WO2009131419A2 - Non-aqueous electrolyte solution for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery having the same - Google Patents

Non-aqueous electrolyte solution for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery having the same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009131419A2
WO2009131419A2 PCT/KR2009/002167 KR2009002167W WO2009131419A2 WO 2009131419 A2 WO2009131419 A2 WO 2009131419A2 KR 2009002167 W KR2009002167 W KR 2009002167W WO 2009131419 A2 WO2009131419 A2 WO 2009131419A2
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Prior art keywords
aqueous electrolyte
electrolyte solution
secondary battery
lithium secondary
carbonate
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PCT/KR2009/002167
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WO2009131419A3 (en
Inventor
So-Young Park
Hee-Gyoung Kang
Joon-Sung Bae
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LG Chem Ltd
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LG Chem Ltd
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Priority to JP2011506207A priority Critical patent/JP5827122B2/en
Priority to US12/989,360 priority patent/US8697293B2/en
Priority to EP09735372.6A priority patent/EP2274790B1/en
Priority to CN200980114055.2A priority patent/CN102017270B/en
Priority to DK09735372.6T priority patent/DK2274790T3/en
Publication of WO2009131419A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009131419A2/en
Publication of WO2009131419A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009131419A3/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
    • H01M2300/0034—Fluorinated solvents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, and a lithium secondary battery having the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte with excellent cycle performance and overcharging stability, and a lithium secondary battery having the same.
  • a lithium secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode, an electrolyte and a separator that provides a passage for lithium ions moving between the cathode and the anode.
  • the lithium ion secondary batteries generate electric energy by means of a redox reaction.
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte used for lithium secondary batteries generally includes an electrolyte solvent and an electrolyte salt.
  • the electrolyte solvent is decomposed on an electrode surface or co-intercalated between carbonaceous anode layers while a battery is charged or discharged, thereby collapsing the anode structure. It may damage stability of the battery.
  • SEI Solid Electrolyte Interface
  • the SEI film generally insufficiently serves as a film for continuously protecting the anode, and its life and performance are deteriorated as the battery repeats charging/discharging.
  • a conventional SEI film for a lithium secondary battery is thermally unstable.
  • the SEI film may be easily collapsed due to electrochemical energy and thermal energy increased as time goes.
  • gas such as CO 2 is continuously generated due to collapse of the SEI film and decomposition of the electrolyte, which increases inner pressure and thickness of the battery.
  • cyclohexylbenzene and biphenyl were frequently used as an overcharging inhibitor.
  • cyclohexylbenzene and biphenyl become factors of decreasing battery capacity and deteriorating normal temperature performance though it prevents overcharging.
  • Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 1996-45545 discloses a method of using vinylene carbonate (VC) as an electrolyte additive for forming a SEI film on a surface of an anode.
  • VC vinylene carbonate
  • VC is easily decomposed to generate gas at a cathode on the condition of high temperature cycle or high temperature preservation, which deteriorates performance and stability of a battery.
  • Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2002-329528 suggests controlling gas generation at a high temperature by using an unsaturated sultone-based compound.
  • Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2001-006729 suggests improving high temperature preservation characteristics by using a carbonate-based compound including a vinyl group.
  • these methods does not ensure a firm SEI film, so the conventional problems still remain unsolved.
  • the present invention is designed to solve the above problems of the prior art, and therefore it is an objective of the present invention to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, which may improve stability of a solid electrolyte interface film formed on a surface of an anode and prevent elution of transition metal at a cathode together with maintaining overcharging stability of a lithium secondary battery, thereby allowing improvement of normal temperature cycle performance and high temperature cycle performance of the battery.
  • the present invention provides a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, which includes a lithium salt and an organic solvent, wherein, based on 100 parts by weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution, the non-aqueous electrolyte solution includes 1 to 5 parts by weight of sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure; 1 to 5 parts by weight of cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group; 5 to 10 parts by weight of cyclic carbonate compound that is substituted with halogen; and 1 to 5 parts by weight of dinitrile-based compound.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention includes a sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure, a cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group, a cyclic compound substituted with halogen and a dinitrile-based compound as additives in specific contents to give a remarkable synergic effect more than expected by those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention ensures more excellently stable SEI film than conventional non-aqueous electrolyte solutions for lithium secondary batteries, thereby improving cycle performance of a battery.
  • the sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure may be any one selected from the group consisting of compounds expressed in the following Chemical Formula 1 or their mixtures, but not limitedly.
  • the cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group may be any one selected from the group consisting of 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on (vinylethylene carbonate), 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-4-n-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-5-methyl-1,3,-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on and 4-ethenyl-5-n-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, or their mixtures, but not limitedly.
  • the cyclic carbonate compound substituted with halogen may be fluoroethylene carbonate, but not limitedly.
  • the dinitrile-based compound may be a compound expressed by the following Chemistry Figure 2.
  • R is -(CH 2 ) n - and n is an integer of 1 to 10.
  • the above non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery may be used for making a lithium secondary battery.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention has a thermally stable and firm SEI film formed on an anode and not easily collapsed in spite of repeated charging/discharging, thereby improving the life of a battery and controlling reduction of capacity of the battery without deteriorating overcharging stability. Also, a protective film is formed on a cathode to control elution of transition metal from the cathode, thereby preventing side reaction between the electrolyte and the cathode as well gas generation and thus improving high temperature characteristics.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing measurement results of capacity (upper lines) and thickness (lower lines) according to charging/discharging cycles at 23°C of lithium secondary batteries having non-aqueous electrolyte solutions according to the examples 1 and 2 and the comparative example 1;
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing measurement results of capacity (upper lines) and thickness (lower lines) according to charging/discharging cycles at 45°C of lithium secondary batteries having non-aqueous electrolyte solutions according to the examples 1 and 2 and the comparative examples 1 to 3.
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery generally includes a lithium salt and an organic solvent.
  • the inventors found that, in case of a conventional lithium secondary battery containing a non-aqueous electrolyte solution using vinylene carbonate, unsaturated sultone-based compound or carbonate-based compound with a vinyl group, a SEI film formed on a surface of an anode is porous but not dense, so the SEI film is easily collapsed while repeating charging/discharging processes, thereby deteriorating the battery performance.
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention includes a sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure, a cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group, a cyclic compound substituted with halogen and a dinitrile-based compound as additives in specific contents to give a remarkable synergic effect, as mentioned above.
  • the sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure and the cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group, contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention may be electrically reduced more rapidly than an electrolyte solvent and also cross- and/or repeat-polymerized to form a firmer SEI film.
  • the SEI film formed on the surface of the anode is firm and dense and thus it is not easily collapsed though charging/discharging is repeated, thereby enhancing the life of battery and preventing decrease of capacity.
  • the sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure may control gas generation at high temperature.
  • any sultone-based compound having a double bond in a cyclic structure may give the effect aimed by the present invention.
  • the sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure, included in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention may be any one selected from the group consisting of compounds expressed in the following Chemical Formula 1 or their mixtures, but not limited thereto.
  • a more preferred example of the sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure according to the present invention may be (1,3-(1-propene)sultone, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention includes 1 to 5 parts by weight of sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure, based on 100 parts by weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. If the content of sultone-based compound is less than 1 part by weight, the normal and high temperature performance is deteriorated. If the content exceeds 5 parts by weight, the formed SEI rather acts as a resistance, thereby deteriorating capacity of a battery.
  • cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group employed in the present invention has excellent high temperature preservation characteristics.
  • cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group according to the present invention cyclic carbonate has no special limitation, but ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate may be preferably used.
  • the cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group may be is any one selected from the group consisting of 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on (vinylethylene carbonate), 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-4-n-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-5-methyl-1,3,-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on and 4-ethenyl-5-n-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, or their mixtures, but not limitedly.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention includes 1 to 5 parts by weight of cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group, based on 100 parts by weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. If the content of sultone-based compound is less than 1 part by weight, the normal or high temperature performance is deteriorated. If the content exceeds 5 parts by weight, reaction with a cathode is increased, thereby increasing a cell thickness.
  • the cyclic carbonate compound substituted with halogen may prevent swelling of a battery.
  • Any compound of which cyclic carbonate is substituted with halogen may be used in the present invention without limitation.
  • cyclic carbonate has no special limitation, but ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate may be preferably used. Accordingly, the cyclic carbonate compound substituted with halogen may be fluoroethylene carbonate, but not limitedly.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention includes 5 to 10 parts by weight of cyclic carbonate compound substituted with halogen, based on 100 parts by weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. If the content of the compound is less than 5 part by weight, the performance of controlling swelling of a battery is deteriorated, thereby causing deterioration of thermal stability and life performance of the battery. If the content exceeds 10 parts by weight, the capacity of a battery is deteriorated.
  • the dinitrile-based compound employed in the present invention forms a complex as a nitrile group existing in the compound and having a strong polarity is strongly combined with a surface of a cathode.
  • the formed complex serves as a protective film for isolating an active site of the surface of the cathode, which may prevent transition metal from being eluted and educed at an anode.
  • the complex controls side reaction or gas generation occurring between the electrolyte and the cathode, thereby improving high temperature characteristics.
  • the dinitrile-based compound employed in the present invention may adopt any compound with a dinitrile group.
  • the dinitrile-based group according to the present invention may be expressed by the following Chemistry Figure 2.
  • R may be -(CH 2 ) n - and n may be an integer of 1 to 10.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to the present invention includes 1 to 5 parts by weight of dinitrile-based compound. If the content of dinitrile-based compound is less than 1 part by weight, high temperature life performance and stability are deteriorated. If the content exceeds 5 parts by weight, side reaction with a cathode is increased to increase gas generation, thereby increasing a cell thickness.
  • any lithium salt material commonly used in an electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery may be used.
  • the lithium salt may be any one selected from the group consisting of LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiSbF 6, LiAsF 6, LiClO 4 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , CF 3 SO 3 Li and LiC(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , or their mixtures.
  • the organic solvent included in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to the present invention may use any one commonly used in electrolyte solutions for lithium secondary batteries.
  • the organic solvent may use any one selected from the group consisting of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, vinylene carbonate, sulfolane, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite and tetrahydrofuran, or their mixtures.
  • cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate are high viscosity organic solvents with high dielectric constant, which easily dissociate lithium salts in an electrolyte, desirably.
  • linear carbonate with as dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate with low viscosity and low dielectric constant is used in mixture with such cyclic carbonate at a suitable ratio, it is possible to make an electrolyte solution with high electric conductivity, more preferably.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is injected into an electrode structure having a cathode, an anode and a separator interposed between the cathode and the anode, thereby making a lithium secondary battery.
  • the cathode, the anode and the separator used in the electrode structure may be formed from any kind of material commonly used in making a lithium ion secondary battery.
  • An anode active material may be formed from carbon material, lithium metal, silicon or tin, into/from which lithium ions may be intercalated or disintercalated.
  • carbon material is preferred.
  • the carbon material may be low-crystalline carbon or high-crystalline carbon.
  • the low-crystalline carbon may be soft carbon or hard carbon as representative examples, and the high-crystalline carbon may be natural graphite, Kish graphite, pyrolytic carbon, mesophase pitch based carbon fiber, meso-carbon microbeads, mesophase pitches, or high-temperature sintered carbon, such as petroleum or coal tar pitch derived cokes, as representative examples.
  • the anode may contain a binding agent, which may employ various kinds of binder polymers, such as PVDF-co-HFP, polyvinylidenefluoride, polyacrylonitrile, and polymethylmethacrylate.
  • the separator may be formed of common porous polymer films used as a conventional separator, such as porous polymer film made using ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer or ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, in a single layer or in laminate form.
  • the separator may be formed of a common porous non-woven fabric such as a non-woven fabric made of glass fiber with a high melting point or polyethylene terephthalate fiber, but it is not limited thereto.
  • the lithium secondary battery of the present invention may have a variety of shapes which are not specially limited. Examples include a cylindrical can shape, an angled shape, a pouch shape or a coin shape.
  • LiPF 6 was added to a solution in which ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and propylene carbonate (PC) were mixed in a volume ratio of 2:7:1 to make a 1M LiPF 6 solution. Then, 1 part by weight of 1,3-(1-propene)sultone (PRS), 1 part by weight of vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), 5.38 parts by weight of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and 1 part by weight of succinonitrile (SN) were added based on 100 parts by weight of non-aqueous electrolyte, thereby preparing a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
  • PRS 1,3-(1-propene)sultone
  • VEC vinylethylene carbonate
  • FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
  • SN succinonitrile
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same way as in the Example 1, except that a 1:1 mixture of diethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate was used instead of diethyl carbonate.
  • LiPF 6 was added to a solution in which ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and propylene carbonate (PC) were mixed at a volume ratio of 2:7:1 to prepare 1M LiPF 6 solution as a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • DEC diethyl carbonate
  • PC propylene carbonate
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same way as in the Example 1, except that succinonitrile was not used.
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same way as in the Example 1, except that 1,3-1(propene)sultone (PRS) was not used.
  • PRS 1,3-1(propene)sultone
  • Cylindrical lithium secondary batteries including the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions prepared according to the Examples 1 and 2 and the Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were manufactured using LiCoO 2 as a cathode and artificial graphite as an anode.
  • the manufactured batteries were charged and discharged 400 times at 23°C and 45°C, and then their changed capacity and changed thickness in comparison to initial values were measured.
  • the measured data for changed capacity and changed thickness at 23°C are shown in a graph of FIG. 1, and the measured data at 45°C are shown in a graph of FIG. 2.
  • the batteries having the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions according to the present invention maintains capacity preserving performance and thickness changing rate excellently as cycles are increased.

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Abstract

A non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery includes a lithium salt and an organic solvent. Based on 100 parts by weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution, the non-aqueous electrolyte solution includes 1 to 5 parts by weight of sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure; 1 to 5 parts by weight of cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group; 5 to 10 parts by weight of cyclic carbonate compound that is substituted with halogen; and 1 to 5 parts by weight of dinitrile-based compound. This non-aqueous electrolyte solution improves stability of a SEI film formed on a surface of an anode of a lithium secondary battery and thus improves normal temperature cycle performance and high temperature cycle performance.

Description

NON-AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION FOR LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY AND LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY HAVING THE SAME
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, and a lithium secondary battery having the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte with excellent cycle performance and overcharging stability, and a lithium secondary battery having the same.
With recent and rapid developments of information communication industries, electronic devices have become smaller, lighter, slimmer and more portable. As a result, a demand for batteries having higher energy density as a driving power source of an electronic device is increased. Among such batteries, lithium secondary batteries satisfy this demand, and numerous studies towards improvements are now in progress actively. A lithium secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode, an electrolyte and a separator that provides a passage for lithium ions moving between the cathode and the anode. When lithium ions are intercalated into or disintercalated from the cathode or the anode, the lithium ion secondary batteries generate electric energy by means of a redox reaction.
A non-aqueous electrolyte used for lithium secondary batteries generally includes an electrolyte solvent and an electrolyte salt. However, the electrolyte solvent is decomposed on an electrode surface or co-intercalated between carbonaceous anode layers while a battery is charged or discharged, thereby collapsing the anode structure. It may damage stability of the battery.
It is known that such problems may be solved by means of a SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interface) film formed on a surface of an anode by means of reduction of the electrolyte solvent when a battery is initially charged. However, the SEI film generally insufficiently serves as a film for continuously protecting the anode, and its life and performance are deteriorated as the battery repeats charging/discharging. In particular, a conventional SEI film for a lithium secondary battery is thermally unstable. Thus, in case a battery is operated or left alone under a high temperature, the SEI film may be easily collapsed due to electrochemical energy and thermal energy increased as time goes. Thus, the battery performance is more deteriorated under a high temperature. In particular, gas such as CO2 is continuously generated due to collapse of the SEI film and decomposition of the electrolyte, which increases inner pressure and thickness of the battery.
In addition, cyclohexylbenzene and biphenyl were frequently used as an overcharging inhibitor. However, cyclohexylbenzene and biphenyl become factors of decreasing battery capacity and deteriorating normal temperature performance though it prevents overcharging.
In order to solve the above problems, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 1996-45545 discloses a method of using vinylene carbonate (VC) as an electrolyte additive for forming a SEI film on a surface of an anode. However, VC is easily decomposed to generate gas at a cathode on the condition of high temperature cycle or high temperature preservation, which deteriorates performance and stability of a battery.
Also, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2002-329528 suggests controlling gas generation at a high temperature by using an unsaturated sultone-based compound. In addition, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2001-006729 suggests improving high temperature preservation characteristics by using a carbonate-based compound including a vinyl group. However, these methods does not ensure a firm SEI film, so the conventional problems still remain unsolved.
The present invention is designed to solve the above problems of the prior art, and therefore it is an objective of the present invention to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, which may improve stability of a solid electrolyte interface film formed on a surface of an anode and prevent elution of transition metal at a cathode together with maintaining overcharging stability of a lithium secondary battery, thereby allowing improvement of normal temperature cycle performance and high temperature cycle performance of the battery.
In order to accomplish the above objective, the present invention provides a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, which includes a lithium salt and an organic solvent, wherein, based on 100 parts by weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution, the non-aqueous electrolyte solution includes 1 to 5 parts by weight of sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure; 1 to 5 parts by weight of cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group; 5 to 10 parts by weight of cyclic carbonate compound that is substituted with halogen; and 1 to 5 parts by weight of dinitrile-based compound.
The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention includes a sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure, a cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group, a cyclic compound substituted with halogen and a dinitrile-based compound as additives in specific contents to give a remarkable synergic effect more than expected by those having ordinary skill in the art. In other words, the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention ensures more excellently stable SEI film than conventional non-aqueous electrolyte solutions for lithium secondary batteries, thereby improving cycle performance of a battery.
In the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, the sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure may be any one selected from the group consisting of compounds expressed in the following Chemical Formula 1 or their mixtures, but not limitedly.
Chemical Formula 1
[Corrected under Rule 26 16.07.2009]
Figure WO-DOC-CHEMICAL-1
In addition, in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, the cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group may be any one selected from the group consisting of 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on (vinylethylene carbonate), 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-4-n-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-5-methyl-1,3,-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on and 4-ethenyl-5-n-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, or their mixtures, but not limitedly.
In addition, in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, the cyclic carbonate compound substituted with halogen may be fluoroethylene carbonate, but not limitedly.
Also, in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, the dinitrile-based compound may be a compound expressed by the following Chemistry Figure 2.
Chemistry Figure 2
Figure PCTKR2009002167-appb-I000002
where R is -(CH2)n- and n is an integer of 1 to 10.
The above non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery may be used for making a lithium secondary battery.
The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention has a thermally stable and firm SEI film formed on an anode and not easily collapsed in spite of repeated charging/discharging, thereby improving the life of a battery and controlling reduction of capacity of the battery without deteriorating overcharging stability. Also, a protective film is formed on a cathode to control elution of transition metal from the cathode, thereby preventing side reaction between the electrolyte and the cathode as well gas generation and thus improving high temperature characteristics.
FIG. 1 is a graph showing measurement results of capacity (upper lines) and thickness (lower lines) according to charging/discharging cycles at 23℃ of lithium secondary batteries having non-aqueous electrolyte solutions according to the examples 1 and 2 and the comparative example 1; and
FIG. 2 is a graph showing measurement results of capacity (upper lines) and thickness (lower lines) according to charging/discharging cycles at 45℃ of lithium secondary batteries having non-aqueous electrolyte solutions according to the examples 1 and 2 and the comparative examples 1 to 3.
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. Prior to the description, it should be understood that the terms used in the specification and the appended claims should not be construed as limited to general and dictionary meanings, but interpreted based on the meanings and concepts corresponding to technical aspects of the present invention on the basis of the principle that the inventors are allowed to define terms appropriately for the best explanation.
As mentioned above, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery generally includes a lithium salt and an organic solvent. The inventors found that, in case of a conventional lithium secondary battery containing a non-aqueous electrolyte solution using vinylene carbonate, unsaturated sultone-based compound or carbonate-based compound with a vinyl group, a SEI film formed on a surface of an anode is porous but not dense, so the SEI film is easily collapsed while repeating charging/discharging processes, thereby deteriorating the battery performance.
Thus, in order to solve this problem, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention includes a sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure, a cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group, a cyclic compound substituted with halogen and a dinitrile-based compound as additives in specific contents to give a remarkable synergic effect, as mentioned above.
The sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure and the cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group, contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention, may be electrically reduced more rapidly than an electrolyte solvent and also cross- and/or repeat-polymerized to form a firmer SEI film. In this process, the SEI film formed on the surface of the anode is firm and dense and thus it is not easily collapsed though charging/discharging is repeated, thereby enhancing the life of battery and preventing decrease of capacity.
The sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure may control gas generation at high temperature. Preferably, any sultone-based compound having a double bond in a cyclic structure may give the effect aimed by the present invention. The sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure, included in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, may be any one selected from the group consisting of compounds expressed in the following Chemical Formula 1 or their mixtures, but not limited thereto.
Chemical Formula 1
[Corrected under Rule 26 16.07.2009]
Figure WO-DOC-CHEMICAL-1
A more preferred example of the sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure according to the present invention may be (1,3-(1-propene)sultone, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
The non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention includes 1 to 5 parts by weight of sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure, based on 100 parts by weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. If the content of sultone-based compound is less than 1 part by weight, the normal and high temperature performance is deteriorated. If the content exceeds 5 parts by weight, the formed SEI rather acts as a resistance, thereby deteriorating capacity of a battery.
In addition, the cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group employed in the present invention has excellent high temperature preservation characteristics. In the cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group according to the present invention, cyclic carbonate has no special limitation, but ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate may be preferably used. Accordingly, the cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group according to the present invention may be is any one selected from the group consisting of 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on (vinylethylene carbonate), 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-4-n-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-5-methyl-1,3,-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on and 4-ethenyl-5-n-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, or their mixtures, but not limitedly.
The non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention includes 1 to 5 parts by weight of cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group, based on 100 parts by weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. If the content of sultone-based compound is less than 1 part by weight, the normal or high temperature performance is deteriorated. If the content exceeds 5 parts by weight, reaction with a cathode is increased, thereby increasing a cell thickness.
In the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, the cyclic carbonate compound substituted with halogen may prevent swelling of a battery. Any compound of which cyclic carbonate is substituted with halogen may be used in the present invention without limitation. Here, cyclic carbonate has no special limitation, but ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate may be preferably used. Accordingly, the cyclic carbonate compound substituted with halogen may be fluoroethylene carbonate, but not limitedly.
The non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention includes 5 to 10 parts by weight of cyclic carbonate compound substituted with halogen, based on 100 parts by weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. If the content of the compound is less than 5 part by weight, the performance of controlling swelling of a battery is deteriorated, thereby causing deterioration of thermal stability and life performance of the battery. If the content exceeds 10 parts by weight, the capacity of a battery is deteriorated.
In addition, the dinitrile-based compound employed in the present invention forms a complex as a nitrile group existing in the compound and having a strong polarity is strongly combined with a surface of a cathode. The formed complex serves as a protective film for isolating an active site of the surface of the cathode, which may prevent transition metal from being eluted and educed at an anode. Also, the complex controls side reaction or gas generation occurring between the electrolyte and the cathode, thereby improving high temperature characteristics.
The dinitrile-based compound employed in the present invention may adopt any compound with a dinitrile group. For example, the dinitrile-based group according to the present invention may be expressed by the following Chemistry Figure 2.
Chemistry Figure 2
Figure PCTKR2009002167-appb-I000004
where R may be -(CH2)n- and n may be an integer of 1 to 10.
The non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to the present invention includes 1 to 5 parts by weight of dinitrile-based compound. If the content of dinitrile-based compound is less than 1 part by weight, high temperature life performance and stability are deteriorated. If the content exceeds 5 parts by weight, side reaction with a cathode is increased to increase gas generation, thereby increasing a cell thickness.
As the lithium salt incorporated in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention, any lithium salt material commonly used in an electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery may be used. The lithium salt may be any one selected from the group consisting of LiPF6, LiBF4, LiSbF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiN(C2F5SO2)2, LiN(CF3SO2)2, CF3SO3Li and LiC(CF3SO2)3, or their mixtures.
The organic solvent included in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to the present invention may use any one commonly used in electrolyte solutions for lithium secondary batteries. Representatively, the organic solvent may use any one selected from the group consisting of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, vinylene carbonate, sulfolane, γ-butyrolactone, ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite and tetrahydrofuran, or their mixtures. In particular, among the carbonate-based organic solvents, cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate are high viscosity organic solvents with high dielectric constant, which easily dissociate lithium salts in an electrolyte, desirably. If linear carbonate with as dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate with low viscosity and low dielectric constant is used in mixture with such cyclic carbonate at a suitable ratio, it is possible to make an electrolyte solution with high electric conductivity, more preferably.
The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is injected into an electrode structure having a cathode, an anode and a separator interposed between the cathode and the anode, thereby making a lithium secondary battery. The cathode, the anode and the separator used in the electrode structure may be formed from any kind of material commonly used in making a lithium ion secondary battery.
More specifically, a cathode active material may preferably be a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, for example, any one material or a mixture of at least two materials selected from the group consisting of LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, Li(NiaCobMnc)O2(0<a<1, 0<b<1, 0<c<1, a+b+c=1), LiNi1-yCoyO2, LiCo1-yMnyO2, LiNi1-yMnyO2(O?y<1), Li(NiaCobMnc)O4(0<a<2, 0<b<2, 0<c<2, a+b+c=2), LiMn2-zNizO4, LiMn2-zCozO4(0<z<2), LiCoPO4 and LiFePO4. Also, sulfide, selenide and halide may be used in addition to the above oxides.
An anode active material may be formed from carbon material, lithium metal, silicon or tin, into/from which lithium ions may be intercalated or disintercalated. Among them, carbon material is preferred. The carbon material may be low-crystalline carbon or high-crystalline carbon. The low-crystalline carbon may be soft carbon or hard carbon as representative examples, and the high-crystalline carbon may be natural graphite, Kish graphite, pyrolytic carbon, mesophase pitch based carbon fiber, meso-carbon microbeads, mesophase pitches, or high-temperature sintered carbon, such as petroleum or coal tar pitch derived cokes, as representative examples. The anode may contain a binding agent, which may employ various kinds of binder polymers, such as PVDF-co-HFP, polyvinylidenefluoride, polyacrylonitrile, and polymethylmethacrylate.
In addition, the separator may be formed of common porous polymer films used as a conventional separator, such as porous polymer film made using ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer or ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, in a single layer or in laminate form. In other cases, the separator may be formed of a common porous non-woven fabric such as a non-woven fabric made of glass fiber with a high melting point or polyethylene terephthalate fiber, but it is not limited thereto.
The lithium secondary battery of the present invention may have a variety of shapes which are not specially limited. Examples include a cylindrical can shape, an angled shape, a pouch shape or a coin shape.
Hereinafter, various preferred examples will be described in detail to illustrate the present invention. However, the examples of the present invention may be modified in various ways, and they should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention. The examples of the present invention are presented only for a better understanding of the invention to persons having ordinary skill in the art.
Example 1
LiPF6 was added to a solution in which ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and propylene carbonate (PC) were mixed in a volume ratio of 2:7:1 to make a 1M LiPF6 solution. Then, 1 part by weight of 1,3-(1-propene)sultone (PRS), 1 part by weight of vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), 5.38 parts by weight of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and 1 part by weight of succinonitrile (SN) were added based on 100 parts by weight of non-aqueous electrolyte, thereby preparing a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
Example 2
A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same way as in the Example 1, except that a 1:1 mixture of diethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate was used instead of diethyl carbonate.
Comparative Example 1
LiPF6 was added to a solution in which ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and propylene carbonate (PC) were mixed at a volume ratio of 2:7:1 to prepare 1M LiPF6 solution as a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
Comparative Example 2
A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same way as in the Example 1, except that succinonitrile was not used.
Comparative Example 3
A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same way as in the Example 1, except that 1,3-1(propene)sultone (PRS) was not used.
Measurement of Cycle Performance
Cylindrical lithium secondary batteries including the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions prepared according to the Examples 1 and 2 and the Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were manufactured using LiCoO2 as a cathode and artificial graphite as an anode. The manufactured batteries were charged and discharged 400 times at 23℃ and 45℃, and then their changed capacity and changed thickness in comparison to initial values were measured. The measured data for changed capacity and changed thickness at 23℃ are shown in a graph of FIG. 1, and the measured data at 45℃ are shown in a graph of FIG. 2.
As seen from FIGs. 1 and 2, it would be understood that the batteries having the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions according to the present invention maintains capacity preserving performance and thickness changing rate excellently as cycles are increased.

Claims (9)

  1. A non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, which includes a lithium salt and an organic solvent, wherein, based on 100 parts by weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution, the non-aqueous electrolyte solution comprises:
    1 to 5 parts by weight of sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure;
    1 to 5 parts by weight of cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group;
    5 to 10 parts by weight of cyclic carbonate compound that is substituted with halogen; and
    1 to 5 parts by weight of dinitrile-based compound.
  2. [Corrected under Rule 26 16.07.2009]
    The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure is any one selected from the group consisting of compounds expressed in the following Chemical Formula 1 or their mixtures: Chemical Formula 1
    Figure WO-DOC-CHEMICAL-1
  3. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1,
    wherein the sultone-based compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in a cyclic structure is (1,3-(1-propene)sultone.
  4. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1,
    wherein the cyclic carbonate compound with a vinyl group is any one selected from the group consisting of 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-4-n-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-5-methyl-1,3,-dioxolane-2-on, 4-ethenyl-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on and 4-ethenyl-5-n-propyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-on, or their mixtures.
  5. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1,
    wherein the cyclic carbonate compound substituted with halogen is fluoroethylene carbonate.
  6. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1,
    wherein the dinitrile-based compound is a compound expressed by the following Chemistry Figure 2:
    Chemistry Figure 2
    Figure PCTKR2009002167-appb-I000006
    where R is -(CH2)n- and n is an integer of 1 to 10.
  7. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1,
    wherein the lithium salt is any one selected from the group consisting of LiPF6, LiBF4, LiSbF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiN(C2F5SO2)2, LiN(CF3SO2)2, CF3SO3Li and LiC(CF3SO2)3, or their mixtures.
  8. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery according to claim 1,
    wherein the organic solvent is any one selected from the group consisting of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, vinylene carbonate, sulfolane, γ-butyrolactone, ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite and tetrahydrofuran, or their mixtures.
  9. A lithium secondary battery, which includes a cathode made of lithium-containing oxide, an anode made of carbonaceous material capable of absorbing/desorbing lithium ions, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution,
    wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is a non-aqueous electrolyte solution defined in any one of the claims 1 to 8.
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US8697293B2 (en) 2014-04-15
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CN102017270B (en) 2014-07-16
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KR20120034698A (en) 2012-04-12
EP2274790B1 (en) 2014-12-31
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US20110111306A1 (en) 2011-05-12
JP5827122B2 (en) 2015-12-02

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