WO2007113333A2

WO2007113333A2 - Antimicrobial preparations

Info

Publication number: WO2007113333A2
Application number: PCT/EP2007/053407
Authority: WO
Inventors: Roelf Otto; Aldana Mariel Ramirez
Original assignee: Purac Biochem BV
Current assignee: Purac Biochem BV
Priority date: 2006-04-06
Filing date: 2007-04-05
Publication date: 2007-10-11
Anticipated expiration: 2008-10-06
Also published as: JP5133336B2; CN101437414B; WO2007113333A3; JP2009532049A; BRPI0709874A2; ES2521265T3; CN101437414A; EP2001313A2; EP1842437A1; EP2001313B1

Abstract

The invention pertains to a method for preserving food against Gram-negative bacteria comprising adding to the food an antimicrobial preparation comprising glycine and alanine. The invention further relates to the use of said antimicrobial preparations for controlling intestinal flora in humans and animals.

Description

ANTIMICROBIAL PREPARATIONS

The invention relates to an antimicrobial preparation and to a process of preserving food. In particular, it relates to a process of preserving food with a combination of at least two amino acids. The invention further relates to the use of such preparations in controlling intestinal flora in humans and animals.

The morbidity and mortality associated with the consumption of food contaminated by infectious and toxin- producing microorganisms should not be underestimated. It is for this reason that the microbial quality and safety of food is a cause of constant concern for food processors, consumers and government agencies. Furthermore the spoilage and putrefaction of a foodstuff by microorganisms can compromise its nutritional value and can lead to substantial economic losses. Microbial spoilage of food results from the uncontrolled proliferation or activities of microorganisms. To prevent this preservation technologies have been developed which ensure the quality and microbiological safety of foods. These technologies are divers and include (i) procedures that prevent access of microorganisms to foods; (ii) procedures that inactivate microorganisms; and (iii) procedures that prevent or slow down the growth of microorganisms. Changes in consumer demands and food legislation actuate food technologists to constantly modify and improve existing food-processing technologies and invent and develop new ones. The trend is to produce foods, which not only look attractive, fresher and more natural but which combine this with the convenience of use such as a long shelf-life and ease of preparation. Furthermore the customer also sets high standards with respect to flavor, texture, appearance and safety. To accomplish all this presents a major challenge for food technologists. With respect to the slowing down or prevention of growth of microorganisms in foods new applications for new and more natural chemical antimicrobials are steadily being made. These new chemical preservatives, however, should satisfy a number of requirements : (i) they should have effective bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity against a wide range of different spoilage organisms and food-borne pathogens; (ii) they should not affect the appearance, taste, flavor or texture of the food; and (iii) they should not be toxic for the consumer. It is known that certain amino acids posses bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties (e.g. Shive,W.; C. G. Skinner (1963) Amino acid analogues. In: Metabolic inhibitors. A comprehensive treatise (Hochster, R. M. ;

J.H.Quastel eds). Academic Press. New York. Volume I, pp 1 - 73) .

Furthermore, many amino acids occur naturally in foods and are generally regarded as save and approved for use in food products. It is exactly for these reasons that some amino acids notably glycine have found commercial application as preservatives.

Processes for preserving foodstuffs with serine were disclosed in US 2,711,976 and US 6,602,532. In US 3,615,703 the flavor of foodstuffs or beverages comprising a fruit or fruit juice, vegetable or vegetable juice, or beer is preserved by hermetically sealing the foodstuff or beverage in a container with lysine, ornithine, histidine, or a salt thereof. GB 1,510,942 discloses a process for the preservation of foodstuffs, particularly those containing 10-60% sugar, e.g. jellies, jams and custards, which are protected against putrefaction by incorporating maltose and glycine in the foodstuffs. Glycine is suitably present in an amount of 0.3 to 2%. Although glycine is now widely used as a commercial preservative it is also recognized that this compound is not a strong preservative and relatively high concentrations are needed to bring about bacterial growth inhibition. These high concentrations, however, create a new set of problems. It is known that glycine, alanine, serine, and threonine all possess, to a different degree a sweet taste, lysine and ornithine both possess bitter and sweet notes whilst arginine is intensely bitter. The impact of amino acids on taste limits the application of these compounds as food preservatives.

In order for glycine to be used more effectively as a food preservative, there is therefore a demand for other substances that might be used in combination with glycine and help to increase its antimicrobial effect. Lee et al. have examined the antimicrobial effect of glycine in combination with hexametaphosphate, EDTA, cholic acid, and glycerol monocaprate on a number of Gram-positive and negative bacterial species (Lee, J. K.; K. Tatsuguchi;

M.Tsutsumi; T.Watanabe, J. Food Hyg.Soc. Japan 26: 279 - 284 (1985)). In WO 01/56408 alanine or glycine was used together with 1, 5-D-anhydrofructose to obtain a food-keeping agent, which contain highly safe antibacterial substances and thus can improve the keeping qualities of foods without exerting any undesirable effects on the taste or flavor of the foods.

Although processes were disclosed using antimicrobial mixtures consisting of a single amino acid with one or more other non-amino acid compounds (see above) , much less is known about the antimicrobial properties of mixtures of amino acids. JP 2000-224976 discloses a process for the inhibition of microorganisms such as the lactic acid bacterium Enterococcus faecalis within a pH region of >6.5 of the food, and further hardly damaging the quality of the food using a mixture of calcium lactate and glycine and a salt of some other organic acid. Although in the same application it was also disclosed that part of the glycine can be substituted with alanine, the data show that alanine and mixtures of alanine and glycine are less effective inhibitors of growth of the Gram-positive bacterium

Enterococcus faecalis than glycine alone. That alanine is able to counteract the inhibitory effect of glycine has not only been shown in case of the closely related Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus hirae and Lactococcus lactis but also in the Gram-negative Escherichia coli (Snell, E. E.; B. M. Guirard (1943) Proc. Natl .Acad. Sci .USA 29: 66 - 73, Hishinuma, F.; K. Izaki; H. Takahashi (1969) Effects of glycine and D-amino acids on the growth of various micro organisms Agr .Biol . Chem. 33: 1577 - 1586). That one amino acid can cancel out the inhibition exerted by another amino acid is well known and has been observed in a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species e.g. in the Gram-positive bacteria: Bacillus anthracis and Listeria monocytogenes, and in the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (Gladstone, G. P. (1939) Brit . J. Exp . Pathol . 20: 189 - 200; Friedman, M. E. ; W.G.Roessler (1961) J.Bacteriol. 82: 528 - 533; de Felice et al. (1979) Microbiol. Rev. 43: 42 - 58) .

In US 2001/033884 a preparation containing glycine and serine is used for preserving food against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The abstract of J-53050361 also discloses compositions comprising glycine and serine for adjusting the pH of food.

US 2001/039264 and US 2002/144946 describe other compositions comprising at least 5 or more amino acids for other uses such as reducing blood levels of amino acids associated with severe exercise or reducing fatigue, and for use in hemodialysis, respectively.

It was now found that the combination of glycine and alanine surprisingly exerts a synergy in inhibition of Gram- negative bacteria.

To this end the invention pertains to an antimicrobial preparation directed against Gram-negative bacteria comprising at least glycine and alanine. Thus the present antimicrobial preparation comprising the combination of glycine and alanine is particularly suitable for inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli 0157 :H7 and Salmonella species.

It is stressed that this combination of these two amino acids can be further combined with a third amino acid. It was found that these combinations have an antibacterial effect that is greater than could be expected on the basis of the amino acids in isolation from other amino acids, i.e. show a synergistic effect. The alanine preferably is D-alanine. Most preferably, the antimicrobial preparation contains DL- alanine. If further other amino acids are present these are most preferably DL-amino acids.

In another aspect, the invention pertains to a method for preserving food against bacteria comprising adding to the food the above-mentioned antimicrobial preparations comprising glycine and alanine. The method according to the invention is particularly useful for protecting the food against at least one of Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli 0157 :H7.

Examples of such food products are meat products (cured and/or uncured, fresh and/or cooked) , salads and other vegetable products, drinks and dairy products, semi- processed foods, convenient foods as e.g. ready-to-eat meals and dried food products. The method is of particular interest since some fresh meat products are used for direct consumption (e.g. filet americain, steak tartar, sushi, or carpaccio) without any heat treatment or with heat treatment insufficient to kill bacteria. Other meat products are consumed after application of only partial heat treatment, intentionally applied as e.g. for medium cooked steak or unintentionally applied due to improper preparation or improper handling of the food products.

The antimicrobial preparations of the invention, including preparations comprising glycine/alanine, can further be applied in other applications as well such as controlling the intestinal flora by inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella and Escherichia to provide a selective advantage to Gram-positive bacteria such as Lactobacilli, for instance by administration together with probiotic bacteria. The following cultures were used in a study:

Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 (ATCC 700728), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13311) . All cultures were transferred daily in screw-capped tubes (100 x 16 mm) containing 10 ml brain heart infusion broth (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) . Cultures were incubated at 30° C without agitation. Brain heart infusion broth was prepared with increasing amounts of the two amino acids. The concentration ranges for the amino acids were as from 0 to 450 mM in 10 50 πiM steps. This resulted in 100 different media. The pH of the media was adjusted to 6.1 - 6.2. Media were prepared in 10 ml quantities and sterilized by filtration (Sartorius cellulose nitrate membranes 0.45 μm pore diameter) . 300 μl of each medium was transferred to a panel of a sterile Bioscreen honeycomb 100 well plate. Well plates were inoculated with 5 μl of a culture that was grown overnight in brain heart infusion broth using a sterile Hamilton 5 μl repeating dispenser (Hamilton, Bonaduz, Switserland) . Growth rates were determined with a Bioscreen C (Labsystems, Helsinki, Finland) that kinetically measures the development of turbidity by vertical photometry. The plates were incubated for 16 - 24 hours at 37 °C, the optical density of the cultures was measured every 30 minutes at 420 - 580 nm using a wide band filter. The

Bioscreen measures at set time intervals the optical density of the cultures. From these data the Bioscreen calculates maximum specific growth rates.

The purpose of further data processing is to ascertain whether two amino acids act independently of each other or whether they stimulate each other in their inhibitory action (synergy) or cancel out each other inhibitory effect (antagonism) . When a certain compound has no effect on an organism the specific growth rate of this organism (μ) can be expressed as a function (jf) of the growth limiting substrate concentration (s) by for example the Monod equation, which reads: μ = U_m3x . s /(K₃ + s) , where μmax represents the maximum specific growth rate, s the standing concentration of the growth limiting substrate in the medium and K₃ the substrate concentration where μ = 0.5 μ_max. However, when the presence of an inhibitor P affects cell growth the function f for μ must be modified i.e. μ = r^"(s,p), where p represents the concentration of inhibitor P. Numerous studies of growth inhibition kinetics of bacteria have shown that many inhibitors behave as non-competitive inhibitors. This implies that only the maximum specific growth rate (μ_max) value and not the affinity (K₃) is affected. Therefore the specific growth rate in the presence of inhibitor can be written as: μ = μ_x . s /(K₃ + s), where \ι_± is the maximal specific growth rate in the presence of a inhibitor P. The relationship between \ι_x and μ_max and the concentration of the inhibitor P was describes using the Logistic Dose Response equation, which reads: μi / μmax = 1 / (1 + (p / Po.5 )^b) (Jungbauer, A. (2001). The logistic dose response function: a robust fitting function for transition phenomena in life sciences. J. Clinical

Ligand Assay 24: 270 - 274) . In this equation p represents the concentration of inhibitor P and p_o.s the concentration of P where μ_x = 0.5 μ_max ; μ_max is the maximum specific growth rate that is the specific growth rate in the absence of inhibitor P, b is a dimensionless quantity, which determines the relationship between \i_± and p. Combining the Monod and Logistic Dose Response equation it can be written as: μ = μmax (s / K₃ + s) / (1 + ( p / po.5 )^b) • In batch culture where s is usually many times higher than K₃ this equation reduces to μ = μm_ax / (1 + ( p / po.s )^b) •

When comparing different organisms grown under the same conditions, or the same organism grown under different conditions, it is more meaningful to use relative growth rate, rather than absolute growth rates as standards of comparison. Relative growth rate (O) is the ratio of growth rate (μ) to maximum growth rate (μ_max)i.e. 0 = μ / μ_max. It can be seen that while μ and μ_max have the dimensions of (time)^"1, their ratio O is dimensionless, i.e. a pure number. Similarly we can define the relative inhibitor concentration ε as p / Po.₅. The reduced Monod and Logistic Dose Response equation can now be written as:

0 = 1 / (1 + ε ^b) . For two inhibitors X and Y e.g. the following two expressions for 0 can be defined:

O_x = 1 / (1 + ε ^bl) and 0_y = 1 / (1 + ε ^b2) . O_x and Oy can be experimentally evaluated by examining the inhibitory effects of either X or Y on the growth rate of the target organism. Knowing the evaluated functions for O_x and Oy the theoretical independent effect is defined as: O_x. Oy. The experimentally observed effect of combinations of X and Y on the relative growth rate is defined as 0_xy. The hypothesis that X and Y act independently of each other on a certain organism is mathematically translated to 0_xy / O_x.0_y = 1. Rejection of this hypothesis implies that the combined effect of X and Y is not an additive effect but either synergistic or antagonistic. In case the inhibitors X and Y act synergistically upon the target organism 0_xy / O_x.0_y < 1 (but > 0) . In those cases that the combined effect of inhibitors X and Y is antagonistic 0_xy / O_x.0_y > 1. Synergy, independent effect, and antagonism can be visualized in a plot of 0_xy versus O_x.0_y. This is exemplified in Fig. 1, wherein a plot is given of 0_Gi_y.Aia (experimentally observed relative growth rate) versus 0_Gi_y.0_Ala (predicted relative growth rate) for Escherichia coli 0157 :H7 (ATCC 700728) showing the synergy in inhibition between Glycine and DL-alanine. The solid line in this graph represents the line where the experimentally- observed relative growth rate (0_Gi_y._Ala) equals the predicted relative growth rate (0_Gi_y.0_Ai_a) and where the GIy and Ala act as independent inhibitors.

The combination of DL-alanine and glycine is particularly effective against Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coll 0157 :H7 (synergism)

Competition between Escherichia coli 0157 :H7 (ATCC 700728) and Lactobacillus plantarum (DSM 20174) (mixed culture A) , and between Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13311) and Lactobacillus plantarum (DSM 20174) (mixed culture B) was studied in broth cultures. Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Lactobacillus plantarum were transferred daily in screw-capped tubes (100 x 16 mm) containing 10 ml brain heart infusion broth (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) . Cultures were incubated at 30° C without agitation. 500 μl of an overnight culture of Escherichia coli and 5 μl of a culture of Lactobacillus plantarum were transferred to screw capped tubes containing 10 ml of freshly prepared brain heart infusion broth or to 10 ml of brain heart infusion broth containing 200 mM of DL-alanine and 200 mM of glycine or 400 mM of DL-alanine and 400 mM of glycine (mixed culture A, first transfer) . 500 μl of an overnight culture of Salmonella enterica and 5 μl of a culture of Lactobacillus plantarum were transferred to screw capped tubes containing 10 ml of freshly prepared brain heart infusion broth or to 10 ml of brain heart infusion broth containing 200 mM of DL- alanine and 200 mM of glycine or 400 mM of DL-alanine and 400 mM of glycine (mixed culture B, first transfer) . Both mixed cultures were incubated at 30⁰C. After 24 hours the cultures were transferred to fresh media (second transfer) and also plated on Violet Red Bile agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, CM0485) and MRS agar (Oxoid Basingstoke, CM0361) . The second transfer was incubated for 24 hours at 30 ⁰C and subsequently plated on Violet Red Bile agar and MRS agar. The results of this analysis, which are summarized in Table 1 demonstrate the competitive advantage of Lactobacillus plantarum in a mixed culture with either Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica in a medium containing DL-alanine and glycine.

Mixed culture A Mixed culture BI cfu / ml in first transfer cfu / ml in first transfer

Additions E. coll 0157 :H7 Lb. plantarum Salmonella Lb. plantarum to BHI ATCC 700728 DSM 20174 ATCC 13311 DSM 20174

None

390 . 10 ^δ 268 . 10 ⁶ 60 . 10 ⁶ 277 . 10 ⁶

200 mM Glycine

25 10 ⁶ 264 . 10 ⁶ 15 . 10 ⁶ 660 . 10 ⁶ 200 mM DL-Alanine

400 mM GIy

0 246 . 10 ⁶ 0 322 . 10 ⁶ 400 mM DL-Alanine

Mixed culture A Mixed culture B cfu / ml in second transfer cfu / ml in second transfer

Additions to BHI E. coli O157:H7 Lb. plantarum Salmonella Lb. plantarum ATCC 700728 DSM 20174 ATCC 13311 DSM 20174

None

291 . 10 ⁶ 630 . 10 ⁶ 40 . 10 ⁶ 780 . 10 ⁶

200 mM Glycine

16 10 ⁶ 690 . 10 ^δ 0 750 . 10 ⁶ 200 mM DL-Alanine

400 mM Glycine

0 610 . 10 ^δ 0 940 . 10 ⁶ 400 mM DL-Alanine

Table 1. Colony forming units (cfu) per ml broth in the first and second transfer.

The invention was used for preserving food. He following examples are illustrative of the invention. Stock cultures of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311 and Escherichia coli 0157 :H7 ATCC 700728 which were used to inoculate liquid cultures were routinely kept on agar plates containing brain heart infusion (Oxoid CM225, Basingstoke, United Kingdom) fortified with 1.5% agar. Cultures of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were grown in screw-capped tubes (100 x 16 mm) containing 10 ml brain heart infusion broth and incubated overnight at 30 °C. Just prior to the inoculation of the foods the cultures were diluted with a solution containing 0.1% peptone and 0.85% NaCl.

Milk Sterile non-fat milk was obtained from a local supermarket. Appropriate quantities of amino acids were added.

Pasta (Lasagna) Ready to Eat Lasagna Bolognese was obtained from a local supermarket and completely homogenized using a tabletop blender. Appropriate quantities of amino acids were added to 500 g of homogenized lasagna. This mixture was vacuum sealed and subsequently irradiated (10 kGray) . Irradiated lasagna was stored at -30 °C until further use.

Fresh meat

Freshly cut beef (brisket) containing approximately 20% fat was ground using a Primus MEW 613 Meat grinder (Maschinenfabrik Dornhan, Dornhan, Germany) equipped with a 1/8" grinder plate. The temperature was kept at 10 °C during the entire procedure. Appropriate quantities of amino acids were added to 500 g of ground meat. The meat amino acid mixture was subsequently irradiated (10 kGray). Irradiated meat was stored at -30 °C until further use. Inoculation of lasagna and fresh meat

Deep frozen turkey ham, lasagna, or fresh meat was thawed overnight at -4 (±1) °C. 500 g of the still frozen product was quickly cut into 2 - 4 cm pieces and transferred to the bucket of a kitchen food processor (Tefal Kaleo food processor type 67604). 1.5 ml of a suitably diluted bacterial culture was added and the total mix was blended for approximately 30 - 60 seconds. At this stage the temperature of the mix was still below 0 °C. After blending about 25 g thereof was quickly transferred in duplicate to bag filters (Interscience, St Norn, France). Products inoculated with Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium were incubated for up to two weeks at 12 °C.

Inoculation of milk

Milk was cooled to 10 ⁰C and subsequently inoculated with an appropriately diluted culture of Salmonella typhimurium. Inoculated milk samples were incubated at 12 °C.

Microbial analysis

The microbial analysis of the food samples was done as follows: A sealing bag was opened and to this were added 2 times the net weight of sterile dilution fluid (8.5% (w/w) NaCl and 0.1% (w/v) bacteriological peptone). Samples were homogenized for 1 min in a Stomacher 400 lab blender (Seward Medical, London, England) and 50 μl of the homogenate were plated on a suitable agar medium using an Eddyjet type 1.23 spiral plater (IUL Instruments, Barcelona, Spain). Escherichia coli 0157 :H7 and Salmonella typhimurium were plated on VRBG agar (Oxoid, CM0485, Basingstoke, United Kingdom) . Plates were incubated for 24 hours at 30 °C and then counted.

Results

The effect of single additions of glycine, DL- alanine and a mixture of glycine (0.67 %) and DL-alanine (0.8 %) on the growth of Salmonella typhimurium in milk at 12 °C is given in Table I:

CFU/ml

Days 0 2 4 6

Control 5.10^J 5.10 4 4 .1O⁵ 9 .1O⁴

0.67% GIy 5.10^J 5.10 4 1 .10^b 8 .1O⁴

0.8% Ala 5.10^J 5.10 4 4 .1O⁵ 1 .10^b

0.67% GIy + 0.8% Ala 5.10^J 2.10 3 1 .1O³ 1 .1O³

The table shows that in broth cultures glycine to a concentration of 100 mM and DL-alanine to a concentration of 100 mM have little or no effect on the growth rate of Salmonella typhimurium. The combination on the other hand was shown to be very effective in suppressing the growth of this organism in milk.

Claims

1. A method for preserving food against Gram-negative bacteria comprising adding to the food an antimicrobial preparation comprising glycine and alanine.

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial preparation comprises DL-alanine.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the food is protected against at least one of Salmonella and Escherichia coli.

4. The method according to claim 3 wherein the food is protected against at least one of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli 0157 :H7.

5. An antimicrobial preparation comprising two or three amino acids chosen from at least glycine and alanine for use in controlling the intestinal flora of a human or animal.

6. The antimicrobial preparation of claim 5 comprising a probiotic bacterium and two or three amino acids chosen from at least glycine and alanine for use in controlling the intestinal flora of a human or animal.

7. The antimicrobial preparation of claim 5 or 6 for use in controlling the intestinal flora of a human or animal .

8. A method for controlling the intestinal flora of a human or animal by administering an antimicrobial preparation comprising at least glycine and alanine.

9. The method according to claim 8 wherein an antimicrobial preparation is administered comprising at least glycine, alanine, and a probiotic bacterium.