WO2008056016A1 - Procedimiento para la determinación de la fragmentación del adn en microorganismos - Google Patents
Procedimiento para la determinación de la fragmentación del adn en microorganismos Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008056016A1 WO2008056016A1 PCT/ES2007/000637 ES2007000637W WO2008056016A1 WO 2008056016 A1 WO2008056016 A1 WO 2008056016A1 ES 2007000637 W ES2007000637 W ES 2007000637W WO 2008056016 A1 WO2008056016 A1 WO 2008056016A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6806—Preparing nucleic acids for analysis, e.g. for polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
- C12Q1/6841—In situ hybridisation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
- C12N15/1003—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor
Definitions
- the present invention falls within the field of the biotechnology industry, and mainly that related to microbiology, whose scope of application is within the health sector (human, veterinary, environmental, and basic).
- Microbes can die from various causes. In the case of bacteria, organisms of special health interest, the final mechanism of death by antibiotic agents is practically unknown, probably because of the obviousness of the problem. Antibiotics affect important cellular processes, which will eventually lead to cell death. Despite the knowledge of the initial mechanism of action of a particular antibiotic, it is sometimes not possible to clearly discern a bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect. This picture about cell death is especially complicated by the recent description of the presence of a small proportion of cells that remain invulnerable to bactericidal antibiotics, despite not being imitating and not growing in the presence of the antibiotic. These persistent cells seem to explain the high resistance of biofilms and stationary cultures to death by chemotherapeutic agents.
- the eukaryotic cells are included in an agarose microgel on a slide and are subjected to solutions Usantes to extract the membranes and proteins. Nucleoids are thus obtained, that is, deproteinized nuclei, in which the DNA loops have been relaxed by decompaction.
- the nucleoids undergo electrophoresis in a bucket filled with buffer solution, so that the DNA fibers migrate to the anode, constituting a comet image, with a head and a tail in the direction of electrophoretic migration. These comets are stained with a fluorescent dye, to be observed by fluorescence microscopy. If the nucleus has DNA fragmentation, a large number of fragments of it will have migrated, concentrating on the tail of the comet.
- Triton X-IOO is not active to use these microorganisms.
- the lysis contain a stronger detergent, with denaturing capacity of proteins, such as SDS, and adding EDTA, as a chelating agent that helps destabilize cell walls.
- the DNA nucleoid of the microorganism it is essential to stabilize the DNA nucleoid of the microorganism, so that it can be visualized with the fluorescence microscope.
- This small nucleoid is very delicate, detaching itself and gradually and rapidly degrading itself to the liquid staining medium, when exposed to the light of the fluorescence microscope. This is a fundamental technical problem that does not occur with the nucleoids of sperm or other cell types of higher organisms, with much greater mass.
- an intense, dry caloric incubation step develops.
- a first object of the invention consists in a method for assessing the integrity of the DNA of a microorganism, which comprises the following steps: a) immobilization of the microorganism on a slide, without fixation, by including it in an inert medium; b) treatment with a lysis solution to extract cell walls, membranes and proteins, retaining the DNA of the microorganism; c) stabilization of the DNA nucleoid of the microorganism, on the slide; and d) staining and evaluation of DNA integrity.
- the microorganisms are included in a medium similar to an aqueous suspension, preferably in an inert microgel, especially in an agarose microgel, which can be made on a suitable support, for example a glass coverslip.
- the selection of the lysis solution is critical to achieve the objectives of the present invention. It is essential to use protein, ammonium or cationic denaturing detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), alkylbenzene sulphonate, N-laurylsarcosine (sarkosil), glycolic acid hydrated salt, and mixtures thereof, preferably using SDS.
- SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
- alkylbenzene sulphonate alkylbenzene sulphonate
- N-laurylsarcosine (sarkosil) N-laurylsarcosine
- glycolic acid hydrated salt preferably using SDS.
- EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- the lysis solution contains other agents that favor destabilization of cell walls and subsequent extraction. It has been proven that an effective solution is one containing dithiothreitol (DTT) between 0.001 and 2M, 2- amino-2 (hydroxymetyl) -l, 3-propanediol (Tris) 0.001 and 2M, EDTA between 0.001 and 2M, and SDS between 0.1 and 3%, at a pH between 6.5 and 10.5. Particularly appropriate, it is a solution containing DTT around 0.1 M, Tris around
- the DNA nucleoids After lysis, the DNA nucleoids must be stabilized on the slide, so that they do not degrade and detach when exposed to the light of the fluorescence microscope.
- the fastest and most effective system is to incubate the slide, after being dehydrated, incubating in growing alcohol baths and drying in a microwave oven. The heat generated firmly adheres the nucleoid to the slide.
- This is a fundamental, specific step of the present invention. Different powers can be tested during different times. One possibility is to use the maximum power for 2-15 min. Another possibility, less advisable because it extends the temporary duration of the technique, is to incubate the dry slide in a stove or oven, at high temperature, 40-100 0 C, for one or several hours.
- the process according to the present invention has a step of evaluating the DNA integrity of the microorganisms, after steps a), b) and c). Although there are several alternatives for this evaluation, it is preferred that it be visual.
- the process includes a staining stage of the sample after steps a), b) and c).
- staining given the relatively small size of the DNA of the microorganisms, should be performed with a high sensitivity dye using a microscope with a large magnification objective (usually 100X). Therefore systems based on fluorescence microscopy, using specific DNA fluorochromes, and specifically those that provide the best sensitivity and stability are preferable. The relationship is broad and continuously growing.
- GelRed, EvaGreen, and other harmful derivatives such as SYBR, PicoGreen families, variants of TOTO, YOYO, BOBO, POPO, JOJO, LOLO, SYTOX, PO-PRO, BO-PRO , I- PRO, TO-PRO, JO-PRO, PO-PRO, LO-PRO, etc.
- the evaluation of the results can be carried out by the observer, assigning each observed nucleoid to a previously established damage scale. Also and preferably, it can be assessed using a capture system of digitized images, coupled to software that determines the level of damage, quantitatively.
- a second object of the present invention is the manufacture of a Kit for the evaluation of the DNA integrity of microorganisms, which essentially comprises: a) pre-treated glass slides, to support and retain the microgel with the microorganisms; b) a solution for mixing and including microorganisms in microgels; c) a lysis solution to extract walls, membranes and proteins; and d) a fluorochrome to stain the DNA.
- the Kit allows to carry out the procedure previously described.
- a third object of the present invention relates to the development of software for the automated measurement of DNA fragmentation levels of the microorganism.
- Figure 1 Nucleoids from Escherichia coli cell culture, obtained after applying the procedure described in the invention. The intact nucleoids are compact, crushed on the slide, with no continuity solutions suggesting DNA fragmentation. Occasionally, a nucleoid can be seen with the massively fragmented DNA (above), which comes from a spontaneously dead cell, in the culture.
- d Nucleoide much more relaxed and extended, with greater number of peripheral fragments, after DNA breaks (level 3, high damage)
- e Nucleoid with massive DNA fragmentation, consisting of a multitude of small fragments that spread in the agarose matrix , after lysis, delimiting a wider diffusion surface (level 4, massive damage).
- Figure 4 Application of the method of the invention to a sample of Acinetobacter baumannii. Two intact nucleoids and two others with fragmented DNA are seen. Figure 5. Mass fragmentation of Escherichia coli DNA after exposure of the bacteria to 1OmM hydrogen peroxide for 10 min.
- Figure 6 DNA damage of Escherichia coli, observed after different incubation times with ciprofloxacin (1 ⁇ g / ml). at: 0 min. b: 2.5 min. c: 5 min. d: 15 min. e: 40 min. After 5 min. an initial level of damage is already appreciated, progressively increasing with the higher incubation times.
- Figure 7. Nucleoides of Escherichia coli observed after incubation with ampicillin (300 ⁇ g / ml) for 20 min. (a) and after 24 hours (b). After 20 min. no DNA fragments are visible, while after 24 hours, the background is seeded with DNA fragments.
- Figure 9 Scheme of the routine to follow for the measurement-step by step and with decision-making of the fragmentation of the bacterial DNA with generation of final report.
- Figure 10 A sample of three segmentation and delimitation processes of
- ROIs performed on a digital capture showing a bacterial field that includes 3 bacteria with normal DNA and 2 with fragmented DNA (upper left image).
- the rest of the images correspond to electronic filtering of the original image that can serve as a strategy to follow to more easily differentiate both cell types.
- Figure 11 Representation of the mean integrated density in 9 different experimental series in which bacteria with non-fragmented DNA (1) and bacteria with fragmented DNA (2) were chosen. In the upper part of the figure the means are shown by experiment, while in the lower part the global average is shown for each group according to the criterion DNA-non-fragmented (1) versus DNA-fragmented (2).
- the method and Kit of the present invention are a simple and reliable system for determining the frequency of microorganisms with fragmented DNA.
- the method of the invention which allows to evaluate the integrity of the DNA of a microorganism, comprises the steps of: a) immobilization of the microorganism on a slide, without fixation, by including it in an inert medium; b) treatment with a lysis solution to extract cell walls, membranes and proteins; c) stabilization of the nucleoid DNA on the slide; and d) staining and evaluation of DNA integrity.
- the procedure of the invention is detailed below, along with some variants and optional steps. The person skilled in the art will understand that there are other embodiments and possibilities as long as the fundamental aspects described are maintained.
- A) The first step is the preparation of the sample. Through the usual procedures in this field, the concentration of microorganisms in a liquid sample is obtained and checked. The appropriate concentration for the analysis ranges between 0.1 and 20 million microorganisms per milliliter. If the sample is excessively concentrated, adjust it to the appropriate concentration by diluting it with culture medium or with buffered saline / phosphate solution (PBS) or similar, suitable according to the microorganism.
- PBS buffered saline / phosphate solution
- the sample must be placed on a support for processing according to the method of the invention and to facilitate its evaluation.
- the support is preferably a glass slide that is coated with a standard agarose film.
- a standard agarose solution between 0.2 and 1% in distilled water is prepared in a Coplin jar or the like. It is covered with a perforated plastic sheet and placed in a microwave oven.
- the microwave oven is regulated at a power between 300-1000W, preferably at 500W, stirring the container occasionally for a better dissolution of the agarose, leaving it until it boils. This procedure can also be performed using a thermostatic bath.
- the agarose solution When the agarose solution becomes completely transparent, it will be ready to be deposited in vertical containers with a content between 10 and 250 ml. These containers must be previously tempered in a bath 60-100 ° C, preferably at 70 0 C, to maintain the agarose solution in liquid state.
- the slides must be clean. These are submerged vertically, holding them with tweezers through the frosted area, between 1-60 seconds, removing them and re-immersing them once and ten times, until they form a homogeneous film on the slide. These are deposited horizontally on a smooth and cold surface between 1 and 15 ° C, preferably at 4 ° C, for example, glass or metal. This plate, with the slides, is introduced into the refrigerator at 4 ° C for a minimum of 30 min, until it is verified that the agarose solution has gelled on the surface of the slide. The trays are removed from the refrigerator and the surface of the slides that was in contact with the plate with a blotting paper.
- the slides are introduced horizontally in an oven in a temperature range of 37-100 0 C, until the agarose dries completely and forms a thin film adhered to the glass.
- the slides so treated can be used immediately or stored in a tightly closed box at room temperature for several months.
- a medium with characteristics similar to those of a suspension such as an agarose microgel.
- a low melting / low gelling agarose solution is prepared at a concentration between 0.5 and 2% in distilled water or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- the fusion of this agarose is carried out using a microwave oven or a thermostatted bath, and is subsequently maintained between 30 and 37 ° C in a tube introduced in a thermostated bath or stove.
- the sample and the agarose solution are carefully mixed, so that the latter is at a concentration between 0.3 and 1%.
- the coated slides are placed on a smooth and cold glass or metal surface, with a temperature ranging between 1 and 15 ° C, avoiding air bubbles. It is recommended to deposit a drop between 5-200 microliters of the mixture with a micropipette, placing a coverslip on top of the drop. As a precaution, it is recommended to process each sample in duplicate, and use a control sample each time the technique is applied.
- the plate with the slides is introduced in a refrigerator at 4 ° C, between 2 to 30 minutes until adequate gelation of the agarose occurs. Once the gelation has occurred, the coverslips are removed very gently, inside the same refrigerator and preventing damage to the microgel.
- this solution is composed of: dithiothreitol (DTT) between 0.001 and 2M, preferably between 0.01 and 0.8M; 2- amino-2 (hydroxymetyl) -l, 3-propanediol (Tris) between 0.001 and 2M, preferably between 0.005-0.4M; ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) between 0.001 and 2M, preferably between 0.01-1 M, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) between 0.1 and 3%, preferably between 0.5-2.5%.
- DTT dithiothreitol
- Tris 2- amino-2 (hydroxymetyl) -l, 3-propanediol
- EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
- This solution is adjusted to pH between 6.5 and 10.5, preferably 10, adjusted with NaOH, for example.
- the preparations are incubated in the lysis solution between 1 and 120 minutes, preferably between 1 and 35 minutes, especially preferred is a time around 5 minutes; and at a temperature between 1 and 45 ° C, preferably 18 ° C-40 ° C, especially preferred is a temperature of 37 ° C.
- the preparations can be washed to remove the remains of these solutions.
- the sample is dehydrated.
- solutions of increasing alcohol concentration can be used.
- the slides are lifted and submerged horizontally, in containers with a series of increasing concentration of ethanol, between 5 and 100%, for 30 seconds to 60 minutes each and then the preparations are allowed to air dry.
- the temperature of the alcohols can range from -20 0 C at room temperature. It may be preferable to use alcohols at -20 0 C to improve DNA precipitation, for 5 minutes each.
- the preparations can be dehydrated by incubating in solutions of different alcohols such as methanol, or by letting it air dry or in an oven.
- the slide is very dry so that the DNA adheres to it, since it usually comes off when exposed to the incident beam of the fluorescence microscope. For this it is advisable to let it dry at high temperature for a long time. It is advisable, for example, incubating at 80 0 C for at least 60 min.
- the slides already processed containing the sample can be stored in filing boxes at room temperature, in the dark, for months. This facilitates the separation of the treatment process according to the invention and the subsequent step of assessing the DNA integrity of the microorganisms. Archiving allows repeated evaluation at different intervals of several samples of the same microorganism.
- the dried slides are incubated in a microwave oven at a power between 300-1000W, preferably at 500W, for 5-10 min.
- An alternative, although less recommended for its duration, is to incubate the slides in a high temperature oven or stove for one to several hours.
- the slides already processed containing the sample are They can be stored in filing boxes at room temperature, in the dark, for months. This facilitates the separation of the treatment process according to the invention and the subsequent step of assessing the DNA integrity of the microorganisms. Archiving allows repeated evaluation at different intervals of several samples of the same microorganism.
- the sample is stained that facilitates visual evaluation.
- the staining conditions conveniently, high image quality and high consistency of the evaluation results can be obtained.
- fluorescence microscopy is of choice for DNA visualization, given its greater sensitivity.
- the samples can be stained with specific fluorochromes for DNA of the DAPI type, Hoechst 33258, Ethidium Bromide, Propidium Iodide, etc.
- fluorochromes of greater sensitivity are preferably such as GelRed, EvaGreen, and other harmful derivatives such as SYBR families, PicoGreen families, variants of TOTO, YOYO, BOBO, POPO, JOJO, LOLO, SYTOX, PO-PRO, BO-PRO, YO-PRO , TO-PRO, JO-PRO, PO-PRO, LO-PRO, etc.
- SYBR families PicoGreen families, variants of TOTO, YOYO, BOBO, POPO, JOJO, LOLO, SYTOX, PO-PRO, BO-PRO, YO-PRO , TO-PRO, JO-PRO, PO-PRO, LO-PRO, etc.
- the quantity and quality of fluorochromes is currently increasing.
- an "antifading” medium for example Vectashield-Vector H-IOOO, DABCO; etc.
- these media usually produce diffuse fluorescence and a clear background that makes contrasting the image difficult. It is preferable to use a fluorochrome of high sensitivity and relative photostability, mounted in a buffered aqueous solution, and evaluate the sample relatively quickly, before drying. If necessary, the slide can be washed and stained again.
- the images obtained can be studied by direct visual analysis or, preferably, by applying digitalized image analysis software, obtained by analog or digital cameras, coupled to microscopy platforms (Example 9). Initially, the study of a minimum of 500-1000 microorganisms per sample is recommended, adopting the following DNA damage scale (Figure 2):
- Level 0 Microorganisms without fragmented DNA: the DNA nucleoid remains relatively compact, without continuity solutions.
- Level 1 Microorganisms with a low degree of DNA damage: the nucleoid appears compact, but with discrete peripheral fragments of relatively large size, after DNA breaks.
- Level 2 Microorganisms with a medium degree of DNA damage: the most relaxed nucleoid, occupying a larger area, with discrete peripheral fragments of relatively large size, after DNA breaks.
- Level 3 Microorganisms with a high degree of DNA damage: the nucleoid appears much more relaxed and extended, with greater number of peripheral fragments, after DNA breaks.
- Level 4 Microorganisms with massively fragmented DNA: they show a broad and diffuse halo of more or less punctate fragments of DNA, which have diffused following a gradient, in the agarose matrix.
- the criteria for establishing the correlation between the size of the halos by diffusion of fragments and DNA fragmentation derives from the results obtained using the DBD-FISH technique (Fernández JL, Goyanes VJ, Ramiro-D ⁇ az J, Gos ⁇ lvez J. Application of FISHfor in situ detection and quantification of DNA breakage.
- This procedure allows the detection and quantification of DNA breaks in nuclei of deproteinized cells and subjected to controlled denaturation of DNA. This denaturation generates stretches of single stranded DNA from the ends of rupture, which are detected by in situ hybridization.
- the present invention was exposed to an alkaline denaturing solution 2.5 min at 22 ° C. This solution generates stretches of single stranded DNA from the ends of breakage that exist in the DNA. Therefore, the intensity of the hybridization using a total genomic DNA probe will be related to the amount of tears present in the bacterial DNA. In this way it has been confirmed
- staphylococci should be resuspended with lisostafine (20 micrograms / ml) in Tris-EDTA buffer (TE).
- Enterococci should be incubated with a mixture of lysozyme (2 mg / ml) and mutanolisin (50 micrograms / ml) in Tris-EDTA buffer (TE).
- Yeast cells are incubated in a buffer containing sorbitol IM, 0.1 M EDTA, 15mM betamercaptoethanol, pH 7.5, and Zymolase (20OLVmI), Lithicase or Glucalase ⁇ Ligozzi M, Fontana R. Isolation of total DNAfrom bacteria andyeast.
- the present invention also contemplates a Kit for the assessment of DNA fragmentation in microorganisms.
- This Kit contains a lysis solution and a fluorochrome.
- the Kit also contains the pretreated support, for example with agarose, as well as a solution for the preparation of a medium with characteristics similar to those of a suspension containing the sample. For example, a low melting point agarose solution that allows the preparation of a microgel.
- a Kit for the assessment of DNA fragmentation in microorganisms.
- This Kit contains a lysis solution and a fluorochrome.
- the Kit also contains the pretreated support, for example with agarose, as well as a solution for the preparation of a medium with characteristics similar to those of a suspension containing the sample. For example, a low melting point agarose solution that allows the preparation of a microgel.
- Fluorochrome Container with lid, for horizontal incubation with lysis solution
- Sample processing 11 Using gloves, remove the coverslip, slide it gently, and immediately insert the slide, horizontally, into the container with the lysis solution, covering and allowing to incubate for 5 minutes, in the stove or bath at 37 ° C.
- the samples can be stained with specific fluorochromes for EvaGreen or (green) or GelRed (red) type DNA.
- Example 1 Confirmation of the presence of DNA breaks in nucleoids that have fragment diffusion.
- the described methodology was applied to produce the halos of diffusion of segments of DNA, in those with spontaneously fragmented DNA.
- the diluted sample at a concentration of 10-20 million per milliliter, in PBS or LB medium, was mixed with 1% low melting liquid agarose, to obtain a final concentration of the latter, of 0.7 %.
- the sample was incubated in the lysis solution consisting of 0.0 IM Tris, 0.05M EDTA, 0.1 M DTT, 2% SDS, pH 10 (adjusted with NaOH), for 5 minutes, at 37 ° C.
- This denaturation generates stretches of single-stranded DNA from the ends of rupture, which are detected by in situ hybridization using an Escherichia coli total genomic DNA probe, labeled with a fluorochrome that emits red fluorescence (Cy3).
- Cy3 red fluorescence
- the higher the level of breaks in the DNA the greater the amount of single stranded DNA generated by the denaturing solution, the greater the amount of hybridized probe and the greater the red fluorescence obtained.
- the processed samples according to the method of the present invention, they contain single stranded DNA, generated by the denaturing solution, from the possible breakage ends that exist in the DNA. Therefore, the intensity of the hybridization using a total genomic DNA probe will be related to the amount of breaks present in the Escherichia coli nucleoid.
- Example 2 Evaluation of spontaneous DNA fragmentation in different bacterial species.
- Nine bacterial species were taken growing on plaque and the frequency of bacteria with DNA fragmentation in said samples was determined.
- the following bacterial species were processed: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
- Each sample was included in an agarose microgel, with three 18xl8mm microgels being made on each slide, each corresponding to a different species.
- One of the microgels of each slide corresponded to the same Escherichia coli culture, as a control of processing and results.
- the slides were incubated in the lysis solution, washed, dehydrated, allowed to dry at 80 0 C for 3 hours, stained with SYBR GoId and examined with the fluorescence microscope. 1,000 cells were counted per bacterial species. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the lysis was effective to obtain nucleoids in all the species analyzed (Figure 4). Likewise, cells with nucleoids were observed whose DNA was massively fragmented (level 4), diffusing in the agarose matrix, in all species. This fragmentation was spontaneous, basal, in the culture, not induced by any agent, its frequency being variable from one crop to another.
- Example 3 Evaluation of DNA fragmentation after incubation with different antimicrobial agents. Damage from exogenous agents.
- the agents used have different mechanisms of antimicrobial action.
- Ampicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that affects the synthesis of wall peptidoglycan cell after joining PBPs (penicillin binding proteins) and activating autolisines.
- Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that affects protein synthesis, at the level of the 30S subunit, binding to the plO protein of bacterial ribosomes.
- Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic from the quinolone family, which induces DNA double chain breaks as a result of inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
- the agents were mixed in the LB liquid culture medium, at the concentrations and incubation times specified in Table 2. After said incubation times, the bacteria were processed according to the method of the present invention, to determine the percentage of bacteria with the fragmented DNA.
- Example 4 Evaluation of the sensitivity or resistance of a microorganism to a certain agent.
- the average growth inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.012 micrograms / ml. On the contrary, the resistant strain was not affected in its growth by the maximum concentration used in the commercial test (MIC> 32 micrograms / ml). 6 concentrations of ciprofloxacin were studied, applied to cultures in LB medium for 40 min, and the study of vital staining was carried out, similar to that described in the previous example (Table 3), and the level of DNA damage, according to The protocol of the invention. In the sensitive strain, a very discrete increase in cells permeable to IP was evident, and with an empty capsule, as the dose of the antibiotic was increased, at the level of the highest doses used. Vital staining did not detect any effect on the resistant strain.
- the DNA level damage was observed in the sensitive strain, and at the lowest concentration used in the experiment (0.5 ⁇ g / ml). In addition, with this concentration, the level of damage corresponded to type 4, that is, the maximum on the previously established scale (Figure 2). All these microorganisms showed massively fractionated DNA, with a broad and diffuse halo of punctate DNA fragments, which have diffused in the agarose matrix, following a gradient from the central area of the nucleoid. Doses greater than 0.5 ⁇ g / ml did not appear to modify fragmentation images, perhaps showing a slightly greater diffusion, especially in the central area of the nucleoid. This could indicate an effect close to saturation of DNA damage by ciprofloxacin.
- Example 5 Determination of the possible effect of low doses of ciprofloxacin, close to the MIC, on the integrity of the DNA. Once it is determined that ciprofloxacin at high concentrations induces massive DNA fragmentation, it is interesting to determine whether the technique can discriminate any effect at the level of DNA integrity, after exposure of the sensitive strain of Escherichia coli (TGl) to low concentrations of the antibiotic, by above, below and at the level of the MIC (0.012 micrograms / ml). The doses used are shown in Table 4, the incubation time being 40 minutes, in exponential growth phase, in LB medium. Table 4 shows the results of vital staining. Although there is a tendency to increase the percentage of cells permeable to IP, and with an empty capsule, as the dose is increased, it is not significant with the low doses used
- the level of DNA damage was determined by the method object of the present invention.
- the degree of damage was important, similar to level 3 ( Figure 2). This level is rated as a high degree of DNA damage. The nucleoid appears very relaxed and extended, with a high number of peripheral fragments, after DNA breaks.
- the dose similar to the MIC also caused clear and homogeneous damage between the different nucleoids, but of magnitude similar to level 2 of the scale ( Figure 2). It corresponds to a medium degree of DNA damage. The nucleoid appears relaxed, occupying greater surface than in the control without treatment, with discrete peripheral fragments of relatively large size, after DNA breaks.
- the dose of 0.006 micrograms / ml, half of the MIC also induced clear and homogeneous damage between the different nucleoids, their intermediate magnitude being between level 1 and 2, in the arbitrary damage scale ( Figure 2).
- the process object of the present invention has a high resolution, so that it can even detect damage induced by very low concentrations of ciprofloxacin, below the MIC, which does not significantly inhibit bacterial growth, nor affect to the "viability" determined by the vital staining. It is possible that low levels of damage are repairable by enzymatic DNA repair machinery, allowing cell viability.
- Example 6 Determination of the minimum incubation time with ciprofloxacin, which allows to detect DNA damage of the sensitive strain of Escherichia coli.
- the technique object of the invention allows to recognize that DNA damage caused by a lethal dose of ciprofloxacin, is cumulative over time, and not instantaneous or generated in a relatively short temporal space.
- the minimum incubation time, to detect a minimum effect at the DNA level, using a dose of 1 microgram / ml, was 5 min. + 1, 5 min. 6.5 min.
- Example 7 Visualization of DNA damage, after culture with antibiotics that do not act at the DNA level, incubating 24 hours.
- Table 5 shows the vital staining data. After 20 min. of incubation with the beta-lactam antibiotic, the percentage of cells with altered, permeable wall, or with an empty capsule appearance clearly increased. After a day of incubation, the increase was spectacular, especially those with an empty capsule appearance, with almost all of them dead, from the point of view of vital staining.
- the determination of DNA damage according to the technique of the invention showed that after 20 min. of incubation no differences were observed with respect to the control. However, after 24 hours, the nucleoid density was low, and showed a relaxed appearance, without a very defined central area. Most striking was the massive presence of fragmented fragments of degraded DNA, homogeneously scattered throughout the background of the preparation ( Figure 7).
- the method object of the present invention demonstrates that cell death, although not initially due to direct DNA damage, can lead indirectly, over time, to massive damage thereof.
- Example 8 Visualization of the evolution of DNA damage generated by ciprofloxacin in a sensitive strain of Escherichia coli. Application of digital image analysis systems for damage assessment.
- the TG1 strain of Escherichia coli in exponential growth in 400 microliters of LB medium, was incubated with 10 micrograms / ml of ciprofloxacin, for 40 min. Subsequently, the bacteria were centrifuged and resuspended in 400 microliters of medium without ciprofloxacin. This operation was repeated again, to wash the antibiotic. The bacteria were incubated for 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 min., After which they were processed according to the process of the invention. In each time it simultaneously processed, on the same slide, a control without antibiotic treatment.
- Example 6 of the present invention Using the methodology contemplated in Example 6 of the present invention, a basic methodology has been designed that sets the basis for the morphological characterization of the images that generate bacteria that have fragmented DNA and non-fragmented DNA, using conventional image analysis systems. The process allows to discriminate between both types of bacteria automatically and therefore objectively.
- the global process includes the design of two strategies:
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Priority Applications (12)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK07823042.2T DK2080811T3 (da) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-11-08 | Fremgangsmåde til evaluering af DNA-integriteten af mikroorganismer |
| PL07823042T PL2080811T3 (pl) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-11-08 | Sposób ustalania fragmentacji dna w mikroorganizmach |
| HK10100733.0A HK1133679B (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-11-08 | Method for determining dna fragmentation in microorganisms |
| US12/513,560 US8492086B2 (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-11-08 | Method for determining DNA fragmentation in microorganisms |
| EP07823042.2A EP2080811B1 (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-11-08 | Method for determining dna fragmentation in microorganisms |
| CN2007800432465A CN101589156B (zh) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-11-08 | 用于确定微生物的dna片段化的方法 |
| JP2009535757A JP2010508837A (ja) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-11-08 | 微生物のdna断片化を決定する方法 |
| ES07823042.2T ES2509879T3 (es) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-11-08 | Procedimiento para la determinación de la fragmentación del ADN en microorganismos |
| CA002668926A CA2668926A1 (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-11-08 | Process for determining dna fragmentation in microorganisms |
| MX2009004852A MX2009004852A (es) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-11-08 | Procedimiento para la determinacion de la fragmentacion del adn en microorganismos. |
| IL198623A IL198623A0 (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2009-05-07 | Method for determining dna fragmentation in microorganisms |
| US13/949,047 US9212391B2 (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2013-07-23 | Method for determining DNA fragmentation in microorganisms |
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| ES200602859A ES2329637B1 (es) | 2006-11-10 | 2006-11-10 | Procedimiento para la determinacion de la fragmentacion del adn en microorganismos. |
| ESP200602859 | 2006-11-10 |
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| US12/513,560 A-371-Of-International US8492086B2 (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-11-08 | Method for determining DNA fragmentation in microorganisms |
| US13/949,047 Continuation US9212391B2 (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2013-07-23 | Method for determining DNA fragmentation in microorganisms |
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| US (2) | US8492086B2 (es) |
| EP (1) | EP2080811B1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JP2010508837A (es) |
| CN (1) | CN101589156B (es) |
| CA (1) | CA2668926A1 (es) |
| DK (1) | DK2080811T3 (es) |
| ES (2) | ES2329637B1 (es) |
| IL (1) | IL198623A0 (es) |
| MX (1) | MX2009004852A (es) |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9212391B2 (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2015-12-15 | Universidad Autonoma De Madrid | Method for determining DNA fragmentation in microorganisms |
| CN113403400A (zh) * | 2021-06-18 | 2021-09-17 | 南京大学 | 一种基于环境dna宏条形码技术的底栖动物完整性评价方法 |
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| ES2396820B1 (es) * | 2011-07-26 | 2014-01-31 | Universidad Autónoma de Madrid | Método para evaluar la integridad de la pared celular bacteriana. |
| EP2821499B1 (en) * | 2013-07-04 | 2017-02-15 | ABM Technologies, LLC | Method for the rapid determination of susceptibility or resistance of bacteria to antibiotics |
| JP6371909B2 (ja) * | 2014-11-14 | 2018-08-08 | テレフオンアクチーボラゲット エルエム エリクソン(パブル) | 拡張現実を利用した視覚暗号及び難読化 |
| EP3048174B1 (en) | 2015-01-21 | 2018-11-07 | ABM Technologies, LLC | Procedure for the rapid determination of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis |
| KR102362654B1 (ko) | 2015-07-03 | 2022-02-15 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 오븐 |
| CN107326063A (zh) * | 2017-07-31 | 2017-11-07 | 农业部沼气科学研究所 | 一种固定细菌观察计数的方法 |
| CN112725162B (zh) * | 2021-01-15 | 2022-03-01 | 山东大学 | 一种全自动微生物核酸提取检测装置及提取检测方法 |
| CN117030411A (zh) * | 2023-08-10 | 2023-11-10 | 深圳市盛信康科技有限公司 | 一种精子核dna完整性检测试剂盒 |
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| GB2128737B (en) | 1982-10-07 | 1986-02-05 | Beecham Group Plc | Antibiotic susceptibility test material |
| ATE431425T1 (de) | 2000-09-28 | 2009-05-15 | Nakane Diagnostics Inc | Schnelltest der antibiotika-empfindlichkeit |
| SE0104102D0 (sv) | 2001-12-05 | 2001-12-05 | Astrazeneca Ab | New assay |
| WO2006007648A1 (en) * | 2004-07-20 | 2006-01-26 | Conexio 4 Pty Ltd | Method and apparatus for analysing nucleic acid sequence |
| US7670281B2 (en) * | 2004-10-07 | 2010-03-02 | Kronner Richard F | Instrument support apparatus |
| ES2329637B1 (es) * | 2006-11-10 | 2010-09-22 | Universidad Autonoma De Madrid | Procedimiento para la determinacion de la fragmentacion del adn en microorganismos. |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9212391B2 (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2015-12-15 | Universidad Autonoma De Madrid | Method for determining DNA fragmentation in microorganisms |
| CN113403400A (zh) * | 2021-06-18 | 2021-09-17 | 南京大学 | 一种基于环境dna宏条形码技术的底栖动物完整性评价方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2080811A4 (en) | 2009-11-18 |
| PL2080811T3 (pl) | 2015-02-27 |
| US8492086B2 (en) | 2013-07-23 |
| MX2009004852A (es) | 2009-09-10 |
| US20140024031A1 (en) | 2014-01-23 |
| HK1133679A1 (en) | 2010-04-23 |
| ES2329637B1 (es) | 2010-09-22 |
| JP2010508837A (ja) | 2010-03-25 |
| EP2080811B1 (en) | 2014-08-06 |
| DK2080811T3 (da) | 2014-11-10 |
| CN101589156B (zh) | 2012-08-29 |
| CN101589156A (zh) | 2009-11-25 |
| EP2080811A1 (en) | 2009-07-22 |
| US20100129803A1 (en) | 2010-05-27 |
| ES2329637A1 (es) | 2009-11-27 |
| ES2509879T3 (es) | 2014-10-20 |
| IL198623A0 (en) | 2010-02-17 |
| US9212391B2 (en) | 2015-12-15 |
| RU2420596C2 (ru) | 2011-06-10 |
| RU2009117464A (ru) | 2010-11-20 |
| PT2080811E (pt) | 2014-10-14 |
| CA2668926A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
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