WO2008004397A1 - Apparatus and method for producing reflector mirror - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for producing reflector mirror Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008004397A1 WO2008004397A1 PCT/JP2007/061528 JP2007061528W WO2008004397A1 WO 2008004397 A1 WO2008004397 A1 WO 2008004397A1 JP 2007061528 W JP2007061528 W JP 2007061528W WO 2008004397 A1 WO2008004397 A1 WO 2008004397A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- film
- film forming
- processing chamber
- reflecting mirror
- vacuum processing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/08—Mirrors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60Q—ARRANGEMENT OF SIGNALLING OR LIGHTING DEVICES, THE MOUNTING OR SUPPORTING THEREOF OR CIRCUITS THEREFOR, FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60Q1/00—Arrangement of optical signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/08—Mirrors
- G02B5/0808—Mirrors having a single reflecting layer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a manufacturing apparatus and a manufacturing method of a reflecting mirror used in, for example, an automotive lamp.
- colored reflector lamps used in lamps such as automobile headlamps are formed by laminating a reflective film and a colored film (protective film) that colors the reflective film on the surface of a resin-molded substrate. It has a shaped reflector.
- a metal vapor deposition film such as aluminum is mainly used.
- pigmented coating films have been used for the colored films (see Patent Documents 1 and 2 below).
- a reflecting film and a colored film are formed in dedicated processing chambers, and a substrate film forming process between the processing chambers and between the processing chambers are performed. Through the substrate transport process, the reflector manufacturing process was performed.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-207611
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-2005-310386
- the conventional method for manufacturing a reflecting mirror comprises a colored film made of a pigment-containing coating film, preliminary treatment of the underlayer of the colored film and drying treatment after application are necessary. In addition to increasing complexity and cost, there are problems that work hours cannot be reduced.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a reflecting mirror manufacturing apparatus and a manufacturing method thereof that can simplify the process and shorten the working time.
- the reflecting mirror manufacturing apparatus of the present invention comprises a metal film forming means for forming a reflecting film, a dye film forming means for forming a colored film, and a film for forming a protective film.
- Protective film type The forming means is arranged in one vacuum processing chamber.
- the metal film forming means is a metal evaporation source
- the dye film forming means is a dye evaporation source
- the protective film forming means is a plasma polymerization source.
- the manufacturing method of the reflecting mirror of the present invention includes a reflective film forming step, a colored film forming step,
- the protective film forming step is performed in a common vacuum processing chamber.
- the colored film is formed by a vapor deposition method, and by providing a metal evaporation source, a dye evaporation source, and a plasma polymerization source in the vacuum processing chamber, a reflective film in the same vacuum processing chamber, The colored film and the protective film are formed consistently. As a result, the process can be simplified and the working time can be shortened.
- a drum-shaped substrate holder that simultaneously accommodates a metal film forming means, a dye film forming means, and a protective film forming means is disposed inside a vacuum processing chamber.
- a plurality of substrates are supported on the inner peripheral surface of the substrate holder.
- the reflective film forming step, the colored film forming step, and the protective film forming step on the substrate surface the substrate is simultaneously formed on a plurality of substrates while revolving in the vacuum processing chamber by rotating the substrate holder.
- the reflective film, the colored film, and the protective film are formed consistently in the same vacuum processing chamber, the manufacturing process of the reflective mirror is simplified. As well as being able to reduce work time.
- FIG. 1 is a side sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a film forming apparatus used in a reflecting mirror manufacturing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line [2]-[2] in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a general configuration of a lamp.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a film structure of a reflecting mirror.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic configuration diagram of a metal evaporation source incorporated in the film forming apparatus of FIG.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic configuration diagram of a dye evaporation source incorporated in the film forming apparatus of FIG. 1. Explanation of symbols
- FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a film forming apparatus 1 configured as a reflecting mirror manufacturing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 2 is a cross-sectional view in the direction [2]-[2] in FIG.
- the film forming apparatus 1 includes a gantry 3 that supports the vacuum chamber 2 and a substrate holder 4 that is configured to be detachable from the vacuum chamber 2.
- the inside of the vacuum chamber 2 is a vacuum processing chamber 5 that is sealed when the substrate holder 4 is attached to the vacuum chamber 2, and can be evacuated to a predetermined reduced-pressure atmosphere by the vacuum pump 6. It is said that.
- a gas source 7 for introducing a raw material gas for plasma polymerization into the vacuum processing chamber 5 is connected to the vacuum chamber 2 via a gas introduction pipe 8.
- the substrate holder 4 has a substantially cylindrical drum shape capable of supporting a plurality of substrates 10 on the inner peripheral surface, and a plurality of (two in this embodiment) clusters are installed on the carriage 9. Have been.
- the substrate holder 4 is closed at one end and opened at the other end, and is supported horizontally by a support shaft 11 fixed to the central portion of the closed end.
- the support shaft 11 also functions as a drive shaft for the rotation drive source (motor) 12, and the base holder 4 is configured to be rotatable about the shaft center portion by driving the rotation drive source 12.
- a lid 14 is provided that is in close contact with the annular seal member 13 installed on the front surface of the vacuum chamber 2.
- the substrate holder 4 is mounted in the vacuum processing chamber 5 when the lid 14 is in close contact with the vacuum chamber 2.
- the base holder 4 has its open end and outer peripheral surface facing each other with a certain gap from the inner wall of the vacuum chamber 2, and the inside of the vacuum chamber 2 and the inside of the base holder 4 communicate with each other. It is supposed to be.
- the base body 10 constitutes a main body of a reflector used in a lamp such as an automotive headlamp.
- the lamp 15 has a lamp 16 attached to the center of a base 10 having a reflecting mirror 17 formed on the surface (inner surface), and transmits light emitted from the lamp 16 in the front direction (see FIG. 3). It has the function of condensing light in the middle and lower part
- the reflecting mirror 17 has a configuration as shown in FIG. 4, and is formed of a laminated film in which a base film 18, a reflecting film 19, a coloring film 20, and a protective film 21 are sequentially formed on the surface of the substrate 10.
- a protective film 21 may be added between the reflective film 19 and the colored film 20.
- the base film 18, the reflective film 19, the colored film 20, and the protective film 21 are formed using the film forming apparatus 1 described above. That is, the reflective film 19 also has a metal film force formed by a vacuum deposition method, the colored film 20 has a dye (or pigment) film force formed by a vacuum deposition method, and the base film 18 and the protective film 21 have a plasma polymerization method. It is composed of the formed polymer film. Base film 18 is necessary Are omitted.
- the substrate 10 is a plastic injection molded body.
- the film forming apparatus 1 consistently forms these films in a common vacuum processing chamber 5.
- the vacuum processing chamber 5 includes a metal evaporation source 22 as a metal film forming means for forming a reflective film 19 and a dye evaporation source 23 as a coloring film forming means for forming a colored film 20.
- a protective film forming means for forming the protective film 21 (and the base film 18) or a plasma polymerization electrode 24 as a plasma polymerization source are disposed.
- the metal evaporation source 22, the dye evaporation source 23, and the plasma polymerization electrode 24 are arranged at a substantially central portion of the vacuum processing chamber 5, and are arranged along the axial direction from the inner bottom wall of the vacuum chamber 2 as shown in FIG.
- the base 10 is opposed to the base 10 inside the base holder 4.
- the metal evaporation source 22 is configured by a resistance heating method, for example, as shown in FIG. 5, and a plurality of filaments 26 such as tungsten are attached between a pair of rod-shaped electrodes 25, 25, and the filaments 26 are evaporated. A material (for example, aluminum) 27 is held. The evaporation material 27 is heated and evaporated by energization heating of the filament 26, thereby forming a reflective film 19 having an aluminum film force on the surface of the substrate 10.
- the metal evaporation source 22 can also be configured by a sputtering method.
- the dye evaporation source 23 is also configured by a resistance heating method as shown in FIG.
- a plurality of tungsten filaments 29 are attached between the pair of mouth-shaped electrodes 28, 28, and a crucible 30 made of alumina or the like is installed on these filaments 29.
- a color material for example, phthalocyanine
- a colored film 20 for coloring the reflective film 19 is formed on the surface of the substrate 10 by heating and evaporating by energization heating of the filament 29.
- the plasma polymerization electrode 24 extends in parallel with the electrodes 25 and 28 of the metal evaporation source 22 and the dye evaporation source 23, and is connected to a DC power source, a high frequency power source, or an intermediate frequency power source (not shown). .
- the plasma polymerization electrode 24 is used together with a monomer raw material gas (for example, hexamethyldisiloxane (HMD SO)) introduced from the gas source 7 into the vacuum processing chamber 5 through the gas introduction pipe 8.
- HMD SO hexamethyldisiloxane
- the substrate holder 4 supporting a plurality of the substrates 10 is loaded in the vacuum chamber 2 and the lid 14 is brought into close contact with the seal member 13 so as to block the vacuum processing chamber 5 from the outside air. Thereafter, the vacuum pump 6 is driven, the vacuum processing chamber 5 is evacuated, and the pressure is reduced to a predetermined degree of vacuum. When the vacuum processing chamber 5 reaches a predetermined degree of vacuum, the substrate holder 4 is rotated in the vacuum processing chamber 5 by driving the rotation drive source 12. Thereby, the substrate 10 revolves inside the vacuum processing chamber 5.
- the base holder 4 may be provided with a rotation mechanism for the base 10.
- the monomer raw material gas is introduced from the gas source 7 into the vacuum processing chamber 5 through the gas introduction pipe 8, and the base film made of HMDSO is formed on the surface of the substrate 10 by the discharge action of the plasma polymerization electrode 24. 18 is deposited.
- the surface of the substrate 10 may be plasma cleaned by introducing argon gas or air.
- the discharge of the plasma polymerization electrode and the introduction of the monomer raw material gas are stopped, and the filament 26 of the metal evaporation source 22 is electrically heated at, for example, 800 to 1000 ° C to evaporate the evaporation material 27.
- a reflective film 19 made of aluminum is formed on the base film 18 on the surface of the substrate 10.
- the plasma polymerization electrode 24 is discharged again, and the monomer raw material gas is further introduced to protect the colored film 20 on the surface of the substrate 10.
- a film 21 is formed.
- the surface of the substrate 10 may be hydrophilized by plasma treatment with air, oxygen or argon gas introduced.
- the reflective film 19 and the colored film 20 are formed by a vacuum deposition method, and the base film 18 and the protective film 21 are formed by a plasma polymerization method.
- these films can be formed in the same vacuum processing chamber 5.
- the process of forming the reflecting mirror 17 can be simplified and the working time can be shortened.
- the substrate is provided by installing the metal evaporation source 22, the dye evaporation source 23, and the plasma polymerization source (electrode) 24 in one vacuum processing chamber 5.
- the metal evaporation source 22, the dye evaporation source 23, and the plasma polymerization source (electrode) 24 in one vacuum processing chamber 5.
- the base film 18, the reflective film 19, the colored film 20, and the protective film 21 on the surface can be formed consistently. As a result, the manufacturing facility for the reflector 17 can be simplified, reduced in cost, and reduced in size.
- the substrate holder 4 can be configured to rotate in the vacuum processing chamber, and a plurality of substrates 10 supported by the substrate holder 4 can be simultaneously subjected to film formation. This makes it possible to manufacture a plurality of reflecting mirrors in a single process, thereby increasing productivity.
- the untreated substrate 10 is charged in the other substrate holder 4 while the one substrate holder 4 is mounted in the vacuum chamber 2. . Then, after the film formation of the substrate 10 supported by one substrate holder 4 is completed, the one substrate holder 4 is detached from the vacuum chamber 2. Then, the carriage 9 is moved, and the other base holder 4 is mounted on the vacuum chamber 2, and various films are formed as described above. Meanwhile, the processed substrate 10 is taken out from the substrate holder 4 on one side.
- an evaporation material is set in each of the evaporation sources 22 and 23 in the vacuum chamber 2, and a substrate holder 4 supporting a plurality of substrates 10 is attached to the vacuum chamber 2 (vacuum processing chamber 5).
- the vacuum processing chamber 5 was evacuated to a predetermined degree of vacuum.
- a monomer raw material gas was introduced from the gas source 7 to lOPa, and a DC 2 kV was applied to the plasma polymerization electrode 24 to discharge it, and the film was formed for about 30 seconds to form a base film 18.
- the filament 26 of the metal evaporation source 22 was energized and heated, and a metal material (aluminum) was deposited for about 60 seconds to form the reflective film 19 on the base film 18.
- a metal material aluminum
- the filament 29 of the dye evaporation source 23 was energized and heated, and a dye material (phthalocyanine) was deposited for about 30 seconds to form a colored film 20 on the reflective film 19.
- the reflective film 19 was colored light blue.
- the monomer raw material was introduced up to lOPa, and the plasma polymerization electrode 24 was charged with a direct current of 2 kV and discharged to form a film for about 180 seconds to form the protective film 21 on the colored film 20 did. More Then, argon gas was introduced for 10 seconds, and the surface was hydrophilized by DC plasma using the electrode 24 for plasma polymerization for about 10 seconds.
- the force composed of aluminum, phthalocyanine, and HMDSO as the reflective film 19, the colored film 20, and the protective film 21 (underlying film 18) are not limited to these, and the materials of these films are appropriately selected. It can be changed.
- the force of installing two base holders 4 on the carriage 9 may be increased.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US12/307,312 US8221551B2 (en) | 2006-07-04 | 2007-06-07 | Apparatus for producing a reflector |
| JP2008523626A JP5039697B2 (ja) | 2006-07-04 | 2007-06-07 | 反射鏡の製造装置及びその製造方法 |
| CN2007800248166A CN101484830B (zh) | 2006-07-04 | 2007-06-07 | 反射镜的制造装置及其制造方法 |
| EP07744858A EP2040098A4 (en) | 2006-07-04 | 2007-06-07 | APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING REFLECTIVE MIRROR |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006-184018 | 2006-07-04 | ||
| JP2006184018 | 2006-07-04 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2008004397A1 true WO2008004397A1 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
Family
ID=38894370
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2007/061528 Ceased WO2008004397A1 (en) | 2006-07-04 | 2007-06-07 | Apparatus and method for producing reflector mirror |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8221551B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2040098A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5039697B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR101044358B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN101484830B (ja) |
| TW (1) | TWI367349B (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2008004397A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009131036A1 (ja) * | 2008-04-25 | 2009-10-29 | 株式会社アルバック | 成膜方法及び成膜装置 |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR101262872B1 (ko) * | 2012-04-17 | 2013-05-09 | (주)알텍테크놀로지스 | 리플렉터 제작 방법 |
| US11740532B2 (en) | 2018-12-17 | 2023-08-29 | Viavi Solutions Inc. | Article including light valves |
| US11118061B2 (en) * | 2018-12-17 | 2021-09-14 | Viavi Solutions Inc. | Article including at least one metal portion |
| US11898248B2 (en) * | 2019-12-18 | 2024-02-13 | Jiangsu Favored Nanotechnology Co., Ltd. | Coating apparatus and coating method |
| US12170189B2 (en) | 2019-12-18 | 2024-12-17 | Jiangsu Favored Nanotechnology Co., Ltd. | Coating apparatus and coating method |
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| JPH05132770A (ja) * | 1991-11-11 | 1993-05-28 | Canon Inc | スパツタ装置 |
| US5215832A (en) | 1990-04-25 | 1993-06-01 | Cardinal Ic Company | Lead-free mirrors and environmentally safe manufacture thereof |
| US5409782A (en) | 1988-05-02 | 1995-04-25 | Orient Watch Company | Composite film |
| JPH10195651A (ja) * | 1997-01-09 | 1998-07-28 | Shin Meiwa Ind Co Ltd | 成膜装置及び成膜方法 |
| JP2000275422A (ja) * | 1999-03-23 | 2000-10-06 | Toray Ind Inc | 液晶表示装置用基板およびこれを用いた液晶表示装置 |
| US20020154407A1 (en) | 1999-02-08 | 2002-10-24 | Robert L. Frazier | Lamp reflector with a barrier coating of a plasma polymer |
| JP2003207611A (ja) | 2002-01-10 | 2003-07-25 | Koito Mfg Co Ltd | 反射鏡製造方法及び反射鏡製造装置 |
| JP2005169267A (ja) * | 2003-12-11 | 2005-06-30 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | 成膜装置および成膜方法 |
| JP2005310386A (ja) | 2004-04-16 | 2005-11-04 | Stanley Electric Co Ltd | 車両用灯具の反射鏡 |
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| US4565157A (en) * | 1983-03-29 | 1986-01-21 | Genus, Inc. | Method and apparatus for deposition of tungsten silicides |
| EP0716160B1 (en) * | 1989-11-13 | 2000-01-26 | Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc. | Geometries and configurations for magnetron sputtering apparatus |
| JP2000017457A (ja) * | 1998-07-03 | 2000-01-18 | Shincron:Kk | 薄膜形成装置および薄膜形成方法 |
| JP4704566B2 (ja) * | 1998-10-23 | 2011-06-15 | アベリー・デニソン・コーポレイション | 金属フレークの製造方法 |
| JP2002363733A (ja) * | 2001-06-04 | 2002-12-18 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | 被膜の形成方法 |
| US7967961B2 (en) * | 2004-08-30 | 2011-06-28 | Ulvac, Inc | Film forming apparatus |
-
2007
- 2007-06-07 WO PCT/JP2007/061528 patent/WO2008004397A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2007-06-07 JP JP2008523626A patent/JP5039697B2/ja active Active
- 2007-06-07 KR KR1020087030582A patent/KR101044358B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-06-07 CN CN2007800248166A patent/CN101484830B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-06-07 US US12/307,312 patent/US8221551B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-06-07 EP EP07744858A patent/EP2040098A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-06-12 TW TW096121107A patent/TWI367349B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5409782A (en) | 1988-05-02 | 1995-04-25 | Orient Watch Company | Composite film |
| US5215832A (en) | 1990-04-25 | 1993-06-01 | Cardinal Ic Company | Lead-free mirrors and environmentally safe manufacture thereof |
| JPH05132770A (ja) * | 1991-11-11 | 1993-05-28 | Canon Inc | スパツタ装置 |
| JPH10195651A (ja) * | 1997-01-09 | 1998-07-28 | Shin Meiwa Ind Co Ltd | 成膜装置及び成膜方法 |
| US20020154407A1 (en) | 1999-02-08 | 2002-10-24 | Robert L. Frazier | Lamp reflector with a barrier coating of a plasma polymer |
| JP2000275422A (ja) * | 1999-03-23 | 2000-10-06 | Toray Ind Inc | 液晶表示装置用基板およびこれを用いた液晶表示装置 |
| JP2003207611A (ja) | 2002-01-10 | 2003-07-25 | Koito Mfg Co Ltd | 反射鏡製造方法及び反射鏡製造装置 |
| JP2005169267A (ja) * | 2003-12-11 | 2005-06-30 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | 成膜装置および成膜方法 |
| JP2005310386A (ja) | 2004-04-16 | 2005-11-04 | Stanley Electric Co Ltd | 車両用灯具の反射鏡 |
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| Title |
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| See also references of EP2040098A4 |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009131036A1 (ja) * | 2008-04-25 | 2009-10-29 | 株式会社アルバック | 成膜方法及び成膜装置 |
| JP5202623B2 (ja) * | 2008-04-25 | 2013-06-05 | 株式会社アルバック | 成膜方法 |
| TWI452155B (zh) * | 2008-04-25 | 2014-09-11 | Ulvac Inc | 反射鏡之製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP5039697B2 (ja) | 2012-10-03 |
| EP2040098A1 (en) | 2009-03-25 |
| KR101044358B1 (ko) | 2011-06-29 |
| US8221551B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 |
| CN101484830A (zh) | 2009-07-15 |
| TWI367349B (en) | 2012-07-01 |
| CN101484830B (zh) | 2010-12-01 |
| TW200807036A (en) | 2008-02-01 |
| KR20090009983A (ko) | 2009-01-23 |
| JPWO2008004397A1 (ja) | 2009-12-03 |
| EP2040098A4 (en) | 2011-03-23 |
| US20090208664A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
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