WO2009018350A1

WO2009018350A1 - Pyrone analog compositions and methods

Info

Publication number: WO2009018350A1
Application number: PCT/US2008/071606
Authority: WO
Inventors: Wendye Robbins; Ving Lee
Original assignee: Limerick Biopharma Inc
Current assignee: Limerick Biopharma Inc
Priority date: 2007-07-31
Filing date: 2008-07-30
Publication date: 2009-02-05
Anticipated expiration: 2010-01-31
Also published as: US20090258939A1; US20110190514A1; ZA201001305B; EP2182801A1; WO2009018320A1; CA2693340A1; EP2182801A4; AU2008282273A1

Abstract

Novel pyrone analogs are described which can enhance the effectiveness of a therapeutic agent when administered and/or reduce side effects caused by the administration of a therapeutic agent.

Description

PYRONE ANALOG COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial Nos. 60/953,187, filed on July 31 , 2007 and 61/076,584, filed on June 27, 2008, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0002] This application cross references U.S. Provisional Application Serial Nos. 60/953,186, filed July 31, 2007; 61/076,612, filed June 27, 2008; 60/953,188, filed July 31, 2007; 61/076,608, filed June 27, 2008; 61/076, 591, filed June 27, 2008; 61/076, 578, filed June 27, 2008; and 61/076,587, filed on June 27, 2008, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Pyrone analogs such as flavonoids have been shown to have beneficial health effects. It has been discovered that pyrone analogs can reduce side effects caused by administration of a therapeutic agent. In another aspect, pyrone analogs can act as blood-tissue barrier (BTB) transport protein modulators, providing beneficial effects such as lowering the side effects of co-administered therapeutic agents.

[0004] Certain pyrone analogs have been described in, e.g. U. S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2006011130 and 20060111308. This application builds upon that work.

I. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] In one aspect of the invention compounds are provided which include pyrone analogs of Formula I:

Formula I

[0006] where X is O, S, or NR'. and where R' is hydrogen, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, C,-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C_J0cycloalkyl;

[0007] R₁, and R₂ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[0008] R₃ and R₄ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[0009] or R₃ and R₄ are taken together to form a C₅-C₁₀heterocyclyl, C₅-Ciocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[0010] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and

Formula A

[0011] where the compound of Formula I is not the compound of Formula A when R_f is hydrogen; and where the compound of Formula I is not one of the following compounds:

[0012] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is not the compound of Formula A when R_f is -PO₃K₂. [0013] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula I is of Formula II: [0014]

Formula II

[0015] where Xi, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently CR₅, O, S, or N, and each instance of R₅ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or

-OPO₃Z

[0016] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula II is of Formula III:

[0017] where R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, ammo, C_rCi₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci_O alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci -C ₁0 aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C ₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-Cj₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z

[0018] In some embodiments of the invention, the compounds of Formula II are of Formula IV

Formula IV [0019] where R₁₀ and R_n are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C)-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci_O aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃ C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, CrCiocycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z [0020] In some embodiments of the invention, the compounds of Formula II are of Formula V

[0021] where R₁₂ and Rj₃ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, Cj-C ₁₀ aliphatic acyl, Cs-C_1O aromatic acyl, Ce-C_1O aralkyl acyl, Ce-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, Cs-C_1O heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. [0022] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula II is of Formula VI:

Formula VI

[0023] Rn and R₁₅ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. [0024] In various embodiments of Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, or VI, R₁ is one of the following formulae:

[0025] wherein Ri₆ is hydrogen, Ci-Cio alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl,

C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C_1O heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

[0026] R₄₇ is hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, Ci-C_1O alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl ^acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[0027] each instance of R₁₈ and R_2J is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl,

C₂- C ₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci_O alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic ^acy', C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[0028] Ri₉ is hydrogen, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted

C₃-C,ocycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

[0029] s is an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3; and

[0030] n is an integer of 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[0031] In various embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula III is of Formula VII:

Formula VII

[0032] In other embodiments, the compound of Formula III is a compound of Formula VIII:

Formula VIII

[0033] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula IX:

Formula IX

[0034] where R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, carboxaldehyde, amino, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, Cβ-C_to aralkyl acyl, Cβ-Cio alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C_J0 heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, Cj-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. [0035] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula in is of Formula X:

Formula X

[0036] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XI:

Formula XI [0037] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XII:

Formula XII

[0038] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XIII:

Formula XIII

[0039] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XIV:

Formula XIV [0040] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XV:

Formula XV [0041 ] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XVI:

Formula XVI

[0042] where R₂o is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkyny], C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z. [0043] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XVII:

Formula XVII

[0044] where R₂₀ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃ -C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z. [0045] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XVIII:

Formula XVIII

[0046] where each instance OfR₂₂ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; and t is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [0047] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XIX:

Formula XIX

[0048] where each instance of R₂₂ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-Cioalkyl,

C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, Cj-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; and

[0049] m is an integer of 0, 1 , or 2.

[0050] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XX:

Formula XX

[0051] where each instance of R₂₂ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl,

C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₊Z or -OPO₃Z; and

[0052] p is an integer of 0, 1, 2 or 3.

[0053] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XXI:

Formula XXI

[0054] where R₂i is hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl,

-OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; and

[0055] R₂₀ is hydrogen, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C_loalkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z.

[0056] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XXII:

Formula XXII

[0057] wherein X₅ is a C₁ to C₄ group, optionally interrupted by O, S, NR₂₃, or NR₂₃R₂₃ as valency permits, forming a ring which is aromatic or nonaromatic;

[0058] wherein R₂i is hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C_!0 alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-CiQ aromatic acyl, Cβ-Cioaralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; and

[0059] each instance OfR₂₃ is independently hydrogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, acyloxy, Ci -Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C₅-C₁₀heterocyclyl, , C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z. [0060] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula III is of Formula XXIII:

Formula XXIII

[0061] wherein R₂₀ is hydrogen, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, and [0062] Het is a 3 to 10 membered optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaromatic or heteroalicychc ring system containing 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 heteroatoms selected from the group of O, S, and N, with the proviso that no two adjacent ring atoms are O or S, wherein the ring system is unsaturated, partially unsaturated or saturated, wherein any number of the ring atoms have substituents as valency permits which are hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxyaldehyde, alkylcarboxaldehyde, imino, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, Ci-C,₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₅-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, heteroaryl, C₅-C,₀heterocyclyl, Q,-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or

-OPO₃Z

[0063] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is of Formula XXIV or Formula XXV

Formula XXIV Formula XXV

[0064] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is of Formula XXVI or Formula XXVII

Formula XXVI Formula XXVII

[0065] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is of Formula XXVIII

Formula XXVIII

[0066] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula V is of Formula XXIX or Formula XXX

[0067] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula V is of Formula XXXI

Formula XXXI

[0068] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula VI is of Formula XXXII or Formula XXXIII:

Formula XXXIII Formula XXXIV

[0069] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula VI is of Formula XXXIV:

Formula XXXIV

[0070] In some embodiments of the invention, R₂ is -H, -OH, -OCH₂CH₃, or -OCH₃.

[0071] In other embodiments of the invention, R₅ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ or -Cl

[0072] In yet other embodiments of the invention, R₆ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃, or -Cl

[0073] In other embodiments of the invention, R₇ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃, or -Cl.

[0074] In some embodiments of the invention, R₈ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ , -O-glucoromde, or

-Cl

[0075] In other embodiments of the invention, R₉ is -H, -OH, -OCH₂CH₃, or -OCH₃.

[0076] In some embodiments of the invention, R₁₆ is hydrogen, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z.

[0077] In other embodiments of the invention, R₁₇ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ , -PO₃WY,

-CH₂PO, ,WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z. [0078] In some embodiments of the invention, Ri₈ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ , -Cl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z.

[0079] In other embodiments of the invention, Ri₉ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z [0080] In some embodiments of the invention, WY is H₂, Na₂, or K₂. [0081] In other embodiments of the invention, Z is Ca or Mg.

[0082] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one OfR₁₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or Ri₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

[0083] In another aspect of the invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0084] Reference will now be made in detail to particularly preferred embodiments of the invention. Examples of the preferred embodiments are illustrated in the following Examples section.

[0085] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill m the art to which this invention belongs. All patents and publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference.

Introduction

[0086] This invention provides compositions and methods utilizing pyrone analogs and their metabolites. Pyrone analogs, for example, flavonoids can enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic agents, for example, immunosuppressants or analgesics when administered in combination with such agents (see U. S. Patent Application Serial Nos 11/281,771, 11/281,984, and 11/553,924, and "Soluble Pyrone Analogs Methods and Compositions" Attorney Docket No 31423-716 102, " Phosphorylated Pyrone Analogs and Methods" Attorney Docket No. 31423-720.102, "Methods and Compositions for Therapeutic Treatment" Attorney Docket No. 31423-732.101, "Methods and Compositions for Therapeutic Treatment" Attorney Docket No 31423-733.101, and "Methods and Compositions for Therapeutic Treatment" Attorney Docket No. 31423-734 101, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). Pyrone analogs of the invention may be used to modulate an effect caused by the therapeutic agent, e.g., to treat an animal suffering from a condition (e.g. side effect) caused by administration of a therapeutic agent In some therapeutic interventions, administration of a therapeutic agent to an animal, which treats a first condition or disorder, causes a side effect, e.g., a second condition or disorder having one or more symptoms distinct from those of the first condition or disorder This invention also provides novel analogs of these compounds which can have increased effectiveness, e g., increased modulatory activity, solubility, and/or bioavailability, particularly oral bioavailability In some embodiments, the compounds act in combination with a therapeutic agent to reduce side effects and/or enhance the effectiveness of the therapeutic agent The pyrone analogs of the invention may comprise a monocylic or bicychc nucleus, which may have nitrogen or oxygen substitution withm the ring, thus encompassing heteroaromatic compounds m the definition of the aromatic compounds of the invention These compounds may further comprise an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety attached to one of the ring carbon atoms. The novel pyrone analogs of the invention may additionally comprise substituents including carbohydrate deπvatization on one or more of the hydroxyl moieties. In some embodiments of the invention, the compounds of the present invention can have increased time course of drug effect, in some cases having a longer half life of drug effect, thus prolonging the effects of reducing side effects and/or enhancing the effectiveness of therapeutic agents. In another embodiment of the invention, a carbohydrate denvatized pyrone analog of the invention is metabolized to a glucuronide derivative, which is more active, more bioavailable and/or confers a longer half life of drug effect In a further embodiment of the invention, the glucuronide denvatized pyrone analog itself is used in the compositions and methods of the invention [0087] In one aspect, the invention provides compositions and methods utilizing pyrone analogs as agents which reduce or eliminate a side effect of one or more substances In some embodiments, the invention provides compositions and methods utilizing a combination of a therapeutic agent and a pyrone analog of the invention and/or its metabolite that acts as an agent to reduce or eliminate one or more side effect of the therapeutic agent Typically, the effect-decreasing agent is a modulator of a blood tissue barrier (BTB) or a placental banner transport protein The methods and compositions are useful in the treatment of an animal in need of treatment, where it is desired that one or more effects of a substance, e g , therapeutic agent, be reduced or eliminated In embodiments further utilizing a therapeutic agent, the methods and compositions are useful in the treatment of an animal in need of treatment, where it is desired that one or more side effects of the therapeutic agent be reduced or eliminated while one or more of the therapeutic effects (e g , peripheral effects) of the agent are retained or enhanced [0088] In some embodiments of the invention, the therapeutic agent is an immunosuppressant, such as a calcineurin inhibitor, e g , cyclospoπne, tacrolimus, or a tacrolimus analog In some embodiments of the invention, the therapeutic agent is an analgesic agent, such as an opiate or a non-opiate analgesic In some embodiments of the invention, the therapeutic agent is a non-analgesic agent The polyphenol and/or its metabolite acting as an agent causing a decrease in the side effects of the therapeutic agent, e g , a modulator of a BTB transport protein may be an activator or an inhibitor of the protein The modulatory effect may be dose-dependent, e g , some modulators act as activators in one dosage range and inhibitors in another In some embodiments, a modulator of a BTB transport protein is used in a dosage wherein it acts primarily as an activator

[0089] Typically, the use of a pyrone analog of the invention and/or its metabolite, results in a decrease in one or more side effects of the therapeutic agent The therapeutic effect(s) of the agent may be decreased, remain the same, or increase, however, in preferred embodiments, if the therapeutic effect is decreased, it is not decreased to the same degree as the side effects It will be appreciated that a given therapeutic agent may have more than one therapeutic effect and or one or more side effects, and it is possible that the therapeutic ratio (in this case, the ratio of change in desired effect to change in undesired effect) may vary depending on which effect is measured However, in some embodiments, at least one therapeutic effect of the therapeutic agent is decreased to a lesser degree than at least one side effect of the therapeutic agent

[0090] In addition, in some embodiments, one or more therapeutic effects of the agent is enhanced by use in combination with a pyrone analog of the invention and/or its metabolite acting, optionally while one or more side effects of the therapeutic agent is reduced or substantially eliminated For example, in some embodiments, the analgesic effect of an analgesic agent is enhanced while one or more CNS effects of the agent is reduced or substantially eliminated

[0091] Without being bound by theory, and as an example only of a possible mechanism, it is thought that the methods and compositions of the invention operate by reducing or eliminating the concentration of the therapeutic agent from one or more compartments of the body, while retaining or even increasing the effective concentration of the agent in the other compartments [0092] A pyrone analog of the invention may be converted in vivo to metabolites that have differing activities in the modulation of one or more BTB transport modulators, and these metabolites are also encompassed by the compositions and methods of the invention π. PYRONE ANALOGS OF THE INVENTION

[0093] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "and," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise Thus, for example, reference to "a compound" includes a plurality of such compounds, and reference to "the cell" includes reference to one or more cells (or to a plurality of cells) and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecular weight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, all combinations and subcombmations of ranges and specific embodiments therein are intended to be included The term "about" when referring to a number or a numerical range means that the number or numerical range referred to is an approximation within experimental variability (or within statistical experimental error), and thus the number or numerical range may vary between 1% and 15% of the stated number or numerical range The term "comprising" (and related terms such as "comprise" or "comprises" or "having" or "including") is not intended to exclude that in other certain embodiments, for example, an embodiment of any composition of matter, composition, method, or process, or the like, described herein, may "consist of or "consist essentially of the described features [0094] Compounds useful in the invention include compounds having a general formula corresponding to Formula Q, where the numbering of atom centers is as shown, and is used throughout the specification. The numbering is retained even for analogs with variant structures, i e , heteroatom substitution

Formula Q

[0095] "Acyl" refers to a --(C=O)- radical which is attached to two other moieties through the carbon atom Those groups may be chosen from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocylic, heteroaliphatic, heteroaryl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an acyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, tπmethylsilanyl, -OR^a, -SR^a, -OC(O)-R^a, -N(R^a)₂, -C(O)R³, -C(O)OR^a, -C(O)N(R% -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a, -N(R^a)C(O)R^a, -N(R^a)S(O)_tR^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)_tOR^a (where t is 1 or 2),-S(O),N(R^a)₂ (where t is I or 2), -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl

[0096] "Acyloxy" refers to a R(C=O)O- radical wherein R is alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an acyloxy group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, tπmethylsilanyl, -OR^a, -SR^a, -OC(O)-R³, -N(R^a)₂, -C(O)R^a, -C(O)OR³, -C(O)N(R^a)₂, -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a, -N(R^a)C(O)R^a, -N(R^a)S(O),R^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)₁OR" (where t is 1 or 2) -S(O),N(R^a)₂ (where t is 1 or 2) , -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. [0097] "Alkylaryl" refers to an (alkyl)aryl- radical, where alkyl and aryl are as defined herein [0098] "Aralkyl" refers to an (aryl)alkyl — radical where aryl and alkyl are as defined herein [0099] "Alkoxy" refers to a (alkyl)O— radical, where alkyl is as described herein and contains 1 to 10 carbons (e g , Ci-Cio alkyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as "1 to 10" refers to each integer in the given range, e g , "1 to 10 carbon atoms" means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms In some embodiments, it is a Ci-C₄ alkoxy group A alkoxy moiety is optionally substituted by one or more of the substituents described as suitable substituents for an alkyl radical [00100) "Alkyl" refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to ten carbon atoms (e g., C_rCio alkyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as "1 to 10" refers to each integer in the given range, e g , "1 to 10 carbon atoms" means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc , up to and including 10 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term "alkyl" where no numerical range is designated. Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, lsopentyl, neopentyl, hexyL septyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and the like The alkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), M-propyl, 1-methylethyl (zsø-propyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (/-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, and the like Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, -OR^a, -SR^a, -OC(O)-R^a, -N(R^a)₂, -C(O)R^a, -C(O)OR^a, -C(O)N(R% -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a, -N(R^a)C(O)R^a, -N(R^a)S(O)_tR^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)_tOR^a (where t is 1 or 2),-S(O)_tN(R^a)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl [00101] An "alkene" moiety refers to a group consisting of at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and an "alkyne" moiety refers to a group consistmg of at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond The alkyl moiety, whether saturated or unsaturated, may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic [00102] "Alkenyl" refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one double bond, and having from two to ten carbon atoms (i e. C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as "2 to 10" refers to each integer m the given range, e g , "2 to 10 carbon atoms" means that the alkenyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc , up to and including 10 carbon atoms In certain embodiments, an alkenyl comprises two to eight carbon atoms In other embodiments, an alkenyl comprises two to four carbon atoms The alkenyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, ethenyl (ι e , vinyl), prop-1-enyl (ι e , allyl), but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-l,4-dienyl, and the like Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkenyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are- halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, OR^a, SR^a, -OC(O) R^a, -N(R^a)₂, C(O)R^a, -C(O)OR", -C(O)N(R^a)₂, -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a, -N(R^a)C(O)R^a, -N(R^a)S(O)_tR^a (where t is 1 or T), -S(O)_tOR^a (where t is 1 or 2),-S(O),N(R^a)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl [00103] "Alkynyl" refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one triple bond, having from two to ten carbon atoms (i.e. C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as "2 to 10" refers to each integer in the given range; e g , "2 to 10 carbon atoms" means that the alkynyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, an alkynyl comprises two to eight carbon atoms. In other embodiments, an alkynyl has two to four carbon atoms. The alkynyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkynyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, -OR^a, -SR^a, -OC(O)-R^a, -N(R^a)₂, -C(O)R", -C(O)OR¹, -C(O)N(R^a)₂, -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a, -N(R^a)C(O)R^a, -N(R^a)S(O),R^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)_tOR^a (where t is 1 or 2),-S(O)_tN(R^a)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. [00104] "Amine" refers to a -N(R^a)₂ radical group, where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification . Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an ammo group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, -OR^a, -SR", -OC(O)-R³, -N(R^a)₂, -C(O)R^a, -C(O)OR³, -C(O)N(R^a)₂, -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a, -N(R^a)C(O)R^a, -N(R^a)S(O)_tR^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)_tOR^a (where t is 1 or 2),-S(O)_tN(R^a)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. [00105] An "amide" refers to a chemical moiety with formula -C(O)NHR or -NHC(O)R, where R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic

(bonded through a ring carbon). An amide may be an amino acid or a peptide molecule attached to a compound of Formula (I), thereby forming a prodrug. Any amine, hydroxy, or carboxyl side cham on the compounds described herein can be amidified. The procedures and specific groups to make such amides are known to those of skill in the art and can readily be found in reference sources such as Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3 sup.rd Ed , John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00106] "Aromatic" or "aryl" refers to an aromatic radical with six to ten ring atoms (e g , C₆-C₁₀ aromatic or C₆-C₁₀ aryl) which has at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system and includes both carbocyclic aryl (e.g., phenyl, fluorenyl, and naphthyl) and heterocyclic aryl (or "heteroaryl" or "heteroaromatic") groups (e.g., pyridine) Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as "6 to 10" refers to each integer in the given range, e.g., "6 to 10 ring atoms" means that the aryl group may consist of 6 ring atoms, 7 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 10 ring atoms. The term includes monocyclic or fused-rrng polycychc (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of ring atoms) groups Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aryl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-C₁O alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C3-C_lo heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -CN -OR^a, -SR\ -OC(O)-R³, -N(R^a)₂, -C(O)R³, -C(O)OR³, -C(0)N(R^a)₂, -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a, -N(R^a)C(O)R^a, -N(R^a)S(O)_tR^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)_tOR^a (where t is 1 or 2),-S(O)_tN(R^a)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl [00107] "Carboxaldehyde" refers to a -(C=O)H radical. [00108] "Carboxyl" refers to a -(C=O)OH radical.

[00109] "Carbohydrate" as used herein, includes, but not limited to, monosaccharides, disacchandes, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharide for example includes, but not limited to, aldotπoses such as glyceraldehyde, ketotrioses such as dihydroxyacetone, aldotetroses such as erythrose and threose, ketotetroses such as erythrulose, aldopentoses such as arabrnose, lyxose, ribose and xylose, ketopentoses such as πbulose and xylulose, aldohexoses such as allose, altrose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, mannose and talose, ketohexoses such as fructose, psicose, sorbose and tagatose, heptoses such as mannoheptulose, sedoheptulose, octoses such as octolose, 2-keto-3-deoxy-manno-octonate, nonoses such as sialoseallose. Disacchandes for example includes, but not limited to, glucorhamnose, trehalose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, galactosucrose, iV-acetyllactosamine, cellobiose, gentiobiose, isomaltose, melibiose, primeverose, hesperodinose, and rutinose. Oligosaccharides for example includes, but not limited to, raffinose, nystose, panose, cellotπose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, xylobiose, galactotetraose, isopanose, cyclodextrin (α-CD) or cyclomaltohexaose, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) or cyclomaltoheptaose and γ-cyclodextπn (γ-CD) or cyclomaltooctaose. Polysaccharide for example includes, but not limited to, xylan, mannan, galactan, glucan, arabman, pustulan, gellan, guaran, xanthan, and hyaluronan. Some examples include, but not limited to, starch, glycogen, cellulose, mulin, chitin, amylose and amylopectin

[00110] A compound of Formula I having a carbohydrate moeity can be referred to as the pyrone aromatic glycoside or the pyrone aromatic saccharide. As used herein, "carbohydrate" further encompasses the glucuronic as well as the glycosidic derivative of compounds of Formula I Where the pyrone analog has no carbohydrate moeity, it can be referred to as the aglycone. Further, where a phenolic hydroxy is deπvatized with any of the carbohydrates described above, the carbohydrate moiety is referred to as a glycosyl residue. Unless stated otherwise specifically m the specification, a carbohydrate group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently: halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, tπmethylsilanyl, -OR\ -SR^a, -OC(O)-R³, -N(R^a)₂, -C(O)R^a, -C(O)OR^a, -C(0)N(R^a)₂, -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a, -N(R^a)C(O)R^a, -N(R^a)S(O)_tR^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)_tOR^a (where t is 1 or 2),-S(O),N(R^a)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

[00111] "Cyano" refers to a -CN moiety

[00112] "Cycloalkyl" refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic radical that contains only carbon and hydrogen, and may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated. Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms (i.e. C₂-C₁₀ cycloalkyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as "3 to 10" refers to each integer m the given range, e.g., "3 to 10 carbon atoms" means that the cycloalkyl group may consist of 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms. Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to the following moieties: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloseptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, norbornyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently: halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, tπmethylsilanyl, -OR^a, -SR^a, -OC(O)-R³, -N(R^a)₂, -C(O)R", -C(O)OR^a, -C(O)N(R^a)₂, -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a, -N(R^a)C(O)R\ -N(R^a)S(O)_tR^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)_tOR^a (where t is 1 or 2),-S(O)_tN(R^a)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl

[00113] "Ester" refers to a chemical radical of formula COOR, where R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon). Any amine, hydroxy, or carboxyl side chain on the compounds described herein can be esterified. The procedures and specific groups to make such esters are known to those of skill in the art and can readily be found in reference sources such as Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3. sup rd Ed , John Wiley & Sons, New York, N. Y., 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an ester group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently : halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, tπmethylsilanyl, -OR^a, -SR^a, -OC(O)-R³, -N(R^a)₂, -C(O)R³, -C(O)OR", -C(O)N(R^a)₂, -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a, -N(R^a)C(O)R^a, -N(R^a)S(O)_tR^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)_tOR^a (where t is 1 or 2),-S(O)_tN(R^a)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl [00114] "Fluoroalkyl" refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more fluoro radicals, as defined above, for example, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, 2,2,2-tπfluoroethyl, l-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, and the like. The alkyl part of the fluoroalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkyl group.

[00115] "Halo", "hahde", or, alternatively, "halogen" means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. The terms "haloalkyl," "haloalkenyl," "haloalkynyl" and "haloalkoxy" include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and alkoxy structures that are substituted with one or more halo groups or with combinations thereof For example, the terms "fluoroalkyl" and "fluoroalkoxy" include haloalkyl and haloalkoxy groups, respectively, in which the halo is fluorine. [00116] The terms "heteroalkyl" "heteroalkenyl" and "heteroalkynyl" include optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl radicals and which have one or more skeletal chain atoms selected from an atom other than carbon, e g , oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or combinations thereof

[00117] "Heteroaryl" or, alternatively, "heteroaromatic" refers to a 5- to 18-membered aryl group (e g , C₅-Cu heteroaryl) that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and which may be a monocyclic, bicychc, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as "5 to 18" refers to each integer in the given range, e g , "5 to 18 ring atoms" means that the heteroaryl group may consist of 5 ring atoms, 6 ring atoms, etc , up to and including 18 ring atoms An N-contaming "heteroaromatic" or "heteroaryl" moiety refers to an aromatic group in which at least one of the skeletal atoms of the ring is a nitrogen atom The polycyclic heteroaryl group may be fused or non- fused The heteroatom(s) in the heteroaryl radical is optionally oxidized One or more nitrogen atoms, if present, are optionally quaternized The heteroaryl is attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the πng(s) Examples of heteroaryls mclude, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acπdinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzindolyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzo[d]thiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo [Z)][1, 4] dioxeprnyl, benzo[b][l,4]oxazuiyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzothieno[3,2-d]pyπmidinyl, benzotπazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[l,2-a]pyπdmyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, cyclopenta[d]pyπmidmyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]quinazolrnyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[l,2-c]pyπdazinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furazanyl, furanonyl, furo[3,2-c]ρyridmyl, 5 ,6,7,8,9, 10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyrimidmyl,

5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridazinyl, 5,6,7,8,9, 10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyπdmyl, lsothiazolyl, lmidazolyl, indazolyl, lndolyl, uidazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, lsoindolmyl, isoquinolyl, mdohzmyl, isoxazolyl, 5,8-methano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroqurnazolinyl, naphthyπdinyl, 1,6-naphthyridmonyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydrobenzo[h]quinazolmyl, 1 -phenyl- 1/7-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazrnyl, phenoxazmyl, phthalazinyl, pteridrnyl, purmyl, pyranyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidmyl, pyridinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]ρyrimiduiyl, pyπdo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolmyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolmyl, lsoqumolmyl, tetrahydroqumolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolmyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidmyl, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[4,5]thieno[2,3 djpyrimidmyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,5-c]pyridazinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiapyranyl, tnazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pynmidinyl, thieno[3,2-d]pyπmidinyl, thieno[2,3-c]pπdinyl, and thiophenyl (ι e thienyl) Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteraryl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C]-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -CN, -OR^a, -SR^a, -OC(O)-R³, -N(R^a)₂, -C(O)R^a, -C(O)OR³, -C(O)N(R^a)₂, -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a ₇ -N(R^a)C(O)R^a, -N(R^a)S(O)_tR^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)₁OR³ (where t is 1 or 2),-S(O)_tN(R^a)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R" is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl [00118] "Heterocyclyl" refers to a stable 3- to 18-meπibered non-aromatic πng (e g , C₃-Ci₈ heterocyclyl) radical that comprises two to twelve carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as "3 to 18" refers to each integer m the given range, e.g , "3 to 18 ring atoms" means that the heteroaryl group may consist of 3 ring atoms, 4 nng atoms, etc., up to and including 18 rmg atoms. In some embodiments, it is a C₅-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, it is a C₊-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, it is a C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocyclyl radical is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic πng system, which may include fused or bπdged ring systems The heteroatoms in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized. One or more nitrogen atoms, if present, are optionally quatermzed. The heterocyclyl radical is partially or fully saturated. The heterocyclyl may be attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the rrng(s). Examples of such heterocyclyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, fhienyl[l,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoqumolyl, lmidazolrnyl, lmidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazohdinyl, morpholmyl, octahydromdolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxoρyrrolidinyl, oxazolidmyl, pipeπdinyl, piperazinyl, 4-pipeπdonyl, pyrrohdinyl, pyrazolidmyl, quinuchdrnyl, thiazohdinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tπthianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomoφholmyl, thiamorpholmyl, 1 -oxo-thiomorpholmyl, and 1,1-dioxo-thiomoφhohnyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocylyl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently: hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, Ce-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, Ce-Qo alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, Cj-C io heterocyclic, C₃-Ciocycloalkyl, -CN, -OR^a, -SR^a, -OC(O)-R³, -N(R^a)₂, -C(O)R^a, -C(O)OR", -C(O)N(R^a)₂, -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a, -N(R^a)C(O)R^a, -N(R^a)S(O)_tR^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)_tOR^a (where t is 1 or 2),-S(O)_tN(R^a)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl [00119] "Heteroahcychc" refers to a cycloalkyl radical that includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur The radicals may be fused with an aryl or heteroaryl. The term heteroalicyclic also includes all πng forms of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides and the oligosaccharides. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroalicyclic group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are halo, cyano, mtro, oxo, thioxo, tπmethylsilanyl, -OR^a, -SR^a, -OC(O)-R², -N(R^a)₂, -C(O)R^a, -C(O)OR³, -C(O)N(R% -N(R^a)C(O)OR^a, -N(R^a)C(O)R^a, -N(R^a)S(O)_tR^a (where t is 1 or 2), -S(O)₁OR³ (where t is 1 or 2),-S(O)_tN(R^a)₂ (where t is 1 or 2), -OPO₃WY ( where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium) or- OPO₃Z ( where Z is calcium, magnesium or iron) where each R^a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl. [00120] "Irrano" refers to the =N-H radical.

[00121] "Isocyanato" refers to a -NCO radical

[00122] "Isothiocyanato" refers to a -NCS radical

[00123] "Mercaptyl" refers to a (alkyl)S- or (H)S- radical

[00124] "Moiety" refers to a specific segment or functional group of a molecule Chemical moieties are often recognized chemical entities embedded in or appended to a molecule [00125] "Nitro" refers to the -NO₂ radical [00126] "Oxa" refers to the -O- radical [00127] "Oxo" refers to the =O radical

[00128] "Sulfϊnyl" refers to a — S(=O) — R radical, where R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon)

[00129] "Sulfonyl" refers to a — S(=O)₂-R radical, where R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon)

[00130] "Sulfonamidyl" refers to a -S(=O)₂-NRR radical, where each R is selected independently from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic

(bonded through a πng carbon)

[00131] "Sulfoxyl" refers to a -S(=O)₂OH radical

[00132] "Sulfonate" refers to a -S(=O)₂-OR radical, where R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a πng carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon)

[00133] "Thiocyanato" refers to a -CNS radical

[00134] "Thioxo" refers to the =S radical

[00135] "Substituted" means that the referenced group may be substituted with one or more additional group(s) individually and independently selected from acyl, alkyl, alkylaryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, carbohydrate, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, cyano, halo, carbonyl, ester, thiocarbonyl, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, perhaloalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, phosphate, silyl, sulfϊnyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl, sulfoxyl, sulfonate, and amino, including mono- and di-substituted amino groups, and the protected derivatives thereof The substituents themselves may be substituted, for example, a cycloakyl substituent may have a halidc substituted at one or more πng carbons, and the like The protecting groups that may form the protective derivatives of the above substituents are known to those of skill in the art and may be found in references such as Greene and Wuts, above

[00136] The compounds presented herein may possess one or more chiral centers and each center may exist in the R or S configuration The compounds presented herein include all diastereomenc, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof Stereoisomers may be obtained, if desired, by methods known in the art as, for example, the separation of stereoisomers by chiral chromatographic columns

[00137] The methods and formulations described herein include the use of N-oxides, crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds having the structure of Formula (I), as well as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity In addition, the compounds described herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like The solvated forms of the compounds presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein

[00138] Pyrone analogs of Formula I and their pharmaceutically/vetermaπly acceptable salt or esters are provided m this invention,

[00139] wherein X is O, S, or NR', wherein R' is hydrogen, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C,₀ alkenyl, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl;

[00140] R₁, and R₂ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-Cio alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00141] R₃ and R₄ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl,

Carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00142] or R₃ and R₄ are taken together to form a C₅-Ci₀heterocyclyl, C₅-Ci₀cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

[00143] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and

[00144] wherein the compound of Formula I is not the compound of Formula A:

Formula A

[00145J wherein R_f is hydrogen, and

[00146] wherein the compound of Formula I is not one of the following compounds:

[00147] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is PO₃K₂

[00148] In some embodiments, X is O.

[00149] In other embodiments, X is S.

[00150] In yet other embodiments, X is NR'.

[00151] In some embodiments, R' is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted C_rCi₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-C]₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted Ce-Qo alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R' is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl.

[00152] In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Ri is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₁ is optionally substituted C_rCi₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Rj is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C]-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted Ci-Cio alkyl. In some other embodiments, Ri is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R] is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Rj is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Rj is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R) is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁ is nitro In some embodiments, R, is halogen In some embodiments, R] is unsubstituted C]-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, Ri is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R] is unsubstituted C₆-C] _o alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Rj is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_t is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R] is -OPO₃Z. [00153] In some embodiments, when R₁ is aryl, it is monocyclic. In some embodiments, when Ri is aryl, it is bicyclic. In some embodiments, when Ri is heteroaryl, it is monocyclic. In some embodiments, when R₁ is heteroaryl, it is bicyclic.

[00154] In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C_rC₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R₂ is substituted C_rCi₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, K₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted CpCio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z. [00155] In some embodiments, R₃ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₃ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is optionally substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted CpC₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R₃ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₃ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₃ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted C]-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted Ce-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. Iⁿ some embodiments, R₃ is substituted C₄-C]₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted C₃-C]₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₃ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₃ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₃ is -OPO₃Z.

[00156] In some embodiments, R₄ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₄ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is optionally substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted Ci-Cio alkyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R₄ is substituted C_rCio alkyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₄ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₄ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted Cj-Cio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted CpC 10 aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted C₆-Cj₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted C₄-C]₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₄ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is substituted C₃-C]₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₄ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₄ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₄ is -OPO₃Z. [00157] In some embodiments, R₃ and R₄ are taken together to form an unsubstituted C₅-C]₀heterocyclyl. In other embodiments, R₃ and R₄ are taken together to form a substituted C₅-Ci₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₃ and R₄ are taken together to form an unsubstituted C₅-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₃ and R₄ are taken together to form a substituted C₅-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₃ and R₄ are taken together to form an unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₃ and R₄ are taken together to form a substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₃ and R₄ are taken together to form an unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₃ and R₄ are taken together to form a substituted heteroaryl.

[00158] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, W is potassium In various embodiments, W is sodium In various embodiments, W is lithium [00159] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, Y is potassium In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium

[00160] In various embodiments, Z is calcium. In various embodiments, Z is magnesium In various embodiments,

Z is iron

[00161] The 2,3 bond may be saturated or unsaturated in the compounds of Formula I

[00162] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog is of Formula II and its pharmaceutically/veteπnaπly acceptable salts thereof

[00163] wherein X is O, S, or NR' wherein R' is hydrogen, C_rC₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂ C₁₀ alkenyl, C_rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl,

[00164] R], and R₂ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

[00165] Xi, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently CR₅, O, S, or N,

[00166] each instance OfR₅ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, Ci-Cio alkyl, C2-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, Carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆ C_loaralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

[00167] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation, and

[00168] wherein the compound of Formula II is not the compound of Formula A

Formula A

100169] wherein R_f is hydrogen, and

[00170] wherein the compound of Formula II is not one of the following compounds

[00171] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula II is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is PO₃K₂ [00172J In some embodiments, X is O.

[00173] In other embodiments, X is S.

[00174] In yet other embodiments, X is NR'.

[00175] In some embodiments, R' is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C_rC_loalkyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted Ci-Cio alkyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted heteioaryl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl.

[00176] In some embodiments, X₁ is CR₅.

[00177] In other embodiments, X₁ is O.

[00178] In yet other embodiments, X₁ is S. [00179] In further embodiments, Xi is N.

[00180] In some embodiments, X₂ is CR₅.

[00181] In other embodiments, X₂ is O.

[00182] In yet other embodiments, X₂ is S.

[00183] In further embodiments, X₂ is N. [00184] In some embodiments, X₃ is CR₅.

[00185] In other embodiments, X₃ is O.

[00186] In yet other embodiments, X₃ is S.

[00187] In further embodiments, X₃ is N.

[00188] In other embodiments, X₄ is CR₅. [00189] In some embodiments, X₄ is O.

[00190] In yet other embodiments, X₄ is S.

[00191] In some embodiments, X₄ is N.

[00192] In some embodiments, X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are CR₅.

[00193] In some embodiments, X₁ is N, and X₂, X₃, and X₄ are CR₅. [00194] In some embodiments, X₂ is N, and Xi, X₃, and X₄ are CR₅;

[00195] In some embodiments, X₃ is N, and Xi, X₂, and X₄ are CR₅;

[00196] In some embodiments, X₄ is N, and Xi, X₂, and X₃ are CR₅;

[00197] In some embodiments, X₁ and X₃ are CR₅ and X₂ and X₄ are N.

[00198] In some embodiments, X₂ and X₄ are CR₅ and X₁ and X₃ are N. [00199] In some embodiments, X₂ and X₃ are CR₅ and X₁ and X₄ are N

[00200] In some embodiments, at least one OfX₁, X₂, X₃ or X₄ is N. [00201] In some embodiments, Ri is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R_t is hydroxyl In some embodiments, Ri is optionally substituted C]-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R] is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl In some other embodiments, Ri is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R] is substituted C₂-C_t0 alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, Ri is carboxyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R_t is substituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₍ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri is nitro. In some embodiments, R₁ is halogen. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C _rCi₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted Ci-Cio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted Ce-C_1O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₆-Cj₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R_t is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted Ce-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R] is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted amine In some embodiments, R] is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, Ri is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₄-C ₁₀heterocyc IyI. In some embodiments, R] is substituted C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁ is -OPO₃Z.

[00202] In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R₂ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is nitro In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci_Oahphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁Q alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z. [00203] In some embodiments, when Ri is aryl, it is monocyclic. In some embodiments, when Ri is aryl, it is bicychc. In some embodiments, when Ri is heteroaryl, it is monocyclic. In some embodiments, when R₁ is heteroaryl, it is bicyclic [00204] In various embodiments, Ri is one of the following formulae:

[00205] wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

[00206] R₁₇ is hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cyctoalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00207] each instance of R^ and R₂i is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, Cg-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; [00208] R₁₉ is hydrogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁O alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C3-Ci₀heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z oI -PO₃Z; [00209] s is an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3; and [00210] n is an integer of 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4.

[00211] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one OfRi₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one OfR_n or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY₃ -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, at least one Of R₁₆ and Ri₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₇ or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. [00212] In some embodiments, R₁₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₁-CiO alkyl. In some embodiments,

is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C_1O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate 1. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci_O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_]6 is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_i6 is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-C_1O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_]6 is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R_J6 is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted Cs-C^cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -CH₂Pθ₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃Z. [00213] In some embodiments, Rn is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Rn is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Rj₇ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R_]7 is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R_J7 is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is halogen. In some embodiments, R_i7 is unsubstituted C]-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_]7 is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Rn is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. n some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R_n is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Rn is -OPO₃Z.

[00214] In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, Rig is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C_J0 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_κ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_{1 s} is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, R_[g is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted Q-Cio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₎₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R^ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R]₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00215] In some embodiments, R₁₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted CpCjo alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R]₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Rj₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₎₉ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_i9 is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_i9 is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_J9 is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₍)heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-C]₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C_1OCyClOaUCyI. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R_]9 is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃Z.

[00216] In some embodiments, R_2I is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R_2] is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R_2i is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂I is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₂-C]₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₂-C]₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R_2t is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂i is nitre In some embodiments, R₂i is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted Ci-C₁O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted Ce-C_1O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_2x is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₆-C_1O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R21 is -OPO₃Z.

[00217] In some embodiments, s is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 3.

[00218] In some embodiments, n is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 3. In some embodiments, n is an integer of4.

[00219] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium.

[00220] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium.

[00221] In various embodiments, Z is calcium. In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In various embodiments, Z is iron. [00222] In some embodiments, R₅ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₅ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, Rs is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₁-C]₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₅is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₅ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₁-Qo aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₁-Q₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₆-C(_O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted CrQoheterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted Cs-C_1O heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OPO₃Z.

[00223] In various embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog is of Formulae III, IV, V, or VI as illustrated in Scheme I.

Scheme I. Exemplary subclasses of Formula II

[00224] In some embodiments of the invention where Xi, X₂, X₃, and X₄ of Formula II are CR₅ the compound is of Formula III or a pharmaceutically/veterinanly acceptable salt thereof:

[00225] wherein X is O, S, or NR', wherein R' is hydrogen, Cj-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl;

[00226] R₁, and R₂ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, Q-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C_rC_i0 aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00227] R₆, K₇, R₈, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, Ce-C_1O aralkyl acyl, Ce-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; and

[00228] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation;

[00229] wherein the compound of Formula III is not the compound of Formula A:

Formula A

[00230] wherein R_f is hydrogen; and

[00231] wherein the compound of Formula III is not one of the following compounds:

[00232] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula IH is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is PO₃K₂ [00233] In some embodiments, X is O [00234] In other embodiments, X is S [00235] In yet other embodiments, X is NR'

[00236] In some embodiments, R' is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted Ci-Cio alkyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted Ce-Qo aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-Qo aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted Ce-C_1O alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl ^m some embodiments, R' is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R' is substituted heteioaryl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₃-Q₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl

[00237] In some embodiments, Ri is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁ is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₁ is optionally substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl In some other embodiments, R₁ is substituted C_rCi₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. ^m some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri is carboxyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R] is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, Ri is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, Ri is nitro In some embodiments, R₁ is halogen In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₁-C]₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted Q-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R] is substituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R_x is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl ^acyl In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, Ri is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₄-C₁₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Rj is -OPO₃Z.

[00238] In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted C_rC₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R₂ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted Ce-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z. [00239] In some embodiments, when R₁ is aryl, it is monocyclic. In some embodiments, when R₁ is aryl, it is bicyclic. In some embodiments, when R₁ is heteroaryl, it is monocyclic. In some embodiments, when R₁ is heteroaryl, it is bicyclic. [00240] In various embodiments, Ri is one of the following formulae:

[00241] wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₅-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

[00242] R₁₇ is hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, aryl, C₃-C ₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C ₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00243] each instance OfR₁₈ and R₂₁ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C_1O aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00244] Rig is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, Ce-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; [00245] s is an integer of O, 1, 2, or 3; and [00246] n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[00247] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one of R,₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one of R₁₇ or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, at least one Of R₁₆ and Ri₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₇ or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z [00248] In some embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₆ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₆ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted Ci-Cio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C_β-C]₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C3-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-CioCycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₃-C_{1 O}cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is

-OPO₃ WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OPO₃Z.

[00249] In some embodiments, R₇ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₇ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-C]₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₇ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C_rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted Ci -C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted Cβ-Cio aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted Cδ-Cio aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-C _]0 alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-Cj₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-C]₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-C]₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is

-OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃Z.

[00250] In some embodiments, Rs is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₈ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C]-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C_rC₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₂-C]₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C]₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Rg is nitro. In some embodiments, Rs is halogen. In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted C₁-Cj_O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C]-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₈is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Rg is substituted C₆-Ci_O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-C _t0 alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₃-C]₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OCH₂PO₊WY. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OPO₃Z.

[00251] In some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₉ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, Rp is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C_rCi_Oalkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₉ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted Ci-C]₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C]-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₃-CiO heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃Z.

[00252] In some embodiments, R₁₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Rj₆ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C_rCi₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R_]6 is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R]₆ is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R_t6 is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R_]6 is unsubstituted carbohydrate 1. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C]-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_]6 is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R]₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R]₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -CH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -CH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -PO₃Z

[00253] In some embodiments, R_n is hydrogen In some embodiments, R_n is hydroxy In some embodiments, R₁₇ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, Rn is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, Rj₇ is substituted amine In some embodiments, Ri₇ is unsubstituted C]-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, Ri₇ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, Ri₇ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₂-C_1O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is carboxyl In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, Rn is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, Rn is nitro In some embodiments, R₁₇ is halogen In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted CpC_1O aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₎₇ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R_]7 is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R_J7 is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl n some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, Rn is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, Rn is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, Ri₇ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, Rn is unsubstituted C₃ C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₁₇ is -OPO₃ WY In some embodiments, R_n is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₁₇ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, Rn is -OPO₃Z [00254] In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R_1J is substituted amine In some embodiments, Rig is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R_]8 is unsubstituted Cj-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted estei In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, Ri₈ is nitro In some embodiments, R₁₈ is halogen In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R]₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C_1O aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Cκ>aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R)₈ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₍₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_1S is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00255] In some embodiments, Rj₉ is hydrogen In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C_rCi₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R_ϊ9 is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_J9 is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C]-Ci_O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R]₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₎₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R_i9 is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -PO₃WY In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃Z.

[00256] In some embodiments, R_2i is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₂] is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R_2i is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R_2J is unsubstituted C₂-C_1O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R_2J is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted carbohydrate, In some embodiments, R₂₎ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂₁ is mtro In some embodiments, R₂₁ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₁-CiO aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_2i is substituted C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R_2I is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂] is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted C₃-C ₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R_2J is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_2t is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_2] IS -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂] is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OPO₃Z

[00257] In some embodiments, s is an integer of O In some embodiments, s is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 3. [00258] In some embodiments, n is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 1 In some embodiments, n is an integer of 2 In some embodiments, n is an integer of 3. In some embodiments, n is an integer of4. [00259] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen In various embodiments, W is imsubstituted methyl In vanous embodiments, W is substituted methyl In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, W is potassium In various embodiments, W is sodium In various embodiments, W is lithium

[00260] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen In vanous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl In vanous embodiments, Y is substituted methyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium In various embodiments, Y is lithium

[00261] In various embodiments, Z is calcium In various embodiments, Z is magnesium In various embodiments, Z is iron. [00262] In various embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog is of Formula VII or a pharmaceutically/vetermanly acceptable salt thereof

Formula VII

[00263] wherein R₂ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-Cio alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci_O alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or

-OPO₃Z,

[00264] R₆, R_τ, R₈, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₍₎aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00265] R₁₆ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl,

-PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or PO₃Z, [00266] Ri₇ is hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, aryl, C₃ Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

[00267] each instance OfRi₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Q-C^alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic,

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00268] s is an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3;

[00269] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and

[00270] wherein the compound of Formula VII is not the compound of Formula A:

Formula A

[00271] wherein R_f is hydrogen_, and [00272] wherein the compound of Formula VII is not the compound wherein:

[00273] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, Ri₆ is hydrogen, Ri₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0;

[00274] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, Rg, and Rg are hydrogen, Ri₆ is hydrogen, Ri₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and Ri₈ is 5'- hydroxy;

[00275] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and Ri₈ is 5'- nitro; [00276] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, Rs, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R_n is hydroxy, and s is 0;

[00277] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R_n is hydroxy, s is 1 , and R₁₅ is 5'- hydroxy;

[00278] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ and Rg are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0;

[00279] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy;

[00280] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and

Ri₈ is 5'- methoxy;

[00281] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is methyl, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0;

[00282] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and Rg are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, Rn is methoxy, and s is 0; [00283] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₇ is hydroxy, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R_n is hydroxy, and s is 0;

[00284] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₇ is hydroxy, R_J6 is hydrogen, R_n is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy;

[00285] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₇ is hydroxy, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0;

[00286] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R_X7 is hydroxy, and s is 0; [00287] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R_n is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy;

[00288] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R_n is hydroxy, and s is 0; or

[00289] R₂ is hydroxy, R^, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1 , and Ri₈ is 5'- hydroxy. [00290] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula VII is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is

PO₃K₂. [00291] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one of Ri₆ and R_ϊ9 is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one of R_n or Ri₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z In some embodiments, at least one Of R₁₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₇ or R_ls is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z [00292] In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl In some other embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-Ci_O alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C]₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C]₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂ is nitro In some embodiments, K₂ is halogen In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C_1O aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z

[00293] In some embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₆ is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, Re is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₆ is nitro In some embodiments, R₆ is halogen In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C]-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₁ -C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆ C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, K₆ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-Cj₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OPO₃Z.

[00294] In some embodiments, R₇ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₇ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. Iⁿ some embodiments, R₇ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₇ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted Ci-Cio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted Ci-Cio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted Ce-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted Cg-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-Ci_O heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃Z. [00295] In some embodiments, R₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₈ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, Rg is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Rg is carboxyl. In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Rg is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Rg is nitro. In some embodiments, Rg is halogen. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic ^acyl- ^m some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_gis unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Rs is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C ^cyc loalkyl. In some embodiments, Rg is substituted Cs-C_tocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OCH₂PO₊WY. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Rg is -OPO₃Z.

[00296] In some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₉ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Ci-Cio alkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-C]₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₉ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C _t -Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C_rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-Cj₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aialkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Rg is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Cs-Qocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is

-OPO₃ WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃Z.

[00297] In some embodiments, R₁₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Rj₆ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R_i6 is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C_rC_loaliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_!6 is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Rj₆ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃Z.

[00298] In some embodiments, R₁₇ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, Rj₇ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R_i7 is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R_]7 is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Rn is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, Rn is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Rn is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₁-C_J0 aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, K₁₇ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted Ce-Qo alkylaryl acyl. n some embodiments, Rj₇ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, K₁₇ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Rn is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Rn is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R_n is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is -OPO₃Z.

[00299] In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri_? is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R_J8 is unsubstituted C₁-C_1OaIlCyI. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Rig is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, Ris is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Rig is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, R^ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_]s is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Rig is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_[8 is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_!8 is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R_JS is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀CyClOaIlCyI. . In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R|₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z.

[00300] In some embodiments, s is an integer of O. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 3.

[00301] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, W is potassium In vaπous embodiments, W is sodium In various embodiments, W is lithium

[00302] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In vanous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl In vaπous embodiments, Y is substituted methyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In vaπous embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate In vaπous embodiments, Y is potassium In various embodiments, Y is sodium In vaπous embodiments, Y is lithium.

[00303] In various embodiments, Z is calcium In various embodiments, Z is magnesium In vanous embodiments, Z is iron

[00304] In other embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of the invention is a compound of Formula VIII or a pharmaceutically/veteπnaπly acceptable salt thereof

Formula VIII [00305] wherein R₂ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-Cio alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C_loaralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or

-OPO₃Z,

[00306] R₆, R₇, Rs, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,

Cj-Ciocycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00307] wherein Ri₆ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C]-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl,

C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

[00308] each instance OfR₁₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic,

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z, [00309] Ri₉ is hydrogen, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃ C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted

C₃-C,ocycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

[00310] s is an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3; and

[00311] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation, and [00312] wherein the compound of Formula VIII is not the compound of Formula A

Formula A

[00313] wherein R_f is hydrogen, and [00314] wherein the compound of Formula VII is not the compound wherein

[00315] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0,

[00316] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, Rg, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R^ is 5'- hydroxy,

[00317] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- mtro, [00318] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, Re, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0,

[00319] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, Rs, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and Ri₈ is 5'- hydroxy;

[00320] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0,

[00321] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1 , and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy,

[00322] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1 , and

R₁₈ is 5'- methoxy,

[00323] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is methyl, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0,

[00324] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, Rn is methoxy, and s is 0, [00325] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₇ is hydroxy, R₎₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0,

[00326] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₇ is hydroxy, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy,

[00327] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₇ is hydroxy, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0,

[00328] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0, [00329] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, R₁₆ is hydrogen, Ri₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy,

[00330] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0, or

[00331] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy [00332] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula VIII is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is

PO₃K₂

[00333] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one Of R₁₆ and R₁₉ is PO₃WY, CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or

-PO₃Z, or at least one OfR₁₇ or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z In some embodiments, at least one OfR₁₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one of R₁₇ or R₁₅ is -OPO₃WY₅ -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z [00334J In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxy! In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted C_rCi₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C_rCi₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-C_1OaIlCyI. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C_1OaIkJTIyI. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Cio alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C_1O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Cs-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. ^m some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z.

[00335] In some embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₆ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, Re is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Rg is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₆ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C_rC_loaliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-C_1O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Re is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₊WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OPO₃Z. [00336] In some embodiments, R₇ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₇ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C_rCi₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxyl In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₇ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted Cg-C_1O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted Ce-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-C₁₍₎cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃Z.

[00337] In some embodiments, R₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₈ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted amine In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted Ci-Ci_Oalkyl. In some embodiments, Rs is substituted C₁-Ci_O alkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₈ is carboxyl In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, Rg is halogen. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C_rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₈is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-C_w aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-Cj₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Rg is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted C₃-Q₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R§ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₃-C₁₍>cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₈ is -OPO₃Z.

[00338] In some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₉ is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted Ci-Cio alkyl In some embodiments, Rg is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R9 is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₉ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C_1O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C_1O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Cj-C_tocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃Z. [00339] In some embodiments, R₁₆ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₁₆ IS unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C_1O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Rj₆ is unsubstituted C_rCio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_[6 is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_]6 is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -PO₃Z. [00340] In some embodiments, Ri₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, Rig is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R_]8 is unsubstituted C_rC₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R_]8 is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxyl In some embodiments, R|₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri_S is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, R_i8 is halogen In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₃ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C_]o alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_]8 is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R)₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C 10 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_]s is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R^ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R_1S is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, Rj₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00341] In some embodiments, Ri₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R_t9 is unsubstituted Ci-Qo alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C]₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R_!9 is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted carbohydrate. Ih some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₎₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R]₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -PO₃WY In some embodiments, R_i9 is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R_]9 is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃Z.

[00342] In some embodiments, s is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 2 In some embodiments, s is an integer of 3. [00343] In vaπous embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In vaπous embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In vaπous embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate In vaπous embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In vaπous embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In vaπous embodiments, W is lithium. [00344] In vaπous embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In vaπous embodiments, Y is lithium

[00345] In various embodiments, Z is calcium In vaπous embodiments, Z is magnesium. In vanous embodiments, Z is iron. [00346J In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog is of Formula IX or a pharmaceutically/vetermaπly acceptable salt thereof

Formula IX [00347] wherein R₂ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C]₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Cio aliphatic acyl, Ce-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, Ce-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, Ce-Qo alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C₁₀heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or

-OPO₃Z,

[00348] R₅, R₇, Rs, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, carboxaldehyde, amino, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci -Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl,

-OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

[00349] wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl,

C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

[00350] each instance OfR₁₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂ Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, Cs-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic,

QpCiocycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or OPO₃Z; [00351] Ri₉ is hydrogen, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted

QpCiocycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or PO₃Z,

[00352] s is an integer of O, 1, 2, or 3,

[00353] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation, and

[00354] wherein the compound of Formula IX is not the compound of Formula A

Formula A

[00355] wherein R_f is hydrogen; and [00356] wherein the compound of Formula IX is not the compound wherein:

[00357] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0;

[00358] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy; [00359] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- nitro;

[00360] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0;

[00361] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, Rn is hydroxy, s is 1, and R_1J is 5'- hydroxy;

[00362] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0; [00363] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R_i7 is hydroxy, s is 1, and

Rig is 5'- hydroxy;

[00364] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and

R₁₈ is 5'- methoxy;

[00365] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is methyl, R_n is hydroxy, and s is 0; [00366] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R_n is methoxy, and s is 0;

[00367] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₇ is hydroxy, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0;

[00368] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₇ is hydroxy, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy;

[00369] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₇ is hydroxy, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0; [00370] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0;

[00371] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy;

[00372] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0; or

[00373] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1 , and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy.

[00374] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula VIII is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is

PO₃K₂.

[00375] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one of R₁₆and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or

-PO₃Z, or at least one OfR₁₇ or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, at least one of R₁₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₇ or R₁₈ is

-OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z.

[00376] In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments,

R₂ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen.

In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-CiO aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl- In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-Cκ>cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPOj WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z.

[00377] In some embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₅ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₆ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Cj₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Re is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₃-Ci₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OPO₃Z.

[00378] In some embodiments, R₇ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₇ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted Cj-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃ Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃Z [00379] In some embodiments, R₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₃ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, Rg is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₈ is carboxyl In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, Rg is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₈ is nitro In some embodiments, R₈ is halogen In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₈is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted Ce-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-Cj₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl hi some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₈ is -OPO₃Z [00380] In some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxyl In some embodiments, K₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is nitro In some embodiments, R₉ is halogen In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C]-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆ C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C_!0 alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted Q-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, Rg is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃Z.

[00381] In some embodiments, R₁₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₁-C₁OaIlCyI. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted Cj-C₁Q alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_!6 is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R]₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₎₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₆-CiO aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_]6 is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_]6 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_i6 is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R_t6 is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -PO₃Z.

[00382] In some embodiments, Ri₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R^ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C]-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R_[8 is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Rig is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, R_ϊ8 is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R)₈ is substituted C₆-Ci_O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R_ls is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00383] In some embodiments, Ri₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₄₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R_t9 is substituted C_rCio alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R_i9 is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted CpC_1O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, K₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-Ci_O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_[9 is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_L9 is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R]₉ is -PO₃Z.

[00384] In some embodiments, s is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 1 In some embodiments, s is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 3.

[00385] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium. [00386] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium. [00387] In various embodiments, Z is calcium. In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In various embodiments, Z is iron.

[00388] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog is of Formula X or a pharmaceutically/veterinarily acceptable salt thereof:

Formula X [00389] wherein R₂ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C₎₀heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₎₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z, [00390] R₇ and R₉ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, ammo, C_rC₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z, [00391] wherern R₁₆ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, Qj-Ciocycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

(00392] each instance of Ri₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-C]₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C]₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00393] R₁₉IS hydrogen, Cι-C_w alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C_\0 aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C]₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃ C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, [00394] s is an integer of O, 1, 2, or 3; and [00395] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and [00396] wherern the compound of Formula X is not the compound of Formula A

Formula A [00397] wherem R_fis hydrogen; and

[00398] wherein the compound of Formula X is not the compound wherein

[00399] R₂ is hydrogen, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R]₆ is hydrogen, R₁₉ is hydrogen, and R_]8 is hydrogen, [00400] R₂ is hydrogen, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R]₉ is hydrogen, and Rj₈ is hydroxy, [00401] R₂ is hydrogen, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R_i6 is hydrogen, R]₉ is hydrogen, and R₁₈ is methoxy, [00402] R₂ is hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is methyl, R]₉ is hydrogen, and R₁₈ is hydrogen, or [00403] R₂ is hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₉ is methyl, and Rj₈ is hydrogen [00404] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula X is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is PO₃K₂ [00405] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one of R₁₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one of R₁₇ or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z In some embodiments, at least one OfR₁₅ and Ri₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one of R_i7 or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z.

[00406] In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₍>alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-Ci_O alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C_1O alkyl. In some other embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted Ci-Cio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₄-Cioheterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z. [00407] In some embodiments, R₇ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₇ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted Cj-C ₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₇ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-Cj_O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₇is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃Z.

[00408] In some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₉ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. ^m some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₉ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted Ci-Cio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Ci-C]₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Cj₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-Cj₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-Cj₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heteiocyclyl. Iⁿ some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₃-Cj₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is

-OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃Z.

[00409] In some embodiments, Rj₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted Ci-Cio alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, Rj₆ is substituted C₂-Cj₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Rj₆ is unsubstituted C₂-CiO alkenyl. In some embodiments, Rj₆ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₅₆ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Rj₆ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R]₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Rj₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_i6 is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Rj₆ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃Z.

[00410] In some embodiments, Ri₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R]₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R_ls is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_J8 is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_J8 is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted Cs-C₁O heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted Ca-Qocycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPOj WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z.

[00411] In some embodiments, R₁₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C_1O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C_1O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_t9 is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C_1O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted Ce-C_1O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_J9 is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_J9 is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃Z

[00412] In some embodiments, s is an integer of O. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 3.

[00413] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium. [00414] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium.

[00415] In various embodiments, Z is calcium. In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In various embodiments,

Z is iron.

[00416] In other embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analogs of the invention are of Formula XI or a pharmaceutically/veterinarily acceptable salt thereof:

Formula XI

[00417] wherein R₂ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C_rCio aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C,₀heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or

-OPO₃Z;

[00418] R₆, R₇, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl,

C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl,

-OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00419] wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C_rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl,

C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,

Cj-Ciocycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; [00420] each instance OfR₁₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic,

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00421] R₁₉ is hydrogen, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C_t0 alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci -Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

[00422] s is an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3; and

[00423] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and [00424] wherein the compound of Formula XI is not the compound of Formula A:

Formula A

[00425] wherein R_f is hydrogen, and [00426] wherein the compound of Formula XI is not the compound wherein

[00427] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ is hydroxy, R₇ and K₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₈ is hydrogen, and Ri₉ is hydrogen;

[00428] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ is hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₉ is hydrogen, and R_!8 is hydroxy; [00429] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ is hydroxy, R₇ and Rt_> are hydrogen, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₉ is hydrogen, and Ri₈ is methoxy;

[00430] R₂ is hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R]₆ is methyl, R₁₉ is hydrogen, and R₁₈ is hydrogen;

[00431] R₂ is hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₉ is methyl, and Ri₈ is hydrogen;

[00432] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₉ is hydrogen, and R₁₈ is hydrogen; [00433] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₉ is hydrogen, and R₁₈ is hydroxy;

[00434] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, Ri₉ is hydrogen, and R₁₈ is hydrogen, or

[00435] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₉ is hydrogen, and R₁₈ is hydroxy.

[00436] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula XI is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is

PO₃K₂ [00437] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one of R₁₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or

-PO₃Z, or at least one of R_n or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, at least one of Rj₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one of R_n or Ri₈ is

-OPO₃ WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z.

[00438] In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments,

R₂ is substituted C₁-Ci_O alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl In some other embodiments,

R₂ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is mtro. In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen.

In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C4-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z. [00439] In some embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₆ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₆ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-CiO aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-C₁O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OPO₃Z. [00440] In some embodiments, R₇ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₇ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₁-C_1OaUCyI. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₇ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₇is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃Z.

[00441] In some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₉ is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₁-C]₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Rg is substituted C₂-Cioalkenyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₉ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₉ is halogen In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ahphatic acyl In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted Ce-C₁O aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Ce-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aialkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Rg is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R_g is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Cκ)Cycloalkyl In some embodiments, Rg is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃Z.

[00442] In some embodiments, Ri₆ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R|₆ is unsubstituted C]-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl Iⁿ some embodiments, R]₆ is unsubstituted C₂-Cj₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R]₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic ^acyl In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C]-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, K^ ^1S substituted aryl In some embodiments, R]₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C_1O heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R]₆ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R,₆ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃WY In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -CH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃Z 100443] In some embodiments, Ri₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_i8 is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_]8 is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R_J8 is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, R_t8 is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted Ce-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R^ is substituted Cg-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R^ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C_]0 aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_J8 is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_!8 is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_i8 is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₃-C_lo heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R_i8 is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z.

[00444] In some embodiments, R₁₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁0 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_]9 is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_J9 is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₃-C_I0cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃Z.

[00445] In some embodiments, s is an integer of O. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 3.

[00446] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium.

[00447] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments,

Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium.

[00448] In various embodiments, Z is calcium. In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In various embodiments,

Z is UOn.

[00449] In other embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog is of Formula XII or a pharrnaceutically/veterinarily acceptable salt thereof:

Formula XII

[00450] wherein R₂ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C i -C io aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-Ci₀heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or

-OPO₃Z;

[00451] R₆, R₈, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl,

C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C_rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl,

C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C]₀cycloalkyl,

-OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00452] wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl,

C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

[00453] each instance of R_]S is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-C_!0 alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic,

QrCiocycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00454] Ricjis hydrogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted

C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

[00455] s is an integer of O, 1, 2, or 3;

[00456] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and [00457] wherein the compound of Formula XII is not the compound wherein

[00458] R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₉ is hydrogen, and R_]g is hydrogen; |00459] R₂ is hydrogen, R^, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₉ is hydrogen, and R₁₈ is hydroxy, or [00460] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, Rs, and R₉ are hydrogen, R]₆ is hydrogen, R₁₉ is hydrogen, and Ri₈ is hydrogen [00461] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one OfR₁₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one OfR₁₇ or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₊Z or -OPO₃Z In some embodiments, at least one OfR₁₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₇ or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z [00462] In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁O alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C_rCio alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some other embodiments, R₂ is substituted C_rCi₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C_lϋ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C_1O alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C_1O aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-C_1OhCtCrOCyCIyI In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z [00463] In some embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₆ is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C]-C_1O alkyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₁ C_]o alkyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₆ is mtro In some embodiments, R₆ is halogen In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C]_O aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₆ Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C3-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is

-OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OPO₃Z.

[00464] In some embodiments, R₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₈ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C^C^alkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C_rCi_Oalkyl. In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted C2-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Rg is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted C₂-Cio alkenyl. In some embodiments, Rg is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Rg is substituted Ci-C ₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Rgis unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Cj₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aialkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₆-C_1O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted Cs-C_1O heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Rs is substituted C₃-C₁0 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₈ is

-OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Rg is -OPO₃Z.

[00465] In some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₉ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R^ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci_O alkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₉ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C]-Cj₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted CrC_]0 aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Rg is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R9 is unsubstituted C3-C10 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃Z.

[00466] In some embodiments, R₁₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci_Oalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₁-C_1O alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R_lβ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Riβ is substituted C₁-C_1O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R]₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_]6 is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_t6 is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R]₆ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Rj₆ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -PO₃Z.

[00467] In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R]₈ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci_O alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R]₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R^ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R^ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_]8 is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Rig is substituted C₆-C_1O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_J8 is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ris is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R]₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted C₃-C₁<₎cycloaikyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R_]8 is -OPO₃Z.

[00468] In some embodiments, R₁₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C2-C10 alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted Cβ-Cio aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_i9 is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Rj₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_!9 is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_i9 is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃Z. [00469] In some embodiments, s is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 3.

[00470] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium.

[00471] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium.

[00472] In various embodiments, Z is calcium. In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In various embodiments, Z is iron. [00473] In other embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog is of Formula XIII or a pharmaceutically/veterinarily acceptable salt thereof:

Formula XIII [00474] wherein X is O, S, or NR'. wherein R' is hydrogen, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl;

[00475] wherein R₂ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or

-OPO₃Z,

[00476] R₆, R₇, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl,

C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C_1O heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl,

-OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00477] each instance OfRi₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci_O aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00478] R^ is hydrogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C] -Cjo aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted

Qs-Ciocycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

[00479] n is an integer of O, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and [00480] W and Y are mdependently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and

[00481] wherein the compound of Formula XIII is not the compound of Formula A.

Formula A [00482] wherein R_f is hydrogen and

[00483] wherein the compound of Formula XIII is not the compound wherein:

[00484] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, n is 2, and a first R₁₈ is 3'-hydroxy, R₁₉ is hydrogen, and a second Rig is 5'-hydroxy, or

[00485] R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, n is 1, Rj₉ is hydrogen, and Ri₈ is 3'-hydroxy [00486] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula XIII is not the compound of Formula A wherein Rf is

PO₃K₂.

[00487] In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted Cj-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments,

R₂ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R₂ is substituted C_rC₁₀ alkyI. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C_t0 alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-Qo aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted Ce-C₁O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Cg-Qo alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-Ci₀ heterocyelyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₄-Ci₀ heterocyelyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Cj-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z.

[00488] In some embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₆ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₆ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R^ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Cj₀ heterocyelyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₃-C]₀ heterocyelyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C_]0cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₆ is -OPO₃Z.

[00489] In some embodiments, R₇ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₇ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₁-C]₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-Cj₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₇ is nitro In some embodiments, R₇ is halogen In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted Ci -C ₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted Ci-Cio aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-C_]0 aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted Ce-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted Ce-Qo alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₇is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-Cioheterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-C_1C1 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₇ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₇ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃ WY In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₇ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₇ is -OPO₃Z [00490] In some embodiments, R₉ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₉ is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₉ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₂-C₁O alkenyl In some embodiments, Rg is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₉ is mtro In some embodiments, R₉ is halogen In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C_rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₉ is substituted Q-Qocycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₉ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₉ is -OPO₃Z [00491] In some embodiments, Ri § is hydrogen In some embodiments, Ris is hydroxy In some embodiments, R] ₈ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R^ is substituted amine In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C]₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxyl In some embodiments, R, a is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, Rig is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R^ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R_1J is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, Rig is halogen. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C i-Cio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted Ce-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_)s is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_[8 is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_Lg is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00492] In some embodiments, Ri₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C_rCio alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_Oalkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C]₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C]-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted Ce-Cj₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Rj₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R]₉ is substituted C₆-Cj₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_J9 is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R]₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Cioheterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C]₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R]₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R]₉ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R_i9 is -PO₃Z.

[00493] In some embodiments, n is an integer of O. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 3. In some embodiments, n is an integer of4.

[00494] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium.

[00495] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium. [00496J In various embodiments, Z is calcium. In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In various embodiments, Z is iron.

[00497] In some embodiments of the invention, compounds of the following Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, and VIII-C, are disclosed, where each instance of R₀ and Rj is independently hydrogen, -OPO₃WY, -OPO₃Z, -OCH₂OPOWY, or— OCH₂OPO₃Z, where W and Y are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, lithium, sodium or potassium and Z is calcium, magnesium or iron .

Formula VIII-A Formula VIII-B Formula VIII-C

[00498] In some embodiments of the invention, for a compound of Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, or VIII-C, R₀ is — OPO₃WY and R_d is hydrogen. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula VIII-A is not the compound wherein R₁ is -OPO₃K₂ and K₀ is hydrogen.

[00499] In some embodiments of the invention, for a compound of Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, or VIII-C, R₀ is — OPO₃WY and R_(J is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments of the invention, for a compound of Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, or VIII-C, R_c is a mixture of hydrogen and -OPO₃WY and R₀ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments of the invention, for a compound of Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, or VIII-C, R_c is hydrogen and R^ is a mixture of hydrogen and -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments of the invention, for a compound of Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, or VIII-C, R₀ is -OPO₃Z and R_d is hydrogen In some embodiments of the invention, for a compound of Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, or VIII-C, R₀ is -OPO₃Z and Rj is -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments of the invention, for a compound of Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, or VIII-C, R₀ is a mixture of hydrogen and -OPO₃Z and R_d is OPO₃Z. In some embodiments of the invention, for a compound of Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, or VIII-C, R_e is hydrogen and R₄ is a mixture of hydrogen and -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments of the invention, for a compound of Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, or VIII-C, R_c is -CH₂OPO₃Z and R₄ is hydrogen. In some embodiments of the invention, for a compound of Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, or VIII-C, R₀ is -CH₂OPO₃Z and R^ is -CH₂OPO₃Z In some embodiments of the invention, for a compound of Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, or VIII-C, R_c is a mixture of hydrogen and -CH₂OPO₃Z and Rd is — CH₂OPO₃Z. In some embodiments of the invention, for a compound of Formulae VIII-A, VIII-B, or VIII-C, R₀ is hydrogen and Rj is a mixture of hydrogen and— CH₂OPO₃Z

[00500] In some embodiments, the pyrone analog of Formula XIII is of Formula XIV:

Formula XIV

[00501] In some embodiments the pyrone analog of the invention is of Formula XV or a pharmaceutically/veterinarily acceptable salt thereof:

Formula XV

[00502] wherein each instance of Ri₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-Cio alkyl,

C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, caiboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00503] R₁₉ is hydrogen, Ci-Cio alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci_O alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C_1O aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted

Q-Cjocycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

[00504] n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and

[00505] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and

[00506] wherein the compound of Formula XV is not the compound of Formula A:

Formula A

[00507] wherein R_f is hydrogen.

[00508] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula XV is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is

PO₃K₂.

[00509] In some embodiments of the invention, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one

OfRi₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY,

-CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z.

[00510] In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci_O alkyl. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments,

R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, R_t8 is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C_1O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted Ce-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R^ is substituted Ce-Q₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R]₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C3-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-C ₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00511] In some embodiments, Ri₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C i-C]_Oalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted Q-Q₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R_J9 is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₂-CiO alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Cioalkenyl. In some embodiments, R]₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₎₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted Ce-Qo alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_t9 is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_t9 is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₎₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₃-Q₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R_t9 is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -PO₃Z.

[00512] In some embodiments, n is an integer of O. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 3. In some embodiments, n is an integer of4. [00513] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium.

[00514] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium. |00515] In various embodiments, Z is calcium In various embodiments, Z is magnesium In various embodiments, Z is iron

[00516] In some embodiments, the pyrone analog of the invention is a compound of Formula XVI or a pharmaceutically/veteπnaπly acceptable salt thereof

Formula XVI

[00517] whereni Ri₈ and R₂i are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-CiOaIlCyI, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C i-Cio aliphatic acyl, Ce-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic,

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z Or -OPO₃Z,

[00518] R₁₉ and R₂₀ are independently hydrogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl, Cβ-Cio aromatic acyl, Cs-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, Cβ-Cio alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Cioheterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, and

[00519] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation, and

[00520] whereni the compound of Formula XVI is not the compound of Formula A

Formula A

[00521] wherein R_f is hydrogen

[00522] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula XVI is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is

PO₃K₂

[00523] In some embodiments of the invention, R_!9 is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one of Ris or R₂₁ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY,

-CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfRi₈ or R₂₁ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or

-OPO₃Z

[00524] In some embodiments, R_1S is hydrogen In some embodiments, Rjg is hydroxy In some embodiments, R₁₅ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted amine In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, Rig is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, Rig is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁ g is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_]8 is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, Rig is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Rig is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R)₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, Ri₅ is halogen. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R^ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri_S is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Cioheterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R_i8 is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00525] In some embodiments, Ri₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-Ci_O alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C]-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-CiO aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C_1O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_i9 is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is unsubstituted Cs-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -PO₃Z.

[00526] In some embodiments, R₂₀ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C_rCi_Oalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. ^m some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C _rCi₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. ^m some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂o is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂o is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂o is -PO₃WY In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -CH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₂o is -CH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₂o is -PO₃Z [00527] In some embodiments, R_2! is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₂₁ is hydroxy In some embodiments, R₂₁ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, R₂] is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂i is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is halogen In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted Ci-C_1O aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₁-C_1O aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂] is unsubstituted C₆-C[_O aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₆-C_1O alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R_2t is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₃-C]₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₃-C]₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OPO₃Z [00528] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl In vaπous embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In vaπous embodiments, W is substituted alkyl In vaπous embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate In vaπous embodiments, W is potassium In various embodiments, W is sodium In vaπous embodiments, W is lithium

[00529] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl In vanous embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, Y is potassium In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In vaπous embodiments, Y is lithium.

[00530] In various embodiments, Z is calcium In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In various embodiments, Z is iron [00531] In some embodiments, the pyrone analog of the invention is a compound of Formula XVII or a pharmaceutically/veterinarily acceptable salt thereof:

Formula XVII [00532] wherein R^ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₍>cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; [00533] R₂₀ is hydrogen, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Cι-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, Ca-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; and

[00534] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation. [00535] In some embodiments, Ri₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R^ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R]₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R_1S is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, Rj g is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R^ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R_1S is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, Ris is halogen. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted C₁-C_1O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R]₈ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R]₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Rjg is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. ⁱⁿ some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R_t8 is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted Cs-C_tocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00536J In some embodiments, R₂₀ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₁-C_1O alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂o is substituted C₂-C₁0 alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂0 is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂o is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₍)alipriatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂o is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂o is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₍)cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂o is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -PO₃Z.

[005371 In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium.

[00538] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium.

[00539] In various embodiments, Z is calcium. In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In various embodiments, Z is iron.

[00540] In some embodiments, the pyrone analog of the invention is a compound of Formula XVIII or a pharmaceutically/veterinarily acceptable salt thereof:

Formula XVIII

[00541] wherein each instance of R₁₈ and R₂₂ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; [00542] R₁₉ Is hydrogen, C_rCio alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C _rCi₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; [00543] n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; [00544] t is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and

[00545] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and

[00546] wherein the compound of Formula XVIII is not the compound of Formula A:

Formula A

[00547] wherein R_f is hydrogen; and

[00548] wherein the compound of Formula XVIII is not the compound of the following formulae:

[00549] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula XVIII is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is

PO₃K₂. [00550] In some embodiments of the invention, Rj₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z [00551] In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R_i8 is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C_1O alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C_1O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C_1O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R_]8 is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_α8 is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, Rjs is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is mtro. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C]₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C_1O alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-C)₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00552] In some embodiments, R₁₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C_1OaUCyI In some embodiments, Rjg is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_J9 is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_i9 is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R^ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃Z [00553] In some embodiments, R₂₂ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₂₂ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted Ce-Qo aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₂₂ is -OPO₃Z.

[00554] In some embodiments, n is an integer of O. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 3. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 4. [00555] In some embodiments, t is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, t is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, t is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, t is an integer of 3. In some embodiments, t is an integer of 4.

[00556] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium. [00557] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium. [00558] In various embodiments, Z is calcium. In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In vaπous embodiments, Z is iron. [00559] In some embodiments, the pyrone analog of the invention is a compound of Formula XIX or a pharmaceutically/vetermarily acceptable salt thereof

Formula XIX

[00560] wherein each instance OfRi₈ and R₂₂ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Cj₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl,

C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, Cs-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z Or -OPO₃Z,

[00S61] Ri₉ IS hydrogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, Cj-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted

Ca-docycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z Or -PO₃Z,

[00562] n is an integer of O, 1, 2, 3, or 4,

[00563] m is an integer of 0, 1, or 2, and

[00564] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation, and

[00565] wherein the compound of Formula XIX is not one of the following compounds

[00566] In some embodiments of the invention, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one of R₎₈ is OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z [00567] In some embodiments, Rjg is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydroxy In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C]-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C]₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R_]8 is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R_!8 is carboxyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, Ris is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, Ru is substituted ester In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is nitro In some embodiments, Ri₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, R^ is υnsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ris is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ris is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_]8 is substituted Cβ-Cio aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_]8 is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri8 is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R^ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, Ris is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted Cj-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R_L8 is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl . In some embodiments, Ru is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R^ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00568] In some embodiments, R₁₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted CrC₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci_Oaliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R]₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is unsubstituted C₃-C|₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -PO₃Z

[00569] In some embodiments, R₂₂ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₂₂ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂₂ is nitro In some embodiments, R₂₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C_rCio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci_O heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₃-C_locycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is -OPO₃Z.

[00570] In some embodiments, n is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 3. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 4. [00571] In some embodiments, m is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, m is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, m is an integer of 2.

[00572] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium.

[00573] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium.

[00574] In various embodiments, Z is calcium. In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In various embodiments, Z is iron. [00575] In some embodiments, the pyrone analog of the invention is a compound of Formula XX or a pharmaceutically/veterinarily acceptable salt thereof:

Formula XX

[00576] wherein each instance OfRi₈ and R₂₂ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci_O alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C]-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl,

C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Cj₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00577] R₁₉ is hydrogen, C_rC_lo alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted QrCiocycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

[00578] n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; [00579] p is an mtegei of 0, 1, 2 or 3,

[00580] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and

[00581] wherein the compound of Formula XX is not one of the following compounds.

[00582] In some embodiments of the invention, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one of Ri₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. [00583] In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Rig is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C_1O alkenyl. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, Ris is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R^ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₁₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, Rig is halogen. In some embodiments, R^ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci_O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_ls is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_lg is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted

Cg-C_1O aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted Ce-C_1O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R^ is substituted C₆-C)₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted Cs-Ciocycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R_1S is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z [00584] In some embodiments, Ris is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted Ci-Qo alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C_1O alkyl. Iⁿ some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C_1O alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R.₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci_O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_i9 is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted Cj-C_1O heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_!9 is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃Z.

[00585] In some embodiments, R₂₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted Ce-CiQ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. ^m some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₂ IS -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₂₂ is -OPO₃Z.

[00586] In some embodiments, n is an integer of O. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 3 In some embodiments, n is an integer of 4. [00587] In some embodiments, p is an integer of O. In some embodiments, p is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, p is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, p is an integer of 3.

[00588] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium. [00589] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium.

[00590] In various embodiments, Z is calcium. In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In various embodiments, Z is iron.

[00591] In some embodiments, the pyrone analog of the invention is a compound of Formula XXI or a pharmaceutically/veterinarily acceptable salt thereof:

Formula XXI

[00592] wherein Ri₈ and R₂i are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C_1O aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci_O aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

[00593] R₂₀ is hydrogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₉ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted Cs-Ciocycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; and [00594] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation.

[00595] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one OfR₁₈₇ or R_2! is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. [00596] In some embodiments, Rig is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R]g is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R_]8 is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Rig is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, Rig is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₁₈ is nitro In some embodiments, R₁₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_1J is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted Cn-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ris is substituted Q-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Cj₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Rig is unsubstituted C3-C10 heterocyclyl In some embodiments, Rig is substituted C₃-C_1O heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₁₅ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, Rj₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Rig is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₁₈ is OPO₃Z [00597] In some embodiments, R₂₀ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₂o is unsubstituted Cj-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₁-CiO alkyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted CpC₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂o is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aialkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₃-Cioheterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -PO₃WY In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -CH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -CH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -PO₃Z [00598] In some embodiments, R₂i is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂i is hydroxy In some embodiments, R_2! is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted Q-Cio alkyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R_2] is unsubstituted C₂-C]₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R_2! is carboxyl In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₂] is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂i is nitro In some embodiments, R₂₁ is halogen In some embodiments, R₂] is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂] is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂] is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₂] is unsubstituted C₃ Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂, is substituted C₃-C]₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂] is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₃ C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂i is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₂i is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₂i is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₂i is -OPO₃Z

[00599] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen In vaπous embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl In vaπous embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl In vaπous embodiments,

W is substituted ethyl In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alky] In vaπous embodiments, W is substituted alkyl In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate In vaπous embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, W is potassium In vaπous embodiments, W is sodium In various embodiments, W is lithium

[00600] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl In vaπous embodiments, Y is substituted methyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl In vaπous embodiments,

Y is substituted ethyl In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl In vaπous embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, Y is potassium In various embodiments, Y is sodium In vaπous embodiments, Y is lithium

[00601] In various embodiments, Z is calcium In various embodiments, Z is magnesium In vaπous embodiments,

Z is iron

[00602] In some embodiments, the pyrone analog of the invention is a compound of Formula XXII or a pharmaceuticaHy/Vetennaπly acceptable salt thereof

Formula XXII

[00603] wherein X₅ is a Ci to C₄ group, optionally interrupted by O, S, NR₂₃, or NR₂₃R₂₃ as valency permits, forming a ring which is aromatic or nonaromatic,

[00604] wherein Ri₈ and R₂i are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Q-Cio alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci_O alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C i -C io aliphatic acyl, Cg-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic,

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

[00605] each instance OfR₂₃ is mdependently hydrogen, C_rCio alkyl, C₂-C_]0 alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, acyloxy, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C _t0 alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C₅-C₁₀heterocyclyl, , C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

[00606] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, and a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation

[00607] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one of Ri₈ or R₂i is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z

[00608] In some embodiments, R_]S is hydrogen In some embodiments, R_]8 is hydroxy In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted amine In some embodiments, Rjg is unsubstituted C_rCi₀ alkyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₂-Cio alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is nitro In some embodiments, R₁₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C_1O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_1S is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R]₈ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted Cs-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Rig is substituted C₃-C₁Q heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl . In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-C i₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO3WY In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00609) In some embodiments, R₂₁ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is carboxaldehyde In some embodiments, R₂] is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted CpC_1O alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂i is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_2t is substituted C]-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₆-C_1O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₃-C]₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_2t is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted C₃-C₎₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OPO₃Z.

[00610] In some embodiments, R₂₃ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted C_rCi₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted C₂-Cj₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₃ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂₃ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R2₃ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R2₃ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R2₃ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted Ce-C_1O aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂₃ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₂₃ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl [00611] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen In vaπous embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl In vaπous embodiments, W is substituted ethyl In vaπous embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl In vaπous embodiments, W is substituted alkyl In vaπous embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate In vaπous embodiments, W is potassium In various embodiments, W is sodium In various embodiments, W is lithium

[00612] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate In vaπous embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, Y is potassium In various embodiments, Y is sodium In various embodiments, Y is lithium [00613] In various embodiments, Z is calcium In various embodiments, Z is magnesium In various embodiments, Z is iron

[00614] In some embodiments, the pyrone analog of the invention is a compound of Formula XXIII or a pharmaceutic ally/veteπnaπly acceptable salt thereof

Formula XXIII [00615] wherein R₂₀ is hydrogen, C_rC_!0 alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C,₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

[00616] Het is a 3 to 10 membered optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic hetero aromatic or heteroalicychc ring system containing 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 heteroatoms selected from the group of O, S, and N, with the proviso that no two adjacent πng atoms are O or S, wherein the πng system is unsaturated, partially unsaturated or saturated, wherein any number of the πng atoms have substituents as valency permits which are hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, alkylcarboxaldehyde, imino, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, CpCi₀ alkynyl, C]-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, CpCi₀ aliphatic acyl, C₅-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alky laryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, heteroaryl,

C₅-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z ; and

[00617} W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation.

[00618] In some embodiments, R₂₀ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted Ci-C_]0 alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂o is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂o is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₂-C, ₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂o is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂o is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted CpC₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂o is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted Ce-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R20 is substituted C₆-C₁O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₅-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀CyClOaUCyI. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂₀ is -PO₃Z. [00619] In some embodiments, Het is one of the following formulae:

[00620] wherein each instance of R^ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, CpCi₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci_D alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; [00621] s is an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3; and [00622] n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[00623] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. [00624] In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R^ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C2-C10 alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R^ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Rig is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Rig is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₁-Ci_O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted

C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri§ is unsubstituted C₆-CiO alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted Cβ-Cio alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Cioheterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₃-C_1O heterocyc IyI. In some embodiments, R₃₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00625] In some embodiments, n is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 3. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 4.

[00626] In some embodiments, s is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 3. [00627] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In vaπous embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium.

[00628] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium. [00629] In various embodiments, Z is calcium In various embodiments, Z is magnesium In vaπous embodiments, Z is iron

[00630] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula II is of Formula IV or a pharmaceutically/veteπnarily acceptable salt thereof

[00631] wherein X is O, S, or NR', wherein R' is hydrogen, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl;

[00632] R₁, and R₂ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, Q-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci_O aralkyl acyl, C₆-C_1O alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃ C,₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

[00633] X₂ and X₄ are independently CR₅, O, S, or N,

[00634] each instance of R₅ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

[00635] R₁₀ and R₁₁ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, C_rC_loalkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl,

C₂-C]₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-CiO aromatic acyl,

C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl,

-OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

[00636] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation, and

[00637] wherein the compound of Formula IV is not the compound of Formula A

Formula A

[00638] wherein R_f is hydrogen

[00639] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula IV is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is

PO₃K₂

[00640] In some embodiments, X is O [00641] In other embodiments, X is S. [00642] In yet other embodiments, X is NR'.

[00643] In some embodiments, R' is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₁-C_1O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₃-C₁₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. [00644] In some embodiments, X₂ is CR₅. [00645] In other embodiments, X₂ is O. [00646] In yet other embodiments, X₂ is S. [00647] In further embodiments, X₂ is N. [00648] In other embodiments, X₄ is CR₅. [00649] In some embodiments, X₄ is O. [00650 J In yet other embodiments, X₄ is S. [00651] In some embodiments, X₄ is N. [00652] In some embodiments, at least one of X₂ or X₄ is N. [00653] In some embodiments, Ri is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, Ri is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₂-C_1O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁ is nitre In some embodiments, Ri is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted Q-Qoaliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted Cg-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R] is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R, is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁ is -OCH₂PO₄WY.

In some embodiments, Rj is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁ is -OPO₃Z.

[00654] In some embodiments, when R₁ is aryl, it is monocyclic In some embodiments, when R₁ is aryl, it is bicychc. In some embodiments, when Ri is heteroaryl, it is monocyclic. In some embodiments, when R₁ is heteroaryl, it is bicychc.

[00655] In various embodiments, R₁ is one of the following formulae:

[00656] wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C_rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl,

C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₊Z or -PO₃Z;

[00657] R₁₇ is hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00658] each instance of Ris and R₂₁ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C_rC_loalkyl,

C₂-C_1O alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₊WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; [00659] R₁₉ is hydrogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C_tO alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; [00660] s is an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3; and [00661] n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[00662] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one OfR₁₆ and R_!9 is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one OfR_n or Rj₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, at least one OfRi₆ and Ri₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₇ or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. [00663] In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted CrC₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C_rCi₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C_rCi₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R₂ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C_t0 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂is unsubstituted C₆-C _]0 alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₄-C io heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z.

[00664] In some embodiments, R₅ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₅ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₅is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₅ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C]-Cj₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C]-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted Ce-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted Ce-C ₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OPO₃ WY. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OPO₃Z. [00665] In some embodiments, Ri₀ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R_ϊ0 is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri₀ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁O is unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl. In some embodiments, Rio is substituted C₁-Ci_O alkyl. In some embodiments, Rio is unsubstituted C₂-C_1O alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₀ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₀ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, Ri₀ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R]₀ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Rio is nitro. In some embodiments, Ri₀ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is unsubstituted Q-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₀ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₀ is substituted C₆-C_1O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₀ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Rj₀ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₀ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₀ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₀ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₁₀ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Rj₀ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₀ is -OPO₃Z. [00666] In some embodiments, R_n is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, Ru is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri ₁ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri ₁ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Rn is unsubstituted C₂-C_1O alkenyl. ^m some embodiments, R₁₁ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is nitro. In some embodiments, Rn is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is unsubstituted C₆-C_1O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R]₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Rn is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Rn is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Rn is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Rn is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Rn is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Rn is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, Rj₁ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_n is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁ , is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₁ is -OPO₃Z.

[00667] In some embodiments, R]₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C_1O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C]₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate 1. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C _rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_]6 is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_i6 is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_J6 is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_t6 is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -PO₃Z.

[00668] In some embodiments, R₁₇ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R_]7 is hydroxy. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C]₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_]7 is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Rn is nitro. In some embodiments, Rn is halogen. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₆-Cm aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_]7 is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₃-C]₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R]₇ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_!7 is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_n is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R_n is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is -OPO₃Z. [00669] In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₁₈ is hydroxy In some embodiments, R_!8 is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R_1S is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci_O aIlCyI. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C_1OaIkJTIyI In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₁S is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is mtro. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₁-Cj₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Rig is unsubstituted C₆-C_J0 aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted Cg-Cio aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted Cg-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_1J is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted Ce-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted Cs-C_1O heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R_{1 s} is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z

[00670] In some embodiments, R₁₉ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R^ is substituted C₂-C^ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C2-C₁0 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R_J9 is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted Ce-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted Cg-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Rj₉ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C]₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Rj₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃Z

[00671] In some embodiments, R₂₁ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₂i is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R_2J is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₎ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂] is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂] is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₂i is mtro In some embodiments, R₂i is halogen In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted Ce-C_1O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₆-Ci_O aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₂ι is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R_2] is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R_2t is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₍>heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R_2! is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OPO₃Z [00672] In some embodiments, s is an integer of O In some embodiments, s is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 2 In some embodiments, s is an integer of 3

[00673] In some embodiments, n is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 1 In some embodiments, n is an integer of 2 In some embodiments, n is an integer of 3 In some embodiments, n is an integer of 4 [00674] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen In vaπous embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl In vaπous embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl In vaπous embodiments, W is substituted alkyl In vaπous embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate In vaπous embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium In various embodiments, W is lithium [00675] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl In vaπous embodiments, Y is substituted methyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted ethyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate In various embodiments, Y is potassium In vaπous embodiments, Y is sodium In vaπous embodiments, Y is lithium

[00676] In vaπous embodiments, Z is calcium In vaπous embodiments, Z is magnesium In various embodiments, Z is iron

[00677] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula IV is of Formula XXIV or Formula XXV or a pharmaceutically/vetennarily acceptable salt thereof

Formula XXIV Formula XXV

[00678] wherein each instance of R_i8 is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nirro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00679] R₁₉ is hydrogen, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C_1O heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C_rC₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₊Z or -PO₃Z; [00680] n is an integer of 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4; and

[00681] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation.

[00682] In some embodiments of the invention, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one of r R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₊WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z

[00683] In some embodiments, R₁ g is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R^ is hydroxy In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R_tg is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R_1S is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₁₈ is nirro. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Rig is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R^ is substituted C₆-C_1O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl . In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z [00684] In some embodiments, R]₉ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C]-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R)₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, Rj₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C]-C_1O aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, Rj₉ is substituted Ci-C]₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted Ce-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted Ce-C]₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted Cg-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R]₉ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R]₉ is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R_t9 is substituted C₃-C]₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -PO₃WY In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -PO₃Z

[00685] In some embodiments, n is an integer of 0 In some embodiments, n is an integer of 1 In some embodiments, n is an integer of 2 In some embodiments, n is an integer of 3 In some embodiments, n is an integer of 4

[00686] In various embodiments, W and Y are independently potassium, sodium, or lithium [00687] In various embodiments, Z is calcium, magnesium or iron.

[00688] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula IV is of Formula XXVI or Formula XXVII or a pharmaceutically/veteπnaπly acceptable salt thereof

Formula XXVI Formula XXVII

[00689] wherein R₂, R₅, W, Y, and Z are as defined for Formula II and R]₀ and R_n are as defined for Formula IV,

[00690] R₁₆ is hydrogen, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

[00691] wherein each instance of Ri₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C_rC]₀ alkyl,

C₂-Ci_O alkynyl, C₂-C]₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C_!0 aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z, and

[00692] n is an integer of 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4

[00693] In some embodiments of the invention, R₁₆ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one

OfRi₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z In some embodiments, R₁₆ is PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY,

-CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z [00694] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula IV is of Formula XXVIII or a pharmaceutically/veterinaπly acceptable salt thereof

Formula XXVIII

[006951 wherein R₂, W, Y, and Z are as defined for Formula II and Rj ₀ and Rn are as defined for Formula IV,

[00696] R₁₆ is hydrogen, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

[00697] wherein each instance OfR₁₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Q-C_1O alky],

C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Cio alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, Ce-Cj₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z, and

[00698] n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4

[00699] In some embodiments of the invention, R₁₆ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z In some embodiments, R₁₆ is

-PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z

[00700] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula II is of Formula V or a pharmaceutically/veterinaπly acceptable salt thereof

Formula V

[00701] wherein X is O, S, or NR', wherein R' is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₅-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl,

[00702] R₁, and R₂ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C_1O aialkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

[00703] X₁ and X₄ are independently CR₅, O, S, or N, [00704] each instance of Rs is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, C₁-Ci_O alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ atkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C_lc»cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₊WY₅ -OCH₂PO₊Z or -OPO₃Z; [00705] R_t2 and R_]3 are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00706] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and

[00707] wherein the compound of Formula V is not the compound of Formula A:

[00708] wherein R_fis hydrogen. [00709] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula V is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is PO₃K₂.

[00710] In some embodiments, X is O. [00711] In other embodiments, X is S. [00712] In yet other embodiments, X is NR'. [00713] In some embodiments, R' is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted Ci-C]₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₁-Ci_OaUCyI. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. hi some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-Ci_O alkynyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C ₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-C_1O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₅-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₅-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted aryl In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. hi some embodiments, R' is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. [00714] In some embodiments, Xi is CR_S. [00715] In other embodiments, Xi is O. [00716] In yet other embodiments, X₁ is S. [00717] In further embodiments, X₁ is N. [00718] In other embodiments, X₄ is CR₅. [00719] In some embodiments, X₄ is O. [00720] In yet other embodiments, X₄ is S. [00721] In some embodiments, X₄ is N. [00722] In some embodiments, at least one of X₁ or X₄ is N.

[00723] In some embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Ri is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R] is optionally substituted Ci-C_1O alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R₁ is substituted Ci-C_1O alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is carboxyl In some embodiments, R] is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri is nitro. In some embodiments, Ri is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted Ce-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri is -OPO₃Z.

[00724] In some embodiments, when Ri is aryl, it is monocyclic. In some embodiments, when Ri is aryl, it is bicyclic. In some embodiments, when R₁ is heteroaryl, it is monocyclic. In some embodiments, when R₁ is heteroaryl, it is bicyclic. [00725] In various embodiments, Ri is one of the following formulae:

[00726] wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ciocycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

[00727] R₁₇ is hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂ Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₃-C₎₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z ox -OPO₃Z,

[00728] each instance OfR₁₈ and R₂₁ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, CrC^alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C_I0cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z, [00729] R₁₉ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, [00730] s is an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3, and [00731] n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 [00732] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one OfR₁₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY,

-CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one OfR₁₇ or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, at least one OfRj₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₇ or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z [00733] In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-C_1O alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some other embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted Ci-Cio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Cj_O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-Ci₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPOj WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z.

[00734] In some embodiments, R₅ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₅ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₅is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₅ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OPO₃ WY. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OPO₃Z.

[00735] In some embodiments, R₁₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Ri₂ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R|₂ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is unsubstituted Ci-Cm alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is substituted C₂-C_)o alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R12 is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R_[2 is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is nitro In some embodiments, R₁₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, Ri₂ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₂ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₎₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, Ri₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R_J2 is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R_]2 is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₁₂ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. ^m some embodiments, R₁₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₁₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₂ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₂ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R_n is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R,₂ is -OPO₃Z. [00736] In some embodiments, R₁₃ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Ri₃ is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₁₃ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R_]3 is substituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri₃ is unsubstituted C₁-C_1OaUCyI In some embodiments, R₁₃ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₃ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R_[3 is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, Rn is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₃ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri₃ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R_i3 is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R_[3 is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is halogen In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₃ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_B is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_B is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_J3 is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₃ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_B is substituted Cs-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₃ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₃ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R_!3 is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R₁₃ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₃ is unsubstituted C₃-C]₀ heterocyclyl. ^m some embodiments, R_t3 is substituted C₃-Cj₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, Ri₃ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R_n is -OPO₃ WY. In some embodiments, Ri₃ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₁₃ is -OPO₃Z. [00737] In some embodiments, R₁₆ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R_i6 is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₎₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Cioheterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R]₆ is substituted C₃-Qo heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_!6 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R_]6 is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃Z.

[00738] In some embodiments, R₁₇ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₎₇ is substituted C₂-C₁₀alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R]₇ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Rn is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is halogen. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C_rCio aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_i7 is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is substituted C₆-Ci_O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Rn is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is unsubstituted C₃-C_]0 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Rj₇ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R_n is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Rn is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Rn is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_n is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_n is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R_n is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₇ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₇ is -OPO₃Z.

[00739] In some embodiments, Rj₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R^ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C]₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R]₈ is substituted C₂-C_J0 alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R]g is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R]g is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Rig is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R]₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R]g is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, R]g is unsubstituted C]-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R^ is substituted Ci-C]₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is substituted C₆-C_!0 alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_]8 is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Rj₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalky]. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z. [00740] In some embodiments, R₁₉ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Rj₉ is substituted C₁-C_1OaIlCyI. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₂-C_1OaIk)TIyI. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_w is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted Ce-C_1O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Rj₉ is substituted Ce-Qo aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_w is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₍₉ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_J9 is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted Cj-Ciocycloalkyl. . In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R_i9 is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃Z. [00741] In some embodiments, R₂₁ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R_2t is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂] is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is halogen. In some embodiments, R_2I is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_2[ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_2Ϊ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_2i is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂| is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂i is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. Iⁿ some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is unsubstituted Ca-Cjocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂₁ is -OPO₃Z. [00742] In some embodiments, s is an integer of O. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 3. [00743] In some embodiments, n is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 3. In some embodiments, n is an integer of 4.

[00744] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments,

W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In vaπous embodiments, W is lithium.

[00745] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments,

Y is substituted ethyl. In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In vaπous embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In vaπous embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium.

[00746] In various embodiments, Z is calcium In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In various embodiments,

Z is iron.

[00747] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula V is of Formula XXIX or Formula

XXX or a pharmaceutically/veteπnaπly acceptable salt thereof:

Formula XXIX Formula XXX

[00748] wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

[00749] wherein each instance of Ri₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alky^],

C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C]₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; and

[00750] n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4

[00751] In some embodiments of the invention, R₁₆ is -POjWY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one

OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY,

-CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z

[00752] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula V is of Formula XXXI or a pharmaceutically/veteπnaπly acceptable salt thereof:

Formula XXXI

[00753] wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

[00754] wherein each instance of R^ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C_rCio alkyl,

C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C]₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C_j0 aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z₅ and

[00755] n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4

[00756] In some embodiments of the invention, R₁₆ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one

OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY,

[00757] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula II is of Formula VI or a pharmaceutic ally/veteπnarily acceptable salt thereof

[00758] wherein X is O, S, or NR', wherein R' is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl,

[00759] R₁, and R₂ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

[00760] Xi and X₄ are independently CR₅, O, S, or N,

[00761] each instance of Rs is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, d-Qoalkyl, C₂-C₁O alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,

C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

[00762] R₁₄ and R₁₅ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl,

C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl,

-OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z Or -OPO₃Z;

[00763] W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and

[00764] wherein the compound of Formula VI is not the compound of Formula A:

Formula A

[00765] wherein R_f is hydrogen.

[00766] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula VI is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is PO₃K₂.

[00767] In some embodiments, X is O.

[00768] In other embodiments, X is S.

[00769] In yet other embodiments, X is NR'.

[00770] In some embodiments, R' is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C_rCio alkyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C]-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-C]₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₂-Ci_O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-Ci_O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-Ci_O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R' is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R' is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl.

[00771] In some embodiments, X₁ is CR₅.

[00772] In other embodiments, X₁ is O.

[00773] In yet other embodiments, X₁ is S. [00774] In further embodiments, X₁ is N.

[00775] In other embodiments, X₃ is CR₅.

[00776] In some embodiments, X₃ is O.

[00777] In yet other embodiments, X₃ is S.

[00778] In some embodiments, X₃ is N. [00779] In some embodiments, at least one of Xi or X₃ is N. [00780] In some embodiments, Ri is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₁ is hydroxyl In some embodiments, Ri is optionally substituted C_rC₁₀ alky] In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstrtuted C _!-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, Ri is substituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl In some other embodiments, Ri is substituted C_rCi₀ alkyl In some embodiments, R_t is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₂-C ₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R] is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, Ri is carboxyl In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, Ri is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, Ri is substituted ester In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted acyloxy In some embodiments, R₁ is mtro. In some embodiments, Ri is halogen. In some embodiments, R_t is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₁-Ci_O aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R] is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₁ is substituted alkoxy In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, Ri is substituted amine In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, Ri is substituted aryl In some embodiments, Ri is unsubstituted C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, Ri is substituted C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. ^m some embodiments, R_t is unsubstituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R_t is substituted heteroaryl In some embodiments, R₁ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R_t is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₁ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, Ri is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R_t is OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, Ri is -OPO₃Z

[00781J In some embodiments, when R₁ is aryl, it is monocyclic In some embodiments, when Ri is aryl, it is bicyclic In some embodiments, when Ri is heteroaryl, it is monocyclic In some embodiments, when Rj is heteroaryl, it is bicyclic [00782] In vaπous embodiments, R₁ is one of the following formulae

[00783] wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C,₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

[00784] Ri₇ is hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; [00785] each instance OfR₁₈ and R₂₁ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₊Z or -OPO₃Z; [00786] Ri₉ is hydrogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-C_]0 aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C_ω alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted QrCiocycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; [00787] s is an integer of O, 1, 2, or 3; and [00788] n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [00789] In some embodiments of the invention, at least one OfR]₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one OfR₁₇ or R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, at least one OfRj₆ and Rj₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₇ or Rj₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z.

[00790] In some embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is optionally substituted C₁-C]Q alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C_rCi₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted Ci-C]₀ alkyl. In some other embodiments, R₂ is substituted C_rCio alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₂ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C]-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₄-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted C₄-C₁₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is substituted Cj-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₂ is -OPO₃Z. [00791] In some embodiments, R₅ is hydrogen In some embodiments, R₅ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, Rs is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀alkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C_rCio alkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₅is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is mtro. In some embodiments, R₅ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted Cg-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₃-Qo heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₃-Q₀ heterocyclyl In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R₅ is unsubstituted C₃-Ciocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl In some embodiments, R₅ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OCH₂PO₄WY In some embodiments, R₅ is -OCH₂PO₄Z In some embodiments, R₅ is -OPO₃Z. [00792] In some embodiments, R_[4 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R_]4 is hydroxyl In some embodiments, R₁₄ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R_M is unsubstituted amine In some embodiments, R_u is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R_u is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₄ is substituted C₂-C]₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Ri₄ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₄ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl In some embodiments, R₁₄ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₎₄ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is unsubstituted ester In some embodiments, R_M is substituted ester In some embodiments, R₁₄ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, Ri₄ is mtro. In some embodiments, Ru is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is unsubstituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_i4 is substituted C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R_]4 is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_u is substituted

C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₄ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R_J4 is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₄ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, R_H is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₄ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₄ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is substituted C₃-Cioheterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₄ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₄ is unsubstituted Cs-Qocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₄ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, Ri₄ is -OPO₃Z.

[00793] In some embodiments, R_1S is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri₅ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is substituted C₁-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₅ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R_i5 is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Ri₅ is substituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R_1S is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₅ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri₅ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is unsubstituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is nitro. In some embodiments, R₁₃ is halogen. In some embodiments, R_B is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₅ is substituted Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R_]5 is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is unsubstituted C₆-Cκ>aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Rj₅ is substituted Ce-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is unsubstituted Ce-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₅ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₅ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is unsubstituted heteroaryl, In some embodiments, R]₅ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is -OPO₃WY. In some embodiments, Rj₅ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₅ is -OPO₃Z.

[00794] In some embodiments, R₁₆ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C]-C_loalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, Rj₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C_rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₆-C]₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₍₆ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Ri₆ is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃Z. [00795] In some embodiments, Ri₈ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is carboxaldehyde. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted amine. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted amine. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted Ci-Ci₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁S is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₂-C_1O alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is carboxyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted carbohydrate In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted ester. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted ester. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted acyloxy In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted acyloxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is nitro. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is halogen. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C _rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted Cg-C_1O aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted Ce-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted alkoxy. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted aryl In some embodiments, R_ls is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted Ca-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₈ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl . In some embodiments, R₁₈ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃WY In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OCH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₈ is -OPO₃Z

[00796] In some embodiments, R_w is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted Ci-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C_1OaUCyI In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-C_1OaIkJOIyI. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted carbohydrate. In some embodiments, R_ϊ9 is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is substituted C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R_]9 is substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ri₉ is unsubstituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃WY. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -CH₂PO₄WY. In some embodiments, Rig is -CH₂PO₄Z. In some embodiments, R₁₉ is -PO₃Z

[00797] In some embodiments, s is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, s is an integer of 3

[00798] In various embodiments, W is hydrogen In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted alkyl In various embodiments, W is substituted alkyl. In various embodiments, W is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, W is potassium. In various embodiments, W is sodium. In various embodiments, W is lithium.

[00799] In various embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted methyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted ethyl. In various embodiments,

Y is substituted ethyl. In various embodiments, Y is unsubstituted alkyl. In various embodiments, Y is substituted alkyl. In vaπous embodiments, Y is unsubstituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is substituted carbohydrate. In various embodiments, Y is potassium. In various embodiments, Y is sodium. In various embodiments, Y is lithium.

[00800] In various embodiments, Z is calcium. In various embodiments, Z is magnesium. In various embodiments,

Z is iron.

[00801] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula VI is of Formula XXXII or

Formula XXXIII or a pharmaceutic ally/veteπnaπly acceptable salt thereof:

Formula XXXIII Formula XXXIV

[00802] wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

[00803] wherein each instance OfRi₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl,

C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; and

[00804] n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[00805] In some embodiments of the invention, R₁₆ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one

-CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfRj₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z

[00806] In some embodiments of the invention, the pyrone analog of Formula VI is of Formula XXXIV or a pharmaceutically/veterinaπly acceptable salt thereof

Formula XXXIV [00807] wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

[00808] wherein each instance of R^ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-Cio alkyl, C₂-Ci_O alkynyl, C₂-Cioalkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Cj₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C_1O alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C_w heterocychc, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z, and [00809] n is an integer of 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4

[00810] In some embodiments of the invention, R₁₆ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z. In some embodiments, R₁₆ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z and at least one OfR₁₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z [00811] Each instance OfR₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₃, R₆, R₇, R₈ R₉, R₁₀, R_u, Ri₂, R₁₃, Rw, Ri₅, R-16, Rn, Ris, Ri₉, R₂₀, R21, W, Y and Z disclosed may be used in any combination in any of the Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX, XXX, XXXI, XXXII, XXXIII, and XXXIV

III. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS OF THE COMPOUNDS OF THE INVENTION

[00812] The compounds of the invention may be synthesized via several approaches, and the particular synthesis route is chosen depending on the substituent pattern of the desired compound The routes aie illustrated with selected members of the class of compounds of the invention, but can be used for other compounds described herein Note that Scheme 1 is found at paragraph 222

Scheme 2. Approach to 3-hydroxy flavoπes via oxidative cyclization.

H₂-Pd

[00813] In this synthetic route, a benzyl protected ortho- hydroxyphenyl — styrylketone 2-A is cyclized to yield a 3-hydroxy flavone using hydrogen peroxide and base Deprotection via treatment with hydrogen and palladium catalysts yields a 3'-, 4'- dihydroxyphenyl 3-hydroxy flavone 2-C (See Chemical Research in Toxicology, 17(6), 795-804 (2004) )

Scheme 3. A synthetic approach to flavone analogs is illustrated.

[00814] Another approach to compounds of the invention is via acid catalyzed cyclization of an 1 -ortho-hydroxyphenyl- 3-aryl-l, 3, propanedione 3-A to yield a flavone analog 3-C, as is illustrated m Scheme 3

Benzyl protection of the dihydroxy substituents on the 3-aryl moiety is shown, but methyl ether protection may also be used After cyclization is accomplished, the protecting groups are removed from compound 3-B In the case of benzyl protection, treatment with hydrogen in the presence of a palladium is used If methyl ether protection is used, treatment of the cyclized protected species analogous to compound 3-B with tπmethylsilyl iodide will produce the final product 3-C (See Chemical Research in Toxicology, 17(6), 795-804 (2004) ) Scheme 4. Alternative Routes to Flavone analogs.

[00815] Alternative cyclizations to yield flavone analogs may also be used and is illustrated in Scheme 4. Beta-kctoester 4-A is cyclized with 1, 3, 5, trihydroxybenzene using heat to yield the protected flavone 4-C. Deprotection with trimethylsilyl iodide yields a flavone 4-D. The same intermediate 4-C is obtained by reacting the acetylenic trihydroxybenzene 4-F with compound 4-E to yield the tricyclic intermediate 4-G. Reduction of 4-G with hydrogen over palladium yields 4-C, which can be converted to the flavone 4-D as before. ( See Faming Zhuanli Shenquig Gongkai Shuomingshu 1666987 (2005), and Acta Chemica Scandinavica 49(7), 524-9 (1995).)

IV. EXEMPLARY COMPOUNDS OF THE INVENTION

Formula B Formula C

[00816] Key: Substituents described in Table 1 of exemplary compounds are abbreviated as shown herein.

[00817] Table A: Exemplary formulas of T as described in the Exemplary compounds of Formula B or Formula C as disclosed in Table 1.

[00818] Table 1. Exemplary compounds of Formula B or Formula C. Each subclass in Table 1, utilizes each subclass of "T" as described in Table A.

Formula D

[00819] Key: Substituents described in Table 2 of exemplary compounds of Formula D are abbreviated as shown herein.

[00820] Table A: Exemplary formulas of T as described in the Exemplary compounds of Formula D as disclosed in Table 2.

[00821] Table 2. Exemplary compounds of Formula D. Each subclass m Table 2, utilizes each subclass of "T" as described in Table A.

V. EXAMPLES Example 1 : Synthesis of Compound 2-F.

Scheme 5. The synthesis of Pyrone analog 2-F is depicted.

H₂-Pd

[00822] The synthesis of compound 2-F is shown in Scheme 5 Vinylogous ketone 2-D is cyclized in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and base to form the dibenzyl protected flavonoid 2-E Hydrogenolysis with hydrogen with palladium catalysis deprotects the benzyl ethers to yield the 3', 4' -dihydroxy phenyl pyrone analog 2-F.

Example 2: Synthesis of Compound 3-F.

Scheme 6. The synthesis of pyrone analog 3-F is depicted

[00823] The synthesis of pyrone analog 3-F is accomplished via synthetic steps as shown in Scheme 6

Propanedione 3-D is cyclized under acidic conditions to yield the 3-H dibenzyloxy flavone analog Deprotection of the benzyl ethers via hydrogenolysis produces pyrone analog 3-F

Example 3: Synthesis of Compound 4-J.

Scheme 7. The synthesis of Compound 4-J is depicted.

4-B

[00824] The trihydroxy benzene 4-B is condensed with propanedione 4-H to obtain the 3', 4' -dimethoxy phenyl flavone 4-1. Deprotection of the methyl ethers at the 3¹ and 4' positions with trimethylsilyl iodide produces pyrone analog 4-J.

Example 4: Reversal effect of modulator, Pyrone Analog (PA), on sedative effects in rodents

[00825] An anesthetic wake up test is used to assess the reversal effect of modulator, PA, on the sedative effects of barbiturates, opioids, and benzodiazepines. This is a single blind, randomized, controlled animal trial. Approximately 48 rodents may be utilized throughout the study. Animals may be reused. However, a washout of 24 hours is required between exposures.

[00826] Twelve rodents can be utilized in each portion of this trial. Intravenous barbiturate (e.g. dipnvan, pentobarbital, or phenobarbital) anesthesia is induced and titrated to spontaneous but slow respirations and lack of response to painful stimulation. Supplemental oxygen may be delivered. A maximum of 3 doses of intraperitoneal PA may be tested (low, medium, high) along with placebo. Once administered rodents are monitored with the help of stopwatch for time to awakening and return to normal respiratory rate. Once awakened, rodents are tested for criteria including time to withdrawal from painful stimulus and performance on rotarod.

[00827] This study may be repeated as a single agent trial with opioids (remifentanyl, fentanyl, morphine, etc) and benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolam, lorazepam). This study can also be repeated as a multi agent trial utilizing one opioid, one benzodiazepine, and one barbiturate.

Example 5: Pyrone Analog (PgP Modulator) Ameliorates CNS Effects of Oxycodone in an Acute Pain Model

[00828] Opioids frequently produce adverse CNS side effects in ambulatory settings, providing a rationale for improving opioid analgesia by minimizing adverse effects. Pyrone analogs may activate PgP efflux of pump ligands at the blood brain barrier. In this pilot study, the hypothesis that pyrone analogs can improve the tolerability and safety of oxycodone without impairing analgesia is tested. Healthy subjects (up to approximately 65 individuals) undergoing third molar removal are randomly allocated to receive, for example, 500 mg oral PA or matching placebo at 1 hr prior to surgery. All subjects receive, for example, 10 mg oral oxycodone immediately prior to surgery. Oxycodone concentrations do not differ between groups prior to surgery, at 1 hr, or at 4 hr. Total Nausea and Vomiting Score (TNVS) is calculated for the time from dosing through 24 hr. [00829] All of the methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims

Claims

1. A compound of Formula I :

and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters, wherein X is O, S, or NR', wherein R' is hydrogen, C_rC_loalkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀alkenyl, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C_J0 aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C ₁₀heterocyc IyI, heteroaryl, or

C₃-Ciocycloalkyl,

R₁, and R₂ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C_rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C₁₀heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

R₃ and R₄ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl,

C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl,

Carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; or R₃ and R₄ are taken together to form a Ci-Ci₀heterocyclyl, C₅-Ci₀cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation; and wherein the compound of Formula I is not the compound of Formula A-

Formula A wherein R_f is hydrogen, and wherein the compound of Formula I is not one of the following compounds

2. The compound of claim 1 wherein the compound is of Formula II:

Formula II wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently CR₅, O, S, or N; and each instance of R₅is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, C_rC_loalkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C]₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, Carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁0 aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z

3. The compound of claim 1 or 2 wherein X is O.

4. The compound of claim 2 wherein Xi, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are CR₅;

Xi is N, and X₂, X₃, and X₄ are CR₅; X₂ is N, and X₁, X₃, and X₄ are CR₅; X₃ is N, and X_u X₂, and X₄ are CR₅; X₄ is N, and Xi, X₂, and X₃ are CR₅; Xi and X₃ are CR₅ and X₂ and X₄ are N, X₂ and X₄ are CR₅ and Xi and X₃ are N, or X₂ and X₃ are CR₃ and X₁ and X₄ are N

5. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein Ri is one of the following formulae:

wherein Rj₆ is hydrogen, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C]₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, Cg-C]₀ aralkyl acyl, Ce-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C]₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

R_n is hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C]₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C]-C]₀ ahphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C_]o alkylary] acyl, alkoxy, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z, each instance of Rj₈ and R₂i is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C]-C]₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkyny], C₂-C]₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C]₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₅-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, Cj-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C,₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; Rig is hydrogen, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkcnyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, s is an integer of 0, 1, 2, or 3, and n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

6. A compound of Formula VII.

Formula VII and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R₁, and R₂ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, Cs-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, Ce-Cj₀ aralkyl acyl, Cs-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci_O alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Cio aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl,

C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl,

-OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

Ri₆ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, Ce-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci_Oaralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

Rn is hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-Cio alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci_O alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY,

-OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z, each instance of Rj₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-C_]0 alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl,

C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl,

C₆-Ci_O aralkyl acyl, Ce-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic,

C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z, s is an integer of O, 1, 2, or 3, and wherein the compound of Formula I is not the compound of Formula A

Formula A wherein R_f is hydrogen; and wherein the compound of Formula VII is not the compound wherein-

R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0;

R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R_n is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy;

R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, Ri₆ is hydrogen, Rn is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- nitro,

R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0,

R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy;

R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ and Rg are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, Rj₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0,

R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy,

R₂ is hydrogen, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R] ₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R_]g is 5'- methoxy;

R₂ is hydroxy, R₆ and R₈ are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is methyl, R_]7 is hydroxy, and s is 0;

R₂ is hydroxy, R₆ and Rg are hydroxy, R₇ and R₉ are hydrogen, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is methoxy, and s is 0,

R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₇ is hydroxy, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0;

R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₇ is hydroxy, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy,

R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₇ is hydroxy, K₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0,

R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, R₁₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0;

R₂ is hydrogen, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, Rg is hydroxy, R]₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R^ is 5'- hydroxy,

R₂ is hydroxy, R₅, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, R_i6 is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, and s is 0, or

R₂ is hydroxy, R₆, R₇, and R₉ are hydrogen, R₈ is hydroxy, Ri₆ is hydrogen, R₁₇ is hydroxy, s is 1, and R₁₈ is 5'- hydroxy

7. The compound of claim 1 or 6 wherern the compound is not the compound of Formula A wherein R_f is PO₃K₂.

8 The compound of claim 6 of Formula VIII:

Formula VIII wherein Rig is hydrogen, Ci-C_]o alkyl, C₂-Ci_Oalkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alky laryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; and at least one OfR₁₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z

9. The compound of claim 6 of Formula IX:

Formula IX wherein R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, carboxaldehyde, amino, C_rCi₀ alkyl, C₂-C]₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z.

10. The compound of claim 6 of Formula X:

Formula X

11. The compound of claim 6 of Formula XI:

Formula XI

12. The compound of claim 6 of Formula XII:

Formula XII

13. The compound of claim 1 of Formula XIII:

Formula XIII wherein R₆, R₇, and R₉ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, ammo, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-C_]0 aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteioaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; each nistance OfR₁₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-Ci_O aIlCyI, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C_mcycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

Ri₉ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Cj₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; n is an integer of O, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

14 The compound of claim 1 of Formula XV:

Formula XV wherein each instance OfR₁₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, hctcroaryl, C₃-Cioheterocyclic, Cj-Ciocycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

Ri₉ IS hydrogen, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; and n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. 15. The compound of claim 1 of Formula XVI.

Formula XVI wherein R₁₈ and R₂i are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-C_1O alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C i -C io aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

Rj₉ and R₂o are independently hydrogen, C₁-C]₀ alkyl, C₂-Cj₀ alkynyl, C₂-Cj₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-Cι₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z

16. The compound of claim 1 of Formula XVII.

Formula XVII wherein R₁₈ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C_1O aIk)TIyI, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C]₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

R₂₀ is hydrogen, C_rCi₀ alkyl, C₂-C ,₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C]₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-CiQ aralkyl acyl, C₆-CiO alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C]₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C]₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z

17. The compound of claim 1 of Formula XVIII:

Formula XVIII wherein each instance OfRj₈ and R₂₂ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-Ci_O aIiCyI, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, Ci-Cio aliphatic acyl, Cβ-Cio aromatic acyl, Ce-Qo aralkyl acyl, C₅-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

Rip is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl, Cβ-Cio aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C_J0 alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; n is an integer of O, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and t is an integer of O, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

18. The compound of claim 1 of Formula XIX.

Formula XIX wherein each instance OfR₁₈ and R₂₂ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C_]0 alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, Ci-Cio aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

Ri₉ Is hydrogen, C_rC₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C_rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C,₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; n is an integer of O, 1 , 2, 3, or 4, and m is an integer of O, 1 , or 2.

19 The compound of claim 1 of Formula XX:

Formula XX wherein each instance of Rig and R₂₂ is independently hydrogen, hydioxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-C]₀ aliphatic acyl, Cg-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

R₎₉ is hydrogen, C₁-C]₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci_O alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted Q-Ciocycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; n is an integer of O, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and p is an integer of O, 1, 2 or 3.

20. The compound of claim 1 of Formula XXI:

Formula XXI wherein Rjg and R₂i are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀heterocychc, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

R₂₀ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C]-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z. 21. The compound of claim 1 of Formula XXII:

Formula XXII wherein X₅ is a Cj to C₄ group, optionally interrupted by O, S, NR₂₃, or NR₂₃R₂₃ as valency permits, forming a ring which is aromatic or nonaromatic, wherein R₁₈ and R₂i are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C2-Q₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C_t-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl,

C₆ C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆ C_loaralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY₃ -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z, each instance of R₂₃ is independently hydrogen, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, acyloxy, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl ^acylj C₆ Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C₅-Ci₀heterocyclyl, , C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or

-PO₃Z, and wherein when X₅ is a Ci group, at least one OfR]₈ and R₂₂ is not hydrogen The compound of claim 1 of Formula XXIII

Formula XXIH

R₂₀ is hydrogen, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci_O alkynyl, C₂-Ci_O alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C ₎₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Cj₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z,

Het is a 3 to 10 membered optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaromatic or heteroalicyclic ring system containing 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 heteroatoms selected from the group of O, S, and N, with the proviso that no two adjacent ring atoms are O or S, wherein the rmg system is unsaturated, partially unsaturated or saturated, wherein any number of the ring atoms have substituents as valency permits which are hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, alkylcarboxaldehyde, lmino, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-Ci₀ alkynyl, Ci-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, Ci-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₅-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, Cs-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, heteroaryl,

C₅-C₁₀heterocyclyl, C₅-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z The compound of claim 22 wherein Het is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted furyl, optionally substituted pyπdyl, optionally substituted pyridazmyl, optionally substituted pyrimidinyl and optionally substituted thienyl A compound of Formula IV, V, or VI-

and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein

X is O, S, or NR' wherein R' is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl ^acyl, ^aryl= C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-Ciocycloalkyl,

R₁, and R₂ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₄-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ciocycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; each OfX₁, X₂, X₃ and X₄ are independently CR₅, O, S, or N, with the proviso that at least one of

is N, each instance of R₅ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, ammo, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C]₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-C_t0 heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

Ri₀, Rn , Ri₂ , R]₃, R₁₄ and R₁₅ are mdependently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amino, C]-Ci_O alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C ₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, CpC ₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, amine, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z,

W and Y are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, carbohydrate, or a cation, and Z is a multivalent cation.

25. The compound of claim 24 wherein X is O

26. The compound of claim 24 wherein X₁ is CR₅, and X₃ is N;

is N; X₂ is CR₅, and X₄ is N; Xi is N, and X₃ is CR₅; Xi is N, and X₄ is CR₅; X₂ Is CR₅, and X₄ is N;

X₁ is CR₅, and X₃ is N;

N; Xi and X₄ are N, or X₂ and X₄ are N. 27. The compound of claim 24 wherein Ri is

wherein Ri₆ is hydrogen, C]-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Cio alkynyl, C₂-Cio alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-C io aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C_I0cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z;

Rn is hydrogen, hydroxy, carboxaldehyde, amine, C₁-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, Cg-C_1O alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or C₃-Ciocycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; each instance of R_1S is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-C]₀ alkynyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, Ci-C_]0 aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Qo aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

R₁₉ is hydrogen, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C ₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; and s is an integer of O, 1, 2, or 3.

28. The compound of claim 24 of Formula XXIV or Formula XXV:

Formula XXIV Formula XXV wherein each instance OfR₁₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, C]-C]_O alkyl, C₂-C]₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C₁-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-Cj₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z;

R₁₉ Is hydrogen, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C _rC₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C]₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, optionally substituted C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; and n is an integer of O, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

29. The compound of claim 24 of Formula XXVI, Formula XXVII, or Formula XXVIII:

Formula XXVI Formula XXVII Formula XXVIII wherein Ri₆ is hydrogen, C_rCi₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C]₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C_rCi₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C _i0 aralkyl acyl, C₆-Ci₀alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z Or -PO₃Z; each instance of R^ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Cj-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C io alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C _!-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C_1O alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; and n is an integer of O, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

30. The compound of claim 24 of Formula XXIX, Formula XXX, or Formula XXXI;

Formula XXIX Formula XXX Formula XXXI wherein R₁₆ is hydrogen, C₁-C_1OaIlCyI, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, C₁-C₁₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z; each instance OfR₁₈ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Q-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, nitro, halogen, C_rC₁₀aliphatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-C₁₀ aralkyl acyl, C₆-C₁₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₁₀ heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z; and n is an integer of O, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

31. The compound of claim 24 of Formula XXXII, Formula XXXIII, or Formula XXXIV:

Formula XXXII Formula XXXIII Formula XXXIV wherein R_]6 is hydrogen, Ci-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, C₂-C]₀ alkenyl, carbohydrate, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl acyl, C₅-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, aryl, C₃-C_I0 heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, each instance of R^ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxaldehyde, amine, Ci-C_1O alkyl, QrC io alkynyl, C₂-Ci_O alkenyl, carboxyl, carbohydrate, ester, acyloxy, mtro, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ aliphatic acyl,

C₆-Ci₀ aromatic acyl, C₆-Ci₀ aralkyl ^acyl_? C₆-Ci₀ alkylaryl acyl, alkoxy, alkyl, phosphate, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-Ci₀ heterocyclic, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z, and n is an integer of O, 1, 2, 3, or 4

32. The compound of claim 1, 6, or 24 wherein R₂ is -H, -OH, -OCH₂CH₃, or -OCH₃ 33. The compound of claim 2, 24, 29, 30 or 31 wherein R₅ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ or -Cl.

34. The compound of claim 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, or 13 wherein R^ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃, or -Cl.

35. The compound of claim 6, 8, 9, 11 , or 13 wherein R₇ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃, or -Cl

36. The compound of claim 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12 wherein R₈ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH_{3 ,} -0-glucoromde, or -CI. 37 The compound of claim 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 wherein R₉ is -H, -OH, -OCH₂CH₃, or -OCH₃

38. The compound of claim 29 wherein R₁₀ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ Or -Cl

39. The compound of claim 29 wherein Rn is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ or -Cl.

40. The compound of claim 3 O, wherein R₁₂ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ or -Cl. 41 The compound of claim 30 wherein R_n is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ or -Cl. 42. The compound of claim 31 wherein R₁₄ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ or -Cl

43. The compound of claim 31 wherein R₁₅ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ or -Cl.

44. The compound of claim 1, 6, or 24 wherein Ri₆ is hydrogen, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z

45. The compound of claim 5, 6, or 27 wherein R_n is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ , -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z. 46. The compound of claim 5, 6, 27, 28, 29, 30, or 31 wherein R₁₈ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -OCH₂CH₃, -OCH₃ ,

Cl, -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z

47. The compound of claim 5, 6, 27, 28, 29, 30, or 31 wherein R₁₉ is -H, -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z.

48. The compound of claim 1, 6, or 24 wherein WY is H₂, Na₂, or K₂

49. The compound of claim 1, 6, or 24 wherein Z is Ca or Mg.

50. The compound of claim 6, 27, 28, 29, 30 or 31 wherein at least one OfR]₆ and R₁₉ is -PO₃WY, -CH₂PO₄WY, -CH₂PO₄Z or -PO₃Z, or Ri₈ is -OPO₃WY, -OCH₂PO₄WY, -OCH₂PO₄Z or -OPO₃Z.

51. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, 6, or 24 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.