WO2010009561A1 - Optisches kontrollverfahren zur erkennung von druckereierzeugnissen bei der druckweiterverarbeitung - Google Patents
Optisches kontrollverfahren zur erkennung von druckereierzeugnissen bei der druckweiterverarbeitung Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010009561A1 WO2010009561A1 PCT/CH2009/000127 CH2009000127W WO2010009561A1 WO 2010009561 A1 WO2010009561 A1 WO 2010009561A1 CH 2009000127 W CH2009000127 W CH 2009000127W WO 2010009561 A1 WO2010009561 A1 WO 2010009561A1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H43/00—Use of control, checking, or safety devices, e.g. automatic devices comprising an element for sensing a variable
- B65H43/08—Photoelectric devices
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
- B41F33/00—Indicating, counting, warning, control or safety devices
- B41F33/0036—Devices for scanning or checking the printed matter for quality control
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H29/00—Delivering or advancing articles from machines; Advancing articles to or into piles
- B65H29/66—Advancing articles in overlapping streams
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H7/00—Controlling article feeding, separating, pile-advancing, or associated apparatus, to take account of incorrect feeding, absence of articles, or presence of faulty articles
- B65H7/02—Controlling article feeding, separating, pile-advancing, or associated apparatus, to take account of incorrect feeding, absence of articles, or presence of faulty articles by feelers or detectors
- B65H7/14—Controlling article feeding, separating, pile-advancing, or associated apparatus, to take account of incorrect feeding, absence of articles, or presence of faulty articles by feelers or detectors by photoelectric feelers or detectors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T5/00—Image enhancement or restoration
- G06T5/80—Geometric correction
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
- G06T7/0002—Inspection of images, e.g. flaw detection
- G06T7/0004—Industrial image inspection
- G06T7/001—Industrial image inspection using an image reference approach
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2511/00—Dimensions; Position; Numbers; Identification; Occurrences
- B65H2511/40—Identification
- B65H2511/413—Identification of image
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2553/00—Sensing or detecting means
- B65H2553/40—Sensing or detecting means using optical, e.g. photographic, elements
- B65H2553/41—Photoelectric detectors
- B65H2553/414—Photoelectric detectors involving receptor receiving light reflected by a reflecting surface and emitted by a separate emitter
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2553/00—Sensing or detecting means
- B65H2553/40—Sensing or detecting means using optical, e.g. photographic, elements
- B65H2553/42—Cameras
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2553/00—Sensing or detecting means
- B65H2553/80—Arangement of the sensing means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2557/00—Means for control not provided for in groups B65H2551/00 - B65H2555/00
- B65H2557/20—Calculating means; Controlling methods
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
- G06T2207/30—Subject of image; Context of image processing
- G06T2207/30108—Industrial image inspection
- G06T2207/30144—Printing quality
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of post-processing and relates to an optical control method for the detection of sheet-like, flexible printed matter and an apparatus for carrying out such a control method.
- a receiving direction of the at least one optical sensor is arranged substantially perpendicular to a plane defined by the flat printed product.
- an image processing unit can no longer correctly recognize content contents which are shifted and / or rotated relative to the reference image and subsequently interpret the controlled printed product as false or erroneous.
- printed products may show signs of smearing, abrasion, cracks, crumpled areas, and the like due to production errors. Therefore, in the present description, the term defective printed product is also used alternatively to the term wrong printed product.
- the printed products identified as incorrect or incorrectly are treated accordingly, for example by excluding them from further processing or post-processing them.
- the printed matter found to be defective by the image recognition process is often found to be error-free or at least intolerable and, if possible, to be returned to the post-processing cycle.
- the feedback often involves manual operations. In any case, the economics of print finishing is undesirably reduced.
- a multiplicity of flat, flexible printed products are typically guided along at least one optical sensor along a conveying path.
- the at least one optical sensor detects at least one electronic image of each printed product which has at least one section or region of the printed matter.
- the electronic image is converted on the basis of correction information in a corrected image.
- the correction data cause a conversion of a recording perspective of the at least one optical sensor into a desired perspective.
- the correction is also called equalization. If, for example, the recording direction is inclined relative to a plane defined by a printed product (ie, an inclination angle is less than or greater than 90 °), a rectangular printed product has a trapezoidal contour due to the perspective view on the electronic image. On the corrected image, the contour of the printed product, as in the case of the reference image, is again rectangular and has largely the same proportions as the reference printed product contained in the reference image.
- the term "perspective” is understood below to mean a perspective which permits a disability-free or at least low-impediment comparison between the corrected image with the recorded printed product and the reference image.
- the corrected image corresponds to an image which is detected by an optical sensor whose recording direction is arranged substantially at right angles to a plane defined by the printed product.
- the target image corresponds to a flatbed scan of the printed product to be inspected.
- the target image originates, for example, from a upstream upstream unit, such as a rotary printing press or its prepress.
- the correction information is based on geometry data or at least one image content of the printed products.
- Ceometry data can
- the image content may be formed, for example, by the format or the shape of the printed products, while the image content is typically formed by printed text, text columns, lines, patterns and the like.
- the correction information can be generated, for example, by supplying an electronic image with a reference printed product and a reference image also present in electronic form to an image processing unit, which calculates therefrom the correction data for this sensor.
- a comparison can be made on the basis of a reference value.
- the correction information is in the form of command-like information or instructions and commands, based on which pixels of the electronic image are converted into corresponding pixels of the corrected image.
- the correction information is in the form of a vector matrix which effects the equalization for corresponding pixels (pixels) of the electronic image.
- the correction information is present, for example, in the form of a reference table or reference values.
- the correction information is typically generated prior to a production process and based on the above ceometry information or the image content of the recorded printed product.
- sections of the electronic image which do not represent a region of the print event to be monitored are also corrected during transfer, depending on the embodiment of the control method, they are subsequently excluded from subsequent image processing.
- here is an example of a rectangular electronic image with an image of a printed product called, which has a rectangular contour in the reference image.
- the printed product has a trapezoidal contour for reasons of perspective.
- the rectangular format of the electronic see picture changed so that it may no longer have easily definable format boundaries.
- the format of the printed product shown in the corrected image substantially corresponds again to the format of the reference printed matter on the reference image.
- only a certain image section of the corrected image for example a square area, is used while the rest is deleted.
- the correction indications ⁇ are stored on the image processing unit or supplied to the image processing unit for performing the perspective correction.
- the correction information for the current sensor position relative to the recorded printed products is determined fully automatically or manually, for example via scanning or optical detection of a reference printed product or several reference printed products or by means of an input via the display of a machine, or a combination thereof have been generated. The only thing that matters is that the function is guaranteed.
- the corrected image is then compared with a reference value or a reference image. Due to the result of this comparison, at least one signal is generated.
- the reference value or the reference image has been recorded, learned or entered beforehand, depending on the requirement, for the actual production process.
- a reliable detection of image content of printed products which are not or only partially arranged in a plane at the time of their detection by the sensor, for example because they had one or more free-form surfaces and the potentially suitable for detection image content or other properties just in the area the free-form surfaces are, so far not possible with known methods.
- the inventive method 11 Kontra is also suitable for the detection of properties of freeform surface curved printed products.
- further free-form surfaces are, for example, bent corner regions or folded printed products and / or folded printed sheets which bulge in the fold region and thus cause a curvature of an envelope or a flat side of the printed product.
- properties and / or features can be reliably detected even if a combination of the above-mentioned free-form surfaces occurs, for example if printed sheets bent by the airstream strike a deflection of the conveying path at a free corner along a baffle and the recording direction of the optical Sensor is arranged to the printed product at a free angle.
- an inclination of the receiving direction to a plane defined by the printed product level is understood both in the conveying direction, as well as transversely to the conveying direction. According to the invention, a corresponding arrangement is possible even in the absence of a defined plane of the printed products as a result of free-form surfaces.
- the reflection of the optical sensor facing sides of the printed products affects the quality of electronic images experience strong.
- Typical values for angles of inclination which give good control results are between about 30 degrees and about 150 degrees.
- the angle of inclination can also be adapted to the conveying direction of the conveyor as required.
- Printed products are understood to mean both individual printed products and groups of several printed products.
- the printed products comprise at least one flat, flexible printed product or printed product, which in turn may comprise a main product and / or at least one partial product.
- the main product and / or the partial product may be inserts of all kinds, for example a sample of goods.
- the corrected image provides an ideal basis for image content and / or product recognition.
- the equalization of the perspective is essential, since otherwise from an optimal (target) position and (target) orientation offset image content or subjects are not or hardly economically recognizable again.
- Even relatively simple image contents such as characters, geometric elements (lines, circles), images or patterns are immediately recognizable under perspective conditions by a human observer when compared with the reference image, but have not been reliably automated with prior art devices and be recognized as such again.
- the corrected image enables a more reliable discrimination of defective and correct printed products compared to known print finishing control methods and thus contributes significantly to the economy.
- An advantage of the control method according to the invention is that both the geometric properties of the recorded printed products contained in a single electronic image and the image contents of the electronically recorded printed products can be evaluated as needed.
- demanded expansion is meant, for example, a parallel or sequential evaluation, in which the electronic image is examined for a target adhesive field in a first sub-step, for example for applying a Memostick® is examined, while the same electronic image is also used in a second sub-step, for example, to determine an edge position of the printed product for a downstream filming unit.
- a further advantage of the control method according to the invention is that the optical control is independent of the conveying direction of a conveying means conveying the printed products with respect to the optical sensor. Depending on the requirements, the same method can even be used for a forward and backward conveying means, without a change being necessary to the device serving for this purpose.
- the present invention significantly extends the field of use for optical controls over known methods.
- hitherto unusable locations such as deflection points of conveyors, transfer points, shingled streams, wind-deformed, hanging-transported printed products and similar conveyance sections along conveyor lines for the recognition of printed products can be actively used in comparison to conventional control methods.
- a device suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention may also be constructed modularly and, if necessary, pushed onto the conveyor line if additional control of the printed products requires this.
- the decisive factor is that the correction information always relates to a specific sensor position with respect to the substantially equal deformation. and / or subsidized printed matter. If the sensor position is changed, this requires new correction information.
- Another advantage of the control method according to the invention is that the printed products need not be separated during the optical control, but can remain in their product stream, such as a scale flow.
- information obtained from the electronic images about the relevant printed products can be used as a basis for decision on the further treatment of certain predetermined criteria of corresponding printed products.
- the treatment may be an ejection of incorrect or faulty printed products or a special treatment or aftertreatment, for example in the form of a message of correct printed products but excessively shifted in relation to a desired position or desired orientation.
- a signal initiated by an image processing unit can be used as the result of an image comparison as an error message, which gives an operator, for example, an indication of a non-working or faulty feed conveyor or a defective processing station.
- the above-mentioned signal additionally contains values, these values can be used, for example, by a machine control system for the automatic readjustment of upstream or downstream systems or system components.
- a keyhole-shaped opening surrounded by side edges is respectively recorded on the electronic images. This "key hole" is of interest, for example, for a round waistband or a non-pressed waistband.
- the shape and extent of the keyhole shaped opening is dependent on processing factors such as conveying speed and number of printed products per track distance. cut as well as from any scale flow factors.
- the inventive control method is used to determine processing factors, which can be used by a local or higher-level control or regulation.
- control method allows a faster and thus more economical installation or retrofitting with less effort than in the known control devices or control methods.
- the creation of the corrected images and / or their image processing takes place in real time or virtually in real time. This allows use in automated high-speed print finishing systems which currently have high capacity processing capabilities in a processing line of currently about 40,000 to about 80,000 printed products per hour.
- the image processing unit to be understood under the term real-time processing times of less than or equal to a resulting Hätakt- be time or production cycle time of about 0:09 seconds at 40'0OO printed products per hour and about 0,045 seconds at 80 1 OOO printed products per hour.
- a first sensor detects only every second printed product, while a second sensor detects the respectively intermediate printed products.
- the image processing of both optical sensors on the same image processing unit is jointly carried out. If outlines of image contents and / or edges are to be clarified and / or highlighted for the downstream image processing, the electronic images are further processed beforehand in further embodiments of the control process with a suitable electronic filter, for example by filtering them with a Sobel filter ,
- the inventive control method also lends itself to the optical control of compiled printed products, for example, if certain partial products and / or a major product is or are shifted from a desired position. It is not relevant to the control method according to the invention whether the displacement of the printed product to be checked is a translation, a rotation or an overlay thereof.
- control method according to the invention can be used ideally in various conveying and processing systems of print finishing, for example collecting, inserting or collating, as known from CH 688091 A5, EP 341425 Bl, EP 550828 Bl or EP 1539624 Bl, for example ,
- complex phenomena in the print finishing can be detected, such as with their fold astride one another, against each other shifted, folded printed products, which move away from each other due to the conical geometry seen in cross section.
- the step of comparing the corrected image with a reference value or a reference image includes various embodiments. While in a first embodiment the corrected images are compared by the image processing unit substantially directly with a reference value or a reference image, this is done in a second embodiment in that the corrected images are further processed prior to comparison with one or more electronic filters.
- the pixels of the corrected image and the pixels of a reference image with an optimally oriented reference printed product are transferred into the frequency domain, for example with a Fourier transformation or a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT).
- FFT Fast Fourier Transformation
- the third embodiment is particularly suitable when objects such as a format or format value and / or a picture content or content value are to be recognized on printed products which have a different orientation.
- the orientation in the example explained in more detail below, forms a first property of the recorded printed product to be inspected, while the layer forms a second property of the recorded printed product to be inspected.
- the position and / or orientation of the printed products from the electronic images or the corrected images is detected in two or more stages. If only the location and orientation of the printed matter for the printing In a first sub-step, for example, a possible rotation of the printed product relative to that of a reference printed product is determined (orientation), while in a second sub-step translational-type displacements of printed products are determined in comparison to that of a reference printed product (positional offset).
- control method comprises at least the following steps Firstly, guiding a two-dimensional printed product along a conveying path past at least one optical sensor. Second, capturing an electronic image by the optical sensor, wherein the electronic image comprises at least a portion of the printed matter. Third, extracting orientation information of the printed matter from the electronic image. Fourth, comparing the orientation information of the printed matter from the electronic image with reference orientation information and, fifth, generating at least one signal based on a result of the comparison.
- the orientation information is extracted on the basis of ceometry data of the recorded printed product or on the basis of at least one image content of the recorded printed product.
- the amounts of data to be processed are relatively high in coping with a complex task such as a determination of a translation offset with a superimposed rotational offset with known control methods, which has a negative effect on the time required to solve the task. For this reason, there is a tenden need for a control method which is suitable for use in high-speed systems.
- the computing capacity for image processing on the one hand reduced by the computationally complex task is separated into two simpler subtasks, namely determining the orientation in a first sub-step and determining the position in a second sub-step.
- experiments have confirmed that in the automatic control method even with electronic images with a relatively small number of pixels reliable detection results can be achieved.
- the control method according to the invention requires only a relatively small number of image points of the electronic images and thus only relatively small amounts of data, which can be processed sufficiently quickly in the sequence. This allows data processing in real time.
- orientation is understood to mean the rotational or angular orientation of a printed product to be checked in a Cartesian coordinate system, for example an orientation relative to the conveying direction of a conveyor.
- position is understood to mean the position of a printed product to be checked in a Cartesian coordinate system, for example a position of a printed product in the X and Y direction relative to a conveying means.
- An orientation information of the recorded printed product required for determining the orientation can be extracted, for example, with the recognition algorithm explained below, which comprises the following steps: First, a frequency transformation of the electronic image. Second, an amount formation based on the frequency transformation; and third, generating the orientation information by a magnitude-based polar transformation.
- the reference orientation information required for comparison does not come from a database, but is as follows extracted from the reference image, the control method comprising the steps of: first, a frequency transformation of a reference image with a reference printed matter. Second, a reference amount formation based on the frequency transformation; and third, generating the reference orientation information by a polar transformation based on the reference amount formation.
- a pixel of the corrected image fl to be checked is located at the coordinates (x, y).
- the image f2 (x, y) is defined as image fl with translation (xo.yo) and rotation ⁇ 0
- the Fourier transformation is particularly suitable, not least because of the continuous processing or machine cycle.
- the time factor (t) known from time sequences is replaced by a position variable (eg x, y).
- the electronic image is interpreted to some extent as a signal sequence over a location.
- the electronic image is not a time base but pixels, the so-called spatial frequencies.
- the spatial frequencies are to a certain extent the resolution of the image.
- the present two-dimensional electronic image thus consists of discrete spatial signals which depend on the two spatial coordinates (x, y).
- x corresponds, for example, to a conveying direction and y to a direction extending transversely to the conveying direction.
- f 2 (x, y) Mxcos ⁇ 0 + ysm ' ⁇ 0 -x 0 , -xsm ' ⁇ 0 + ycos ⁇ 0 -y 0 )
- the magnitudes of the spectra are converted into polar coordinates with a polar transformation. This creates a comparison spectrum assigned to the recorded printed product to be inspected and a reference spectrum assigned to the reference printed product, both of which can be displayed graphically.
- a possible rotational offset of the printed product relative to the reference printed product is recognizable in the comparison spectrum as a fictitious translation.
- the comparison spectrum forms the orientation value, while the reference spectrum forms the reference orientation value.
- a graphic representation of the comparison spectrum produces a relatively clear pattern for a correct printed matter in terms of image content and orientation.
- a correct printed product is understood to mean the printed product required for the print finishing, which is in a correct position / position relative to the conveying means. The correct position is due to processing certain tolerances
- the orientation information is compared with the reference orientation information, wherein the comparison is based on a first correlation.
- a correlation comparison is ideal for multi-dimensional objects.
- the above-mentioned, at least one signal comprises a first signal triggering a special treatment of the printed product on which the electronic image is based.
- the first threshold serves to distinguish an actual rotation of the detected printed product by the rotation angle ⁇ from a noise present in the frequency space and / or the correlation matrix. If the first threshold is undershot from the first correlation value, the printed product to be assessed is identified as inappropriate - for example, because it is incorrect or incorrect. Thereupon appropriate measures for a special treatment of this printed product can be made in good time, for example, on the basis of a signal explained below.
- the first threshold thus forms a quality measure for the similarity of the corrected image with the reference image.
- an increasing correlation quality indicates an increasing similarity of the orientation of the printed product contained on the corrected image with the orientation of the reference printed product on the reference image.
- the printed product and the reference printed product, including its direction information, are calculated. As required, the rotation angle ⁇ and the direction information become
- the cached electronic image is calculated by the determined angle ⁇
- the rotated back electronic image is compared with the reference image.
- the comparison is based on a second correlation of the backscattered electronic image with the reference image. If a correlation value of the second correlation falls below a second threshold value, the at least one signal comprises a special value. act of triggering the electronic image underlying printed product triggering second signal.
- the second correlation value correlates to the actual value of the possible translation offset.
- the amounts of the offset in the x-direction and the y-direction in the Cartesian coordinate system can be determined with relatively high precision. Depending on requirements, these amounts of offset in the x-direction and the y-direction are buffered for subsequent processing steps, such as a message unit.
- a arrival or absence of the first signal on the basis of the first correlation causes the second partial step not to be carried out at all.
- the result of the comparison and / or the correlations on the corresponding controlled printed products associated conveying elements of the conveyor can be transmitted, for example by a writing station this information on a conveyor element associated with or arranged in / on the conveyor element RFID transponder of a conveyor element, such as a Gripper transfers.
- sensor-related errors are compensated in the electronic image.
- Sensor-related, optical errors such as the so-called cushion effect and / or by far Angle lenses cause unwanted distortion in the captured image.
- a compensation of these sensor-related errors is effected by a frequency transformation of the acquired image, for example on the basis of a Fourier or a Fast Fourier transformation, followed by electronic filtering and a subsequent inverse transformation. An influence of the sensor-related errors is thereby eliminated or at least greatly attenuated.
- only a position detection of the printed products is sensed, without taking into account the image content.
- only a contour of the printed products of interest can be determined, for example, by a method which is disclosed in the patent application CH 766/08 filed on May 21, 2008 entitled “Optical Position Detection” by the same Applicant.
- the device according to the invention for the optical control of flat printed products according to one of the control methods according to the invention has at least one optical sensor for detecting electronic images of printed products and a conveying means for transporting the printed products past the at least one optical sensor. Furthermore, the device according to the invention comprises an image processing unit which is set up for converting the electronic image into a corrected image on the basis of correction information which brings a recording perspective of the optical sensor or the optical sensors into a desired perspective, for comparing the corrected image with a reference value or a Reference image and for generating at least one signal based on a result of the comparison. Depending on the embodiment of the device, the image processing unit comprises an equalizer unit.
- the equalizing unit and the image processing unit are modular in design, for example by being arranged on different printed circuit boards. This facilitates an application-specific configuration of the modules. If, for example, image equalization and image processing are required, then both modules are necessary, whereas, for example, in the case of a pure contour recognition in connection with a further image postprocessing unit, only the equalizer unit is possibly required.
- the image processing unit has or is operatively connected to a reference table or a correction table.
- a distance between the at least one optical sensor and the printed products to be detected can be varied.
- the distance is several centimeters or decimeters, and in one embodiment is approximately one diagonal of a printed product. If the distance is smaller, the advantages described above are proportionally lower than at larger distances.
- optical sensor is arranged stationary or accompanies the printed products along a route section.
- CMOS sensor is a semiconductor light-sensing detector fabricated in CMOS technology, also known as an active pixel sensor (APS).
- APS active pixel sensor
- further embodiments of the device according to the invention have an exposure source in the form of an incident light source or a transmitted light source, which is formed as required, for example, by one or more fluorescent tubes.
- the image processing unit of another embodiment of the apparatus is configured to extract orientation information of the printed matter from the electronic image, compare the orientation information of the printed matter from the electronic image with reference orientation information, and generate at least one signal based on a result of the comparison.
- FIG. 1 shows a flowchart of a first embodiment of the control method according to the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a simplified representation of a device for carrying out the control method according to the invention
- 3 is a schematic representation of the creation of a corrected image
- 5 shows a schematic representation of the creation of a corrected image according to FIG. 3 with an image of the comparison spectrum generated therefrom;
- 6 shows an electronic image of a correctly positioned, but incorrect printed product with an image of the comparison spectrum generated therefrom analogous to FIG. 5;
- FIG. 7 shows an electronic image of a correct printed product translated in relation to the position of FIG. 5, with an image of the comparison spectrum generated therefrom analogous to FIG. 5;
- FIG. 8 shows an electronic image of a correct printed product partially bent over the position of FIG. 5, with an image of the comparison spectrum generated therefrom analogous to FIG. 5;
- FIG. 9 shows an electronic image of a printed product that is rotated with respect to the position of FIG. 5 but correct, with an image of the comparison spectrum generated therefrom, analogous to FIG. 5;
- FIG. 10 shows a simplified representation of a further apparatus for carrying out the control method according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 The flowchart of a first embodiment of the control method according to the invention shown in FIG. 1 illustrates the basic structure of the control method.
- an equalizer unit assigned to an image processing unit from an electronic image 2 of an optical sensor and correction data based on a reference image 3 generates a corrected image of the printed product to be checked in an equalization step 4.
- the equalizer step 4 is a type Subprogram of the aforementioned algorithm.
- the correction data are based on information from the reference image 3 with a reference printed product or a corresponding reference value corresponding to the sensor position relative to the printed product.
- a first comparison step 5 the printed product contained in the corrected image is compared with that of the reference printed product or a corresponding first reference value.
- the correction of the electronic image is based on the format and thus the contour of the printed product on which the captured image is based.
- a subalgorithm 6 searches for at least one characteristic of the printed product in the corrected image.
- the printed product in the corrected image is compared with the reference printed product on the reference image 3. Since the second property is an image content in the present case, the reference images or values are different in the first and second comparison steps. Unlike the previous Entzerrerr Colour, formed in the detection by subalgorithm a printed image content of the reference printed matter the basis of comparison. If reference images of reference printed products are used instead of the reference width, these are identical in both comparison steps, but different information is extracted from them during the first and second partial steps.
- the second comparison step 7 again differentiates between a sufficient match and an insufficient match.
- a second signal is triggered, which in the present embodiment substantially corresponds to the first signal and is suitable for a special signal.
- Treatment 8 which is used as misrepresented or incorrectly interpreted printed matter.
- the correctly identified printed products are released for further processing.
- a stop 9 defines the end of the recognition algorithm.
- each corresponding correctly identified printed product is assigned a corresponding further signal, which can be reused, for example, by a machine control or machine control and / or a superordinate control system.
- a conveying means 11 is formed by a collating drum shown in side view, which in this case simultaneously serves as part of a processing means for the collating drum controlling printed products 12, 13 is used.
- the printed products to be checked 12, 1 3 are on one side of a pocket wall of the collating drum 1 1 at.
- An optical sensor 14 is arranged in the radial direction at a distance from the collating drum 1 1. In the present case, the sensor 14 is displaced counter to the conveying direction 16 with respect to a vertex 15 of the collecting drum 1 1, in order to ensure the best possible insight into the printed products.
- the conveying direction 16 could also rotate in a clockwise direction without the detection method according to the invention being adversely affected thereby.
- a receiving direction 17 of the optical sensor 14 is arranged in such a way obliquely to the respective pocket of the saddle stitching drum 1 1, that at least a substantial proportion of the printed products to be controlled 1 2,
- the optical sensor 13 is located in a receiving area 18 of the optical sensor 14.
- the conveying means could also be formed by a saddle stitching drum (not shown). In this case, the folded printed products in the folding area are arranged astride the saddle of the collating drum.
- the optical sensor 14 comprised a CMOS sensor chip, which electronically see images 2 of prior to the production process as representative determined image sections of comparatively few pixels size for the corrected images or reference images in, for example, 8-bit gray levels in the machine or conveyor cycle of the conveyor 1 1 detected. Due to the relatively small number of resulting pixels, the amount of data resulting from the image processing could be kept small, which favored a real-time processing, without the detection rate suffered.
- an incident light source 19 which illuminates the recording area 18, is arranged in the form of a fluorescent tube.
- the optical sensor 1 1 is connected to an image processing unit 25, which comprises an equalizer unit, which is connected to a correction table 26.
- the correction information was in the form of a vector matrix in order to bring about the desired equalization of the perspective for the pixels (pixels) assigned to it for the printed product imaged on the electronic image.
- the correction table 26 is advantageous because it favors a comparatively fast image processing due to the relatively small amount of data.
- the device 10 according to the invention generated the correction information in advance of the actual production process on the basis of reference images with correct reference printed products for the sensor position, which was also retained in the actual production process.
- the equalizer serves to generate the corrected images 4 on the basis of the electronic images and the correction information.
- the image processing unit 25 serves for the correlation comparison as well as an initiator of at least one signal 27 corresponding to the correlation results.
- the image of the printed product 28 to be inspected is not located at right angles to the pocket wall of the saddle stitching drum Perspective view included.
- the resulting distortion compared to a reference image or the reference image makes it difficult or impossible reliable detection of the image content for image comparison and therefore requires an equalization.
- the electronic image 2a contains a first image content 29 and a second image content 30 of the printed product to be checked. The picture contents will be discussed in more detail later.
- the equalization of the electronic image 2a affects the representation of the image of the printed product 28 contained on the electronic image 2a as follows.
- the actual image content such as the first image content 29 or the second image content 30 (shown here in the form of patterns) is not in the foreground, but geometry data of the printed product to be checked per se, here in the form of a correction property forming contour of the printed product.
- the rectangular in reality, to be controlled printed product which has a trapezoidal contour on the electronic image 2a, rectified in such a way that it largely on the corrected image 31, the rectangular contour and has largely the same proportions as the real printed product 12 contained in the reference image.
- the geometry data 32 of the correct printed product to be checked 12 correspond here after the equalization so essentially those of a desired or ideal image - ie those a reference printed matter, so that a recording perspective of the optical sensor is converted into a SoI I perspective.
- the necessary correction information reaches from the correction table 26 to the equalizer 33.
- a flowchart of a second embodiment of the control method according to the invention, shown in FIG. 4, shows that a corrected image generated during the equalization step 4 of the electronic image 2 serves as the basis for a two-stage determination of the position and orientation of the image contained on the electronic image 2 of the printed product 28 is used with a correct printed product shown on the reference image 3.
- the equalizing step 4 reference is made to the description of FIGS. 1 and 3.
- a first sub-step it is clarified whether the image of the printed product 28 is rotated relative to the reference printed product contained on the reference image 6 and how large is any rotation offset in the form of its rotation angle.
- the orientation and position of the reference printed matter contained on the reference image 3 are considered ideal for the purposes explained below, so that the reference image 3 here corresponds to an ideal image.
- the reference image 3 was in turn generated by the device according to the invention in advance of the actual production process.
- the reference image 3 originates from a preceding printing process and essentially corresponds to a scan of a correct and correctly aligned duster product on a flatbed scanner.
- a second sub-step it is clarified whether the printed product illustrated on the corrected image is shifted relative to the printed product on the reference image 3. In doing so, any displacements of a translational nature in the conveying direction as well as transversely to the conveying direction are determined.
- the corrected image is decomposed in a first transformation step 36 with a fast Fourier transformation, and the resulting spectrum is converted into the frequency domain. This is followed by an amount formation of the resulting spectrum.
- the second transformation step 37 the corrected image transferred into the frequency domain is polar-transformed, so that the rotational offset can be determined independently of any available translation offset. The rotational offset is converted into a fictitious translation offset.
- a comparison spectrum is generated, which forms orientation information for the comparison.
- the reference image 3 also passes through the first transformation step 36, the magnitude formation and the second transformation step 37.
- a reference spectrum is generated here, which forms the reference orientation information.
- the comparison spectrum is compared with the reference spectrum and a first correlation value is formed.
- the first correlation value thereby reflects a first correlation quality, ie a degree of correspondence of the corrected image or dividing the corrected image with the reference image 3, again.
- the correlation quality in experiments increased with increasing similarity of images.
- a first threshold value was established in order to be able to reliably distinguish a noise present in the frequency space or the correlation matrix from an actually present rotation of the recorded print reproduction certificate by the rotation angle.
- a missing signal due to the first correlation leads to the second partial step being executed at all.
- the cached rotation angle and the cached corrected image are retrieved which have been calculated based on the orientation information and the reference orientation information.
- a position detection and an offset calculation of an image 28 of the printed product offset in the electronic image 2 with the desired position of a reference printed product on the reference image can be carried out by the person skilled in the art in a known manner, which is not discussed in more detail here.
- the rotated-back corrected image 31 is compared with the reference image 3 and a second correlation value is formed.
- the second correlation width thereby reflects a second correlation quality, that is to say a degree of correspondence of the rotated back, corrected images 31 and the reference image 3, which are used to check the position of the image imaged on the corrected image 31.
- correlated printed product with the position of the reference printed on the reference image 3 product.
- experiments showed that the second correlation quality increased with increasing similarity of the images.
- a second threshold value 40 was previously defined.
- the image content of the recorded printed product and of the reference printed product also stands in the foreground during the comparison based on the second correlation.
- the second sub-step is carried out before the first sub-step.
- the image processing unit 25 generates a graphically representable comparison spectrum 41 a from the corrected image 31.
- a relatively clear first pattern 42 can be seen, which correlates to the orientation of the printed product on which it is based.
- the electronic image 2b shown in FIG. 6 shows a printed product in the position and orientation of the printed product depicted in FIG. 5 in front of the same background 43.
- the image of the printed product 28a shown here differs from the image of the printed product 28 forming the reference printed product in the area of first image content or feature 29, which differs only slightly from the first image content or feature of a correct printed matter or the reference printed product. Accordingly, this printed matter is a false printed matter 1 3.
- this has an unexpectedly strong in the illustrated comparison spectrum 41 b of the controlled printed product, because in contrast to the comparison spectrum 41 a of the correct printed matter is in Comparative spectrum 41 b of the wrong printed product 1 3 the first pattern not recognizable at all.
- the situation shown in FIG. 7 is different for the image 28 of a correctly oriented and correctly oriented printed product 1 2, which is opposite to that shown in FIG Position at the position F 0 in the conveying direction and Y 0 transversely to the conveying direction F, however, is translationally offset and is located at the position Fi in the conveying direction and Yi transversely to the conveying direction F.
- the translation offset does not affect the pattern.
- the pattern corresponds to the first pattern 42 which is based on the correct printed product / reference printed product. Consequently, a translation offset of the printed product to be inspected in relation to a reference printed product contained in a reference image in the comparison spectrum is invariant.
- the pixels are not necessarily adjacent to each other, but are divided into two or more sub-areas.
- the subregions may, for example, have a line or strip shape.
- the electronic image 2d shown in FIG. 8 which shows an image of the printed product 28 with a spatially curved corner 44 and thus a distorted second image content of the second feature 30, leads to a comparison spectrum 41d which in turn corresponds to the comparison spectrum 41a of the reference printed product.
- a rotational offset of the printed product to be checked for orientation of the reference printed product explained in FIG. 9 has a different effect.
- On the electronic image 2e is an image 28 of a correct, but compared to the orientation shown in Figure 5 orientation rotated by a rotation angle 46 printed product 1 2 visible. In the correspondingly illustrated comparison spectrum 41e, this leads to a second pattern 45, which differs significantly from the first pattern 42 of the reference printed product.
- a second arithmetic operation was required to determine a possible negative angle in the fourth quadrant. If a permissible rotation angle 46 of more than 90 ° in the Cartesian coordinate system is to be determined, corresponding additional arithmetic operations for the further quadrants are required.
- FIG. 10 shows a section of a further device 10a according to the invention in a simplified representation.
- a plurality of printed products 1 2, 1 3 lies in a scaly formation on a conveyor 1 I a, which passes the printed products 1 2, 1 3 along the conveying path or direction 1 6 at a stationary optical sensor 14.
- the printed products 1 2, 1 3 comprise in this embodiment folded signatures, which each have a seen in the conveying direction 1 6 leading fold 47.
- the top 48 and bottom 49 of each printed product bordering on the fold 47 do not lie against one another in the fold area, but bulge away from one another so that they enclose an opening 50 extending in the fold direction and having a keyhole opening in the cross section.
- the optical sensor 14 is aligned such that its receiving area 1 8a includes the keyhole-shaped opening 50. If necessary, a background coverage (not shown) is required to provide a consistent, ideal To be able to ensure homogeneous background for the printed products to be checked 12, 1 3 on the electronic images. In order to improve the contrast of the electronic images captured by the sensor 14, an incident light source 19 is again arranged.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Quality & Reliability (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Image Processing (AREA)
- Image Analysis (AREA)
- Investigating Materials By The Use Of Optical Means Adapted For Particular Applications (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2731867A CA2731867A1 (en) | 2008-07-25 | 2009-04-22 | Optical control method for detecting printed products during print finishing |
| US13/055,931 US8520902B2 (en) | 2008-07-25 | 2009-04-22 | Optical control method for detecting printed products during print finishing |
| AU2009273729A AU2009273729A1 (en) | 2008-07-25 | 2009-04-22 | Optical control method for detecting printed products during print finishing |
| EP09775718A EP2310309B1 (de) | 2008-07-25 | 2009-04-22 | Optisches kontrollverfahren zur erkennung von druckereierzeugnissen bei der druckweiterverarbeitung |
| DK09775718.1T DK2310309T3 (da) | 2008-07-25 | 2009-04-22 | Optisk kontrolfremgangsmåde til detektion af trykte produkter under viderebearbejdning af tryksager |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH1176/08 | 2008-07-25 | ||
| CH01176/08A CH699243A2 (de) | 2008-07-25 | 2008-07-25 | Optisches Kontrollverfahren zur Erkennung von Druckereierzeugnissen bei der Druckweiterverarbeitung. |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2010009561A1 true WO2010009561A1 (de) | 2010-01-28 |
| WO2010009561A4 WO2010009561A4 (de) | 2010-04-15 |
Family
ID=40011160
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CH2009/000127 Ceased WO2010009561A1 (de) | 2008-07-25 | 2009-04-22 | Optisches kontrollverfahren zur erkennung von druckereierzeugnissen bei der druckweiterverarbeitung |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8520902B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2310309B1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2009273729A1 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2731867A1 (de) |
| CH (1) | CH699243A2 (de) |
| DK (1) | DK2310309T3 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2010009561A1 (de) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2546177A1 (de) * | 2011-07-13 | 2013-01-16 | Müller Martini Holding AG | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Qualitätsprüfung flächiger Druckprodukte |
| EP2905136A1 (de) * | 2014-02-07 | 2015-08-12 | Müller Martini Holding AG | Verfahren zum Überwachen einer Druckweiterverarbeitungsmaschine |
| US9156246B2 (en) | 2011-07-13 | 2015-10-13 | Mueller Martini Holding Ag | Method and device for the quality inspection and testing of flat printed products |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP7105370B2 (ja) | 2019-03-28 | 2022-07-22 | オリンパス株式会社 | トラッキング装置、学習済モデル、内視鏡システム及びトラッキング方法 |
| JP7501272B2 (ja) * | 2020-09-18 | 2024-06-18 | 富士フイルムビジネスイノベーション株式会社 | 検査装置、画像形成装置、及び検査プログラム |
| CN115753812B (zh) * | 2022-11-01 | 2023-08-18 | 东方合智数据科技(广东)有限责任公司 | 一种纸包装行业印刷质量检测方法及相关设备 |
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| JP2004098489A (ja) * | 2002-09-10 | 2004-04-02 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 画像出力装置 |
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| DE59503051D1 (de) * | 1994-06-03 | 1998-09-10 | Ferag Ag | Kontrollverfahren zur Anwendung bei der Herstellung von Druckprodukten und Anordnung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
| JPH09191376A (ja) * | 1996-01-10 | 1997-07-22 | Minolta Co Ltd | 画像読み取り装置 |
| AU733511B2 (en) * | 1996-11-08 | 2001-05-17 | National Computer Systems, Inc. | Optical scanning with calibrated pixel output |
| US6330050B1 (en) * | 1997-07-24 | 2001-12-11 | Ricoh Company, Ltd | Image processing device for providing correction of a curvature distortion of a bound portion of a spread book |
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| JP4251312B2 (ja) * | 2002-03-08 | 2009-04-08 | 日本電気株式会社 | 画像入力装置 |
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| JP4375523B2 (ja) * | 2002-12-20 | 2009-12-02 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 画像処理装置、画像処理方法、画像処理プログラム、印刷物検査装置、印刷物検査方法、印刷物検査プログラム |
| JP4082303B2 (ja) | 2003-07-25 | 2008-04-30 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 画像補正装置 |
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-
2009
- 2009-04-22 WO PCT/CH2009/000127 patent/WO2010009561A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2009-04-22 EP EP09775718A patent/EP2310309B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2009-04-22 AU AU2009273729A patent/AU2009273729A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-04-22 DK DK09775718.1T patent/DK2310309T3/da active
- 2009-04-22 US US13/055,931 patent/US8520902B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-04-22 CA CA2731867A patent/CA2731867A1/en not_active Abandoned
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| JP2004098489A (ja) * | 2002-09-10 | 2004-04-02 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 画像出力装置 |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2546177A1 (de) * | 2011-07-13 | 2013-01-16 | Müller Martini Holding AG | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Qualitätsprüfung flächiger Druckprodukte |
| US9156246B2 (en) | 2011-07-13 | 2015-10-13 | Mueller Martini Holding Ag | Method and device for the quality inspection and testing of flat printed products |
| EP2905136A1 (de) * | 2014-02-07 | 2015-08-12 | Müller Martini Holding AG | Verfahren zum Überwachen einer Druckweiterverarbeitungsmaschine |
| US9912871B2 (en) | 2014-02-07 | 2018-03-06 | Mueller Martini Holding Ag | Method for monitoring a post print processing machine |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2010009561A4 (de) | 2010-04-15 |
| AU2009273729A1 (en) | 2010-01-28 |
| EP2310309A1 (de) | 2011-04-20 |
| US8520902B2 (en) | 2013-08-27 |
| DK2310309T3 (da) | 2012-10-29 |
| CA2731867A1 (en) | 2010-01-28 |
| US20110158484A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
| EP2310309B1 (de) | 2012-08-08 |
| CH699243A2 (de) | 2010-01-29 |
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