WO2008073888A2

WO2008073888A2 - Compositions of human lipids and methods of making and using same

Info

Publication number: WO2008073888A2
Application number: PCT/US2007/086973
Authority: WO
Inventors: Elena M. Medo; Scott Eaker
Original assignee: Prolacta Bioscience Inc
Current assignee: Prolacta Bioscience Inc
Priority date: 2006-12-08
Filing date: 2007-12-10
Publication date: 2008-06-19
Anticipated expiration: 2009-06-08
Also published as: US20130195989A1; EP2101597A2; HK1186353A1; JP5616066B2; EP2101597A4; CN101631469B; HK1136166A1; CA2706723C; CA2706723A1; JP2010512344A; US8821878B2; EP2101597B1; ES2588527T3; WO2008073888A3; ES2396571T3; US8377445B2; US20100280115A1; CN101631469A

Abstract

The disclosure features methods of making compositions that include a human lipid. The methods can include: obtaining whole human milk; separating the milk into a cream portion and a skim portion; processing the cream portion; and pasteurizing the processed cream portion.

Description

COMPOSITIONS OF HUMAN LIPIDS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING SAME

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to provisional application U.S. Serial

No. 60/869,150 filed December 8, 2006. The contents of U.S. Serial No. 60/869,150 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to compositions that include lipids from human milk and methods of making and using such compositions.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Nutritional support can be administered to the patients in need of it, e.g., enterally or parenterally (e.g., by a process called total parenteral nutrition). Both enteral and parenteral formulas generally include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, fiber, and/or vitamins and minerals, depending on the needs of a patient. Parenteral formulas may include other additives, such as heparin, H2 blocker etc. The sources of lipids used in parenteral formulas are generally bovine milk, soy, safflower oil, olive oil, and fish oil.

SUMMARY

[0004] This disclosure features compositions that include lipids from human milk, methods of obtaining such compositions, and methods of using such compositions to provide nutrition to patients, e.g., human patients.

[0005] Nutritional support can be administered to the patients in need of it, e.g., enterally or parenterally (e.g., by a process called total parenteral nutrition). Both enteral and parenteral formulas generally include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, fiber, and/or vitamins and minerals, depending on the needs of a patient. Parenteral formulas may include other additives, such as heparin, H2 blockers etc. The sources of lipids used in parenteral formulas are generally bovine milk, soy, safflower oil, olive oil, and fish oil. The present disclosure features compositions that include lipids from human milk and that can be used to provide nutritional support to human patients. The compositions can include omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids (and their derivatives and precursors). The compositions may be supplemented, if desired, with, e.g., emulsifiers, preservatives and/or other nutritional constituents. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that use of human lipids may reduce the incidence of liver damage that can occur in patients undergoing TPN that includes non-human lipid sources. Use of human lipids in enteral compositions may also be more beneficial when compared to non-human lipids. [0006] The methods featured herein can be carried out with large volumes of the starting material, e.g., human milk, or pooled human milk. The volumes can be in the range of about 75 liters to about 2,000 liters/lot of the starting material.

[0007] In one aspect, the disclosure features a method of making a composition that includes a human lipid. The method includes:(a) obtaining whole human milk;

(b) separating the milk into a cream portion and a skim portion;(c) processing the cream portion; and (d) pasteurizing the processed cream portion, thereby obtaining a composition comprising a human lipid.

[0008] Embodiments include one or more of the following features.

[0009] In one embodiment, the obtaining step includes obtaining from about 75 liters to about 2,000 liters of whole human milk.

[00010] In another embodiment, the method further includes: (i) separating the cream portion obtained in step (b) into a second cream portion and a second skim portion; and (ii) in step (c) processing both the cream portion and the second cream portion.

[00011] In yet another embodiment, the method also includes filtering water out of the skim portion after step (b). Processing the cream portion includes suspending the cream portion in the water.

[00012] In another embodiment, processing the cream portion in step (c) includes precipitating protein components out of the cream portion and/or separating the precipitated protein from the cream portion. Processing the cream portion includes purifying the cream portion, e.g., diafiltrating the cream portion. The processing can further include ultrafiltration. The method further includes, after step (c), adding one or more constituents selected from the group consisting of: an emulsifier, a preservative (e.g., an antioxidant, e.g., alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, a carotenoid and a retinoid), a diluent, and an osmolality modifier(e.g., glycerin). The method further includes after step (c), adding one or more constituents selected from the group consisting of: a vitamin, a mineral, and a carbohydrate.

[00013] In one embodiment, the method further includes administering the composition obtained after step (d) to a subject, e.g., a human subject, e.g., a human infant, e.g., a premature infant. The subject can have a nutritional disease or disorder. The administration is parenteral administration, e.g., part of total parenteral nutritional administration.

[00014] In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of making a composition that includes a human lipid. The method includes: (a) obtaining whole human milk;

(b) separating the milk into a cream portion and a skim portion; and (c) processing the cream portion, thereby obtaining a composition comprising a human lipid.

[00015] Embodiments include one or more of the following features. [00016] In one embodiment, the obtaining step includes obtaining from about 75 liters to about 2,000 liters of whole human milk.

[00017] In another embodiment, the method further includes: (i) separating the cream portion obtained in step (b) into a second cream portion and a second skim portion; and (ii) in step (c) processing both the cream portion and the second cream portion.

[00018] In yet another embodiment, the method further includes filtering water out of the skim portion after step (b). The processing includes suspending the cream portion in the water.

[00019] In another embodiment, the method includes homogenizing the cream portion after step (c). The method includes pasteurizing the cream portion after step (c). The method further includes, after step (c), adding one or more constituents selected from the group consisting of: an emulsifier, a preservative (e.g., an antioxidant, e.g., alpha- tocopherol, vitamin C, a carotenoid, and a retinoid), a diluent, and an osmolality modifier(e.g., glycerin). The method further includes after step (c), adding one or more constituents selected from the group consisting of: a vitamin, a mineral, and a carbohydrate.

[00020] In one embodiment, the method further includes administering the composition obtained after step (c) to a subject, e.g., a human subject, e.g., a human infant, e.g., a premature infant. The subject can have a nutritional disease or disorder. The administration is enteral administration.

[00021] In another aspect, the disclosure features a composition that includes a human lipid fraction from human milk and an emulsifier.

[00022] Embodiments can include one or more of the following features.

[00023] In one embodiment, the human lipid fraction includes a pasteurized lipid. The human lipid fraction includes a human polyunsaturated fatty acid, e.g., an omega-3 fatty acid and/or an omega-6 fatty acid. The composition further includes one or more constituents, e.g., an antioxidant (e.g., alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, a carotenoid and a retinoid), a diluent, an osmolality modifier (e.g., glycerin), a vitamin, a mineral, and/or a carbohydrate.

[00024] The disclosure also features a method of treating a subject having a nutritional disease or disorder. The method includes administering to the subject the compositions featured herein (e.g., the composition that includes human lipid fraction from human milk and an emulsifier), thereby treating the subject. The subject is a human subject, e.g., a human infant, e.g., a premature infant.

[00025] The terms "premature," "preterm," and "low-birth-weight (LBW)" infants are used interchangeably and refer to infants born less than 37 weeks gestational age and/or with birth weights less than 2500 gm.

[00026] By "whole milk" is meant human milk from which no fat has been removed. [00027] As used herein, the term "critically-ill patients" refers to patients who are suffering from a total or partial dysfunction of the gastro-intestinal tract due to prematurity, disease or stress of injury such as surgery, cancer, acute diabetes, AIDS, malnutrition, trauma, ulcerative colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, or sepsis. The term "critically-ill patients," as used herein, is also intended to include hypercatabolic patients. These critically-ill individuals are often hospitalized and must be administered most or all of their daily nutritional requirements enterally or parenterally in order to sustain protein synthesis and to minimize the likelihood of becoming malnourished, to maintain nutritional status, or to improve nutritional status.

[00028] All patents, patent applications, and references cited herein are incorporated in their entireties by reference. Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as that commonly understood by one of skill in the art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[00029] FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an embodiment of making a composition that includes human lipids for TPN.

[00030] FIG. 2 is a flow chart of an embodiment of making a composition that includes human lipids for enteral administration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[00031] This disclosure features compositions that include lipids from human milk, methods of obtaining such compositions and methods of using such compositions to provide nutrition to patients, e.g., human patients.

[00032] Human subjects, e.g., critically-ill patients, post-operative patients, patients suffering from a nutritional disease or disorder, and/or premature infants, often require administration of nutritional support. Nutritional support can be administered to patients enterally or parenterally (e.g., by a process called total parenteral nutrition or TPN). [00033] Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a practice of intravenous feeding, which bypasses eating and digestion. Enteral nutrition is a practice of tube feeding, e.g., nasogastric, transpyloric, and percutaneous. Both enteral and parenteral formulas generally include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, fiber, and/or vitamins and minerals, depending on the needs of a patient.

[00034] As mentioned above, lipids are an important component of both the enteral and the total parenteral nutrition. The present disclosure provides methods of obtaining compositions that include human lipids and that can be used in both enteral and parenteral nutrition, e.g., premature infant enteral and parenteral nutrition. The compositions can include omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids (and their derivatives and precursors). The compositions can be supplemented with other constituents, e.g., emulsifiers, preservatives, diluents, osmolality modifiers, and/or other nutritional components (e.g., vitamins, minerals, and/or carbohydrates). Without being bound by theory, it is believed that use of human lipids may reduce the incidence of liver damage that can occur in patients undergoing TPN that includes non-human lipid sources. Use of human lipids in enteral compositions may also be more beneficial when compared to use of non-human lipids. [00035] The methods featured herein can be carried out with large volumes of the starting material, e.g., human milk, or pooled human milk. The volumes can be in the range of about 75 liters to 2,000 liters/lot of starting material.

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

[00036] Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a practice of intravenous feeding, which bypasses eating and digestion. Enteral nutrition is a practice of tube feeding, e.g., nasogastric, transpyloric, and percutaneous. Each practice has known benefits and drawbacks, and skilled practitioners can choose one mode over the other, depending on individual patient's needs. Both enteral and parenteral formulas generally include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, fiber, and/or vitamins and minerals, depending on the needs of a patient. Parenteral formulas may include other additives, such as heparin, H2 blocker etc.

[00037] Subjects in need of nutritional support include, e.g., premature infants, postsurgical patients, patients with a nutritional disease or disorder, and critically-ill patients. For example, premature infants may have limited capacity of the stomach, deformed organs, and/or immaturity of metabolism. Post-surgical patients may not have the ability to feed themselves. Critically-ill patients may need nutritional support for a variety of reasons. Critically-ill patients can include those with severe burns, trauma, and catabolic states. [00038] One group of patients who need supplemental nutrition includes those with malnutrition. For example, protein calorie malnutrition is a common complicating condition in patients with alcoholic chronic liver disease (Mendenhall et al., Am. J. Med. 76:21 1-222, 1984; Mendenhall et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43:213-218, 1986) and nonalcoholic chronic liver disease (O'Keefe ef al. Lancet 2:615-617, 1980; Morgan et al. Gιrf 1976;17:1 13-118). Patients with end stage liver disease complicated by portal hypertension are particularly likely to be malnourished and, when hospitalized, frequently require active nutritional therapy. While the effects of malnutrition in chronic liver disease on fatty acid nutrition have not been extensively studied, it is believed that because of an increased resting energy expenditure, fat malabsorption and abnormal fat catabolism, these patients may have significant abnormalities in fatty acid metabolism (Cabre et al., Am. J. Gastroent. 83:712- 717, 1988; Palombo et al., Gastroent. 93: 1170-1177, 1987). Without being bound by theory, one potential mechanism for such a disturbance would be an inadequate intake of essential fatty acids as part of the global protein calorie malnutrition.

[00039] A patient who is administered a TPN solution containing only saccharides, electrolytes and amino acids for a prolonged period generally will exhibit the symptoms of an essential fatty acid deficiency, such as scale efflorescence, eczematoid eruption, retarded wound healing, thrombocytopenia, fat swelling, anemia and the like. The deficiency is developed within about four to six weeks from the start of TPN, especially when the energy source is only saccharides. Such essential fatty acid deficiency (which is rare in humans who obtain routine nutrition) can be avoided by administering an essential fatty acid-rich fat emulsion concomitantly during TPN therapy.

[00040] Lipid emulsions or other preparations containing, e.g., omega-3 fatty acids, are used in TPN and enteral nutritional treatments. For example, they are useful in treating severe trauma victims and subjects with disseminate intravascular coagulation.

Lipids Derived from Human Milk

[00041] As noted above, the sources of lipids used in TPN generally include bovine milk, soy, olive oil, and fish oil. This disclosure provides methods of obtaining and using lipids from human milk. The compositions featured herein contain human lipids, which can include both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that use of human lipids in TPN may reduce the incidence of liver damage that can occur in patients undergoing TPN that includes non-human lipid sources. Similarly, use of human lipids may be beneficial in enteral nutrition.

[00042] Human milk comprises about 100,000 different molecular entities - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and trace minerals. Human milk contains about 3% to 5% of total lipids that exist as emulsified globules coated with a membrane derived from a secreting cell (Jensen et al., J. Dairy Sci. 73:223-240, 1990). The lipids present in human milk include: triacylglycerol (about 98%), phospholipids (about 0.5-1%), and sterols (about 0.2 to 0.5%, e.g., cholesterol) (Jensen et al., supra). Triacylglycerols serve as, e.g., storage molecules of fatty acids.

[00043] Different fatty acids in lipids have different physiological, biochemical and, in some cases, pharmacological properties. Dietary fatty acids are classified, e.g., according to their chain length. Long chain fatty acids contain 16 carbons or more and can be further characterized by the number of double bonds contained in their structure (into saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated subgroups). The two fatty acids essential in human nutrition are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, from which polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the omega-6 series and omega-3 series, respectively, are formed. Examples of omega-3 fatty acids include eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexonenoic acid (DHA). Examples of omega-6 fatty acids include gamma linoleic acid (GLA), dihomo- gamma linoleic acid (DGLA), and arachidonic acid (AA). The body cannot convert omega-3 fatty acids to omega-6 fatty acids or vice versa.

[00044] Lipids in human milk represent the main source of energy for the breastfed baby and provide essential nutrients, such as fat-soluble vitamins and PUFA. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are key structural components of cellular membranes and are deposited in the growing brain and the retina during perinatal development. Addition of preformed LC-PUFA to human milk lipids has been shown to be related to improved visual acuity and development of cognitive functions during the first year of life in the recipient infants.

[00045] Human milk content of fatty acids can vary, depending on the diet of the mother. For example, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a 20 carbon omega-3 fatty acid. If the mother often eats fish high in DHA , her milk will generally contain higher DHA levels than the milk of a mother with less access to fish. Consequently, human milk may require DHA supplementation to insure sufficient amounts of DHA. DHA supplementation is typically accompanied by arachidonic acid supplementation. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,492,938, describes a method of obtaining DHA from dinoflagellates and its use in pharmaceutical composition and dietary supplements.

[00046] The methods described herein include generating compositions with specific amounts of desired beneficial omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

Human Milk Donors

[00047] The starting material of the methods featured herein is human milk. Human milk is collected from donors by systematic methods, described, e.g., in U.S. Application

Serial No. 11/947,580 filed November 29, 2007, and in U.S. Patent Application

No. 1 1/526,127 (U.S. 2007/0098863). The contents of both applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The methods featured herein can be carried out with large volumes of human milk, e.g., pooled human milk. The volumes can be in the range of about 75 liters to about 2,000 liters/lot of starting material. Once the milk is collected, it can be frozen, pooled, and processed to obtain a composition of human lipids.

Methods of Obtaining Human Lipid Compositions for TPN

[00048] The methods described herein generate human lipid compositions suitable, e.g., for TPN administration. The methods will utilize some components generated in the methods of obtaining human milk fortifiers (HMFs) described in U.S. Application Serial No. 1 1/947,580 filed on November 29, 2007 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), as further explained below. [00049] Referring to Fig. 1 , step 1 , human milk is obtained from donors, as described above. If frozen, the milk can be thawed, pooled, warmed to about 25⁰C, and genetically screened for contaminants, e.g., viral contaminants, as described in U. S. S. N. 11/947,580. The milk then undergoes filtering, e.g., through about a 200 micron filter, and heat treatment (at about 63⁰C or greater for about 30 minutes or more). The milk is transferred to a separator, e.g., a centrifuge, to separate the cream from the skim (step 2). This process intermediate is referred to as Crude Human Lipid Suspension A. The skim can be transferred into a second processing tank, e.g., until a filtration step. [00050] In an optional step 3, the cream component can be separated once more

(e.g., by centrifugation) to remove additional skim. This process intermediate is referred to as Crude Human Lipid Paste.

[00051] In an optional step 4, the Crude Human Lipid Paste can be re-suspended in excess permeate from the HMF manufacturing process of U. S. S. N. 11/947,580. This process intermediate is referred to as Crude Human Lipid Suspension A1. In the HMF process, following separation of cream and skim the skim undergoes further filtration, e.g., ultrafiltration. Ultrafiltration is a type of membrane filtration, in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semipermeable membrane; solids and high-molecular weight solutes are retained, while water and low-molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane. Here, this process concentrates the nutrients in the skim milk by filtering out the water. The water obtained during the concentration is referred to as the permeate. This permeate can be used in optional step 4 of the present methods. [00052] In step 5, any remaining protein components not bound to lipids can be precipitated from solution by manipulating various parameters (e.g., temperature, ionic strength, and solvent (e.g., ethanol or polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration). Such precipitation techniques are known by those skilled in the art. The precipitated proteins can be used in various nutritional supplements.

[00053] In step 6, precipitated proteins can be separated from the lipid suspension

(e.g., by centrifugation). This process intermediate is referred to as Human Lipid Suspension B.

[00054] In an optional step 7, soluble and insoluble salts, other ions, and small molecular entities can be removed from the lipid suspension via a purification process (e.g., diafiltration). Diafiltration is a process, in which ultrafiltration membranes are used to remove or lower the concentration of salts or solvents, or to replace buffer salts from solutions that contain large molecules, such as lipids. This process intermediate is referred to as Diafiltrate A. In optional step 8, the diafiltrate can be dewatered (e.g., by ultrafiltration). This process intermediate is referred to as Purified Human Lipid Suspension. [00055] In an optional step 9, additional constituent(s) can be added to the resulting composition. The constituents can include: an emulsifier, a preservative, a diluent, an osmolality modifier, and a nutritional component (e.g., mineral, vitamin, and carbohydrate).

Examples of such constituents are discussed below.

[00056] In step 10, the Purified Human Lipid Suspension will be pasteurized, yielding a final product. Pasteurization methods are known in the art. For example, the suspension can be pasteurized at a minimum of about 66 degrees Celsius with the air space maintained at about 69 degrees Celsius for a minimum of about thirty minutes. In one embodiment, the pasteurization can be a short-time (less than about 10 minutes) and ultra-high temperature pasteurization.

[00057] Specific order and/or combination of these steps can be adjusted, if desired.

Methods of Obtaining Human Lipid Compositions for Enteral Administration [00058] The methods described herein generate human lipid compositions suitable, e.g., for enteral administration. The methods will utilize some components generated in the methods of obtaining human milk fortifiers (HMFs) described in U.S. Application Serial No. 11/947,580 filed on November 29, 2007, as further explained below. [00059] Referring to Fig. 2, step 1 , human milk is obtained from donors, as described above. If frozen, the milk can be thawed, pooled, warmed to about 25⁰C, and genetically screened for contaminants, e.g., viral contaminants, as described in U. S. S. N. 11/947,580. The milk then undergoes filtering, e.g., through about a 200 micron filter, and heat treatment (e.g., at about 63⁰C or greater for about 30 minutes or more). The milk is transferred to a separator, e.g., a centrifuge, to separate the cream from the skim (step 2). This process intermediate is referred to as Crude Human Lipid Suspension. The skim can be transferred into a second processing tank, e.g., until a filtration step.

[00060] In an optional step 3, the cream component can be separated once more

[00061] In an optional step 4, either the Crude Human Lipid Suspension or the Crude

Human Lipid Paste can be re-suspended in excess permeate from the HMF manufacturing process (of U. S. S. N. 1 1/947,580) to achieve a specific lipid density. This process intermediate is referred to as Standardized Human Lipid Suspension. In the HMF process, following separation of cream and skim the skim undergoes further filtration, e.g., ultrafiltration. This process concentrates the nutrients in the skim milk by filtering out the water. The water obtained during the concentration is referred to as the permeate. This permeate can be used in optional step 4 of the present methods. [00062] In an optional step 5 additional constituent(s) can be added to the resulting composition. The constituents can include: an emulsifier, a preservative, a diluent, an osmolality modifier, and a nutritional component (e.g., mineral, vitamin, and carbohydrate). Examples of such constituents are discussed below.

[00063] In an optional step 6, the Standardized Human Lipid Suspension is homogenized, using any method familiar to one skilled in the art. Homogenization removes phospholipids from the membranes. The homogenization step can be carried out earlier than step 6 of the process.

[00064] In an optional step 7, the Standardized Human Lipid Suspension

(homogenized or non-homogenized) can be pasteurized prior to filling into a suitable container (e.g., a bottle or an oral syringe). Pasteurization methods are known in the art, for example the Suspension can be pasteurized, e.g., at a minimum of about 66 degrees Celsius with the air space maintained at about 69 degrees Celsius for a minimum of about thirty minutes. In one embodiment, the pasteurization can be a short-time (less than about 10 minutes) and ultra-high temperature pasteurization.

[00065] Specific order and/or combination of the steps outlined above can be adjusted, if desired.

Human Lipid Compositions for TPN and Enteral Administration

[00066] The present disclosure features compositions of human lipids useful, e.g., in

TPN and enteral administration. The compositions can be obtained by the methods discussed herein.

[00067] In one embodiment, the composition includes a human lipid fraction. The lipid fraction can be pasteurized and/or can include polyunsaturated fatty acids, e.g., omega- 3 and omega-6 fatty acids (or their derivatives or precursors). The composition can be administered parenterally or enterally. The lipid fraction of the administered composition can provide a source of energy to the subject.

[00068] In another embodiment, the composition can include a human lipid and an emulsifier. Emulsifiers can include, e.g., egg yolk phospholipids, hydrogenated egg yolk phospholipids, soybean phospholipids, hydrogenated soybean phospholipids or nonionic surfactants. Emulsifiers can also be, e.g., a purified egg yolk lecithin, a purified soybean lecithin and hydrogenated derivatives thereof, nonionic surfactants, such as Polysorbate 80 and HCO-60. One or more of emulsifiers can also be used in combination in the present enteral and parenteral compositions.

[00069] In one embodiment, the compositions described herein can include: about 1-

20% (w/v of total emulsion composition) of an emulsifier; about 0.5-50% (w/v) of oil, e.g., 5- 30% (w/v); about 0.1-80% (w/v) of phospholipids, e.g., 0.1-20% (w/v); and about 0.5-5% of omega-3 fatty acids or derivatives thereof.

[00070] The compositions can also include an osmolality modifier, e.g., a polyhydric alcohol, for regulating viscosity of the compositions. The polyhydric alcohols can include, e.g., glycerol and a polyhydric sugar alcohol (e.g., xylitol, sorbitol, and mannitol). Other osmolality modifiers can include glycerin, alanine, sterile water and other modifiers known in the art. One or more osmolality modifiers can also be used in combination in the present compositions.

[00071] Optionally, enteral and parenteral compositions described herein can include other constituents, e.g., monoglycerides of fatty acids, diluents (e.g., sugars, starches, lactose, sucrose), preservatives (e.g., antioxidants and anti-microbials), components for adjusting stability (e.g., amino acids), carbohydrates (e.g., fructose and glucose), vitamins, and minerals.

[00072] Antioxidants can be added to the compositions to, e.g., protect the unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (and their precursors and derivatives) from oxidation. Such antioxidants can include alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E), Vitamin C, carotenoids or retinoids. Other antioxidants that protect the unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids from oxidation after administration and incorporation into biological membranes can also be used.

[00073] The emulsion compositions featured herein can be prepared by ways known in the art. For example, the lipids can be mixed with the aqueous phase, the phospholipids

(and optionally other emulsifiers), and auxiliary agents in a suitable mixing device. The blend is then homogenized to a desired particle size.

[00074] The compositions can also contain stabilizers, such as A-carrageenan. A- carrageenan increases the viscosity of a formula without forming a gel structure, thus retarding the precipitation of insoluble calcium and phosphorus salts if included in the formula. Xanthan gum or other standard stabilizers may also be used.

[00075] Flavoring may also be added to the emulsion to make it more palatable for enteral use. Flavoring can be in a form of flavored extracts, volatile oils, chocolate flavoring, peanut butter flavoring, cookie crumbs, vanilla or any commercially available flavoring.

Use of the Compositions

[00076] The compositions featured herein can be administered to subjects, e.g., human subjects, in need of nutritional supplementation, e.g., critically-ill patients, postoperative patients, patients suffering from a nutritional disease or disorder, and/or premature infants. [00077] The embodiments of the disclosure may be carried out in other ways than those set forth herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. The embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.

Example 1. Obtaining Human Lipid Composition for TPN

[00078] The following method will be used to obtain a human lipid composition for

TPN administration. This method will utilize some components generated in the methods of obtaining human milk fortifiers (HMFs) described in U.S. Application Serial No. 1 1/947,580 filed on November 29, 2007, as further explained below.

[00079] 1. Whole milk will be thawed (if frozen), pooled, and genetically screened for any contaminants, e.g., viral contaminants, as described in U.S. Application Serial

No. 1 1/947,580.

[00080] 2. Whole milk will be warmed to approximately 25⁰C and separated in to skim milk and cream components (e.g., by centrifugation). For example, the separation will occur as described for HMF manufacturing in U. S. S. N. 11/947,580. The whole milk will be warmed to 25⁰C, filtered (e.g., through about a 200 micron filter), heat-treated at about 63⁰C or greater for about 30 minutes, and transferred to a separator, e.g., a centrifuge. After separation in to cream and skim, the cream process intermediate is referred to as Crude

Human Lipid Suspension A.

[00081] 3. Optionally, the cream component will be separated once more (e.g., by centrifugation) to remove additional skim. This process intermediate is referred to as Crude

Human Lipid Paste.

[00082] 4. Optionally, the Human Lipid Paste will be re-suspended in excess permeate from the HMF manufacturing process of U. S. S. N. 1 1/947,580. In the HMF manufacturing process, the skim portion separated from the cream undergoes further concentration, e.g., ultrafiltration, to filter out water. The filtered out water is referred to as permeate. This permeate can be used in the method described herein. This process intermediate is referred to as Crude Human Lipid Suspension A1.

[00083] 5. Any remaining protein components not bound to lipid will be precipitated from solution by manipulating various parameters (e.g., temperature, ionic strength, and solvent (e.g., ethanol or PEG concentration)). These techniques are known to those skilled in the art.

[00084] 6. Precipitated proteins will be separated from the lipid suspension (e.g., by centrifugation). This process intermediate is referred to as Human Lipid Suspension B. [00085] 7. Optionally, soluble and insoluble salts, other ions, and small molecular entities will be removed from the lipid suspension via a purification process (e.g., diafiltration). This process intermediate is referred to as Diafiltrate A.

[00086] 8. The diafiltrate will be dewatered (e.g., by ultrafiltration). This process intermediate is referred to as Purified Human Lipid Suspension. If desired, emulsifiers and/or preservatives will be added.

[00087] 9. The Purified Human Lipid Suspension will be pasteurized, yielding a final product.

Example 2. Obtaining Human Lipid Composition for Enteral Nutrition

[00088] The following method will be used to obtain a human lipid composition for enteral administration. This method will utilize some components generated in the methods of obtaining human milk fortifiers (HMFs) described in U.S. Application Serial

No. 1 1/947,580 filed on November 29, 2007, as further explained below.

[00089] 1. Whole milk will be thawed (if frozen), pooled, and genetically screened for any contaminants, e.g., viral contaminants, as described in U.S. Application Serial

No. 1 1/947,580.

[00090] 2. Whole milk will be warmed to approximately 25⁰C and separated in to skim milk and cream components (e.g., by centrifugation). For example, the separation will occur as described for HMF manufacturing in U. S. S. N. 11/947,580. The whole milk will be warmed to 25⁰C, filtered (e.g., through about a 200 micron filter), heat-treated at about 63⁰C or greater for about 30 minutes, and transferred to a separator, e.g., a centrifuge. After separation in to cream and skim, the cream process intermediate is referred to as Crude

Human Lipid Suspension.

[00091] 3. Optionally, the cream component may be separated once more (e.g. by centrifugation) to remove additional skim. This process intermediate is referred to as Crude

Human Lipid Paste.

[00092] 4. Optionally, either the Crude Human Lipid Suspension or the Crude Human

Lipid Paste will be re-suspended in excess permeate from the HMF manufacturing process

(of U. S. S. N. 11/947,580) to achieve specific lipid density. In the HMF manufacturing process, the skim portion separated from the cream undergoes further concentration, e.g., ultrafiltration, to filter out water. The filtered out water is referred to as permeate. This permeate can be used in the method described herein. This process intermediate is referred to as Standardized Human Lipid Suspension.

[00093] 5. Optionally, the Standardized Human Lipid Suspension will be homogenized. [00094] 6. Optionally, the standardized suspension will be pasteurized prior to filling into a suitable container (e.g., a bottle or an oral syringe).

[00095] Other variations and embodiments of the invention described herein will now be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention or the spirit of the claims below.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A method of making a composition comprising a human lipid, the method comprising:

(a) obtaining whole human milk;

(b) separating the milk into a cream portion and a skim portion;

(c) processing the cream portion; and

(d) pasteurizing the processed cream portion, thereby obtaining a composition comprising a human lipid.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the obtaining step comprises obtaining from about 75 liters to about 2,000 liters of whole human milk.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

(i) separating the cream portion obtained in step (b) into a second cream portion and a second skim portion; and

(ii) in step (c) processing both the cream portion and the second cream portion.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising filtering water out of the skim portion after step (b).

5. The method of claim 4, wherein processing the cream portion comprises suspending the cream portion in the water.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein processing the cream portion in step (c) comprises precipitating protein components out of the cream portion.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising separating the precipitated protein from the cream portion.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein processing the cream portion comprises purifying the cream portion.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the purifying comprises diafiltration.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising ultrafiltrating.

11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising after step (c), adding one or more constituents selected from the group consisting of: an emulsifier, a preservative, a diluent, and an osmolality modifier.

12. The method of claim 1 1 , wherein the preservative is an antioxidant.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of: alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, a carotenoid and a retinoid.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the osmolality modifier comprises glycerin.

15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising after step (c), adding one or more constituents selected from the group consisting of: a vitamin, a mineral, and a carbohydrate.

16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising administering the composition obtained after step (d) to a human subject.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the subject is a premature infant.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the subject has a nutritional disease or disorder.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein the administration is a parenteral administration.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein the administration is part of a total parenteral nutritional administration.

21. A method of making a composition comprising a human lipid, the method comprising:

(a) obtaining whole human milk;

(b) separating the milk into a cream portion and a skim portion; and

(c) processing the cream portion, thereby obtaining a composition comprising a human lipid.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the obtaining step comprises obtaining from about 75 liters to about 2,000 liters of whole human milk.

23. The method of claim 21 , further comprising

24. The method of claim 21 , further comprising filtering water out of the skim portion after step (b).

25. The method of claim 24, wherein processing the cream portion comprises suspending the cream portion in the water.

26. The method of claim 24, further comprising homogenizing the cream portion after step (c).

27. The method of claim 24, further comprising pasteurizing the cream portion after step (c).

28. The method of claim 24, further comprising administering the composition obtained after step (c) to a human subject.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the subject is a premature infant.

30. The method of claim 28, wherein the subject has a nutritional disease or disorder.

31. The method of claim 28, wherein the administration is an enteral administration.

32. A composition comprising a human lipid fraction from human milk and an emulsifier.

33. The composition of claim 32, wherein the human lipid fraction comprises a pasteurized lipid.

34. The composition of claim 32, wherein the human lipid fraction comprises a human polynunsaturated fatty acid.

35. The composition of claim 34, wherein the fatty acid is an omega-3 fatty acid.

36. The composition of claim 34, wherein the fatty acid is an omega-6 fatty acid.

37. The composition of claim 32, further comprising a constituent selected from the group consisting of: an antioxidant, a diluent, and an osmolality modifier.

38. The composition of claim 37, wherein the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of: alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, a carotenoid and a retinoid.

39. The composition of claim 38, wherein the osmolality modifier comprises glycerin.

40. The composition of claim 32, further comprising a constituent selected from the group consisting of: a vitamin, a mineral, and a carbohydrate.

41. A method of treating a subject having a nutritional disease or disorder, the method comprising administering to the subject the composition of claim 32, thereby treating the subject.

42. The method of claim 41 , wherein the subject is a human subject.

43. The method of claim 41 , wherein the subject is a human infant.