WO2009014219A1 - Led照明デバイス - Google Patents

Led照明デバイス Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2009014219A1
WO2009014219A1 PCT/JP2008/063437 JP2008063437W WO2009014219A1 WO 2009014219 A1 WO2009014219 A1 WO 2009014219A1 JP 2008063437 W JP2008063437 W JP 2008063437W WO 2009014219 A1 WO2009014219 A1 WO 2009014219A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
led chip
light
illumination device
light emitting
led illumination
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/JP2008/063437
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Kenichiro Tanaka
Takanori Aketa
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from JP2007195151A external-priority patent/JP2009032524A/ja
Priority claimed from JP2008064878A external-priority patent/JP5452877B2/ja
Application filed by Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd filed Critical Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd
Priority to EP08791681.3A priority Critical patent/EP2172984A4/en
Priority to US12/670,110 priority patent/US8729573B2/en
Priority to CN2008801006436A priority patent/CN101765923B/zh
Priority to KR1020107004250A priority patent/KR101134996B1/ko
Publication of WO2009014219A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009014219A1/ja
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10HINORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
    • H10H20/00Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H10H20/80Constructional details
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21LIGHTING
    • F21KNON-ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES USING LUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING CHARGES OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL; LIGHT SOURCES USING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AS LIGHT-GENERATING ELEMENTS; LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21K9/00Light sources using semiconductor devices as light-generating elements, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] or lasers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/20Controlling the colour of the light
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/40Details of LED load circuits
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10HINORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES HAVING POTENTIAL BARRIERS
    • H10H20/00Individual inorganic light-emitting semiconductor devices having potential barriers, e.g. light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H10H20/80Constructional details
    • H10H20/85Packages
    • H10H20/855Optical field-shaping means, e.g. lenses
    • H10H20/856Reflecting means
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W90/00Package configurations

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Led Device Packages (AREA)

Abstract

 本発明のLED照明デバイスは、複数種の発光ユニットを備え、当該複数種の発光ユニットから発光される異なる色の可視光を混合して白色光を得るように構成されている。発光ユニットは、LEDチップと、蛍光体を備える。蛍光体は、LEDチップから放射される光によって励起され、所定の色の光を発する。LEDチップは、青色LEDチップ、紫外LEDチップ、紫色LEDチップの群のうちの1つから選択される。前記蛍光体は、それぞれ互いに異なる発光色を発するように構成されている。このようなLED照明デバイスは、発する光の色ずれを抑制すると共に、発する光の色再現性の高いLED照明デバイスを得ることができる。また、制御回路を備える必要が無いため、低コストである。
PCT/JP2008/063437 2007-07-26 2008-07-25 Led照明デバイス Ceased WO2009014219A1 (ja)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08791681.3A EP2172984A4 (en) 2007-07-26 2008-07-25 LED LIGHTING DEVICE
US12/670,110 US8729573B2 (en) 2007-07-26 2008-07-25 LED lighting device
CN2008801006436A CN101765923B (zh) 2007-07-26 2008-07-25 Led照明器件
KR1020107004250A KR101134996B1 (ko) 2007-07-26 2008-07-25 Led 조명 디바이스

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2007195162 2007-07-26
JP2007195151A JP2009032524A (ja) 2007-07-26 2007-07-26 Led照明装置
JP2007-195151 2007-07-26
JP2007-195162 2007-07-26
JP2008064878A JP5452877B2 (ja) 2008-03-13 2008-03-13 Led照明装置
JP2008-064878 2008-03-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2009014219A1 true WO2009014219A1 (ja) 2009-01-29

Family

ID=40281465

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/JP2008/063437 Ceased WO2009014219A1 (ja) 2007-07-26 2008-07-25 Led照明デバイス

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US8729573B2 (ja)
EP (1) EP2172984A4 (ja)
KR (1) KR101134996B1 (ja)
CN (1) CN101765923B (ja)
WO (1) WO2009014219A1 (ja)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2010267826A (ja) * 2009-05-15 2010-11-25 Rohm Co Ltd Led照明装置および液晶表示装置
WO2011067110A3 (de) * 2009-12-02 2011-10-13 Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh Verfahren zur klasseneinteilung strahlungsemittierender, optoelektronischer halbleiterbauelemente
WO2011132716A1 (ja) * 2010-04-21 2011-10-27 三菱化学株式会社 半導体発光装置及び半導体発光装置の製造方法
CN102278663A (zh) * 2011-05-13 2011-12-14 江苏科凌医疗器械有限公司 一种轻便型led无影灯
US20110316027A1 (en) * 2010-06-29 2011-12-29 Semileds Optoelectronics Co., Ltd., a Taiwanese Corporation Chip-type light emitting device having precisely coated wavelength-converting layer and packaged structure thereof
US20110316017A1 (en) * 2010-06-29 2011-12-29 Semileds Optoelectronics Co., Ltd., a Taiwanese Corporation Wafer-type light emitting device having precisely coated wavelength-converting layer
WO2013014978A1 (ja) * 2011-07-28 2013-01-31 パナソニック株式会社 実装基板および発光モジュール
US8531668B2 (en) 2009-12-02 2013-09-10 Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh Method for the binning of radiation-emitting, optoelectronic semiconductor components
JP2016067378A (ja) * 2014-09-26 2016-05-09 オリンパス株式会社 内視鏡装置及び内視鏡用アダプタ

Families Citing this family (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008057140A1 (de) * 2008-11-13 2010-05-20 Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh Optoelektronisches Bauelement
US8905588B2 (en) * 2010-02-03 2014-12-09 Sorra, Inc. System and method for providing color light sources in proximity to predetermined wavelength conversion structures
US10147850B1 (en) * 2010-02-03 2018-12-04 Soraa, Inc. System and method for providing color light sources in proximity to predetermined wavelength conversion structures
US20130056765A1 (en) * 2010-05-27 2013-03-07 Osram Sylvania Inc. Light emitting diode light source including all nitride light emitting diodes
JP2012064925A (ja) 2010-08-18 2012-03-29 Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp Led発光装置及びled発光装置を備えたインジケータ
JP2012199218A (ja) * 2010-09-09 2012-10-18 Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp 発光装置、照明システム及び照明方法
DE102010046300A1 (de) * 2010-09-22 2012-04-19 Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh Beleuchtungsmodul
DE102011103446B4 (de) * 2011-06-07 2014-06-05 Platiscan Gmbh Verfahren und Messvorrichtung zur Helligkeits- und/oder Farbmessung
WO2013015058A1 (ja) * 2011-07-25 2013-01-31 日亜化学工業株式会社 発光装置
KR101251346B1 (ko) * 2011-10-21 2013-04-05 엘지이노텍 주식회사 조명 장치
JP6107060B2 (ja) * 2011-12-26 2017-04-05 日亜化学工業株式会社 発光装置の製造方法
EP2639491A1 (en) 2012-03-12 2013-09-18 Panasonic Corporation Light Emitting Device, And Illumination Apparatus And Luminaire Using Same
TWI505440B (zh) * 2012-06-04 2015-10-21 隆達電子股份有限公司 光源模組
KR101954203B1 (ko) * 2012-07-13 2019-03-05 엘지이노텍 주식회사 램프 유닛 및 그를 이용한 차량 램프 장치
WO2014030148A2 (en) * 2012-08-24 2014-02-27 Koninklijke Philips N.V. A light emitting assembly, a lamp and a luminaire
CN105164823A (zh) * 2012-12-10 2015-12-16 株式会社Elm 发光装置、led照明装置以及用于所述发光装置的荧光体含有膜片的制造方法
TWI513051B (zh) * 2013-05-08 2015-12-11 Ind Tech Res Inst 發光二極體晶圓及其製造方法
DE102013106519A1 (de) * 2013-06-21 2014-12-24 Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh Anordnung zur Erzeugung von Mischlicht und Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Anordnung von Mischlicht
JP6176525B2 (ja) 2013-07-19 2017-08-09 パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 発光モジュール、照明装置および照明器具
DE102013215382A1 (de) 2013-08-05 2015-02-05 Osram Gmbh Leuchtstoff-LED
JP6156213B2 (ja) 2013-09-17 2017-07-05 豊田合成株式会社 発光装置及びその製造方法
US10317284B2 (en) * 2014-01-08 2019-06-11 Hubbell Incorporated Systems and methods for testing and characterizing LED lighting devices
KR102180557B1 (ko) * 2014-07-02 2020-11-19 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 액정표시장치
CN104295952A (zh) * 2014-08-22 2015-01-21 广州市珠江灯光科技有限公司 照明装置及其制作方法
US10257901B2 (en) * 2014-09-03 2019-04-09 Osram Gmbh LED dental light source with variable chromaticity and method
KR101616193B1 (ko) * 2014-09-03 2016-04-29 송인실 혼합광 생성장치
JP6256699B2 (ja) * 2014-11-11 2018-01-10 豊田合成株式会社 発光装置
KR101692290B1 (ko) * 2015-03-31 2017-01-04 (주) 디엠라이트 색온도 조절이 가능한 엘이디 조명장치
CN105570822A (zh) * 2016-03-02 2016-05-11 成都恒坤光电科技有限公司 一种色温可调的光源及采用该光源的光源组件和前照灯
CN108281534A (zh) * 2018-01-05 2018-07-13 福建天电光电有限公司 一种能发出多种色光的发光半导体结构及其制备工艺
DE102018212274A1 (de) * 2018-07-24 2020-01-30 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Beleuchtungsvorrichtung in einem Kraftfahrzeug
JP2020053447A (ja) 2018-09-25 2020-04-02 日亜化学工業株式会社 発光モジュール
US11246196B2 (en) * 2019-01-17 2022-02-08 Xiamen Eco Lighting Co. Ltd. LED light apparatus
CN110085724B (zh) * 2019-03-28 2022-02-22 永曜电机(深圳)有限公司 一种护眼led光源

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003019072A1 (en) 2001-08-23 2003-03-06 Yukiyasu Okumura Color temperature-regulable led light
WO2006001221A1 (en) * 2004-06-29 2006-01-05 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Illumination source
JP2006148051A (ja) * 2004-06-30 2006-06-08 Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp 発光装置、照明、表示装置用バックライトユニット及び表示装置
JP2006295230A (ja) * 2004-01-28 2006-10-26 Kyocera Corp 発光装置および照明装置
JP2006309209A (ja) * 2005-03-31 2006-11-09 Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp 画像表示装置
JP2007080862A (ja) * 2005-09-09 2007-03-29 Matsushita Electric Works Ltd 発光装置
JP2007082820A (ja) * 2005-09-22 2007-04-05 Olympus Medical Systems Corp 光源装置及びそれを用いた内視鏡
JP2007122950A (ja) * 2005-10-26 2007-05-17 Fujikura Ltd 照明装置

Family Cites Families (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP3384572B2 (ja) 1992-07-31 2003-03-10 松下電工株式会社 色温度可変照明装置
EP0856202A2 (en) * 1996-06-11 1998-08-05 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Visible light emitting devices including uv-light emitting diode and uv-excitable, visible light emitting phosphor, and method of producing such devices
US6016038A (en) * 1997-08-26 2000-01-18 Color Kinetics, Inc. Multicolored LED lighting method and apparatus
US7014336B1 (en) * 1999-11-18 2006-03-21 Color Kinetics Incorporated Systems and methods for generating and modulating illumination conditions
GB2373368B (en) 2001-03-12 2004-10-27 Arima Optoelectronics Corp Light emitting devices
US6552495B1 (en) * 2001-12-19 2003-04-22 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Adaptive control system and method with spatial uniform color metric for RGB LED based white light illumination
US7800121B2 (en) * 2002-08-30 2010-09-21 Lumination Llc Light emitting diode component
US20050116635A1 (en) 2003-12-02 2005-06-02 Walson James E. Multiple LED source and method for assembling same
US7095056B2 (en) * 2003-12-10 2006-08-22 Sensor Electronic Technology, Inc. White light emitting device and method
US20050269932A1 (en) * 2004-01-21 2005-12-08 Ng Kee Y Apparatus, device and method for emitting output light using group IIB element selenide-based phosphor material and/or thiogallate-based phosphor material
US7301543B2 (en) * 2004-04-09 2007-11-27 Clairvoyante, Inc. Systems and methods for selecting a white point for image displays
KR100658700B1 (ko) 2004-05-13 2006-12-15 서울옵토디바이스주식회사 Rgb 발광소자와 형광체를 조합한 발광장치
WO2006003931A1 (ja) 2004-06-30 2006-01-12 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation 発光装置、照明、表示装置用バックライトユニット及び表示装置
EP1840977A4 (en) 2004-12-24 2009-07-29 Kyocera Corp LIGHT SOURCE AND LIGHTING DEVICE
EP1865564B1 (en) 2005-03-18 2014-11-19 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Light-emitting device, white light-emitting device, illuminator, and image display
KR100724591B1 (ko) * 2005-09-30 2007-06-04 서울반도체 주식회사 발광 소자 및 이를 포함한 led 백라이트
JP4698412B2 (ja) 2005-12-26 2011-06-08 京セラ株式会社 発光装置および照明装置
JP5399252B2 (ja) * 2006-10-18 2014-01-29 コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エヌ ヴェ 照明システムおよびディスプレイ装置
US8029155B2 (en) * 2006-11-07 2011-10-04 Cree, Inc. Lighting device and lighting method
EP2089654B1 (en) * 2006-12-07 2016-08-03 Cree, Inc. Lighting device and lighting method
JP2008283155A (ja) * 2007-05-14 2008-11-20 Sharp Corp 発光装置、照明機器および液晶表示装置
KR101722265B1 (ko) * 2007-10-10 2017-03-31 크리, 인코포레이티드 조명 장치 및 그 제조 방법
US8339029B2 (en) * 2009-02-19 2012-12-25 Cree, Inc. Light emitting devices and systems having tunable chromaticity
JP5807195B2 (ja) * 2010-04-08 2015-11-10 パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 発光装置
US8853966B2 (en) * 2011-06-22 2014-10-07 Panasonic Corporation Lighting device and illumination apparatus including same

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003019072A1 (en) 2001-08-23 2003-03-06 Yukiyasu Okumura Color temperature-regulable led light
JP2006295230A (ja) * 2004-01-28 2006-10-26 Kyocera Corp 発光装置および照明装置
WO2006001221A1 (en) * 2004-06-29 2006-01-05 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Illumination source
JP2006148051A (ja) * 2004-06-30 2006-06-08 Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp 発光装置、照明、表示装置用バックライトユニット及び表示装置
JP2006309209A (ja) * 2005-03-31 2006-11-09 Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp 画像表示装置
JP2007080862A (ja) * 2005-09-09 2007-03-29 Matsushita Electric Works Ltd 発光装置
JP2007082820A (ja) * 2005-09-22 2007-04-05 Olympus Medical Systems Corp 光源装置及びそれを用いた内視鏡
JP2007122950A (ja) * 2005-10-26 2007-05-17 Fujikura Ltd 照明装置

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of EP2172984A4

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2010267826A (ja) * 2009-05-15 2010-11-25 Rohm Co Ltd Led照明装置および液晶表示装置
WO2011067110A3 (de) * 2009-12-02 2011-10-13 Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh Verfahren zur klasseneinteilung strahlungsemittierender, optoelektronischer halbleiterbauelemente
US8531668B2 (en) 2009-12-02 2013-09-10 Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh Method for the binning of radiation-emitting, optoelectronic semiconductor components
WO2011132716A1 (ja) * 2010-04-21 2011-10-27 三菱化学株式会社 半導体発光装置及び半導体発光装置の製造方法
US20110316027A1 (en) * 2010-06-29 2011-12-29 Semileds Optoelectronics Co., Ltd., a Taiwanese Corporation Chip-type light emitting device having precisely coated wavelength-converting layer and packaged structure thereof
US20110316017A1 (en) * 2010-06-29 2011-12-29 Semileds Optoelectronics Co., Ltd., a Taiwanese Corporation Wafer-type light emitting device having precisely coated wavelength-converting layer
US8614453B2 (en) * 2010-06-29 2013-12-24 SemiLEDs Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Chip-type light emitting device having precisely coated wavelength-converting layer and packaged structure thereof
US8648370B2 (en) * 2010-06-29 2014-02-11 SemiLEDs Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Wafer-type light emitting device having precisely coated wavelength-converting layer
CN102278663A (zh) * 2011-05-13 2011-12-14 江苏科凌医疗器械有限公司 一种轻便型led无影灯
WO2013014978A1 (ja) * 2011-07-28 2013-01-31 パナソニック株式会社 実装基板および発光モジュール
JP2013030621A (ja) * 2011-07-28 2013-02-07 Panasonic Corp 実装基板および発光モジュール
JP2016067378A (ja) * 2014-09-26 2016-05-09 オリンパス株式会社 内視鏡装置及び内視鏡用アダプタ

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2172984A4 (en) 2013-09-11
KR20100044869A (ko) 2010-04-30
CN101765923A (zh) 2010-06-30
EP2172984A1 (en) 2010-04-07
US8729573B2 (en) 2014-05-20
CN101765923B (zh) 2013-01-16
KR101134996B1 (ko) 2012-04-09
US20100207134A1 (en) 2010-08-19

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
WO2009014219A1 (ja) Led照明デバイス
EP2163594A3 (en) Light source module and display apparatus having the same
TW200833998A (en) White light emitting diode module
RU2011136713A (ru) Светодиодное светоизлучающее устройство
WO2012106146A3 (en) Lighting apparatus providing increased luminous flux while maintaining color point and cri
TW200722867A (en) Illumination device and display device provided with the same
US20140160728A1 (en) Light emitting apparatus
WO2009034762A1 (ja) 照明装置
TW200739151A (en) Light guide member, flat light source device, and display device
GB2462411B (en) Tunable colour led module
WO2006076066A3 (en) Light emission device
EP2365525A3 (en) Illumination apparatus having an array of red and phosphour coated blue LEDs
TW200746890A (en) Lighting system
JP2008235680A5 (ja)
ATE541157T1 (de) Beleuchtungssystem mit mehreren lichtquellensätzen
WO2011059719A3 (en) Organic light-emitting diode luminaires
JP2007227680A (ja) 発光ダイオードを用いた白色照明装置
WO2011059816A3 (en) Organic light-emitting diode luminaires
WO2008060601A3 (en) High efficiency, white, single or multi-color light emitting diodes (leds) by index matching structures
WO2010030100A3 (ko) 튜브 타입 엘이디 조명등
RU2010136337A (ru) Светоизлучающее устройство
RU2016102326A (ru) Светящаяся призматическая эмблема для транспортного средства
CN104633595A (zh) 一种以高显色指数模拟日光的led灯具
RU2016118778A (ru) Люминесцирующий посадочный узел
WO2009008190A1 (ja) バックライトユニット

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 200880100643.6

Country of ref document: CN

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 08791681

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 12670110

Country of ref document: US

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2008791681

Country of ref document: EP

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 20107004250

Country of ref document: KR

Kind code of ref document: A