WO2008089672A1 - A directional coupler and a receiving or transmitting device - Google Patents

A directional coupler and a receiving or transmitting device Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008089672A1
WO2008089672A1 PCT/CN2008/070031 CN2008070031W WO2008089672A1 WO 2008089672 A1 WO2008089672 A1 WO 2008089672A1 CN 2008070031 W CN2008070031 W CN 2008070031W WO 2008089672 A1 WO2008089672 A1 WO 2008089672A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
directional coupler
signal line
line
metal rod
coupler
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CN2008/070031
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Pinghua He
Xinlu Li
Jianjun Chen
Zhaolu Wei
Gang Ju
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Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
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Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
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Publication date
Application filed by Huawei Technologies Co Ltd filed Critical Huawei Technologies Co Ltd
Priority to EP08700057A priority Critical patent/EP2109180B1/en
Publication of WO2008089672A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008089672A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US12/505,739 priority patent/US7880560B2/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
    • H01P5/16—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port
    • H01P5/18—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port consisting of two coupled guides, e.g. directional couplers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/08—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices
    • H01P5/10—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices for coupling balanced lines or devices with unbalanced lines or devices
    • H01P5/107—Hollow-waveguide/strip-line transitions

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of communications, and in particular, to a directional coupler and a receiving or transmitting device. Background technique
  • Couplers are widely used in RF and microwave systems for signal power distribution synthesis, power sampling and detection, and are used in balanced amplifiers, phase shifters, filters and other equipment.
  • a typical coupler is actually a four-port network that splits the input signal into two specific output signals in a specific frequency range.
  • couplers there are many types of couplers, each with its own characteristics, including on printed circuit boards ( The coupled line directional coupler implemented on the Printed Circuit Board, abbreviated as PCB.
  • Figure 1 shows the basic structure of a coupled line directional coupler in the prior art. As shown in Figure 1, the main signal line 11 has two ports: port one and port three, and the signal line 12 also has two ports: port two and port four. When a signal is input from the port to the main signal line 11, a coupling signal is generated on the coupled signal line 12 due to the electromagnetic induction phenomenon, and is output from the port 2 and the port 4.
  • the weak coupler in the directional coupler (around 30dB coupling) is typically used for high-power signal level detection between the power amplifier (Power AmplifierPA) and the antenna feeder system.
  • the so-called orientation means that the signal of port 2 is stronger than the signal of port 4 in the coupled signal. If the coupling degree of the weak coupler is known, it is only necessary to detect the output signal power level of port 2, and the input signal level of port one can be simply calculated. Port 4 is the isolated end, and the output is a useless signal that matches the absorbed load to ground.
  • the high-directional weak coupler (or high-directional weak coupler) is mainly used in the power detection and standing wave detection circuits of the antenna feeder system in the wireless access system.
  • 2 is a circuit block diagram of a prior art high directional coupler applied to the antenna feed standing wave detection.
  • the resistors R1 and R2 are matching resistors, and the detection principle is that the forward power is detected by the forward coupler 21 and the forward power detecting circuit 22, and the reverse power is detected by the reverse coupler 23 and the reverse power detecting circuit 24, Then find the difference between the forward power and the reverse power, which is the return loss, and then convert it into the standing wave of the antenna feeder system.
  • the directivity of the reverse coupler In order to improve the standing wave detection accuracy of the antenna feeder system and prevent false alarms, it is necessary to increase the directivity of the reverse coupler as much as possible, and generally needs to reach at least 28 dB. Since the theoretical derivation is a well-known technique, it will not be described in detail here. In order to achieve high directivity of the weak coupler, it is generally required that the main signal line and the coupled signal line are all in the same medium, and the dielectric constant and the magnetic permeability are isotropic.
  • the odd-mode phase velocity and the even-mode phase velocity are not equal (or in other words, the mutual inductance and the mutual capacitance ratio are out of balance), which reduces the directivity.
  • the manufacturers will use The deformed structure makes the odd mode phase velocity and the even mode phase velocity equal, thereby improving the directivity.
  • the directional coupler in the prior art is briefly described below.
  • Prior Art 1 Air Medium Metal Rod Coupler, as shown in Figure 3.
  • the air medium is a medium in which the electromagnetic characteristics are hooked.
  • the main signal line 31 and the coupled signal line 32 of the rod coupler are in a uniform medium and have a natural high directivity.
  • one of the two metal rods is a main signal line, and the U-shaped rod is soldered on the PCB 33, which is a coupled signal line, and 301, 302, 303, and 304 are port one and port two, respectively. Port three, port four.
  • FIG. 4a both the main signal line 41 and the coupling signal line 42 are formed by a strip line (rod-shaped strip line), and the strip line is also in a uniform air medium, and has a natural high directivity.
  • 401, 402, 403, and 404 are port one, port two, port three, and port four, respectively, and 43 is a PCB board.
  • Fig. 4b There is also an improved suspended wire jumper coupler, as shown in Fig. 4b, which differs from Fig. 4a in that it replaces the suspended metal wire with a through-hole metal film resistor 44, and the resistor body is just as The matched load of the coupler.
  • Microstrip line directional coupler Conventional microstrip line directional coupler, the main signal line and the coupled signal line are all composed of microstrip lines, the coupler is in an inhomogeneous medium, and the directionality index is not good. In order to improve the directional index, the odd mode phase velocity and even The phase speeds of the modes are equal, and the coupled signal lines are in a zigzag or wall shape, as shown in FIG.
  • the power capacity of the microstrip line directional coupler is much lower than that of the prior art one and the existing one.
  • the directional coupler corresponding to the second technique.
  • the PIM (Passive Intermodulation) indicator of the main signal line of the coupler is not good.
  • Prior Art 4 There is also a directional coupler as shown in FIG. 7, the main signal line is composed of a metal rod, the coupled signal line is composed of a microstrip line on the PCB, and the microstrip line is in an inhomogeneous medium, and It is a regular straight line.
  • the directional coupler structure shown in Figure 7 has the advantage of simple assembly and good consistency, but the directionality index of this coupler is not good, about 15dB or worse. Therefore, this coupler is only used for the power detection circuit and cannot be used for the standing wave detection circuit.
  • Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view of a typical metal rod coupler structure, from top to bottom, the reflow ground plane, the main signal line, the coupled signal line, and the return ground plane, and between the two ground planes. Air medium.
  • the odd mode exists mainly between the main signal line and the coupled signal line, and the even mode exists in the entire cavity between the two return ground planes.
  • the phase velocity depends on the nature of the mode in which the medium propagates. It is well known that electromagnetic waves travel in air at a speed equal to the speed of light, so the odd-mode phase velocity in Figure 6 is equal to the speed of light, and the even-mode phase velocity is also equal to the speed of light.
  • the coupled signal line in Figure 7 is the microstrip line on the PCB.
  • the odd mode is still present in the air medium, so the odd mode phase velocity is still approximately equal to the speed of light, but some of the even mode exists in the medium of the PCB. This part of the electromagnetic wave propagates slowly, making the even mode phase velocity of the whole system slower. The degree of slowing depends on the value of the equivalent dielectric constant of all the media between the two ground planes.
  • the directionality index of the coupler is poor, and the structure of the coupler determines that the even-mode phase velocity cannot be accelerated.
  • the present invention provides a directional coupler and a receiving or transmitting device to ensure performance indicators of the directional coupler.
  • a directional coupler comprising:
  • Main signal line composed of metal rods
  • the coupled signal line is formed by a microstrip line on the printed circuit board, the microstrip line has a curved shape; and an air medium is interposed between the metal rod and the microstrip line.
  • Main signal line composed of metal rods
  • the coupled signal line is formed by a microstrip line on the printed circuit board, the microstrip line has a curved shape; and an air medium is interposed between the metal rod and the microstrip line.
  • the above directional coupler not only has low transmission loss, but also has large power capacity, high directionality index, high PIM index, simple assembly, and consistency of indicators. Good, and can adapt to different application environments.
  • the above directional coupler not only ensures various parameter indexes, but also has simple assembly and low cost.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the basic structure of a coupler in the prior art
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit block diagram of a high-directional directional coupler applied to the antenna feed standing wave detection in the prior art
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of an air medium metal rod coupler in the prior art
  • 4a is a schematic structural view of a suspended wire jumper coupler in the prior art 2;
  • FIG. 4b is a schematic structural view of a modified suspension wire jumper coupler in the prior art
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of a prior art microstrip line directional coupler
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structure of a metal rod coupler in a typical uniform medium in the prior art
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structure of a directional coupler in the prior art
  • Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the principle of the directional coupler of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a structural diagram of a directional coupler in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a directional coupler without a cavity according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a directional coupler showing a cavity and a window according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention enables the odd mode The phase velocity is slowed down to achieve an approximate coincidence of the odd-mode phase velocity and the even-mode phase velocity, thereby improving the directionality index of the coupler.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the principle of the directional coupler of the present invention.
  • the present invention converts the coupled microstrip line into a curve (such as a broken line or a smooth curve), so that the path of the odd mode motion moves along the bent microstrip line, so that although the odd mode phase velocity is still the speed of light, But when you take a detour, it is equivalent to slowing down the odd-mode phase velocity along the direction of the main signal line.
  • the odd-mode phase velocity in the direction of the main signal line is approximately equal to the even-mode phase velocity, thus improving the directionality index of the coupler.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic structural view of a directional coupler according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • (a), (b), (c), (d) are the front view, side view, top view and perspective view of the directional coupler, respectively, in order to clearly show the microstrip line portion of the directional coupler, in the front view and the top view
  • the cavity of the coupler is not shown, but in the side view and the perspective view, the cavity is illustrated, such as the ground plane (metal rod reflow) in the side view.
  • FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a coupler not showing a cavity according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing a coupler of a display cavity in the embodiment of the invention.
  • the directional coupler in this embodiment includes a main signal line and a coupled signal line.
  • the main signal line (or main signal rod) 91 is composed of a metal rod located inside the cavity, the metal rod, that is, the main signal rod 91 is surrounded by an air medium, and the inner wall of the chamber is grounded (providing an electronic shield to resist Interference radiation, etc.)
  • the metal rod that is, the main signal rod 91
  • the metal rod and the cavity can be coaxial or different axes.
  • the 901, 902, 903, and 904 shown in the figure are port one, port two, port three, port four, 93 is the PCB medium, and 94 is the ground plane.
  • the metal rod, the inner wall of the chamber and the air medium constitute a basic high-power transmission line structure.
  • the inner wall of the cavity and the outer portion of the cavity may have a cylindrical shape or other shapes such as a square shape, and the metal rod is not limited to a cylindrical shape, and may be various shapes such as an elliptical cylinder and a prism.
  • the cavity structure of the metal rod and the inner wall of the ground ensures high power capacity and low transmission loss of the coupler.
  • the PCB since there is no solder joint on the main signal rod of the present invention, the PCB is far from the main signal rod, and the organic medium in the PCB hardly affects the PIM index of the main signal rod, so that a high PIM index can be guaranteed.
  • the coupled signal line is formed by a microstrip line 95 on a printed circuit board (PCB) whose reference plane (i.e., the return ground plane) 94 is grounded.
  • the coupled signal line is a microstrip line, which makes the assembly simple, and ensures high graphics processing accuracy and installation accuracy, so that the assembly consistency is good, and thus the parameter index The consistency is also very good.
  • the microstrip line is in an uneven organic medium, resulting in poor directionality index of the coupler.
  • the microstrip line in this embodiment is set in a bent state (for example, a curved shape such as a fold shape, a smooth curve, or a serpentine shape, but is not limited thereto. It is known that under the same length requirement The 90-degree bend of the coupled signal line requires a minimum area, and the shape parameters such as the width, spacing, and length of the fold line or the smooth curve can be adjusted to make the odd-mode and even-mode phase speeds approximately the same, or the mutual inductance component and The proportion of mutual components is appropriate to achieve better directional indicators.
  • the metal rod is parallel to the plane of the microstrip line and is not coplanar, and the length direction of the metal rod and the microstrip line is parallel or substantially parallel, and the entire fold line or smooth curve area of the microstrip line (or each Segment fold lines or smooth curves) are electromagnetically coupled to the metal rod.
  • the main signal bar is located in the middle of the coupled signal line (as shown in FIG. 10, the main signal bar 91 is directly above the coupled signal line 95), and the coupler can obtain better performance. (or cost performance), but the invention is not limited thereto, and when the position is slightly deviated from the position of the opposite direction, such as the lateral deviation of the coupled signal line, the index is not significantly affected.
  • all of the microstrip fold lines (or smooth curves) in the coupler have the same shape, so that a small area can be obtained, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • a window is formed in the cavity wall of the main signal line 91 in a direction corresponding to the coupled signal line 95, and the window serves as a coupling path between the main signal line and the coupled signal line.
  • the window is large, consistent with the size of the cavity, and is not obvious.
  • the microstrip line shown appears to be inside the cavity.
  • the coupler schematic shown in Figure 11 has a distinct window. That is, the coupling window 111, 112 in the figure is a PCB board.
  • the coupler can transmit a high power signal, and the insertion loss is low, because there is no solder joint, and the PIM index is also very good.
  • the coupling line of the coupler of the invention still uses a metal rod to ensure the PIM index and the power capacity; and the coupled line uses the microstrip line on the PCB to ensure simple assembly and high positional accuracy, thereby ensuring index consistency. it is good.
  • the precision of the pattern in the conventional case can reach 0.03 mm, which is much higher than the assembly error, so the high precision of the PCB pattern can avoid the coupling rod of the prior art 1 and the prior art 2; : Accumulated assembly error during early connection and assembly, so the consistency of each indicator is guaranteed.
  • the microstrip line is in a bent state, so that the odd mode phase velocity and the even mode phase velocity are consistent, thereby The directionality index of the coupler is improved.
  • An additional advantage of the coupler achievable by the present invention is that the directional couplers in the prior art are generally narrow and long, and the bending arrangement of the microstrip line in the present invention greatly shortens the length of the coupler, which is advantageous for Layout in microwave equipment (such as greatly reducing the footprint), especially on the PCB.
  • the electrical length is equal to a quarter wavelength, the coupling degree is not obvious with frequency, and the electrical length is less than or greater than a quarter wavelength, which will cause the coupling degree to change with frequency, and the coupling degree has a slope.
  • the internal fluctuation is not flat, so the coupler whose electrical length is equal to a quarter wavelength is a narrow band coupler.
  • the coupling line electrical length of the present invention can be equal to a quarter wavelength, and the electrical length of one quarter wavelength can be realized in a region with a short physical length (for example, one tenth of a wavelength) (the physical length is equivalent to The length of the metal rod, and the electrical length corresponds to the total length of the microstrip line fold line.
  • the electrical length of the coupling line is equal to a quarter wavelength, the coupling degree changes very little with frequency, even at a lower frequency, A flat coupling is achieved in the short coupling region.
  • Each parameter index in this embodiment has a margin, so there will be a large degree of freedom in design to adapt to different application environments. As far as the current product board test indicators are concerned, the directional indicators can be achieved.
  • the above directional coupler can be disposed in a receiving or transmitting device of a radio frequency or microwave system for power detection and standing wave detecting circuits of the antenna system.
  • the present invention improves the three-dimensional structure of the existing high directional directional high-power weak coupler, thereby making the new coupler simple in structure, low in cost, smooth in assembly, good in directional index, and consistent in index.
  • Good, PIM indicators are good, power capacity is large and transmission loss is low.

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Description

一种定向耦合器及一种接收或发射装置
本申请要求于 2007 年 1 月 18 日提交中国专利局、 申请号为 200710062806.3、 发明名称为"定向耦合器及具有该定向耦合器的装置"的中国 专利申请的优先权， 其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明涉及通信领域， 尤其涉及一种定向耦合器及一种接收或发射装置。 背景技术
耦合器广泛应用在射频、 微波系统中， 进行信号功率分配合成、 功率取样 与检测， 用在平衡式放大器、 移相器、 滤波器等设备中。 一个典型的耦合器实 际就是在特定的频率范围内将输入信号分成功率成特定比例的两个输出信号 的四端口网络， 耦合器的种类非常多， 各有其特点， 其中包括在印刷电路板 ( Printed Circuit Board, 简写为 PCB )上实现的耦合线定向耦合器。 图 1为现 有技术中的耦合线定向耦合器的基本结构。 如图 1所示， 主信号线 11上有两 个端口： 端口一和端口三， 合信号线 12也有两个端口： 端口二和端口四。 当从端口一输入信号到主信号线 11时， 由于电磁感应现象，耦合信号线 12上 会产生耦合信号， 从端口二和端口四输出。
定向耦合器中的弱耦合器（耦合度 30dB左右）通常用于功率放大器（ Power AmplifierPA ) 与天馈系统间的大功率信号电平检测。 所谓定向， 是指耦合信 号中， 端口二的信号比端口四的信号强。 如果己经知道弱耦合器的耦合度， 只 需检测端口二的输出信号功率电平， 就可简单计算出端口一的输入信号电平。 端口四是隔离端， 输出的是无用的信号， 接匹配吸收负载到地。
高定向弱耦合器（或称高方向性弱耦合器）在无线接入系统中， 主要应用 于天馈系统的功率检测和驻波检测电路。图 2为现有技术中高方向性耦合器应 用于天馈驻波检测的电路框图。 其中， 电阻 Rl、 R2为匹配电阻， 其检测原理 是用正向耦合器 21及正向功率检测电路 22检测正向功率， 用反向耦合器 23 及反向功率检测电路 24检测反向功率， 再求出正向功率与反向功率之差， 就 是回波损耗，再用公式换算成天馈系统的驻波。 为了提高天馈系统的驻波检测 精度， 防止误报警， 需要尽可能提高反向耦合器的方向性， 一般至少需要达到 28dB , 由于其理论上的推导属于公知技术， 在此不作详述。 为了实现弱耦合器的高方向性，一般要求主信号线和耦合信号线都处于同 一种介质中， 且介电常数和磁渗透率各向同性。
如果不在同一种介质中， 则奇模相速和偶模相速不等 (或者换一种说法是 互感和互容比例失调）， 使方向性降低， 在这种情况下， 各厂商会釆用变形的 结构， 使奇模相速和偶模相速相等， 从而提高方向性。 下面简单介绍现有技术 中的定向耦合器。
现有技术一： 空气介质金属杆耦合器， 见图 3所示。 空气介质是一种电磁 特性均勾的介质，这种杆状耦合器的主信号线 31和耦合信号线 32都处于均匀 介质中， 具有天然的高方向性。 如图 3所示， 两根金属杆中的其中一根直杆是 主信号线， U形杆焊接在 PCB33上， 是耦合信号线， 301、 302、 303、 304分 别为端口一、 端口二、 端口三、 端口四。
对于上述空气介质金属杆耦合器，由于两根金属杆的相对位置受到装配精 度的影响，进而影响耦合器的耦合度和方向性指标，因此导致装配好的耦合器， 其方向性指标一致性不好， 需要外接调整元件。
现有技术二： 悬空金属丝跳线耦合器， 见图 4a。 如图 4a所示， 其主信号 线 41和耦合信号线 42均由带状线（杆状的带状线）构成， 带状线也是近似处 于均匀的空气介质中， 具有天然的高方向性， 图中， 401、 402、 403、 404 分 别为端口一、 端口二、 端口三、 端口四， 43是 PCB板。
还有一种改进型的悬空金属丝跳线耦合器，如图 4b,与图 4a的区别在于， 其是釆用通孔直插的金属膜电阻器 44来代替悬空金属丝， 电阻器本体正好当 做耦合器的匹配负载。
无论是图 4a中的悬空金属丝跳线耦合器还是图 4b所示的改进型悬空金属 丝跳线耦合器， 与现有技术一相比， 虽然方向性指标会稍好一点， 但仍然受到 装配精度累积误差的影响， 方向性指标的一致性不好。要得到方向性指标一致 性好的耦合器， 则需要较高的成本。
现有技术三： 微带线定向耦合器。 常规的微带线定向耦合器， 主信号线和 耦合信号线均由微带线构成， 耦合器处于不均匀介质中， 方向性指标不好， 为 了改善方向性指标，使奇模相速和偶模相速相等，耦合信号线釆用锯齿形或墙 垛形，如图 5所示。微带线定向耦合器的功率容量要远低于现有技术一和现有 技术二对应的定向耦合器。 另外， 由于焊点多， 该种耦合器的主信号线的 PIM ( Passive Intermodulation， 无源交调 )指标不好。
现有技术四： 目前还出现了一种图 7所示的定向耦合器， 主信号线由金属 杆构成， 耦合信号线由 PCB上的微带线构成， 微带线处于不均匀介质中， 并 且是常规的直线。 图 7所示的定向耦合器结构， 具有装配简单、 一致性好的优 点， 但这种耦合器方向性指标不好， 大约在 15dB或更差。 所以这种耦合器仅 用于功率检测电路， 不能用于驻波检测电路。
为了后面更好的理解本发明， 这里先简单解释奇模电磁波和偶模电磁波 (本文分别简称为奇模和偶模 ):
如图 6所示为现有的一个典型的金属杆耦合器结构截面图，从上到下分别 是回流地平面、 主信号线、 耦合信号线、 回流地平面， 且两个地平面之间是空 气介质。 奇模主要存在于主信号线与耦合信号线之间， 而偶模则存在于两个回 流地平面之间的整个腔体。
无论是奇模还是偶模， 其相速取决于模式在什么性质的介质内部传播。 众 所周知，电磁波在空气中传播速度等于光速，所以图 6中的奇模相速等于光速， 偶模相速也等于光速。
但图 7情况不同， 图 7中耦合信号线是 PCB上的微带线， 奇模仍然存在 于空气介质中， 所以奇模相速仍近似等于光速， 但偶模有一部分存在于 PCB 的介质中， 这一部分电磁波传播速度慢， 使得整个系统的偶模相速变慢， 变慢 的程度取决于两个地平面之间的所有介质的等效介电常数的值。
由于奇模相速快， 偶模相速较慢， 所以耦合器的方向性指标较差， 并且这 种耦合器的结构决定了偶模相速不能加快。
综上所述，现有技术中的各种定向耦合器难以同时满足方向性指标、 方向 性指标的一致性、 PIM指标、 功率容量等参数指标， 并且现有技术中要提高现 有定向耦合器的某一或几项参数指标，往往需要很高的精度和成本， 因此现有 的各种定向耦合器尚无法有效改善各种参数指标并降低成本。
发明内容
本发明提供一种定向耦合器及一种接收或发射装置，以保证定向耦合器的 性能指标。 一种定向耦合器， 包括：
主信号线， 由金属杆构成；
耦合信号线， 由印刷电路板上的微带线构成， 该微带线呈曲线形状； 所述金属杆与微带线之间为空气介质。
一种接收或发射装置， 应用于射频或微波系统中， 具有定向耦合器， 该定 向耦合器包括：
主信号线， 由金属杆构成；
耦合信号线， 由印刷电路板上的微带线构成， 该微带线呈曲线形状； 所述金属杆与微带线之间为空气介质。
上述的定向耦合器与现有的定向耦合器相比， 不仅传输损耗低，具有大的 功率容量、 高的方向性指标， 还能保证较高的 PIM指标， 而且装配简单， 各 指标的一致性好， 并能适应不同的应用环境。上述定向耦合器既保证了各种参 数指标， 又装配简单， 保证了低成本。
附图说明
图 1为现有技术中耦合器的基本结构示意图；
图 2为现有技术中高方向性耦合器应用于天馈驻波检测的电路框图； 图 3为现有技术一中空气介质金属杆耦合器的结构示意图；
图 4a为现有技术二中悬空金属丝跳线耦合器的结构示意图；
图 4b为现有技术二中改进型的悬空金属丝跳线耦合器的结构示意图； 图 5为现有技术三中微带线定向耦合器的结构示意图；
图 6为现有技术中一个典型的均匀介质中金属杆耦合器结构截面示意图； 图 7为现有技术四中定向耦合器的结构截面示意图；
图 8为本发明的定向耦合器的原理示意图；
图 9为本发明实施例中的定向耦合器结构图；
图 10为本发明实施例中一未显示腔体的定向耦合器的立体示意图； 图 11为本发明另一实施例中显示有腔体和窗口的定向耦合器的立体示意图。 具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明的具体实施例进行详细说明。
由于现有技术四中的定向耦合器的偶模相速不能加快，本发明通过使奇模 相速变慢来实现奇模相速与偶模相速的近似一致，从而提高耦合器的方向性指 标。
图 8为本发明的定向耦合器的原理示意图。如图 8所示，本发明将耦合微 带线变成曲线（如折线或平滑曲线 ),使奇模运动的路径沿着弯折微带线运动， 这样， 虽然奇模相速仍然是光速， 但走了弯路， 相当于在沿着主信号线方向的 奇模相速变慢了。
通过调整曲线（如折线或平滑曲线）的几何尺寸， 可使主信号线方向的奇 模相速与偶模相速近似相等， 这样就提高了耦合器的方向性指标。
图 9为本发明一实施例中定向耦合器的结构示意图。其中（a )、（b )、（c )、 ( d )分别为定向耦合器的主视图、 侧视图、 俯视图及立体图， 为清楚显示定 向耦合器的微带线部分， 在主视图和俯视图中， 没有显示出耦合器的腔体， 而 仅在侧视图和立体图中， 示意出了腔体， 如侧视图中的地平面（金属杆回流）。
图 10为本发明实施例中一未显示腔体的耦合器的立体示意图；图 11为发 明实施例中一显示腔体的耦合器的立体示意图。 如图 9及图 10、 图 11所示， 本实施例中的定向耦合器， 包括主信号线和耦合信号线。
其中， 所述主信号线 （或称主信号杆） 91 由位于腔体内的金属杆构成， 该金属杆， 即主信号杆 91周围为空气介质， 且腔体内壁接地（提供电子屏蔽， 以抗干扰辐射等）， 如图 11所示， 金属杆， 即主信号杆 91位于空气腔 92中。 金属杆和腔体可以同轴， 也可以不同轴。 图中所示的 901、 902、 903、 904分 别为端口一、 端口二、 端口三、 端口四， 93为 PCB板介质， 94为地平面。 金属杆、腔体内壁及空气介质三者构成了基本的大功率传输线结构。本发明中， 所述腔体的内壁和腔体的外部可呈圓柱形，也可以呈方形等其它形状，金属杆 不限于圓柱形， 可以是椭圓柱、 棱柱等各种形状。 金属杆和接地内壁组成的腔 体结构保证了耦合器的大功率容量及低的传输损耗。另外由于本发明的主信号 杆上无焊点， PCB 离主信号杆较远， PCB 中的有机介质几乎不影响主信号杆 的 PIM指标， 所以能保证较高的 PIM指标。
所述耦合信号线由印刷电路板 ( PCB )上的微带线 95构成， 该微带线的 参考平面 （即回流地平面） 94接地。 耦合信号线是微带线， 使得装配简单， 并保证了很高的图形加工精度和安装精度，使装配的一致性好，从而参数指标 的一致性也很好。
现有技术四中，微带线处于不均匀的有机介质中，导致耦合器的方向性指 标不好。 为了解决这样的问题， 本实施例中的微带线设置成弯折的状态（如可 呈折形、 平滑曲线、 蛇形等曲线形状， 但并不限于此。 众所周知， 在同样的长 度要求下， 90度弯折的耦合信号线所需面积最小）， 并可通过调整折线或平滑 曲线的宽度、 间距、 长度等图形参数， 使奇模和偶模相速约略一致， 或者说使 互感成份与互容成份比例适当， 以实现较好的方向性指标。
本实施例中， 所述金属杆与微带线所在平面平行且不共面，金属杆与微带 线的长度方向相平行或大致平行， 微带线的整个折线或平滑曲线区域（或者， 每段折线或平滑曲线）， 都与金属杆存在电磁耦合关系。 优选地， 本实施例中， 主信号杆位于耦合信号线的中间正对位置（如图 10中， 主信号杆 91在耦合信 号线 95的正上方）， 此时耦合器能够获得较好的性能（或性价比）， 但本发明 并不限于此， 当稍偏离正对位置， 如耦合信号线横向偏一点， 也不会太明显地 影响指标。
本实施例中，耦合器中的所有微带折线（或平滑曲线）都具有相同的形状， 这样可以获得较小的面积， 但本发明并不限于此。
所述主信号线 91的腔体壁上在对应于耦合信号线 95的方向开有窗口，该 窗口可作为主信号线和耦合信号线间的耦合路径。 图 9中， 所述窗口很大， 与 腔体尺寸一致， 并不明显， 所示的微带线， 看起来就在腔体内， 图 11所示的 耦合器示意图就有一个很明显的窗口，即耦合窗口 111 ,图中的 112为 PCB板。
由上述可见， 由于本发明主信号线是金属杆结构，保证了此耦合器能传输 大功率信号， 插入损耗低， 因为没有焊点， 所在 PIM指标也非常好。 本发明 的耦合器的耦合线仍然釆用金属杆， 以保证 PIM指标和功率容量； 而耦合线 则釆用 PCB上的微带线， 以保证装配简单、 位置精确度高， 从而保证指标一 致性好。 目前， 由于印刷电路的技术已经非常成熟， 常规情况下的图形精度可 以达到 0.03mm,远高于装配误差， 因此 PCB图形的高精度可以避免现有技术一 和现有技术二中耦合杆； 1：早接、装配时的累计装配误差， 因此保证各指标的一致性 好。
本实施例中该微带线呈弯折状态的设置使奇模相速和偶模相速一致，从而 提高了耦合器的方向性指标。本发明可实现的耦合器的一个附加的优点是： 现 有技术中的定向耦合器一般都是窄长型，而本发明中微带线的弯折设置使耦合 器的长度大大缩短， 有利于在微波设备中布局 （如可大大减小占用面积）， 尤 其是在 PCB上。 一般情况下， 电长度等于四分之一波长， 耦合度随频率变化 不明显，而电长度小于或大于四分之一波长，则会导致耦合度随频率变化明显， 耦合度有斜率， 在带内波动不平坦， 所以电长度等于四分之一波长的耦合器， 是窄带耦合器。本发明的耦合线电长度可以做到等于四分之一波长， 可以在物 理长度较短（如可以是十分之一波长）的区域内实现四分之一波长的电长度（物 理长度相当于金属杆的长度， 而电长度相当于微带线折线总长度）， 在耦合线 电长度等于四分之一波长时， 耦合度随频率变化极小， 即使是较低的频率， 也 可以在较短的耦合区内达到平坦的耦合度。
本实施例中的各参数指标都有余量， 因此在设计时会有较大的自由度， 以 适应不同的应用环境。就目前的产品板测试指标来看， 方向性指标都可以达到
30dB以上， 最好的可以达到 40dB, 远高于一般的产品需求指标（ 28dB )。
上述定向耦合器可设置于射频或微波系统的接收或发射装置中，以用于天 馈系统的功率检测和驻波检测电路等。
综上所述，本发明改进了现有的高方向性定向性大功率弱耦合器的三维结 构， 从而使新的耦合器的结构简单、 成本低、 装配顺利、 方向性指标好、 指标 一致性好、 PIM指标好、 功率容量大而且传输损耗低。
以上具体实施方式仅用于说明本发明， 而非用于限定本发明。凡在本发明 的精神和原则之内， 所做的任何修改、 等同替换、 改进等， 均应包含在本发明 的保护范围之内。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1. 一种定向耦合器， 其特征在于， 包括：
主信号线， 由金属杆构成；
耦合信号线， 由印刷电路板上的微带线构成， 该微带线呈曲线形状； 所述金属杆与微带线之间为空气介质。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的定向耦合器， 其特征在于：
所述金属杆与微带线所在平面平行且不共面，所述金属杆与微带线的长度 方向相平行。
3. 根据权利要求 2所述的定向耦合器， 其特征在于： 所述主信号线位于 耦合信号线的中间正对位置。
4. 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的定向耦合器， 其特征在于： 所述曲线形状 包括： 折线形或平滑曲线形。
5. 根据权利要求 1所述的定向耦合器， 其特征在于： 进一步包括设置在 所述金属杆周围的腔体， 所述腔体内壁接地。
6. 根据权利要求 5所述的定向耦合器， 其特征在于： 所述腔体的内壁和 外部为圓柱形或方形。
7. 根据权利要求 1或 5或 6所述的定向耦合器， 其特征在于： 所述腔体 上开有窗口， 作为主信号线和耦合信号线间的耦合路径。
8. 根据权利要求 7所述的定向耦合器， 其特征在于： 所述窗口位于腔体 上对应于耦合信号线的方向。
9. 根据权利要求 1所述的定向耦合器， 其特征在于： 所述金属杆为圓柱 形。
10. 一种接收或发射装置， 应用于射频或微波系统中， 具有定向耦合器， 其特征在于， 该定向耦合器包括：
主信号线， 由金属杆构成；
耦合信号线， 由印刷电路板上的微带线构成， 该微带线呈曲线形状； 所述金属杆与微带线之间为空气介质。
11. 根据权利要求 10所述的装置， 其特征在于：
所述金属杆与微带线所在平面平行且不共面，所述金属杆与微带线的长度 方向相平行。
12. 根据权利要求 10所述的装置， 其特征在于： 所述主信号线设于耦合 信号线的中间正对位置。
13.根据权利要求 10或 11所述的装置，其特征在于：所述曲线形状包括： 折线形或平滑曲线形。
14. 根据权利要求 10所述的装置， 其特征在于： 进一步包括设置在金属 杆周围的腔体， 所述腔体上开有窗口，作为主信号线和耦合信号线间的耦合路 径。
15. 根据权利要求 10所述的装置， 其特征在于： 进一步包括天馈系统及 双工器， 所述主信号线一端与天馈系统相连， 另一端与双工器相连。
16. 根据权利要求 10所述的装置， 其特征在于： 进一步包括功率检测电 路及匹配电阻， 所述耦合信号线的一端与功率检测电路相连， 另一端与匹配电 阻相连。
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EP2109180A1 (en) 2009-10-14
EP2109180A4 (en) 2010-04-21

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