WO2011023100A1 - 太阳能光伏装置和系统 - Google Patents

太阳能光伏装置和系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011023100A1
WO2011023100A1 PCT/CN2010/076298 CN2010076298W WO2011023100A1 WO 2011023100 A1 WO2011023100 A1 WO 2011023100A1 CN 2010076298 W CN2010076298 W CN 2010076298W WO 2011023100 A1 WO2011023100 A1 WO 2011023100A1
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Prior art keywords
solar
elongated
linear
plate
tracker
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PCT/CN2010/076298
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English (en)
French (fr)
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廖恒俊
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Priority to EP10811260A priority Critical patent/EP2472600A1/en
Priority to AU2010289081A priority patent/AU2010289081A1/en
Publication of WO2011023100A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011023100A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to IN1841DEN2012 priority patent/IN2012DN01841A/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/60—Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or compensating for temperature fluctuations
    • H10F77/63—Arrangements for cooling directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. heat sinks directly associated with the photovoltaic cells or integrated Peltier elements for active cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S23/74—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors with trough-shaped or cylindro-parabolic reflective surfaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S23/74—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors with trough-shaped or cylindro-parabolic reflective surfaces
    • F24S23/745—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors with trough-shaped or cylindro-parabolic reflective surfaces flexible
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S25/00—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules
    • F24S25/10—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules extending in directions away from a supporting surface
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S25/00—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules
    • F24S25/70—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules with means for adjusting the final position or orientation of supporting elements in relation to each other or to a mounting surface; with means for compensating mounting tolerances
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S30/00—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules
    • F24S30/40—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement
    • F24S30/42—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement with only one rotation axis
    • F24S30/425—Horizontal axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S30/00—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules
    • F24S30/40—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement
    • F24S30/45—Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules for rotary movement with two rotation axes
    • F24S30/452—Vertical primary axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S40/00—Safety or protection arrangements of solar heat collectors; Preventing malfunction of solar heat collectors
    • F24S40/50—Preventing overheating or overpressure
    • F24S40/52—Preventing overheating or overpressure by modifying the heat collection, e.g. by defocusing or by changing the position of heat-receiving elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/40—Optical elements or arrangements
    • H10F77/42—Optical elements or arrangements directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H10F77/488—Reflecting light-concentrating means, e.g. parabolic mirrors or concentrators using total internal reflection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/60—Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or compensating for temperature fluctuations
    • H10F77/63—Arrangements for cooling directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. heat sinks directly associated with the photovoltaic cells or integrated Peltier elements for active cooling
    • H10F77/68—Arrangements for cooling directly associated or integrated with photovoltaic cells, e.g. heat sinks directly associated with the photovoltaic cells or integrated Peltier elements for active cooling using gaseous or liquid coolants, e.g. air flow ventilation or water circulation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/47—Mountings or tracking
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for mixing photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems to reduce the production cost of a solar photovoltaic system.
  • the disclosed method proposes a quasi-parabolic trough PV (QPTPV) that simplifies near-parabolic low-concentration, with large tracker pointing error tolerance.
  • QPT quasi-parabolic trough PV
  • the quasi-parabolic trough (QPT) mirror is covered with defocusing over the entire array of linear solar panels, which are reduced from a large rectangular solar panel.
  • near-parabolic solar photovoltaic systems are made up of low-cost near-parabolic reflectors, a denser and low-cost linear solar cell array, and a loosely demanding single- or dual-axis solar tracker.
  • the combination of these lower cost technologies allows the solar photovoltaic system to minimize production costs per kilowatt hour.
  • Solar photovoltaic panels are typically constructed from a two-dimensional array of solar cells that are packaged in rectangular solar panels to accumulate solar energy, but are not concentrated and converted into utility power. In addition, if the solar panel is mounted on a dual-axis solar tracker, the solar photovoltaic panel can face the sun at any time, and can collect about 40% to 50% more solar energy than the stationary module. Due to the limitations of residential roof installations, solar photovoltaic panels commonly found on residential roofs are typically fixed silicon battery panels. Silicon cell panels are much cheaper than other types of high efficiency solar cells, such as multi-junction gallium cells. The best silicon cells in the market today are more than 20% efficient, and solar cell efficiency can even reach 25% in the lab.
  • multi-junction solar cells are much more expensive due to sparse raw materials and complex processing steps and low yields.
  • Today's three-junction solar cells can be twice as efficient as single-junction silicon cells, about 40% or higher.
  • the price of such a battery is much higher than that of a silicon battery; therefore, it is necessary to collect hundreds to thousands of times to save the cost of the solar cell and at the same time achieve high efficiency. Therefore, the current three-junction solar cell is cut into a very small cell size of about 1 square centimeter or less to save battery cost.
  • precision concentrating devices are required to achieve high energy conversion efficiency.
  • solar concentrator battery systems What is required for a solar concentrating battery system is that the solar panel is directly exposed to sunlight by a tracker, and the solar beam is collected by a sophisticated optical solar tracker.
  • the main cost of solar concentrator battery systems is the traditional high-precision dual-axis solar tracker, two-stage concentrating optical system and cooling system, and ultra-high-priced concentrating cells. At present, the installation cost per watt of solar concentrating battery is much higher than that of solar photovoltaic panel.
  • the cost of the tracker used in the solar cell system must be less than 40% of the total cost of the solar panel, because the use of a two-axis solar tracker to improve the solar cell's power generation is about 40% to 50% depending on the local latitude and panel. Fixed installation direction.
  • the current price of the dual-axis solar tracker is rarely lower than the 40% cost of solar panels. Therefore, unless there is a large solar power plant designated for use, dual-axis solar trackers are rarely used in solar photovoltaic cells. Due to the high cost of the current dual-axis solar tracker, there are more fixed panels or single-axis sun trackers for large power stations.
  • the tracker of the solar concentrating battery system needs high precision. Pointing errors can easily cause sunlight to focus outside the panel area. Even with some auxiliary optical or mirror funnel collectors to mitigate the effects of pointing errors, solar trackers still require high pointing precision, with typical pointing precision controls below 0.25 degrees. Conversely, solar trackers for solar photovoltaic panels do not require high pointing precision. Solar photovoltaic panels collect solar energy even when tilted, for example on roofs. Its efficiency is proportional to the cosine (cos) of the angle between the sun's rays and the normal (vertical line). For example, if the angle between the solar ray and the normal is 5 degrees, the efficiency is still 99.6 % of the vertical solar ray (ie COS 5 ° ).
  • the pointing requirements for a two-axis solar tracker can be relaxed for use in solar photovoltaic systems.
  • the solar PV tracking controller can use an open circuit system. Only remember the position on the sun's orbit (the solar calendar) without the need for a solar sensor.
  • the invention proposes that an output power feedback pointing algorithm can be used to achieve maximum output power. As long as the photocell produces the maximum output power, the resolution can be relaxed. These requirements for relaxing the pointer can reduce the cost of the tracker.
  • the Applicant has filed another invention application and proposed several devices and systems that can substantially reduce the cost of the solar tracker.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a photovoltaic system and device that are different from existing solar photovoltaic systems or solar photovoltaic systems, so that the cost can be lower than any of the current solar photovoltaic systems and solar photovoltaic systems.
  • the QPTPV system disclosed in the present invention uses a relatively inexpensive near parabolic reflection channel plate (QPT) o.
  • the present invention also discloses a technique for fabricating a near parabolic reflection channel plate.
  • Near Parabolic Reflection The slot plate does not have the same high concentration as a true parabolic trough or parabolic dish, but can be easily fabricated from a metal or plastic reflector that is naturally curved and covered with a lens on the front side.
  • the surface of the lens can be covered with a protective film that changes in response to the weather, and can be elastically coated with a nano-material film, which is waterproof and prevents dust from accumulating.
  • This low-cost glass lens is available in hardware stores that are common in the general lens retail market.
  • the curved near-parabolic trough reflector also uses a similar low-cost mirror film with a metal or composite back and a dielectric protective film on the front for enhanced solar reflection.
  • a typical large solar photovoltaic panel (or module) consists of a solar cell array of 6 x 12 arrays.
  • the near parabolic troughs concentrate sunlight on a 1 X 12 linear solar array, then only one-sixth of the solar cells need to be used.
  • the area of the sun is twice as large as the full width of the solar panel and the sun is concentrated on the same 1 X 12 linear solar array, then only one-twelfth of the solar cells can be used. .
  • the low concentration of 6 to 12 concentrated solar photovoltaics is a low standard for achievable parabolic trough concentrating. If the output power measurement is used as the feedback directional calculation, the pointing accuracy of the sun tracker can be made more relaxed. As a result, although the cost of the dual-axis solar tracker is reduced, the maximum amount of energy can still be produced. Specifically, the pointing accuracy required for solar PV systems is typically below 0.25 degrees. The near-parabolic solar polyphotovoltaic system requires less pointing accuracy to 1 The degree is around, so it is ideal to apply a low-cost single-axis or dual-axis solar tracker to near-parabolic optoelectronic systems. The looser solar tracker uses a hybrid solar tracker that is fed back with output power measurements to control the accuracy of the sun tracker.
  • the strip solar panel of the present invention can take advantage of its linear structure to transform the active cooling system into a linear water tube heating system. By actively cooling, the dissipated solar energy can be further absorbed, and about 60% to 70% of the heat dissipating energy is converted into hot water energy. According to the data from the best commercial water heating system, the total solar energy absorbed by electricity and heat can reach 75% of the solar energy.
  • the parabolic trough used today is a large structure comprising a shaped glass mirror or a composite reflective sheet.
  • the reflecting plate of the near parabolic reflecting groove can be applied to a large parabolic groove using two near parabolic reflecting grooves like this. If a solar thermal power generation system using a reflector of a near parabolic reflection groove is applied to a single-axis sun tracker that performs simple rotation, weight can be reduced and cost can be reduced.
  • the key to reducing the cost per watt of a near parabolic solar photovoltaic system is: (1) using a simple near parabolic reflector plate to reduce the cost of a parabolic reflector; (2) reducing the solar cell on a linear array The number is reduced to one-sixth or one-twelfth of the number of solar cells in a considerable area of solar panels; (3) using the output power measurement as a feedback pointing algorithm to loosely point precision to reduce the two-axis The cost of a single or single-axis solar tracker.
  • the low-cost parabolic reflector used in the present invention can perform 6 to 12 concentrating tasks. This low-cost parabolic reflector is made of a curved reflector that covers the lens.
  • the number of solar cells reduced by linear arrays allows for more space to use silicon cells that are 20% more efficient than solar cells. If the present invention is used in conjunction with the low-cost two-axis solar tracker (see U.S. Patent Application No. 12/852,454) which the applicant has applied for, it is just around the corner for the goal of achieving a current solar photovoltaic power generation costing only one dollar per watt.
  • Figure 1 shows a near parabolic reflecting groove of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a side view of the QPT reflecting trough.
  • 3A to 3C show an embodiment in which the QPTPV system is mounted on a two-axis solar tracker.
  • 4A to 4C show another embodiment in which the QPTPV system is mounted on a two-axis solar tracker.
  • 5A to 5D show another embodiment in which the QPTPV system is mounted to a single-axis solar tracker.
  • Figure 6 shows the combination of low cost PV and CPV characteristics to achieve a lower cost QPTPV system.
  • Figure 1 shows a near parabola (quasi-parabolic trough) of the present invention.
  • the QPT reflecting groove includes a curved reflecting plate 52.
  • the reflecting plate 52 is made of a rust-proof metal plate, and the reflecting plate has a naturally curved shape.
  • the bending force of the two deflectors of the reflecting plate 52 causes the curved curve of the reflecting plate 52 to be nearly parabolic linear.
  • the reflecting plate 52 can also be made of a material such as glass fiber, plastic, acrylic, aluminum or aluminum alloy, stainless steel plate, or the like, and a mirror surface and a protective film adapted to weather changes are applied to the front surface of the material to be used.
  • a similar bending effect can be achieved by placing a curved rigid glass or acrylic in a heating chamber, simply by placing a mirror on the front or back surface of a clear rigid glass or acrylic.
  • the parabolic reflector plate Using a true parabolic reflector plate is not the best choice for solar cells because the parabolic reflector plate focuses sunlight on the line, which can cause strong sunlight to burn out or damage the battery. Ideally, the concentrated solar rays must be evenly dispersed on the surface of the solar cell. This technique is commonly used in the non-imaging optics industry.
  • the invention discloses that under certain conditions, the two sides of the flat plate are biased to form a near parabolic reflecting groove. When facing vertically to the sun, the QPT reflection slot Instead of concentrating the sunlight into a line, it condenses a strip of linear solar cell array 12. This is similar to a cylindrical reflector that does not concentrate all parallel light on a straight line.
  • the linear solar panel 11 includes a linear solar cell array 12 and a radiator array 14.
  • the linear solar panel 11 can be moved closer to (or away from) the reflector 52 to defocus the solar rays to fill the linear area of the linear solar array 12.
  • the true essence of the present invention is to achieve low concentration of light and has a lower cost than conventional parabolic reflection grooves.
  • the heat sink array 14 can directly contact the linear solar cell array 12 for dissipating heat accumulated by solar concentrating.
  • the vertical support arm 18 is used to fix the linear solar panel 11, and the height from the center line of the reflector 52 can be adjusted. By adjusting the height of the solar panel 11, different sizes of blurred image regions can be produced until they are evenly distributed on the surface of the linear solar cell array 12. The practically optimal adjustment height corresponds to the maximum output power produced by the solar array 12 .
  • the linear distance across nearly parabolic parabolic reflector 52 (linear S pan) 26, the width of the linear array 11 of solar cell 16.
  • the solar concentration of the system is the linear distance 26 of the reflector 52 minus the width 16 of the solar array 12, divided by the width 16 of the solar array 12. Since the linear solar cell array 12 will create a shadow on the near parabolic reflector 52 to reduce the reflective surface on the reflector 52, the width 16 of the solar array needs to be subtracted from the calculation.
  • Figure 2 shows a top view of a QPT reflecting trough.
  • Figure 2 shows that the focus of the parabola is at the center of 0.5 m from the parabola. If the parabolic straight line distance (2 ⁇ ) is 1.28 m, the parabola has a bending depth of 0.2048 m.
  • the reflector 52 is a perfect parabola, the sunlight will be focused on a line about 0.5 meters from the reflector 52.
  • the present invention discloses a parabolic reflecting groove that not only simplifies the manufacturing process but also reduces the cost. Due to material and process limitations, the shape of the QPT reflector may not exactly match the parabola, but Quite close to the real parabola. However, it is sufficient for a low concentration solar photovoltaic cell. In Fig. 2, the reflecting plate 52 is naturally bent, and the both sides are fixed to the triangular supporting beam 15 by bolts 13.
  • a preferred embodiment of the support beam 15 is an elongated metal strip that is bent into an isosceles triangle.
  • the isosceles angle of the support beam 15 in an isosceles triangle should conform to the parabolic slope at the support point and be slit at the top corner.
  • the purpose of slitting at the top corner is to allow the triangular support beam 15 to be fixed to the main bracket of the sun tracker using pillow clamps and bolts.
  • the technique of the present invention for manufacturing a QPT reflection trough should closely follow the following three rules:
  • the spanning distance 26 of the desired reflector 52 should be substantially equal to the distance between the two support beams 15.
  • the straddle straight line distance 26 generally conforms to a true parabola across a straight line distance.
  • the width of the QPT reflector 52 before bending should conform to the length of the arc that spans 26 true parabola distances.
  • a near parabolic reflector 52 can be produced.
  • the word “roughly” is used to indicate the tolerance for machining.
  • This reflector 52 is defined as a QPT that is very similar to a true parabola, but is clearly visible linear near the QPT support point, which is not a perfect parabola.
  • the QPT reflector can also be fabricated using two symmetrical semi-parabolic lines, i.e., across the linear distance 26 and the width of the reflector 52 will be half of the above embodiment.
  • the bottom of the two semi-symmetrical QPT reflectors are connected by a fixed beam (such as an inverted T-beam).
  • the bevel of the support beam 15 generally conforms to the parabolic slope of the two QPT reflectors, but the bottom joints of the two QPT reflectors are horizontal (slope 0 degrees).
  • Alternative QPT technology can be used for large QPT structures, or when the flat reflector is not large enough to make a QPT.
  • the large QPT structure is suitable for solar thermal concentrators of concentrated solar power (CSP) systems.
  • CSP concentrated solar power
  • the QPT reflector 52 Since the QPT reflector 52 is not a perfect parabola, the QPT reflector 52 focuses the sunlight on a narrow strip rather than a line. By defocusing, the width of the focus line can be enlarged to fill the linear solar cell array area.
  • the preferred embodiment is to adjust the height of the vertical support arm 18 such that The distance between the elongated solar panel 11 and the reflector 52 is close to defocus. Referring to the numerical example of Fig. 2, when the reflecting plate 52 has a linear distance 26 of 128 cm and the width 16 of the solar panel 11 is 12.8 cm, the QPTPV solar light is only 9 times brighter after the shaded portion of the solar panel 11 is subtracted. This is the lower range of the brightness that can be achieved with a parabolic trough. However, at such a low concentration ratio, only 11% of the area of the solar photovoltaic panel battery is required. This is also an important key to reducing the cost per watt of the QPTPV system.
  • the QPT reflector can bend the sheet to other similar geometric curves in accordance with the three identical rules previously described.
  • a cylindrical trough is formed which can be approximated by a circular arc curve having an equivalent linear distance, a curved length, and a slope at the support point.
  • the cylindrical reflecting groove has a function similar to a near parabolic reflecting groove, but is still not as desirable as the near parabolic reflecting groove because the parallel rays are not reflected in a center line after being reflected from the cylindrical reflecting groove.
  • the cylindrical groove is easier to shape than the parabolic groove.
  • the reflection grooves of other curves are also acceptable, but the effect is not as good as the near parabolic reflection groove or the cylindrical reflection groove.
  • CTPV Curved trough PV
  • FIG. 3A shows a preferred embodiment of the QPTPV system of the present invention.
  • a plurality of near QPT reflectors are mounted in a low cost dual axis solar tracker 10.
  • the dual-axis sun tracker 10 is described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/852,454, the entire entire entire entire entire entire entire entire entire entire entire entire entire entire entire entire entire entire
  • the two-axis sun tracker 10 is mounted on the ground and is fixed to the base 40 by the ground post 20.
  • the horizontal beam 50 is fixed to the top of the rotary head 30.
  • a bilateral rectangular tracker bracket 51 is attached to the horizontal beam 50 and is balanced.
  • the isosceles triangular support beams 15 are arranged in parallel and mounted vertically on the horizontal beam 50.
  • the biaxial sun tracker 10 uses the drive stepping motor 43 and the electromagnetic rotary head 42 as the control azimuth rotation in this embodiment.
  • a linear drive with a drive rod 57Gack head) is used to control the elevation rotation.
  • the drive rod 57 is pivotally coupled to the hub 54.
  • the biaxial sun tracker 10 has six near parabolic reflectors 52 on each side. As shown in Figure 3C. Each near parabolic reflector 52 is mounted between two isosceles triangular support beams 15 to push the near parabolic reflector 52 into a near parabola Linear, and fixed with two bolts 13 . Both ends of the support beam 15 are connected to the adjacent L-shaped beam 5 to form a rectangular tracker support arm 51.
  • the elongated solar panel 11 is fixed to the vertical support arm 18.
  • Two long strips of solar panels 11 are connected in the middle and fixed by brackets 17, and are supported in the middle by vertical support arms 18. Adjusting the height of the vertical support arm 18 in the middle may not be necessary because the height of the support arms of the L-beam 5 at both ends of the solar panel, that is, the edge, can be adjusted.
  • the intermediate vertical support arm 18 can be inserted into the guiding tube 29 and then fixed by the bracket 17.
  • the conduit 29 is used as a guide rail.
  • the bottom of the vertical support arm 18 in the middle is fixed to the tracker horizontal beam 50. Adjusting the height of the vertical support arms 18 at both ends allows the solar panel 11 to move up or down.
  • Near parabolic photovoltaic system (QPTPV) defocusing is achieved by adjusting the height of the vertical support arm 18.
  • the vertical support arms 18 are fixed to the edge of the L-beam 5 by screw nuts 19.
  • the height is adjusted to distract the sun's rays, allowing the reflected sunlight to evenly illuminate the solar panel 12 to produce maximum output.
  • defocusing can also extend the life of the solar cell, so that the battery will not overheat in the center of the battery under strong sunlight.
  • the height adjustment between the vertical support arm 18 and the near parabolic reflector 52 can be accomplished while the tracker is installed to produce maximum output power. This type of installation is completely different from the fixed factory calibration of traditional solar panels and CPV modules. Conventional installation methods may have errors after shipping and installation.
  • the near parabolic reflector 52 has a linear length of 2 meters and a parabolic straight line distance of 1.28 meters, it can generate 2560 watts of solar energy under ideal sunlight.
  • the long strip solar panel 11 has a shadow loss of 10% and an optical transmission loss of 8%, and the near parabolic photovoltaic system can generate about 424 watts of power per panel. If the calibration yields more than 400 watts, it is a pretty good result.
  • the QPTPV system is essentially a low concentration CPV system.
  • the heat sink array 14 on the back side of the solar panel 11 may need to dissipate the heat generated by the solar panel array 12.
  • a solar fan 58 S0 lar f anS ) can be attached to the back of the heat sink array 14 to speed up heat dissipation.
  • These solar fans are low cost parts that can be seen on commercial solar fan caps.
  • the solar cell has a normal operating temperature of 46 ° C when it is cooled by air convection on the back side of the solar panel 11 . Lower temperatures will result in better performance, but large solar panels 11 will have difficulty reaching lower operating temperatures.
  • Linear solar concentrating battery panels must use a heat sink to dissipate heat to maintain normal operating temperatures.
  • the heat sink array 14 is similar to the heat sink behind the window air conditioner. Since the ambient temperature in most parts of the world is typically below 46 ° C, the heat sink array 14 can radiate excess heat into the air.
  • the solar fan 58 can accelerate heat dissipation, allowing the solar cells to operate at lower temperatures, which will result in the solar panel array 12 producing higher output power than conventional solar panels. Further, the solar fan 58 above the solar panel 11 is located within the width of the solar panel 11, does not cause additional shadow to the near parabolic reflector 52, and utilizes a solar cell to supply its own power.
  • the direction of the reflection of the reflecting plate 52 is in the elevation rotating direction, and the direction in which the reflecting plate 52 is bent is in the direction of the azimuth rotation.
  • the output power variation will be more sensitive. That is to say, the output power is more sensitive to changes in the direction of rotation of the horizontal angle.
  • the horizontal angle will rotate 180 degrees in 12 hours during the day and 4 minutes in 1 degree rotation.
  • a tracker that rotates half a degree in 2 minutes the initial orientation of the tracker will be adjusted according to the daily sun orbit almanac. After the initial pointing setting, the stepping motor 43 will gradually adjust the backward and forward angles to measure the output power as feedback.
  • the stepper motor 43 goes further, until the measured power is reduced, after which it will come back one step to the position of the maximum output power point and stay.
  • the elevation rotation control will perform a similar procedure as the horizontal angle rotation control until the maximum power is generated.
  • the horizontal angle rotation and the elevation angle rotation will be completed in a sufficient 2 minutes.
  • the output power measurement feedback pointing algorithm is referred to as a "maximum power pointing algorithm”. With the algorithm, any reliable low-cost drive on the market can be selected.
  • the solar calendar can be used as a secondary preventive to point to verification as an auxiliary preventive check.
  • the maximum output power pointing algorithm avoids the use of expensive sun sensors and high precision drivers.
  • output power measurements already exist in the net-metering method or in the government's feed-in-tariff (FIT) to measure the output power of the input utility grid lines.
  • FIT feed-in-tariff
  • the maximum power pointing algorithm is indeed the best measure of the performance of the QPTPV system and can reduce the cost of the tracker.
  • the support beam is not necessarily an isosceles triangle, as long as the angle of the mounting area matches the slope of the parabolic curve at the support point.
  • the solar cells used are not limited to silicon cells or thin film cells, and other high-efficiency batteries, such as high-efficiency double-junction or triple-junction cells, can also have a higher concentration ratio. If expensive high-efficiency solar cells have been used, in order to increase the concentration ratio, a larger near-parabolic reflecting groove can be suitably used in combination with other auxiliary optical devices. However, such changes do not alter the main spirit of the near QPTPV system of the present invention and are therefore within the scope of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4A another embodiment of an active liquid cooling system in place of a passive heat sink is shown in Figure 4A.
  • An active cooling system is a liquid (eg, coolant) circulation system commonly used in automotive radiators.
  • the pipe 33 is a refrigerant input pipe, and the pipe 35 is an output pipe of the refrigerant after the heat absorption. Since the cooling system does not need to operate in a high pressure or high temperature environment, the pipe 33 can use flexible piping which is commonly used in the industry. For the horizontal and elevation rotation of a two-axis sun tracker, the hose can be easily attached to the ground.
  • the flat metal heat pipe 34 is made of a copper or aluminum heat conductor and needs to be in close proximity to the linear solar cell array for concentrated heat dissipation. 12.
  • the circulation of the refrigerant through the metal heat pipe 34 reduces the temperature of the linear solar cell array 12 to an appropriate operating temperature and outputs the heat-absorbing refrigerant.
  • the vertical support arm 18 supporting the solar array 12 can also serve as a liquid conduit.
  • the refrigerant flows in through the inlet pipe 18C, and the heat-absorbing refrigerant is sent out by the output pipe 18H placed in the middle. It then flows into the water tank 70 via the outlet pipe 18H and the pipe 35 for heat exchange.
  • the operating temperature of the silicon battery is at 46 ° C, this is also the ideal domestic hot water output temperature.
  • the endothermic refrigerant can be heat exchanged in the water tank 70, similar to existing domestic solar water heating systems. If you need a higher temperature in cold weather or at night, you can use other energy sources to raise the temperature from 46 °C.
  • the operating temperature of the solar array can be controlled by controlling the flow rate of the refrigerant.
  • a higher refrigerant flow rate than in winter is required, while at noon, a higher refrigerant flow rate is required than in the morning and evening.
  • Solar cell arrays produce higher battery efficiency and higher output power at lower operating temperatures.
  • the energy generated by the combination of solar cells and hot water must be balanced and the circulation system optimized by controlling the flow rate of the refrigerant.
  • the refrigerant can be used in a closed circulating cooling system and exchanged heat in the tank, or it can be used directly in a climate that does not freeze. In a icy climate, antifreeze refrigerants are required.
  • the solar concentrating system is a high heat conduction system having a heat conduction efficiency of between 60% and 70% at a moderate temperature of 46 °C. For example, if 20% of the photons are absorbed by the solar array 12 and converted to electricity, the remaining 80% of the photons will heat the metal heat pipe 34. Estimated by a conservative 60% thermal conductivity, solar photovoltaic systems and solar heating systems can be combined to achieve 68% solar efficiency. Higher efficiency is achieved when the ambient temperature and the heated area have better thermal insulation.
  • Figure 4C shows another application of the QPT reflective trough for use in a heating system.
  • a linear solar panel is replaced with a heating tube 32 and secured in a transparent insulated tube 36. Since the near parabolic reflecting groove concentrates thermal energy on the heating tube 32, the insulating heating device can be more effective. Since only a small number of insulated tubes 36 and heating tubes 32 are required, solar heating devices can be less expensive than populated tubing systems.
  • low-cost dual-axis solar trackers generate more heat from stationary to solar water heaters from sunrise to sunset. The number of near parabolic reflectors will depend on The hot water needed. In general, 12 reflectors as shown in Figure 4A are not required for home use.
  • the hot water temperature output value can be used instead of the maximum power output value for feedback.
  • the pipe 35 and the heat pipe 34 can use the best insulation material to achieve the lowest heat dissipation during delivery to the water tank 70.
  • the input and output piping configurations can be optimized or shortened in many ways to prevent heat loss. This change and other changes do not deviate from the nature of the QPTPV system, resulting in highly efficient condensing heat transfer on linear solar concentrator arrays.
  • a QPTPV system having a plurality of QPT reflectors mounted on a single-axis solar tracker 60.
  • a plurality of QPT reflectors 52 are connected in series to form a long reflection slot, similar to a concentrated solar thermo power (CSP) parabolic reflection channel system.
  • the preferred embodiment is joined by a pair of QPT reflectors 52 at the bottom by a T-beam 22. Seams that connect multiple QPTs in series can be bonded using back straps or glue strips.
  • a single QPT reflector can be designed for smaller reflective channels.
  • the reflection plates 52 connected in series are fixed to the mounting beam 21.
  • a plurality of mounting brackets 27 are located below the reflector 52 and are connected at both ends to the ends of the mounting beam 21.
  • An elongated inverted T-beam 22 is attached to the center of the mounting bracket 27 to support the two half-piece QPT reflectors 52.
  • a preferred embodiment of the mounting bracket 27 is to form a reverse trapezoidal bracket using a curved L-shaped beam. The L-beam bending point can be cut and welded into a rigid structure.
  • the reinforced thin steel wire 28 can be used to fasten two parallel mounting beams 21 as a support for the structure.
  • the linear solar panel 11 is mounted on a plurality of vertical support arms 18, and the linear solar cell array 12 faces the reflector 52.
  • the vertical support arm 18 is coupled to the middle of the T-beam 22 with an adjustable vertical height mechanism.
  • the passive heatsink array 14 is located on the back of the solar array 12 facing the direction of the sun and directly abutting the solar array 12.
  • the solar fan is connected to the back of the solar panel 11 and can be cooled by a radiator. It is also feasible to use active liquid or water cooling as an alternative to heat dissipation.
  • An active cooling system requires a water tank that stores hot water.
  • the entire tracker bracket is fixed and balanced on an elongated cylindrical beam 25 of the single-axis sun tracker.
  • the mounting bracket 27 on the single-axis sun tracker 60 is mounted on the cylindrical beam 25 with a rotating bushing in the middle and fixed by a pillow-type clamp 39.
  • a rotating washer 24 surrounds the cylindrical beam 25 for facilitating rotation of the single-axis sun tracker bracket 51.
  • the cylindrical beam 25 is supported and fixed to a plurality of ground pillars 20 as shown in Fig. 5C.
  • FIG. 5D shows two half-piece reflectors 52 secured to the bottom of the inverted T-beam 22.
  • a preferred embodiment of the T-beam 22 is an elongated metal strip that is bent into a T-beam.
  • the QPT reflector 52 is attached to the center of the inverted T-beam 22 and is fixed by screws.
  • the inverted T-beam 22 is then attached between the mounting brackets 27 and secured to the L-shaped beams on the mounting bracket 27.
  • the inverted T-beams 22 are arranged in a row on the horizontal cylindrical beam 25 on the centerline of the center of gravity of the single-axis solar tracker 60.
  • the single-axis sun tracker rotation only needs to pay attention to the daily time from the sun to the sunset.
  • the solar orbit has different seasonal variations from summer to winter, which affects the focusing effect of the QPT reflector.
  • the orbital change of 0.26 degrees per day is very slow.
  • the linear actuator 38 is located near the center of the single-axis sun tracker and is designed to adjust the vertical position of the moving linear solar panel 11.
  • CSP because the QPT reflector has a long length, it is necessary to set more drivers at both ends.
  • longer QPTPV systems should also have two drivers on both ends of the tracker.
  • a drive lever G78 on the driver 38 is coupled to the intermediate vertical support arm 18 to move the linear solar panel 11 up or down.
  • the remaining vertical support arms 18 require the solar panel 11 to move vertically with the guide rails.
  • a juxtaposed tube 29 is attached to the gap of the solar cell array 12 and surrounds the vertical support arm 18 and serves as a guide rail.
  • the tightly-fitting conduit 29 ensures Linear solar panels have no lateral displacement.
  • a preferred embodiment of the cylindrical conduit 29 is an inner layer coated sleeve material and lubricated with a solid lubricant.
  • the linear actuator 38 can be activated several times a day to adjust the solar orbital variation of 0.26 degrees per day.
  • the start-up period of the linear drive 38 is much greater than the start-up period of the single-axis solar tracker 60; however, the maximum power pointing algorithm must also be followed. Further, to further ensure that the vertical support arm 18 fixes the solar panel 11, an electromagnetic locking coil may be installed to surround the duct 29. When the linear actuator 38 is idle, the electromagnetic lock on the conduit 29 will be activated to lock the vertical support arm 18.
  • the concept of a single-axis linear QPTPV system can be used in linear parabolic troughs in the CSP industry.
  • the QSP reflective surface required by the CSP system is larger, the shadow of the reflector and the shadow of the structure are allowed to exist. This feature will allow the spacing of the QPT reflectors supporting the stent structure to exist to support the long steam tube structure of the hot water vapor CSP turbine generator.
  • a simplified QPT reflector can be installed on a traditional CSP architecture.
  • the lightweight QPT reflector is mounted on a simplified tracker bracket, the centrally located heating tube can be mounted in a separate structure supported by QPT reflector junctions at the ends and in the middle.
  • the heating tube to which the vertical support arm 18 is connected to the middle will be the only connection.
  • the vertical support arm 18 serves as the radius of rotation of the cylindrical beam 25. This will be a simplified reflector structure with a lighter reflector rotation mechanism.
  • the lighter weight tracker bracket can be rotated by the same drive and rotate around the cylindrical beam 25 with the vertical support arm 18 as the radius of rotation.
  • the system method is drawn as a flow chart as shown in Figure 6.
  • the method takes advantage of the advantages of PV and CPV systems and eliminates its disadvantages.
  • the present invention proposes a new system architecture to reduce the production cost of the overall combination of solar photovoltaic cells.
  • Today's solar cell manufacturers do not consider the systemic approach.
  • each solar cell manufacturer seeks to increase the efficiency and cost of solar photovoltaic cells without considering the combined power production costs of the system.
  • the advantages of solar photovoltaic systems are the relatively low cost of silicon cells and the need for loose pointing on dual-axis trackers. begging.
  • the systematic method disclosed in the present invention utilizes all the advantages of PV and CPV systems to avoid undesirable shortcomings, and then creates a new system approach to create a very low cost QPTPV system or CTPV system.
  • the disclosed QPTPV or CTPV system approach uses only a small portion of solar panels and solar cells, and reduces the cost of the dual-axis solar tracker with loose tracking pointing requirements.
  • the surface of the QPT or CT reflector formed by the bending of the flat plate is considered to be the lowest cost concentrating method at present.
  • the heat from the radiator is used in the hot water system to achieve solar energy utilization of up to 70%.
  • the system method proposed by the present invention is a combination of a plurality of low cost QPT or CT specular reflectors mounted on a low cost dual axis solar tracker and a reduced solar photovoltaic linear photocell array.
  • This combined system is key to reducing PV energy production costs to a target of $1 per watt.
  • Other advantages disclosed by the present invention include a simplified defocusing technique that replaces complex non-imaging optics and evenly diffuses solar light to a linear solar cell.
  • the solar tracker using the maximum power pointing algorithm can reduce costs and optimize the total amount of output energy at the same time.
  • the output power can be replaced with a digital thermostat to measure the temperature of the liquid output as a feedback to the tracker.

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Description

太阳能光伏装置和系统
【技术领域】
本发明是关于一种混合太阳光伏 (photovoltaic， PV)及太阳聚光伏系统 (concentrated photovoltaic, CPV)的方法及其装置， 用以降低太阳光伏系统的生 产成本。 特别是所揭露的方法提出一种简化近抛物线低聚光的太阳光伏系统 (quasi-parabolic trough PV, QPTPV), 具有较大的追踪器指向误差容忍度。 近 抛物槽 （quasi-parabolic trough, QPT) 反射镜是以离焦来覆盖在整个线性太 阳能板阵列上， 线性太阳能板是从一个大长方形太阳能电池面板减缩而成。 总 地来说， 近拋物线太阳光伏系统是由低成本的近拋物线反射板、 一组较密集而 低成本的线型太阳能光电池阵列以及一宽松要求的单轴式或双轴式太阳追踪 器所组成，这些较低成本的技术结合可以让太阳能光电系统每千瓦小时的生产 成本降到最低。
【背景技术】
太阳光伏面板通常由一个二维阵列的太阳能电池所建构，封装在长方形的 太阳能面板上， 用以积累太阳能， 但并无聚光而转化成实用的电力。 此外， 如 果太阳能板安装在双轴式太阳追踪器上，使得所述太阳能光电池面板在任何时 候都能面向太阳， 相对于固定式模块可以收集多约 40%至 50%的太阳能。 由 于住宅屋顶安装上的限制，常见在住宅屋顶上的太阳能光电池面板通常是固定 式的硅电池面板。 硅电池面板较其他种类的高效率太阳能电池 (例如多接面镓 电池)便宜得多。 在当今市场最好的硅电池效率已超过 20%， 而太阳能电池效 率在实验室甚至可达到 25 %。然而， 硅电池面板若没有太阳的聚光， 需要大量 的硅电池以覆盖整个太阳能电池面板。由于制造的困难，较高效率的硅电池（超 过 20% ) 需较高的成本。 因此， 屋顶太阳能板主要是低效率 （15 %-17 % ) 的 硅电池。 在 2010年， 硅电池面板的零售价格大约每瓦 2美元， 屋顶安装费用 约为每瓦 5至 6美元。对现今业界而言， 提出以一个简化的程序将利用带有双 轴式太阳追踪器的 QPTPV系统来将太阳光伏生产成本降至约 1美元， 是不可 想象的。 然而， 本发明正是提出了一种系统性的方法和装置， 可以实现这个最 低成本的目标。
对于太阳能聚光电池系统来说， 由于原料稀少和复杂的处理步骤及低产 出， 使得多接面太阳能电池昂贵得多。 当今三接面太阳能电池的效率可以达到 两倍于单结硅电池， 约为 40%左右或更高。 但这种电池的价格超高于硅电池； 因此要将数百到数千倍的高度聚光， 以节省太阳能电池的成本， 也同时达到高 效率。 因此， 目前三接面太阳能电池切割成非常小的单元尺寸， 约 1平方厘米 或更少， 以节省电池成本。 此外还需依靠精密的聚光装置， 才能达到高能量转 换效率。太阳能聚光电池系统所要求的是以太阳能板用追踪器直接面对阳光照 射， 以精密的光学太阳能追踪器收集太阳光束。太阳能聚光电池系统的主要成 本费用为传统式高精度双轴式太阳能追踪器、两阶段聚光学系统及冷却系统和 超高价位的聚光电池。 目前太阳能聚光电池每瓦的安装成本远高于太阳能光电 池面板。
在太阳能光电池系统使用的追踪器成本必须低于太阳能板总成本的 40% , 因为使用双轴式太阳追踪器改善太阳能光电池的发电量大约是 40%至 50%不 等而取决于当地纬度和面板的固定安装方向。 目前的双轴式太阳追踪器在市场 上的价格很少低于太阳能板的 40%成本。因此， 除非有大型太阳能电站指定使 用， 否则双轴式太阳追踪器很少用于太阳能光电池。 由于目前双轴式太阳追踪 器成本高， 有较多的固定式面板或单轴式太阳追踪器应用在大型发电站。
因为一般太阳能聚光电池很微小， 大约 1平方厘米， 所以太阳能聚光电池 系统的追踪器需要高精密度。指向误差可以很容易导致太阳光聚焦在电池板区 域外。 即使使用一些辅助的光学或镜面漏斗收集器 (mirror funnel collector)减轻 指向误差的影响， 太阳能追踪器仍然需要高指向精密度， 典型的指向精密度控 制在 0.25度以下。相反地，太阳能追踪器用于太阳光伏面板则不需要高指向精 密度。 太阳能光电板即使倾斜也能收集太阳能， 例如用在屋顶上。 其效率是和 太阳射线与法线 （垂直线）夹角的余弦值 (cos)成正比。 举例来说， 如果太阳射 线与法线的夹角是 5度， 其效率仍然是垂直太阳射线的 99.6 % (即 COS 5 ° )。
总地来说， 可以得出下列结论： 双轴式太阳追踪器的指向要求是可以放宽 的用在太阳光伏系统。 例如， 太阳光伏的追踪控制器可以使用一个开路系统， 只记忆太阳轨道上的位置（太阳历）无须太阳传感器。 在则， 本发明提出可以 使用一个输出功率回授指向算法来实现最大输出功率。只要光电池产生出最大 的输出功率指向分辨率可以放宽。这些放宽指向器的要求可以降低追踪器的成 本。 申请人在另提出一项发明申请， 提出了若干装置和系统， 可以大幅降低太 阳能追踪器的成本。
【发明内容】
本发明所要解决的技术问题是，提供一种有别于现有太阳光伏系统或太阳 聚光伏系统的光电系统及装置，让成本可以低于目前任何一种太阳聚光伏系统 及太阳光伏系统。
本发明所揭露的 QPTPV 系统是采用价格相当低廉的近拋物线反射槽板 (QPT) o 而本发明还揭露一种制作近拋物线反射槽板的技术。 近拋物线反射 槽板不像真正的拋物线槽或拋物线反射碟一样具备高聚光率，但却可以很容易 地用一块自然弯曲且正面覆盖一镜片的金属或塑料反射板制成。在此覆盖镜片 的表面，可以覆上一层因应天气变化的保护膜，并可再弹性覆上一纳米材质膜， 兼具防水及防止灰尘堆积的功能。这种低价的玻璃镜片在一般镜片零售市场上 常见的五金店里都买得到。 弯曲的近拋物线槽反射板也使用类似的低价镜膜， 背面为金属或复合材质，正面则覆上一层介电质保护膜，以提升阳光反射效果。
另一方面， 一般大型太阳光伏板（或模块）是由太阳能电池排成 6 x 12的 阵列所组成。 在相同范围的情况下， 如果近拋物线反射槽将太阳光集中在 1 X 12的线性太阳能电池阵列上，那么只需使用六分之一的太阳能电池即可。同理， 如果太阳照射的面积是太阳光电板全幅的两倍大，而且太阳照射的范围集中在 相同的 1 X 12线性太阳能电池阵列上，那么只需使用十二分之一的太阳能电池 即可。
另外一方面， 6到 12次集中太阳光伏的低聚光率为可达成的拋物线槽聚光 率的低标。 若采用输出功率测量值作为回授的指向演算， 可让太阳追踪器的指 向精准度变得较宽松。 如此一来， 虽降低了双轴式太阳追踪器成本， 但仍然可 以产出最大量的能源。 具体来说， 太阳聚光伏系统所要求的指向精准度一般是 在 0.25 度以下。 而近拋物线太阳聚光伏系统所要求的指向精准度较宽松到 1 度左右，所以将低价的单轴式或双轴式太阳追踪器应用在近拋物线光电系统上 是十分理想的。 该较宽松的太阳追踪器使用一混合式太阳历追踪器， 搭配输出 功率测量值进行回授， 以控制太阳追踪器指向精准度。
再者， 使用近拋物线太阳聚光伏系统的另一选择， 可附带用在热水器。 一 般来说， 为了将聚光太阳光伏系统中的太阳能电池控制在使用温度范围内， 因 此必须对太阳能电池进行冷却， 以确保运作功能。装设冷却装置对任何一种太 阳聚光伏系统都是一项负担。 然而， 本发明长条型太阳能板却可以善用其线性 结构的优势， 使主动冷却系统转变成一线性水管加热系统。通过主动冷却的方 式， 可以进一步吸收逸散的太阳能， 而将其中 60%到 70%左右的散热能源转换 成热水能源。 根据最佳商业化的水加热系统的数据显示， 结合电、 热而吸收到 的总太阳能可达照射太阳能的 75%。
在太阳聚热发电系统 （CSD) 的应用上， 使用长型串接的拋物线反射槽来 集中太阳热能。 而太阳热能会集中在隔热管上将水蒸气加热以驱动涡轮发电 机。 现今所用的拋物线槽为一大型结构， 包含成形玻璃反射镜或复合材质反射 板。近拋物线反射槽的反射板可以应用于像这样使用两个近拋物线反射槽的大 型拋物线槽。如果将使用近拋物线反射槽的反射板的太阳聚热发电系统应用在 进行简易旋转的单轴式太阳追踪器上， 既可以减轻重量， 也可以降低成本。
总地来说， 降低近拋物线太阳光伏系统每瓦成本的关键在于： （1) 使用简 单的近拋物线反射槽板， 降低拋物线反射板的成本； （2) 减少线性阵列上太阳 能电池的数量，减少到相当面积太阳光电板之太阳能电池数量的六分之一或到 十二分之一； (3)使用以输出功率测量值作为回授的指向算法宽松指向精密度， 以降低双轴式或单轴式太阳追踪器的成本。 本发明所使用的低价拋物线反射 板， 可以完成 6到 12次聚光的任务。 此低价拋物线反射板由表面覆盖镜片的 弯曲反射板制成。线性阵列所减少的太阳能电池数量可以有更多的经费空间使 用效能比太阳能电池超出 20%的硅电池。若将本发明连同申请人已申请的低价 双轴式太阳追踪器 (参见美国专利申请号 12/852,454)—起使用， 对于想要达成 目前太阳光电发电每瓦只需美金一元的目标指日可待。
【附图说明】 附图 1所示是本发明的近拋物线反射槽。
附图 2所示是 QPT反射槽的恻视图。
附图 3A〜3C所示是 QPTPV系统安装于双轴式太阳追踪器的实施例。 附图 4A〜4C所示是 QPTPV系统安装于双轴式太阳追踪器的另一实施例。 附图 5A〜5D所示是 QPTPV系统安装于单轴式太阳追踪器的另一实施例。 附图 6所示是本发明结合低成本的 PV和 CPV的特性以获得更低成本的 QPTPV系统。
【具体实施方式】
接下来结合附图详细介绍本发明所述的降低太阳能光电池每瓦成本的光 电系统和装置的具体实施方式。
以下各实施例的说明是参考附加的图式，用以例示本发明可用以实施的特 定实施例。 本发明所提到的方向用语， 例如 "上"、 "下"、 "前"、 "后"、 "左"、 "右"、 "顶"、 "底"、 "水平"、 "垂直"等， 仅是参考附加图式的方向。 因此， 使用的方向用语是用以说明及理解本发明， 而非用以限制本发明。
近拋物线反射槽的定义与聚光比率
请参见附图 1， 附图 1所示为本发明的近拋物线 (quasi-parabolic trough,
QPT)反射槽。 QPT反射槽包含一弯曲反射板 52。 在较佳实施例中， 反射板 52 采用防锈金属板材， 反射板呈自然弯曲的形状。 反射板 52两恻的弯曲力会使 得反射板 52的弯曲曲线呈现近拋物线性。 反射板 52也可以使用玻璃纤维、 塑 料、 亚克力、 铝或铝合金、 不锈钢板等材料制作， 并在所述使用材料的前表面 披覆镜面和因应天气变化的保护膜。 另一方面， 将弯曲的刚性玻璃或亚克力放 置于加热舱内也可达成类似的弯曲效果， 只需要在清晰的刚性玻璃或亚克力的 前表面或后表面放置镜面即可。
使用真正的拋物线反射槽板对太阳能电池而言并非最好的选择， 因为拋物 线反射槽板会将太阳光聚焦于一直线上，可能导致强烈的太阳光烧坏或伤害电 池。 理想上， 聚集的太阳光线必须均匀地分散在太阳能电池表面。 这个技术通 常应用在非成像光学 (non-imaging optics)产业中。 本发明揭露在特定的条件下 将平面板两边施力弯曲以制成近拋物线反射槽。当垂直面向太阳， QPT反射槽 不会将太阳光聚光为一条线，而是聚光在线性太阳能电池阵列 12的一狭长条。 这是类似于一个圆筒反射器 (cylindrical reflector)不会将所有平行光聚光在一直 线上。 线性太阳能板 11包括一个线性太阳能电池阵列 12和散热器 (radiator)阵 列 14。 如果聚光线条不足以涵盖太阳能电池阵列 12， 可以移动线性太阳能板 11使其接近 （或远离） 反射板 52而散焦 (defocus)太阳光线以填满线性太阳能 电池阵列 12的线性面积。 本发明的真谛是以达到低聚光且比传统的拋物线反 射槽有更低的成本。散热器阵列 14可直接接触线性太阳能电池阵列 12用来逸 散因太阳能聚光而累积热量。 垂直支撑臂 18用来固定线性太阳能板 11， 而且 可调节距离反射板 52中心线的高度。 透过调整太阳能板 11的高度， 可以产生 不同大小的模糊图像 (blurred image)区域，直到平均分布在线性太阳能电池阵列 12表面上。 实用上最佳的调整高度是对应到太阳能电池阵列 12产出最大输出 功率。
如附图 1所示，近拋物线反射板 52抛物线的横跨直线距离 (linear Span)26， 线性太阳能电池阵列 11的宽度 16。本系统的太阳聚光度则是反射板 52的直线 距离 26减去太阳能电池阵列 12的宽度 16， 再除以太阳能电池阵列 12的宽度 16。因为线性太阳能电池阵列 12会在近拋物线反射板 52产生阴影而减少反射 板 52上的反射面接， 因此在计算时需要减去太阳能电池阵列的宽度 16。
制造 QPT反射槽的 与多个实施例
请参见附图 2， 附图 2所示为 QPT反射槽的恻视图。 QPT反射槽的概念 应用了拋物线方程式 Y = X2 / 2， 其中 X表示拋物线直线距离的一半， Υ表示 拋物线弯曲深度。附图 2所示为拋物线的焦点是在距离拋物线 0.5米的中心上。 如果拋物线直线距离 （2Χ) 为 1.28米， 则拋物线的弯曲深度为 0.2048米。 当 反射板 52是一个完美的拋物线时， 太阳光将被聚焦在距离反射板 52约 0.5米 的直线上。
利用金属板或玻璃片制作一个真正完美的拋物线槽并不容易。不仅成型和 压制的过程必须精准地遵循拋物线的条件， 使弯曲的金属片或平板玻璃 (flat glass)铸模为拋物线型， 而且拋物线表面还必须完全地平坦， 无质地上的瑕疵。 然而， 本发明揭露了一种接近拋物线状的反射槽， 不仅简化制造过程也可降低 成本。 由于材料和工艺的限制， QPT反射槽的形状可能不完全符合拋物线， 但 相当接近真实的拋物线。 然而， 对于低聚光太阳能光电池而言已是足够。 在附 图 2中， 反射板 52是自然地弯曲， 两边由螺栓 13固定在三角形支撑梁 15上。 支撑梁 15的较佳实施例是由细长金属条弯曲成等腰三角形。 呈等腰三角形的 支撑梁 15的等腰角度应符合支撑点上的拋物线斜率并在顶角开缝。 在顶角开 缝的目的是让三角形支撑梁 15利用枕型轴钳 (pillow clamp)和螺栓 (bolt)固定于 太阳追踪器的主支架上。 本发明制造 QPT反射槽的技术应当密切遵循以下三 个规则：
1 )所需反射板 52的横跨直线距离 26应是大致等于两个支撑梁 15之间的 距离。 该横跨直线距离 26大致符合一个真正的拋物线的横跨直线距离。
2) QPT反射板 52弯曲前的宽度应符合横跨直线距离 26间真正拋物线的 弧线长。
3 ) 三角形支撑梁 15的两个与反射板 52接触的斜边边梁应符合真正拋物 线接触点的斜率。 所述接触点是用螺栓 13固定。
依据这三个大致符合的参数： 直线距离 26、 反射板 52的宽度和支撑梁 15 两斜边位于接触点的斜率， 就可以产生近拋物线反射板 52。使用"大致"这个的 词汇， 表示容许机械加工的误差。 此反射板 52定义为 QPT非常近似真正的抛 物线， 但是明显可见在 QPT支撑点附近呈线性， 该反射板 52并非呈现完美的 拋物线。
在这三个步骤之外， QPT反射板还可以使用两个对称的半拋物线制作， 即 横跨直线距离 26和反射板 52的宽度将是上述实施例的一半。两半对称的 QPT 反射板的底部会利用一固定梁 (例如倒立的 T型梁)连接。 支撑梁 15的斜边大 致符合两 QPT反射板的拋物线斜率， 但两个 QPT反射板的底部连结处呈水平 角 （斜率为 0度）。 替代的 QPT技术可用于大型的 QPT结构， 或当平板反射 板不够大到可以做成一块 QPT。 大型的 QPT 结构适用于太阳聚热发电系统 (concentrated solar power, CSP)的太阳能热集中器。 本实施例的近拋物线成型 技术应用于目前的 CSP产业可实现比使用传统拋物线反射器更低的成本。
由于 QPT反射板 52并非呈完美的拋物线， 所以 QPT反射板 52会将太阳 光聚焦在一个狭窄长条， 而不是一线状。透过散焦可以扩大聚焦线条的宽度以 填满线性太阳能电池阵列面积。 较佳实施例是调整垂直支撑臂 18的高度使得 长条状太阳能板 11与反射板 52的距离接近而散焦。 参见附图 2的数值范例， 当反射板 52的横跨直线距离 26为 128厘米， 太阳能板 11的宽度 16为 12.8 厘米， 将太阳能板 11阴影的部分扣除后， QPTPV太阳能聚亮度只有 9倍。 这 是在拋物线反射槽可实现的聚亮度中较低的范围。然而，在这样低的聚光比率， 只需要 11 %的面积太阳能光电池面板之电池。这是也是降低 QPTPV系统每瓦 成本的其中一个重要关键。
对于熟悉此项技艺者来说， QPT反射槽可依据前述三个相同规则将板材弯 曲其他近似的几何曲线。 例如， 形成一圆筒状反射槽 (cylindrical trough), 所述 圆筒状反射槽可以近似成一圆弧曲线 (circular arc curve),具有等效的直线距离、 曲线长度和支撑点上的斜率。圆筒反射槽所具有的功能类似于一个近拋物线反 射槽， 但仍不比近拋物线反射槽理想， 因为平行光线自圆筒反射槽反射后不会 聚焦在一条中心在线。 然而， 圆筒槽较拋物线槽容易成形。 其他曲线的反射槽 也是可以接受的， 但效果不如近拋物线反射槽或圆筒反射槽。 总地来说， 用形 成近拋物线反射槽的三个规则来形成其它曲线槽定义为弧线槽 （Curved trough PV， CTPV) 模拟其他真实几何曲线。 即使近拋物线反射槽是最适合用在集中 反射的聚焦面积， 但当线性太阳能电池板列相对较宽时， 圆筒反射槽可能在低 聚光应用上容易应用。
近拋物线光电系统在双轴式太阳追踪器的实施例
附图 3A所示是本发明 QPTPV系统的最佳实施例。 多个近 QPT反射槽安 装在一个低成本的双轴式太阳追踪器 10。 双轴式太阳追踪器 10请参阅本发明 的申请人已申请的美国专利 （美国专利申请号 12/852,454)。双轴式太阳追踪器 10安装在地面上， 以地柱 20固定在基座 40上。 在地柱 20顶部是一个旋转头 30。 水平梁 50固定在旋转头 30顶部。 一个双边的矩形追踪器支架 51附着在 水平梁 50上并保持平衡。等腰三角形支撑梁 15平行排列并垂直安装在水平梁 50上。 双轴式太阳追踪器 10在本实施例使用驱动步进马达 43和电磁旋转头 42作为控制方位旋转。一个附有驱动杆 57Gack head)的线性驱动器用于控制仰 角旋转 (elevation rotation)。 驱动杆 57是枢接于枢纽 54上的。 双轴式太阳追踪 器 10每边有 6个近拋物线反射板 52。 如附图 3C所示。 每个近拋物线反射板 52安装在两个等腰三角形支撑梁 15之间，将近拋物线反射板 52推挤成近拋物 线形， 并用螺栓 13固定两恻。 支撑梁 15的两端连接在旁边的 L型梁 5， 成为 一个矩形追踪器支撑臂 51。长条状太阳能板 11则固定在垂直支撑臂 18上。两 个排成一线的长条状太阳能板 11在中间连结并以托架 17(bracket)固定， 再以 垂直支撑臂 18在中间支撑。 调整中间的垂直支撑臂 18的高度可能没有必要， 因为可以调整太阳能电池板两端也就是位于边缘的 L型梁 5 的支撑臂高度即 可。 此外中间的垂直支撑臂 18可插入导管 29(guiding tube)再以托架 17固定。 导管 29是作为一个导引轨道。位于中间的垂直支撑臂 18的底部系固定于追踪 器水平梁 50。调整两端垂直支撑臂 18的高度可以让太阳能板 11向上或向下移 动。
近拋物线光电系统 (QPTPV)散焦是透过调整垂直支撑臂 18的高度来达成。 垂直支撑臂 18以螺帽 (screw nuts)19固着在边缘的 L型梁 5。 调节高度能够散 焦太阳光线， 使反射的太阳光能均匀照射在太阳能电池板列 12上， 以产生最 大输出功率。 此外， 散焦也可以延长太阳能电池的寿命， 使电池在强烈阳光照 射下， 电池中心不会有过热的情况。垂直支撑臂 18和近拋物线反射板 52两者 间的高度调整可在追踪器安装时完成， 以产出最大输出功率。这种安装方式和 传统的太阳能电池板及 CPV模块安装上有固定工厂校正完全不同， 传统安装 方式经过运输和安装后可能会有误差。校正方法举例来说， 如果近拋物线反射 板 52的直线长度为 2米， 拋物线直线距离 1.28米， 在理想的阳光照耀下， 能 够产生 2560瓦的太阳能。以 20%效率太阳能电池板阵列 12的效率来说，长条 状太阳能电池板 11阴影损失 10%和光学传递损失 8 %， 近拋物线光电系统每 个面板可产生约 424瓦电力。 如果校正后产生超过 400瓦， 则是相当不错的结 果。
如附图 3A所示， QPTPV系统在本质上是一个低聚光的 CPV系统。 如附 图 3B所示， 在太阳能板 11背面的散热器阵列 14会需要逸散太阳能电池板阵 列 12所产生的热量。 太阳风扇 58(S0lar fanS)可以附加在散热器阵列 14背面以 加快散热。 这些太阳风扇是低成本的零件， 可以在商用太阳风扇帽上看到。 在 太阳能板 11背面利用空气对流散热下， 太阳能电池正常工作温度为 46°C。 越 低的温度将获得更好的效能， 但大型的太阳能板 11就很难到达较低的工作温 度。 线性太阳能聚光电池面板则必须用散热器来散热， 以维持正常工作温度。 散热器阵列 14类似于窗式空调机 (window air conditioner)后面的散热器。 由于 世界上大部分的地方的环境温度通常低于 46°C， 故散热器阵列 14能将多余的 热量辐射到空气中。 太阳风扇 58可以加速散热， 使太阳能电池在工作在较低 温度下， 这将使太阳能电池板阵列 12比普通太阳能电池板产生更高的输出功 率。 此外， 太阳能板 11上面的太阳风扇 58位于太阳能板 11的宽度范围内， 不会对近拋物线反射板 52造成额外的阴影， 并且利用太阳能电池可供应自身 所需电力。
对于传统 6x12 太阳能光电池面板阵列来说， 硅电池通常串联变压器 (inverter)以获得更高的电压输出。 以附图 3A为例， 每边设计有六个面板。 如 果电池阵列以串联方式排列，这样的设计能产生大约 9倍于传统的太阳能电池 板的输出电流。 该设计适用于为传统太阳能光电池板设计的商用变压器的电 压。 然而， 并不是每一边都必须要设置六个面板， 实际上可以依据太阳能发电 站的每一个追踪器产生最适当的输出功率来调整每边设置的面板个数。另一种 提高输出电压的方法是使用部分的太阳能电池，如二分之一或四分之一长度的 太阳能电池。 通过连接两倍或四倍的二分之一或四分之一长度的太阳能电池， 输出电压就可以变成两倍或四倍。 因此， 设计线性太阳能电池板阵列将更具有 弹性， 以取得任何所需的直流电压。
请参见附图 3A,反射板 52直线方向是在仰角旋转 (elevation rotating)方向， 而反射板 52弯曲方向则是面对水平角旋转 (azimuth rotation)方向。 如果朝拋物 线弯曲方向所导致的聚焦效果不佳，则输出功率变化将会较为敏感。也就是说， 输出功率对水平角旋转方向的变化是较为敏感。 举例来说， 白天 12小时内水 平角将旋转 180度， 旋转 1度需要 4分钟。 以在 2分钟内旋转半度的追踪器为 例， 追踪器的初始指向将根据每日每时的太阳移动轨道 (Sun orbit almanac)做调 整。 经初始指向设定后， 步进马达 (stepping motor)43将逐步调整向后和向前的 角度来测量输出功率作为回授。如果输出功率提高， 步进马达 43多前进一步， 直到测量的功率减少， 之后它会回来一步到最大输出功率点的位置并停留。接 下来， 仰角旋转控制将如同水平角旋转控制进行类似的程序， 直至产生最大功 率为止。 一般来说水平角旋转和仰角旋转会在充裕的 2分钟时间内陆续完成， 这就是所谓的 "宽松指向算法" (relax pointing algorithm), 只要取得了最大功率， 而不需要高指向精度或在仰角或水平角方向具特定分辨率的步进马达。在此将 输出功率测量回授指向算法称为"最大输出功率指向算法" （maximum power pointing algorithm)。 利用所述算法可以选择在市场上任何可靠的低成本驱动 器。 使用所述输出功率测量回授指向算法， 除非失去了指向追踪器， 否则无须 去验证太阳历上的太阳移动轨道变动。 不过， 太阳历可以作为一个经常性追踪 器指向验证的方式， 作为辅助性的预防检査。 最大输出功率指向算法可以避免 使用昂贵的太阳传感器 (sun sensor)以及高精密驱动器。 此外， 输出功率测量已 经存在于净电表 (net-metering)法或政府光伏电力收购制度 （feed-in-tariff, FIT) 之中， 用于测量输入公用电网线路的输出功率。 不过根据最大输出功率来调整 指向还是优于利用太阳传感器或太阳历来调整指向方向， 因为使用太阳传感器 及太阳历指向都没有连接到产出的输出电力。由于反射板及太阳能电板可能因 恶劣的天气条件下或是长期使用后，可能会导致太阳传感器或太阳历指向发生 失误。 所以最大功率指向算法确实是 QPTPV系统的性能最好的衡量方式， 并 能降低追踪器的成本。
任何熟习此技艺者也可以在许多方面依据不同需求调整 QPTPV 系统结 构。 举例来说， 支撑梁不一定是等腰三角形， 只要安装区域的角度可以匹配在 支撑点上的拋物线曲线的斜率即可。此外， 使用的太阳能电池不局限于硅电池 或薄膜电池， 其他高效率电池， 如高效率双接面或三接面电池也能够有较高的 聚光比例。 如果已使用昂贵的高效率太阳能电池， 为增加聚光比率， 可适当地 使用更大型的近拋物线反射槽， 并配合其它辅助光学装置。 然而这样的变化并 没有改变本发明所述近 QPTPV系统的主要精神， 故亦属本发明的范畴。
近拋物线光电系统与加热的实施例
请参见附图 4A,附图 4A所示为另一种采用主动液体冷却系统来取代被动 散热器的实施例。 主动冷却系统是一种液体 （例如冷媒 (coolant)) 循环系统， 常用于汽车散热器。 在附图 4A中， 管道 33系冷媒输入管道， 管道 35则是吸 热后冷媒的输出管道。由于冷却系统若不需工作在高压或高温环境下，管道 33 可使用目前产业常用的合成材料软管 (flexible piping)。 对于双轴式太阳追踪器 的水平角和仰角旋转来说， 使用软管可以较为容易连接到地面。 平坦的金属导 热管 34由铜或铝热导体制成， 集中散热时需要紧密贴近线性太阳能电池阵列 12。冷媒经金属导热管 34循环可降低线性太阳能电池阵列 12的温度至适当的 操作温度并将吸热后的冷媒输出。
请参见附图 4B， 支撑太阳能电池阵列 12的垂直支撑臂 18可兼用做液体 导管。 在较佳实施例中， 冷媒由输入管 18C 流入， 再由放置在中间的输出管 18H将吸热的冷媒送出。随后经由输出管 18H和管道 35流入水箱 70作热交换。 硅电池的工作温度处于 46°C时，这也是理想的家用热水输出温度。吸热冷媒的 可以在水箱 70进行热交换， 类似于现有的家用太阳能热水系统。 如果在寒冷 的天气或夜间需要较高的温度， 可以进一步使用其他能源以使温度从 46°C提 升。
可透过控制冷媒的流速来控制太阳能电池阵列的工作温度。在夏天需要比 冬天高的冷媒流速， 而中午则比早晨和傍晚需要较高的冷媒流速。太阳能电池 阵列在较低的工作温度下， 能产生较高的电池效率及较高的输出功率。太阳光 电池和热水相结合所产生的能量必须平衡，并透过控制冷媒的流速来优化循环 系统。 此外， 冷媒可以使用在一个封闭的循环冷却系统并在水箱内作热交换， 也可在不会结冰的气候直接使用水循环系统。而在会结冰的气候下， 则需使用 防冻冷媒。
太阳可见光光谱中， 波长较短的能量会被硅电池部分吸收并转化为电能， 波长较长的近红外光谱和从硅电池逃脱的光子转变成了聚光热。 如附图 4A所 示是太阳能聚光系统是一种高热传导系统， 在温度适中的 46°C的导热效率在 60%至 70%之间。 举例来说， 如果 20%的光子被太阳能电池阵列 12吸收并转 化为电力， 其余 80%的光子会使金属导热管 34加热。 以保守 60%导热效率估 计，太阳能光电系统和太阳能加热系统合并可使用到 68%太阳能效率。在环境 温度与受热区域有较佳的热绝缘效果时， 可达到更高的效率。
附图 4C所示为 QPT反射槽用在加热系统的另一个应用。在其它商业太阳 能热水装置中， 以加热管 32替换线性太阳能板固定在一个透明隔热管 36中。 由于近拋物线反射槽会将热能集中于加热管 32，绝缘加热装置可以更有效。因 为只需要较少的隔热管 36和加热管 32， 太阳能加热装置可比平面加热管系统 (populated tubing systems)更便宜。 此外， 低成本的双轴式太阳追踪器从日出到 日落比固定式太阳能热水器产生更多的热量。近拋物线反射板的数量将取决于 所需要的热水。在一般情况下，家庭使用并不需要如附图 4A所示的 12个反射 板。 因此， 有两个或多个反射板的较小型双轴式太阳追踪器就足以供一般家庭 太阳能热水装置使用。 除此之外， 太阳追踪器的指向算法用于热水系统时， 可 以利用热水温度输出值来取代最大功率输出值作为回授之用。
任何熟习此技艺者， 可以依据需要改变 QPTPV结构组合和加热系统。 例 如， 管道 35以及导热管 34可以使用最佳隔热材质使得输送至水箱 70的过程 中达到最低的散热效果。 同时输入和输出管道配置在许多方面可以优化或缩 短， 以防止热量散失。 这个改变和其他的变化不偏离 QPTPV系统的本质， 可 以在线性太阳能聚光电池阵列上产生高效率的冷凝换热。
长拋物线反射槽在单轴式太阳追踪器的实施例
请参阅附图 5，附图 5所示是安装在单轴式太阳追踪器 60上具有多个 QPT 反射板的 QPTPV系统。 数个 QPT反射板 52个串联成一个长反射槽， 类似聚 光式太阳热能发电 (concentrated solar thermo power, CSP)拋物线反射槽系统。 较佳实施例是由两个对半的 QPT反射板 52在底部由一 T形梁 22连接。 在连 接多个 QPT串联的接缝可以使用背面固定带或胶带 (glue strips)黏合。单一 QPT 反射板可设计用于较小的反射槽。 串联的反射板 52固定于安装梁 21。 QPTPV 在单轴式太阳追踪器的一个重要特征为， 串联的 QPT反射板 52之间应当没有 间距， 除了线性太阳能板 11遮盖产生的阴影以外， 反射板 52表面应所述没有 阴影。 因此， 追踪器 60和安装支架 27位在 QPT反射板 52下， 只有两个平行 的安装梁 21安装在 QPT反射板 52两恻。 弯曲的反射板 52遵循先前所讨论 QPT形成的三个规则。 安装支架 27上的平行安装梁 21在用于固定的螺栓 13 之处的斜率系匹配于真正的拋物线斜率。 数个螺栓 13是用来将弯曲的反射板 52固定在安装梁 21上。 位于单轴式太阳追踪器 60两端和中间的 QPT反射板 52的下方， 有数个安装支架 27系位于反射板 52的下方并在两端连接安装梁 21的两端。 一个细长的倒 T形梁 22附着在安装支架 27中央， 支撑两个半片 QPT反射板 52。安装支架 27的较佳实施例是使用弯曲的 L形梁做成一个反向 梯形支架。 L形梁弯曲点可以切开部份并弯折焊接成刚性结构。强化细钢丝 28 可用于系牢两个平行的安装梁 21以作为结构的支撑。由于细钢丝 28宽度极小 于太阳照射角在反射板 52的角度， 所以反射板 52表面上的钢丝 28就不会形 成阴影。 这种效果常见于阳光照射下只见电线杆而不见电线的阴影。 线性太阳能板 11安装在多个垂直支撑臂 18上， 线性太阳能电池阵列 12 面向反射板 52。 垂直支撑臂 18连接在 T形梁 22的中间具有可调节垂直高度 机制。被动式散热器阵列 14位在太阳能电池阵列 12的背面， 面对太阳的方向 并直接贴紧于太阳能电池阵列 12。 太阳风扇连接在太阳能板 11的背面， 可用 散热器冷却。使用主动式液体或水冷却作为替代散热的方式也是可行的。主动 式冷却系统需要一个贮存热水的水箱。
整个追踪器支架固定和平衡在单轴式太阳追踪器的一个细长圆筒型梁 25 上。 单轴式太阳追踪器的旋转机制请参阅本发明之申请人已申请的美国专利 (美国专利申请号 12/816, 195)。 在附图 5B所示是单轴式太阳追踪器 60上的安 装支架 27安装在圆筒型梁 25， 中间有旋转垫圈 24(rotating bushing) ,并以一个 枕型轴钳 39固定。 旋转垫圈 24环绕在圆筒型梁 25上用以促进单轴式太阳追 踪器支架 51旋转。 附图 5C所示是圆筒型梁 25支撑并固定在数个地柱 20上。 附图 5D所示是两个半片反射板 52固定在倒 T型梁 22的底部。 T型梁 22的最 佳实施例为采用细长金属条弯曲成 T形梁。 QPT反射板 52连结在倒 T形梁 22 的中心并以螺丝固定。然后倒 T形梁 22附着在安装支架 27之间并固定于安装 架 27上的 L形梁之上。 倒 T形梁 22在水平圆筒型梁 25上排为一列， 位于单 轴式太阳追踪器 60重心的中心线上。
单轴式太阳追踪器旋转只需要注意每天追踪太阳日出到日落的时间。太阳 轨道从夏天到冬天都有不同的季节性变化， 这影响了 QPT反射器聚焦效果。 每天 0.26度的轨道变化是非常缓慢。为了注意这个太阳轨道的微小变化，需要 每天调整线性太阳能板 11的聚焦平面 (focal plane)高度。线性驱动器 38位在单 轴式太阳追踪器中心附近， 设计用来调整移动线性太阳能板 11 的垂直位置。 在 CSP的应用时， 因为 QPT反射板有很长的长度， 所以就得要在两端设置更 多驱动器。此外， 较长的 QPTPV系统也应当在追踪器的两端设置两个驱动器。 驱动器 38上面的驱动杆 Gack head)37连接中间的垂直支撑臂 18， 以便将线性 太阳能板 11向上或向下移动。其余的垂直支撑臂 18需要随着导轨使太阳能板 11能垂直移动。 一个紧贴的导管 29(guiding tube)附着在太阳能电池阵列 12的 空隙且环绕在垂直支撑臂 18， 可以作为导轨。 同时， 紧贴的导管 29可以确保 线性太阳能板没有横向位移。 圆筒形导管 29的较佳实施例为内层被覆套管材 料并以固体润滑剂润滑。 线性驱动器 38可每日数次启动来调整每天 0.26度的 太阳轨道变化。线性驱动器 38启动周期远大于单轴式太阳追踪器 60的启动周 期； 然而， 也必须遵循最大功率指向算法。此外， 为进一步确保垂直支撑臂 18 固定太阳能板 11， 可以安装电磁锁定线圈 (electromagnetic locking coil)环绕于 导管 29。当线性驱动器 38闲置时，在导管 29上的电磁锁将被启动锁定垂直支 撑臂 18。
单轴式线性 QPTPV系统的概念可用于在 CSP产业的线性抛物反射槽。虽 然 CSP系统所需要 QPT反射表面更大， 但可容许反射板间隔和结构的阴影存 在。 这个特性将允许支撑支架结构的 QPT反射板的间隔存在， 以用来支撑热 水蒸汽的 CSP涡轮发电机 (turbine generator)的长条蒸汽管结构。
任何熟习此技艺者可以视需要调整 QPT反射器的配置以安装在不同类型 的单轴式太阳追踪器或结构上。 例如， 简化的 QPT反射板可以安装在传统的 CSP架构上。 另外， 由于重量轻的 QPT反射板安装在简化的追踪器支架上， 位于中间的加热管可以安装在独立架构， 由位于两端及中间的 QPT反射板接 合处支撑。 垂直支撑臂 18连接到所述中间的加热管将是唯一的连接。 垂直支 撑臂 18作为圆筒型梁 25的旋转半径。这将成为一个有较轻的反射板旋转机制 的简化反射器结构。此外， 由于较重的中央蒸汽管从日出到日落随着旋转驱动 器摆动， 重量较轻的追踪器支架可被同一驱动器带动而绕着圆筒型梁 25 以垂 直支撑臂 18为旋转半径进行旋转。这些简化 QPT反射器的变化并没有改变本 发明的本质。
达到每瓦最低成本的系统性步骤
本发明的目的是建立一个系统方法以使用较低的整体组合成本达到每瓦 最低成本的目标。 所述系统方法绘制为流程图如附图 6 所示。 所述方法利用 PV和 CPV系统的优点并排除其缺点。本发明提出一种新的系统架构来降低太 阳能光电池整体组合的生产成本。现在的太阳能光电池制造商并不考虑所述系 统性做法。 相反地， 每个太阳能电池制造商都各自追求提高太阳能光电池的效 率和降低成本， 却不曾考虑系统组合的电力生产成本。 一般来说， 太阳能光电 系统的优点是相对较低成本的硅电池成本及在双轴式追踪器上宽松的指向需 求。 此外， 现今低成本的硅电池能在低聚光下不会丧失效率， 反而在较低的工 作温度下会增进其效率。太阳光伏系统缺点是必须放置大量光电池在太阳能板 上， 这构成了大部分的太阳光伏模块成本。另一方面， CPV系统优点是高聚光 下需要较少的太阳能电池。但是太阳能电池成本非常高， 此外聚光装置的高精 密度的太阳追踪器和高冷却需求也是可观的成本。 这些是 CPV太阳能系统较 PV面板系统不具有竞争力的主要原因。
本发明揭露的系统性方法如附图 6所示，利用了 PV和 CPV系统所有的优 点， 避免不良的缺点， 然后创建一个新的系统方法， 以创建一个有非常低成本 的 QPTPV系统或 CTPV系统。 总之， 所揭露的 QPTPV或 CTPV系统方法仅 使用一小部分太阳能板及太阳能光电池，并利用宽松的追踪指向需求降低双轴 式太阳追踪器成本。此外，在由平板弯曲形成的 QPT或 CT反射板的表面披覆 镜面， 被认为是目前最低成本的聚光法。 此外， 还将散热器所传导出的热能用 于热水系统， 可实现高达 70%的太阳能利用率。 因此， 本发明提出的系统方法 是一种结合多种低成本 QPT或 CT镜面反射器，安装在一个低成本的双轴式太 阳追踪器与缩小的太阳光伏直线光电池阵列。 这种组合系统是降低 PV能源生 产成本至目标每瓦 1美元的关键。本发明揭露其他优点包括简化的散焦技术代 替复杂非成像光学， 均匀扩散太阳光线至线性太阳能电池。 且使用最大功率指 向算法的太阳追踪器可以降低成本， 并优化同一时间的输出能源总量。在热水 系统的实施例或 CSP 系统， 输出功率可以被替换为数字式自动调温器 (thermostat)来测量液体输出的温度， 作为追踪器指向的回授。
虽然本发明已用较佳实施例揭露如上， 然其并非用以限定本发明， 任何熟 习此技艺者， 在不脱离本发明之精神和范围内， 当可作各种之更动与修改， 因 此本发明之保护范围当视后附之申请专利范围所界定者为准。

Claims

1. 一种太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 包括：
多个近拋物线反射槽板， 以同一方向安装在一双轴式太阳追踪器支架上； 多个线性太阳光电池阵列， 包含串联的太阳能电池； 其中每一所述线性太 阳光电池阵列装在一长条型太阳能板中； 其中所述长条型太阳能板的两端 用两根可调高度式支撑臂的两端固定在所述双轴式太阳追踪器的支架上， 且所述两个可调高度式支撑臂与所述长条型太阳能板及所述太阳追踪器的 支架垂直； 其中每一线性太阳光电池阵列面对着所述反射槽板， 且两者的 距离为反射槽板焦距；
其中一被动散热器或是一主动冷却管， 固定在每一所述线性太阳光电池阵 列的背面及所述长条型太阳能板的里面， 用以散热；
其中所述多个近拋物线反射槽板将太阳光集中在所述多个线性太阳光电池 阵列上， 用以产生太阳电能或兼用于太阳能热水器。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述近拋物线反射槽 板由一平薄的反射板制成； 所述反射板通过近拋物线反射槽成型技术弯曲 成拋物线； 其中所述近拋物线反射槽成型技术包含如下三种： （1 ) 使所述 弯曲反射板的横跨直线距离等于所述拋物线的横跨直线距离； （2) 使所述 横跨直线距离之间的反射板的原始的宽度等于所述拋物线的弧线长； （3 ) 使所述弯曲反射板固定在支撑梁的角度等于所述支撑点的所述拋物线的斜 率； 再者， 其中所述近拋物线反射槽板可由两片对称的近拋物线反射槽板 组成， 且所述两片对称的近拋物线反射槽板接合处的接合角度是水平角。
3. 根据权利要求 2所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述近拋物线反射槽 的反射板是一圆筒反射槽； 其中所述圆筒反射槽以所述近拋物线反射槽成 型技术所包含的三种技术制成， 符合圆弧参数。
4. 根据权利要求 2所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述两个近拋物线反 射槽反射板由可弯式防锈金属板、 不锈钢金属板、 塑料板、 亚克力板、 玻 璃纤维板、 铝合成或铝复合板制成； 其中所述两个近拋物线反射槽反射板 的表面覆盖一薄膜镜片； 再者， 其中所述近拋物线反射槽板由刚性玻璃或 亚克力板制成， 而刚性玻璃或亚克力板连同前表面或后表面的镜子皆以热 弯成型技术制成。
5. 根据权利要求 1所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述多个长条型太阳 能板的所述多个支撑臂的高度可做调整， 便能将太阳光平均分散在所述线 性太阳光电池阵列上， 以获得最大功率输出。
6. 根据权利要求 1所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述双轴式太阳追踪 器进行周期性的水平角或仰角旋转； 其中一指向算法在每一次水平角或仰 角启动旋转期间时， 会将输出功率测量值作为回授； 其中进行水平角或仰 角旋转的步进马达，在分别的启动期间往前及往后移动时会输出最大功率; 其中所述步进马达在启动期间以外， 是处于闲置状态。
7. 根据权利要求 2所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述双轴式太阳追踪 器上的所述两个近拋物线反射槽板的支撑梁， 其剖面为等腰三角形， 且所 述等支撑梁的底角与支撑点的所述拋物线的斜率相合。
8. 根据权利要求 7所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述多个支撑梁由弯 曲成等腰三角形的细长金属条制成， 所述等腰三角形的顶角有一开缝； 其 中所述等支撑梁的底部固定在所述双轴式太阳追踪器的圆筒状水平梁的上 方， 且所述双轴式太阳追踪器以所述圆筒状水平梁为轴心作仰角旋转。
9. 根据权利要求 1所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述长条型太阳能板 的背面安装多个太阳风扇， 用来冷却所述多个被动散热器及所述多个太阳 光电池； 其中所述多个太阳风扇则限制于所述长条型太阳能板的宽度内。
10.根据权利要求 1所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述多个主动冷却管 将冷媒循环到一水箱， 以在所述水箱内进行热交换； 其中控制所述冷媒的 流速以得到理想的太阳光能发电及热能的组合； 其中所述冷媒为直接循环 所述水箱的水。
11.根据权利要求 10所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 将所述长条型太阳能 板替换成一加热管， 用在热水系统加热。
12.—种太阳光伏装置， 其包含：
一加长型近拋物线反射槽， 包含多个安装在单轴式太阳追踪器支架上的串 接的近拋物线反射板； 多个线性太阳光电池阵列， 包含串联的太阳光电池； 其中每一所述线性太 阳光电池阵列装在一长条型太阳能板中； 其中所述多个长条型太阳能板固 定在可调高度式支撑臂上， 且所述多个可调高度式支撑臂与所述多个长条 型太阳能板及所述太阳追踪器之支架相互垂直； 其中所述多个长条型太阳 能板连接到一加长型长条型太阳能板； 其中所述多个线性太阳光电池阵列 面对着所述加长型反射槽板， 两者的距离为反射槽板焦距；
其中一或多根所述加长型长条型太阳能板的所述多个支撑臂， 连接到一或 多个线性驱动器； 其中所述多个线性驱动器垂直固定在所述太阳追踪器的 支架上； 其中所述多个线性驱动器可做伸缩， 以便能调整所述加长型长条 型太阳能板的高度；
其中其余所述多个支撑臂吻合地插入固定在所述多个长条型太阳能板恻面 及空隙的导管内； 其中所述加长型长条型太阳能板会随着所述多个线性驱 动器的启动而沿着所述多个导管上下移动；
其中一被动散热器阵列， 或是一液体循环冷却管， 固定在每一所述线性太 阳能电池阵列的背面及在所述长条型太阳能板箱子的里面， 用以散热； 其中所述加长型近拋物线反射槽的反射板将太阳光集中在所述多个线性太 阳能电池阵列上， 用以产生太阳电能或兼用于太阳能热水器。
13.根据权利要求 12所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述近拋物线反射槽 的反射板由一平薄的反射板制成。 所述反射板通过一近拋物线反射槽成型 技术弯曲成拋物线； 其中所述近拋物线反射槽成型技术包含如下三种： （1 ) 使所述弯曲反射板的横跨直线距离等于所述拋物线的横跨直线距离； （2) 使所述反射板的原始的宽度等于所述拋物线的弧线长； （3 ) 使所述弯曲反 射板固定在所述多个支撑梁的角度等于所述支撑点的所述拋物线的斜率； 其中所述近拋物线反射槽板是可由两片对称的近拋物线反射槽板组成， 且 所述两片对称的近拋物线反射槽板接合处的接合角度是水平角。
14.根据权利要求 13所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述两个近拋物线反 射槽反射板由可弯式防锈金属板、 不锈钢金属板、 塑料板、 亚克力板、 玻 璃纤维板、 合成或铝复合板制成； 其中所述多个近拋物线反射槽板的表面 用薄膜镜子覆盖； 或其中所述近拋物线反射槽板由刚性玻璃或亚克力板制 成， 且刚性玻璃或亚克力板连同前表面或后表面的镜子皆以热弯成型技术 制成。
15.根据权利要求 12所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 太阳追踪器的指向算 法将输出功率测量值回授到单轴式太阳追踪器， 以获得最大输出功率； 其 中所述多个长条型太阳能板的架设高度每天随着太阳移动轨道的变化进行 调整， 利用所述输出功率测量值作回授以获得最大功率输出。
16.根据权利要求 12所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 其中选择性装设的电 磁锁安装在所述多个导管上， 以在所述线性驱动器启动期间锁住所述多个 支撑臂及所述多个长条型太阳能板。
17.根据权利要求 12所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述长条型太阳能板 的背面安装多个太阳风扇， 用来冷却所述多个被动散热器及所述多个太阳 能电池；其中所述多个太阳风扇大小限制在所述长条型太阳能板的宽度内。
18.根据权利要求 12所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述液体循环冷却管 连接到一水箱， 以在所述水箱内进行热交换； 其中控制冷媒的流速以得到 理想的太阳光能发电及热能的组合； 其中所述冷媒为直接循环所述水箱的 水。
19.根据权利要求 18所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 将所述多个长条型太 阳能板替换成加热管， 用在热水系统加热。
20.根据权利要求 12所述的太阳光伏装置， 其特征在于， 所述多个线性串接的 近拋物线反射槽板作为太阳聚热发电系统的反射板； 其中将所述加长型长 条型太阳能板替换成一输送蒸气的加热管用以发电。
21. 一种太阳光伏系统， 其特征在于， 包括：
一或多个弧线型反射槽， 用同一方向安装在双轴式或单轴式太阳追踪器支 架的同一方向上； 其中所述一或多个弧线型反射槽为一近拋物线反射槽的 反射板、 一圆筒反射槽板， 或是一弯曲成接近于几何曲线的弧线型反射槽 一或多个线性太阳光电池阵列， 包含串联的太阳光电池， 而所述一或多个 太阳光电池连同被动散热装置或主动散热装置装在一长条型太阳能板中； 其中所述一或多个长条型太阳光电池板安装在所述双轴式或单轴式太阳追 踪器的支架上， 且手动或自动调整垂直于支撑臂的所述一或多个长条型太 阳能板的高度；
其中所述多个弧线型反射槽板将太阳光集中在所述多个线性太阳光电池阵 列上， 用以产生太阳电能或兼用于太阳能热水器。
22.根据权利要求 21所述的太阳光伏系统， 其特征在于， 所述近拋物线反射槽 由一平薄的反射板制成； 所述反射板通过近拋物线反射槽成型技术弯曲成 拋物线； 其中所述近拋物线反射槽成型技术包含如下三种： （1 ) 使所述弯 曲反射板的横跨直线距离等于所述几何曲线横跨直线距离； （2) 使所述横 跨直线距离之间的所述反射板的原始宽度等于所述几何曲线的弧线长； (3) 使所述弯曲反射板固定于所述多个支撑梁的角度等于所述支撑点的所述几 何曲线的斜率； 其中所述弧线型反射槽板是由两片对称的弧线型反射槽板 组成， 且所述两对称的所述弧线型反射槽板接合处的接合角度是水平角。
23.根据权利要求 21所述的太阳光伏系统， 其特征在于， 组合技术采用： （1 ) 所述多个弧线型反射槽安装在双轴式或单轴式太阳追踪器上； （2) 所述多 个弧线型反射槽将太阳光集中到所述线性太阳光电池阵列或一加热管之 上； （3) 输出功率测量值或热水温度输出值回授到太阳追踪器输出一最大 功率的指向算法； 其中所述组合技术或部分所述组合技术用来节省太阳能 发电的成本。
24.根据权利要求 21所述的太阳光伏系统， 其特征在于， 所述多个长条型太阳 能板的高度能够调整， 便能将太阳光平均分散在所述线性太阳光电池阵列 上， 以获得最大功率输出。
25.根据权利要求 21所述的太阳光伏系统， 其特征在于， 所述长条型太阳能板 的背面安装多个太阳风扇以加快散热； 其中所述多个太阳风扇大小限制于 所述长条型太阳能板的宽度内。
26.根据权利要求 21所述的太阳光伏系统， 其特征在于， 所述主动散热可兼用 于太阳能热水器。
27.根据权利要求 21所述的太阳光伏系统， 其特征在于， 将所述长条型太阳能 板取代为隔热太阳能加热管， 用在热水系统加热。
28.根据权利要求 21所述的太阳光伏系统， 其特征在于， 安装在所述单轴式太 阳追踪器上的所述多个弧线型反射槽用于集光型太阳能发电系统上； 所述 集光型太阳能发电系统以一隔热线性太阳能加热管取代加长型长条型太阳 能板； 所述隔热线性太阳能加热管产生蒸汽以推动涡轮发电。
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