WO2008104669A2 - Dispositif pour générer un plasma froid dans une enceinte sous vide et utilisation du dispositif pour des traitements thermochimiques - Google Patents
Dispositif pour générer un plasma froid dans une enceinte sous vide et utilisation du dispositif pour des traitements thermochimiques Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008104669A2 WO2008104669A2 PCT/FR2008/050166 FR2008050166W WO2008104669A2 WO 2008104669 A2 WO2008104669 A2 WO 2008104669A2 FR 2008050166 W FR2008050166 W FR 2008050166W WO 2008104669 A2 WO2008104669 A2 WO 2008104669A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- cathode
- magnets
- holes
- plasma
- circulation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/32431—Constructional details of the reactor
- H01J37/32532—Electrodes
- H01J37/32596—Hollow cathodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/24—Generating plasma
- H05H1/46—Generating plasma using applied electromagnetic fields, e.g. high frequency or microwave energy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/24—Generating plasma
- H05H1/46—Generating plasma using applied electromagnetic fields, e.g. high frequency or microwave energy
- H05H1/4645—Radiofrequency discharges
- H05H1/466—Radiofrequency discharges using capacitive coupling means, e.g. electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H2240/00—Testing
- H05H2240/20—Non-thermal plasma
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for generating a cold plasma in an enclosure under reduced pressure, and more particularly relates to a cathode capable of generating this high power cold plasma.
- the parts to be treated are polarized directly.
- a glow discharge is created in the near vicinity of the surface, which excites the selected gas mixture.
- This technique is widely used in carburizing or ionic nitriding, but induces treatment heterogeneities depending on the geometry and the arrangement of the parts relative to each other. Indeed, the natural intensification of the plasma, at the level of particular areas, such as holes, ridges, ..., causes local overheating which acts adversely on the quality of the treatment. It also follows from this technique that the substrates are subjected to intense ion bombardment, which alters their surface.
- FR 2,702,119 implements an antenna for injecting, in the manner of a microwave oven, a volume wave in the chamber.
- the main disadvantage of this technology is that antennas are point sources that can rarely inject more than 200 W. It is therefore necessary to multiply the number of sources to have a homogeneous plasma in an industrial enclosure. This results in increased congestion, costs as well as risks of failure.
- This type of antenna can inject a microwave signal (no DC, DC-pulsed or RF signals) and gives its best performance in the particular physical conditions of electronic cyclotron resonance.
- FR 2,766,321 which relates to a device for exciting a gas comprising a hollow structure forming a waveguide, the structure being connected to a generator, while means circulate the gas through the structure.
- a plasma is created outside the structure or enclosure, in a hollow tube of dielectric material. The results obtained are satisfactory only at relatively high pressures for a vacuum technology (greater than 5 mbar), which induces gaseous flow problems inside the enclosure, and thus heterogeneity of treatment.
- the object of the invention is to remedy these disadvantages in a simple, safe and effective manner.
- the problem to be solved by the invention is to generate cold plasmas of high power, in a chamber of reduced pressure, by dissociating the temperature of the substrates of the creation of the active species, in order to to realize different types of surface treatment such as effluvage, thermochemical treatments, activation, grafting, stripping, ...
- the device implements a cathode having hollow chambers for the electrostatic confinement of the plasma.
- each hollow chamber is subject to means capable of creating a magnetic field forcing the electrons to rotate around the field lines, the body of the cathode cooperating with an element able to allow circulating a cooling fluid to extract the calories generated by intense ion bombardment at each of the hollow chambers.
- the means capable of creating a magnetic field are constituted by magnets.
- the magnets are arranged around and parallel to the hollow chambers.
- the magnets are arranged in holes in communication with the cooling fluid, the hollow chambers opening on the empty side, in the enclosure.
- the element capable of allowing the circulation of a cooling fluid is independent of the body of the cathode, in which being fixed in a sealed manner, this element and the body of the cathode constitute a unitary unit.
- the body of the cathode and the element adapted to allow the circulation of a fluid are made of a non-magnetic material, electrical conductor and thermal.
- the magnetic field is generated by cylindrical magnets fixed in the holes of the cathode body.
- the invention also relates to the use of the device for thermochemical treatments such as nitriding, carburizing, etc.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing the principle of the device according to the invention
- FIG. 2 Figures 2, 3 and 4 are views showing the field lines according to the orientation of the magnets.
- FIG. 5 is a view from below of an embodiment of the cathode;
- Figure 6 is a longitudinal sectional view taken along the line 5-5 of Figure 5;
- Figure 7 is a plan view of the cooler;
- Figure 8 is a longitudinal sectional view taken along the line 7-7 of Figure 7;
- - Figure 9 is a longitudinal sectional view of the cathode equipped with the cooler;
- FIG. 10 shows a curve of hardness as a function of depth in the case of austenitic stainless steel (304L) nitrided with the device of the invention.
- the body of the cathode designated by (1), comprises a plurality of hollow chambers (1a) for confining the plasma.
- the confinement of the plasma in the hollow chambers (la) makes it possible to intensify it and to increase the creation of active species.
- Each hollow chamber (la) is subject to means (2) capable of creating a magnetic field forcing the electrons to rotate around the field lines.
- These means (2) consist of magnets arranged around and parallel to the hollow chambers in the form of holes (1a). This has the effect of increasing the number of electron collisions with the molecules of the surrounding gas, which increases the rate of production of the active species.
- the body of the cathode (1) cooperates with a cooler (3) to allow the circulation of a cooling fluid to extract the calories generated by intense ion bombardment at each of the hollow chambers (1a).
- This cooler (3) has a central recess (3a) which serves as a pool in communication with a water inlet (4) and a water outlet (5).
- Figure 7 which shows the circulation of the cooling fluid, water arriving at (4) bypassing a central bar (6) to be evacuated in (5).
- the cooler (3) is clamped to the cathode body (1) by screws (7) arranged peripherally, the seal being provided by an O-ring (8).
- the holes (Ib) in which the magnets are arranged are in communication with the cooling fluid.
- the magnets (2) are of the permanent type and consist of cylindrical bodies fixed in the holes (Ib) of the body (1) of the cathode.
- the various hollow chambers (la) open on the vacuum side of the enclosure.
- the cooler (3) may be larger than those of the body of the cathode, to allow the fixing of the assembly (cathode - cooler) on any support through the passage of screws.
- the cooling of the cathode (1) prevents its heating, as well as that of the substrates that are in the enclosure. These provisions allow to consider a low temperature treatment where it is necessary to have active species in large quantities, without the cathode contributes significantly to the temperature of the parts. This cooling also ensures the magnetic stability of magnets (2) whose magnetic field decreases with increasing temperature.
- the cathode body (1) and the cooler (3) are made of a non-magnetic and conductive material, such as austenitic stainless steels, aluminum, chromium, graphite or titanium.
- cooler (3) and the cathode body (1) constitute two distinct elements.
- the body of the cathode incorporates a water circuit, in order to cool it effectively.
- different solutions can be envisaged to realize the water circuit. For example, by drilling pipes or welding tubes or others on the surface.
- FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 show the field lines created by the magnets (2) that can be randomly oriented, FIG. 4, or alternately, FIG. 3, but preferably in the same orientation.
- the attachment of the magnets (2) in the holes (Ib) of the cathode body is performed by any known means such as circlips. Possibly the magnets can be crimped in their housing.
- the magnets (2) can be made of a low-temperature curie material such as neodymium-iron-boron, or ferrites, but also magnets with high curie temperature such as AlNiCo or even samarium-cobalt.
- the cathode can be fed either by a direct current (DC), or by a continuous-pulsed current (DC-pulsed), or by a low frequency current, or by a radiofrequency (RF) current.
- DC direct current
- DC-pulsed continuous-pulsed current
- RF radiofrequency
- the radiofrequency current has the advantage of limiting the sputtering of the cathode and providing a more stable discharge than in the other modes of supply.
- Table 1 summarizes the observed voltages (at 600 ° C. ambient) on the cathode for a pressure of 10 "1 mbar and for an argon, nitrogen and hydrogen mixture.
- Table 1 Voltages measured on the cathode according to the mode of excitation.
- the power applied on the cathode can be several kW.
- the low temperature treatments must necessarily be accompanied by a decrease in power (and therefore a decrease in the density of active species) in order to limit the heating of the cathode by ion bombardment.
- a hollow magnetic cathode cooled according to the invention even after 5 hours of operation at 2 kW (6 W / cm 2 if we consider that most of the power is located in the holes), the temperature in the chamber does not exceed 15O 0 C, which is impossible with other types of cathodes as defined according to the state of the art.
- the radiofrequency (RF) current has the advantage of delivering a stable discharge whatever the temperature.
- Table 2 gives examples of voltages observed as a function of temperature as well as the limit pressure below which the plasma goes out in the holes.
- the drift of the voltage as a function of temperature for DC and DC-pulsed discharges is a very unexpected phenomenon, especially since drift does not exist with RF discharges.
- the configuration of the magnetic field as shown in Figure 2 does not allow electrons to go from one hole to another. However, as soon as the plasma lights up in one hole, it immediately lights up in all the others while it does not occur in the absence of magnets.
- the optimum size of the holes depends on the working pressure: the lower the size and the smaller the diameter of the holes.
- the field of use of the cooled magnetic hollow cathodes extends between 10 ⁇ 5 and 30 mbar.
- the diameters of the corresponding holes vary between 100 and 0.1 mm. In any case, it is preferable that the depth of the holes is at least equal to their diameter to optimize the discharge efficiency.
- Nitriding tests were carried out with a cooled magnetic hollow cathode according to the invention, composed of 32 16 mm diameter holes and 51 magnets with a diameter of 10 mm.
- the dimensions of the cathode used are: 400 x 80 x 50 mm.
- nitride stainless steels at temperatures as low as 400 0 C (thus without loss of corrosion properties) while maintaining high powers on the cathode (> 2 kW). Curing over 10 ⁇ m was measured on austenitic stainless steel (304L) after 24 hours of treatment at 400 ° C. (see FIG. 10). Note that, to increase the size of the cathode, simply increase its length by repeating the basic pattern (a hole surrounded by four magnets, for example), or to increase its width by adding new rows of holes and magnets.
- the shape of the cathode can be adapted to any type of enclosure: it can be round, square or rectangular.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Plasma Technology (AREA)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Discharge Heating (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT08762026T ATE532392T1 (de) | 2007-02-15 | 2008-02-01 | Vorrichtung zur erzeugung von kaltem plasma in einer vakuumkammer und verwendung dieser vorrichtung zur thermochemischen verarbeitung |
| EP08762026A EP2110007B1 (fr) | 2007-02-15 | 2008-02-01 | Dispositif pour générer un plasma froid dans une enceinte sous vide et utilisation du dispositif pour des traitements thermochimiques |
| CA2677227A CA2677227C (fr) | 2007-02-15 | 2008-02-01 | Dispositif pour generer un plasma froid dans une enceinte sous vide et utilisation du dispositif pour des traitements thermochimiques |
| US12/526,904 US9011655B2 (en) | 2007-02-15 | 2008-02-01 | Device for generating cold plasma in a vacuum chamber and use of said device for thermo-chemical processing |
| JP2009549448A JP5735214B2 (ja) | 2007-02-15 | 2008-02-01 | 真空筐体内においてコールドプラズマを生成する装置及び熱化学処理に対する該装置の使用 |
| PL08762026T PL2110007T3 (pl) | 2007-02-15 | 2008-02-01 | Urządzenie do wytwarzania zimnej plazmy w komorze pod zmniejszonym ciśnieniem |
| ES08762026T ES2375778T3 (es) | 2007-02-15 | 2008-02-01 | Dispositivo para generar un plasma fr�?o dentro de una envolvente en vac�?o y utilización del dispositivo para tratamientos termoqu�?micos. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0753289A FR2912864B1 (fr) | 2007-02-15 | 2007-02-15 | Dispositif pour generer un plasma froid dans une enceinte sous vide et utilisation du dispositif pour des traitements thermochimiques |
| FR0753289 | 2007-02-15 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2008104669A2 true WO2008104669A2 (fr) | 2008-09-04 |
| WO2008104669A3 WO2008104669A3 (fr) | 2008-11-06 |
Family
ID=38474300
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2008/050166 Ceased WO2008104669A2 (fr) | 2007-02-15 | 2008-02-01 | Dispositif pour générer un plasma froid dans une enceinte sous vide et utilisation du dispositif pour des traitements thermochimiques |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9011655B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2110007B1 (fr) |
| JP (2) | JP5735214B2 (fr) |
| AT (1) | ATE532392T1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2677227C (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2375778T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2912864B1 (fr) |
| PL (1) | PL2110007T3 (fr) |
| SI (1) | SI2110007T1 (fr) |
| TW (1) | TWI477203B (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2008104669A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5700490B2 (ja) | 2008-03-10 | 2015-04-15 | 東洋アルミニウム株式会社 | フレーク顔料、それを含む粉体塗料、それを用いて摩擦帯電式静電塗装機で塗装して得られた粉体塗装塗膜、それが形成された塗装物、およびフレーク顔料の製造方法 |
Family Cites Families (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4637853A (en) * | 1985-07-29 | 1987-01-20 | International Business Machines Corporation | Hollow cathode enhanced plasma for high rate reactive ion etching and deposition |
| DE4109619C1 (fr) * | 1991-03-23 | 1992-08-06 | Leybold Ag, 6450 Hanau, De | |
| US5482611A (en) * | 1991-09-30 | 1996-01-09 | Helmer; John C. | Physical vapor deposition employing ion extraction from a plasma |
| CA2126731A1 (fr) * | 1993-07-12 | 1995-01-13 | Frank Jansen | Reseau de cathodes creuses et methode de nettoyage de feuilles avec ce reseau |
| SE9403988L (sv) * | 1994-11-18 | 1996-04-01 | Ladislav Bardos | Apparat för alstring av linjär ljusbågsurladdning för plasmabearbetning |
| JP4043089B2 (ja) * | 1997-02-24 | 2008-02-06 | 株式会社エフオーアイ | プラズマ処理装置 |
| DE19722624C2 (de) * | 1997-05-30 | 2001-08-09 | Je Plasmaconsult Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung einer Vielzahl von Niedertemperatur-Plasmajets |
| US6093293A (en) * | 1997-12-17 | 2000-07-25 | Balzers Hochvakuum Ag | Magnetron sputtering source |
| US6066826A (en) * | 1998-03-16 | 2000-05-23 | Yializis; Angelo | Apparatus for plasma treatment of moving webs |
| SE516336C2 (sv) * | 1999-04-28 | 2001-12-17 | Hana Barankova | Apparat för plasmabehandling av ytor |
| US6528947B1 (en) * | 1999-12-06 | 2003-03-04 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Hollow cathode array for plasma generation |
| DE10060002B4 (de) * | 1999-12-07 | 2016-01-28 | Komatsu Ltd. | Vorrichtung zur Oberflächenbehandlung |
| JP4212210B2 (ja) * | 1999-12-07 | 2009-01-21 | 株式会社小松製作所 | 表面処理装置 |
| US6451177B1 (en) * | 2000-01-21 | 2002-09-17 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Vault shaped target and magnetron operable in two sputtering modes |
| WO2002019379A1 (fr) * | 2000-08-28 | 2002-03-07 | Institute For Plasma Research | Dispositif et procede de production de decharge luminescente cc |
| US6406599B1 (en) * | 2000-11-01 | 2002-06-18 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Magnetron with a rotating center magnet for a vault shaped sputtering target |
| JP2002241947A (ja) * | 2001-02-16 | 2002-08-28 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | 薄膜形成装置 |
| US6444945B1 (en) * | 2001-03-28 | 2002-09-03 | Cp Films, Inc. | Bipolar plasma source, plasma sheet source, and effusion cell utilizing a bipolar plasma source |
| JP4554117B2 (ja) * | 2001-07-13 | 2010-09-29 | キヤノンアネルバ株式会社 | 表面処理装置 |
| US7931787B2 (en) * | 2002-02-26 | 2011-04-26 | Donald Bennett Hilliard | Electron-assisted deposition process and apparatus |
| US6837975B2 (en) * | 2002-08-01 | 2005-01-04 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Asymmetric rotating sidewall magnet ring for magnetron sputtering |
| PL1609880T3 (pl) * | 2004-06-22 | 2008-10-31 | Applied Mat Gmbh & Co Kg | Katoda do rozpylania jonowego do procesów nakładania powłok |
| JP4358192B2 (ja) * | 2006-02-09 | 2009-11-04 | 株式会社エフオーアイ | プラズマ発生装置 |
| JP2007250478A (ja) * | 2006-03-18 | 2007-09-27 | Nano Electronics & Micro System Technologies Inc | プラズマ処理システム |
| JP4094040B2 (ja) * | 2006-08-18 | 2008-06-04 | 株式会社エフオーアイ | プラズマ発生装置 |
-
2007
- 2007-02-15 FR FR0753289A patent/FR2912864B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-02-01 SI SI200830528T patent/SI2110007T1/sl unknown
- 2008-02-01 US US12/526,904 patent/US9011655B2/en active Active
- 2008-02-01 EP EP08762026A patent/EP2110007B1/fr active Active
- 2008-02-01 CA CA2677227A patent/CA2677227C/fr active Active
- 2008-02-01 WO PCT/FR2008/050166 patent/WO2008104669A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2008-02-01 ES ES08762026T patent/ES2375778T3/es active Active
- 2008-02-01 PL PL08762026T patent/PL2110007T3/pl unknown
- 2008-02-01 JP JP2009549448A patent/JP5735214B2/ja active Active
- 2008-02-01 AT AT08762026T patent/ATE532392T1/de active
- 2008-02-04 TW TW097104355A patent/TWI477203B/zh active
-
2015
- 2015-02-24 JP JP2015033726A patent/JP5798697B2/ja active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2110007B1 (fr) | 2011-11-02 |
| US9011655B2 (en) | 2015-04-21 |
| ES2375778T3 (es) | 2012-03-06 |
| SI2110007T1 (sl) | 2012-03-30 |
| EP2110007A2 (fr) | 2009-10-21 |
| JP2015156376A (ja) | 2015-08-27 |
| PL2110007T3 (pl) | 2012-03-30 |
| TW200843566A (en) | 2008-11-01 |
| CA2677227A1 (fr) | 2008-09-04 |
| JP2010519680A (ja) | 2010-06-03 |
| FR2912864A1 (fr) | 2008-08-22 |
| JP5735214B2 (ja) | 2015-06-17 |
| US20100116643A1 (en) | 2010-05-13 |
| JP5798697B2 (ja) | 2015-10-21 |
| WO2008104669A3 (fr) | 2008-11-06 |
| TWI477203B (zh) | 2015-03-11 |
| ATE532392T1 (de) | 2011-11-15 |
| FR2912864B1 (fr) | 2009-07-31 |
| CA2677227C (fr) | 2016-01-12 |
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