrylsäure |
| DE102008042060A1 (de) | 2008-09-12 | 2009-06-18 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur Herstellung von geometrischen Katalysatorformkörpern |
| DE102009027401A1 (de) | 2009-07-01 | 2010-02-18 | Basf Se | Verfahren der Abtrennung von Acrylsäure aus dem Produktgasgemisch einer heterogen katalysierten partiellen Gasphasenoxidation wenigstens einer C3-Vorläuferverbindung |
| DE102008042064A1 (de) | 2008-09-12 | 2010-03-18 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur Herstellung von geometrischen Katalysatorformkörpern |
| DE102008042061A1 (de) | 2008-09-12 | 2010-03-18 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur Herstellung von geometrischen Katalysatorformkörpern |
| US7884238B2 (en) | 2006-01-18 | 2011-02-08 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the long-term operation of a heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of an organic starting compound |
| DE102010001228A1 (de) | 2010-01-26 | 2011-02-17 | Basf Se | Verfahren der Abtrennung von Acrylsäure aus dem Produktgasgemisch einer heterogen katalysierten partiellen Gasphasenoxidation wenigstens einer C3-Vorläuferverbindung |
| DE102011084040A1 (de) | 2011-10-05 | 2012-01-05 | Basf Se | Mo, Bi und Fe enthaltende Multimetalloxidmasse |
| WO2013007736A1 (de) | 2011-07-12 | 2013-01-17 | Basf Se | Mo, bi und fe enthaltende multimetalloxidmassen |
| DE102011079035A1 (de) | 2011-07-12 | 2013-01-17 | Basf Se | Mo, Bi und Fe enthaltende Multimetalloxidmassen |
| DE102015209638A1 (de) | 2015-05-27 | 2016-07-07 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Bismut und Wolfram enthaltenden Multielementoxids durch Co-Präzipitation |
| US9776940B2 (en) | 2015-08-07 | 2017-10-03 | Basf Se | Process for production of acrylic acid |
| DE102018200841A1 (de) | 2018-01-19 | 2019-07-25 | Basf Se | Mo, Bi, Fe und Cu enthaltende Multimetalloxidmassen |
| WO2023006503A1 (de) | 2021-07-28 | 2023-02-02 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von acrylsäure |
| WO2024037905A1 (de) | 2022-08-16 | 2024-02-22 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von vollkatalysatorformkörpern zur gasphasenoxidation eines alkens und/oder eines alkohols zu einem α,β-ungesättigtem aldehyd und/oder einer α,β-ungesättigten carbonsäure |
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| WO2025172146A1 (de) | 2024-02-15 | 2025-08-21 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von acrylsäure |
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| WO2025219136A1 (en) | 2024-04-17 | 2025-10-23 | Basf Se | Process for utilizing acrylic acid production waste streams |
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- 2005-05-17 KR KR1020067026656A patent/KR20070029748A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-05-17 RU RU2006144830/15A patent/RU2006144830A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-05-17 EP EP05736478A patent/EP1750837A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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| US10682631B2 (en) | 2018-01-19 | 2020-06-16 | Basf Se | Multimetal oxide compositions comprising Mo, Bi, Fe and Cu |
| WO2019141534A1 (de) | 2018-01-19 | 2019-07-25 | Basf Se | Mo, bi, fe und cu enthaltende multimetalloxidmassen |
| DE102018200841A1 (de) | 2018-01-19 | 2019-07-25 | Basf Se | Mo, Bi, Fe und Cu enthaltende Multimetalloxidmassen |
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| WO2025172146A1 (de) | 2024-02-15 | 2025-08-21 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von acrylsäure |
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| WO2025176520A1 (de) | 2024-02-23 | 2025-08-28 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung eines ethylenisch ungesättigten aldehyds und/oder einer ethylenisch ungesättigten carbonsäure an einem katalysatorfestbett eines rohrbündelreaktors |
| WO2025219136A1 (en) | 2024-04-17 | 2025-10-23 | Basf Se | Process for utilizing acrylic acid production waste streams |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2007538034A (ja) | 2007-12-27 |
| KR20070029748A (ko) | 2007-03-14 |
| RU2006144830A (ru) | 2008-06-27 |
| TW200611750A (en) | 2006-04-16 |
| BRPI0511156A (pt) | 2007-12-04 |
| EP1750837A1 (de) | 2007-02-14 |
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