WO2011115523A1 - Способ преобразования тепла в гидравлическую энергию и устройство для его осуществления - Google Patents
Способ преобразования тепла в гидравлическую энергию и устройство для его осуществления Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011115523A1 WO2011115523A1 PCT/RU2010/000823 RU2010000823W WO2011115523A1 WO 2011115523 A1 WO2011115523 A1 WO 2011115523A1 RU 2010000823 W RU2010000823 W RU 2010000823W WO 2011115523 A1 WO2011115523 A1 WO 2011115523A1
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- gas
- heat
- reservoir
- liquid
- heat exchanger
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
- F15B11/06—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor involving features specific to the use of a compressible medium, e.g. air, steam
- F15B11/072—Combined pneumatic-hydraulic systems
- F15B11/0725—Combined pneumatic-hydraulic systems with the driving energy being derived from a pneumatic system, a subsequent hydraulic system displacing or controlling the output element
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K27/00—Plants for converting heat or fluid energy into mechanical energy, not otherwise provided for
- F01K27/005—Plants for converting heat or fluid energy into mechanical energy, not otherwise provided for by means of hydraulic motors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
- F15B11/06—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor involving features specific to the use of a compressible medium, e.g. air, steam
- F15B11/072—Combined pneumatic-hydraulic systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02G2280/00—Output delivery
- F02G2280/50—Compressors or pumps
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/20—Fluid pressure source, e.g. accumulator or variable axial piston pump
- F15B2211/21—Systems with pressure sources other than pumps, e.g. with a pyrotechnical charge
- F15B2211/212—Systems with pressure sources other than pumps, e.g. with a pyrotechnical charge the pressure sources being accumulators
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/20—Fluid pressure source, e.g. accumulator or variable axial piston pump
- F15B2211/21—Systems with pressure sources other than pumps, e.g. with a pyrotechnical charge
- F15B2211/214—Systems with pressure sources other than pumps, e.g. with a pyrotechnical charge the pressure sources being hydrotransformers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/20—Fluid pressure source, e.g. accumulator or variable axial piston pump
- F15B2211/21—Systems with pressure sources other than pumps, e.g. with a pyrotechnical charge
- F15B2211/216—Systems with pressure sources other than pumps, e.g. with a pyrotechnical charge the pressure sources being pneumatic-to-hydraulic converters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
- F15B2211/62—Cooling or heating means
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
- Y02E10/46—Conversion of thermal power into mechanical power, e.g. Rankine, Stirling or solar thermal engines
Definitions
- a method of converting heat into hydraulic energy and a device for its implementation A method of converting heat into hydraulic energy and a device for its implementation.
- the invention relates to mechanical engineering and can be used to effectively convert heat of various sources into hydraulic energy, including the sun, internal or external combustion engines, high-temperature fuel cells, geothermal sources, etc.
- a known method of converting heat into hydraulic energy implemented in a device according to US5,579,64.
- the method includes pumping a working fluid into a pneumohydraulic accumulator (hereinafter referred to as the accumulator) with gas compression, as well as expanding the gas to displace the liquid from the accumulator, as well as supplying heat to the gas and removing heat from the gas, so that the average gas temperature during expansion is higher than with compression.
- a pneumohydraulic accumulator hereinafter referred to as the accumulator
- the method is implemented using a device that includes at least two pneumohydraulic accumulators (referred to by the authors as “first and second liquid vessels”, “liquid tank”), in each of which the liquid reservoir communicating with the means for supplying and receiving liquid is separated by a movable a separator from a gas reservoir in communication with heating and cooling means configured to heat and cool the gas entering them.
- Heating and cooling means include gas receivers (called by the authors “first and second gas vessels”, “gas vessels”), each of which communicates with the gas reservoir of the corresponding (first or second) battery, as well as means for heating and cooling gas in receivers (called the authors of the "first and second means of heating and cooling, respectively) and a control system made with the ability to alternate cooling and gas heating in the receivers.
- Means for supplying and receiving fluid include a hydraulic pump and motor, as well as valves.
- Heat to the gas in the receiver is supplied from the hot heat carrier through the walls of the heating heat exchanger, which is either placed outside the receiver and transfers heat to the gas through the walls of the receiver, or is placed inside the receiver, transferring heat to the gas through its own durable walls. It is proposed to use, for example, exhaust gases from internal combustion engines (hereinafter - ICE) as a hot heat carrier.
- ICE internal combustion engines
- Heat from the gas in the receiver is transferred to an external cooling medium either directly through the walls of the receiver or through the strong walls of a separate cooling heat exchanger located inside the receiver. It is proposed to use ambient air or water as the cooling medium.
- Switching from the heat supply to the exhaust and vice versa is carried out by turning off the flow of hot coolant and turning on the flow of cooling coolant and, conversely, using valves.
- Each battery with its own receiver and heating and cooling means is a separate converter of heat into hydraulic energy.
- Gas reservoirs of different accumulators are not communicated, and liquid reservoirs are connected to means for supplying and receiving liquids through separate valves.
- two or more of such converters are used in the said device, so that forcing liquid into the battery of one converter corresponds to displacing the liquid from the battery of the other converter.
- the cyclic heating and cooling of the gas occurs in the same volume of the gas receiver, which implies the cyclic heating and cooling of not only the gas, but also the heat exchangers, as well as the walls of the receiver.
- Gas at high pressure (hundreds of bar), exchanges heat with coolants at low pressure (up to units of bar for exhaust gases).
- Heat exchangers of appropriate strength like the walls of the receiver, are massive and have a heat capacity that is significantly (at least ten times) greater than the heat capacity of the gas in the receiver. To an even greater extent (hundreds and thousands of times) their heat capacity exceeds the heat capacity of atmospheric air and exhaust gases pumped through heat exchangers per second.
- the thermal inertia of the device is large, and the cooling and heating rates of the gas are small, which reduces the speed and average specific power of the device and is the first significant drawback of the proposed solution.
- the heating and cooling of the gas in the receiver occurs due to the thermal conductivity of the gas and natural convection, which also reduces the heating and cooling rates and the associated specific power.
- most of the heat from an external source is not spent on conversion into hydraulic energy, but on heating massive heat exchangers and receiver walls cooled at the previous stage of the cycle. At the end of the gas expansion, the heat accumulated in the heat exchanger is given to the cooling medium and emitted. Therefore, the heat efficiency is low, which is the second and most significant drawback of this solution.
- the proposed use of heat from one of the receivers when it is being cooled to heat another receiver can reduce heat loss by no more than 50%.
- thermodynamic efficiency of the gas cycle is fundamentally incompatible with increasing the overall efficiency of converting the heat of an external source into hydraulic energy.
- the authors propose heating the gas in the receiver until the gas temperature in the receiver approaches the temperature of the hot coolant.
- the fraction of heat taken to the heat exchanger from the heat carrier tends to zero.
- speed and average power drop because the process of temperature equalization in the receiver is asymptotic.
- the need to switch valves, the flow of hot coolant reduces the reliability of the device, especially when using exhaust gases from internal combustion engines combining high temperature (up to 800-900 C) with chemical aggressiveness. Failure of the valve switching the exhaust gas flow can lead either to dangerous uncontrolled overheating of the gas in the receiver with an increase in pressure above the maximum permissible level, or to a failure of the internal combustion engine when the exhaust tract is blocked.
- An object of the present invention is to increase the efficiency and rate of conversion of heat to hydraulic energy.
- An object of the present invention is also to increase the power density and reliability of a device that converts heat into hydraulic energy.
- the objective of the present invention is also to provide the possibility of storing heat and converting it into hydraulic energy during temporary shutdown or reduction of the power of the heat source.
- a method for converting heat into hydraulic energy including pumping a working fluid into a fluid reservoir of at least one of two or more pneumohydraulic accumulators (hereinafter, accumulators) with gas compression in its gas reservoir, expansion of gas in the gas reservoir at least one battery with the displacement of the working fluid from its fluid reservoir, as well as the supply of heat to the gas and removal heat from gas produced so that the average temperature of the gas during expansion is higher than during compression.
- accumulators pneumohydraulic accumulators
- liquid supply and reception means are used, which may include hydraulic pumps and motors or hydraulic pressure transducers (hereinafter referred to as hydraulic converters).
- the forced convection of the gas flowing through the heat exchangers ensures a high rate of its heating and cooling, which allows the heat of an external source to be converted to hydraulic energy at a high speed and specific power. Elimination of cyclic heating and cooling of heat exchangers and other elements of heating and cooling means under high pressure increases their reliability and the safety of converting heat into hydraulic energy.
- the heat accumulated in a hotter heat exchanger is not emitted and can be used to convert into hydraulic energy during a temporary shutdown or reduction in the power of an external heat source.
- the walls of the gas reservoir of at least one of the accumulators are kept colder and the gas is transferred into it through a cooler heat exchanger, and the walls of the gas reservoir of another at least one The batteries are kept hotter and transfer gas into it through a hotter heat exchanger.
- the walls of the liquid reservoir of at least one of the batteries and the working fluid in it are kept cooler, and the walls of the liquid reservoir of the other at least one battery and the working the fluid in it is kept hotter.
- the invention provides both thermal insulation of the flows and heat recovery during injection and displacement of a hotter (or colder) working fluid.
- the working fluid displaced from at least one accumulator is passed through a regenerating liquid heat exchanger, and when the working fluid is injected into this accumulator, it is passed through the same regenerating liquid heat exchanger in the opposite direction.
- the hotter working fluid is separated from the colder working fluid by at least one movable heat insulator.
- one working fluid is used in the colder liquid reservoir, and another working fluid is used in the hotter fluid reservoir, these different working fluids being separated by at least one movable separator.
- This movable separator can also be a movable heat insulator, for example, a piston made of a material with low thermal conductivity (polymer or ceramic) or an elastic separator coated with an open-cell foamed elastomer.
- high-temperature organic for example, based on diphenyl and diphenyl oxide
- organosilicon e.g., based on dimethylpolysiloxane
- working fluid allows you to maintain the temperature of a hotter battery and working fluid in it up to 300 - 400 ° C.
- inorganic working fluid for example, molten tin or another metal
- At least three accumulators are used to approximate the gas compression process to the isothermal one, and in at least two of them the walls of the gas tanks are kept colder and the gas is transferred between them with compression through a cooler heat exchanger.
- At least three accumulators are used to approximate the gas expansion process to the isothermal one, moreover, in at least two of them the walls of the gas reservoirs are kept hotter and gas is expanded between them through the hotter heat exchanger To increase the maximum gas temperature above the maximum permissible temperature of the working fluid or separator in at least one accumulator, the walls of the gas reservoir are separated from the heated gas stream by means of thermal protection.
- gas blower In order to better approximate the processes of gas compression or expansion to isothermal and to further increase the efficiency of converting heat to hydraulic energy in the gas reservoir of at least one accumulator, forced gas convection is created using a gas circulation pump (hereinafter referred to as gas blower for short).
- gas circulation pump hereinafter referred to as gas blower for short.
- forced convection is created by transferring gas by gas blowing through at least one heat exchanger with taking gas from the gas tank of at least one accumulator and returning the gas to the same gas tank.
- gas from this gas reservoir is taken through one gas line and returned through another gas line.
- the gas blower can be driven by electric, hydraulic or other motors through a shaft or other kinematic link of the drive, equipped with seals to prevent leakage of compressed gas.
- a hydraulic motor operating at close liquid pressures (preferably, differing from the gas pressures in the gas blower by no more than units bar).
- this hydraulic motor is driven by a fluid flowing between this hydraulic motor and a liquid reservoir of at least one of said accumulators when liquid is injected into it or when liquid is forced out of it through this hydraulic motor.
- thermodynamic efficiency especially during compression or expansion, close to isothermal, transformation carried out in a cycle with heat recovery, in which at least at one stage heat is removed from the gas with cooling of the gas and at least at one stage heat is supplied to the gas with heating of the gas, and part of the heat removed from the gas at the cooling stage is used for supplying gas to the stage with heating.
- heat from the gas is diverted to the regenerating heat exchanger, and at the heating stage, heat is supplied to the gas first from the regenerating heat exchanger, and then from an external heat source.
- a separate regenerative heat exchanger is preferably used. At the stage with gas cooling, it is first passed through a separate regenerative heat exchanger in the cooling direction, and then through a cold heat exchanger, and at the stage with gas heating it is passed first through a regenerative heat exchanger in the heating direction, preferably in the opposite direction of cooling, and then through a hot heat exchanger.
- a counter-current hot heat exchanger When transferring heat from a source through a hot heat carrier emitted after heat extraction (for example, exhaust gases), a counter-current hot heat exchanger is used to increase efficiency. Gas is transferred through it in the direction opposite to the direction of flow of the hot heat carrier, so that heat is supplied to the gas entering the heat exchanger from the heat exchanger leaving the heat exchanger, and heat is supplied to the gas leaving the heat exchanger from the heat exchanger entering the heat exchanger.
- both the degree of heating of the gas and the degree of cooling of the hot heat carrier (for example, the output streams of the products of combustion of fuel or water vapor) are increased.
- the countercurrent heat exchanger (or part thereof) is used as a regenerating heat exchanger, passing gas through it (or through its part) when cooling in one direction, and when heating in the opposite direction.
- gas cycles including two isotherms and two isobars (or two other stages, equidistant in the temperature-entropy coordinates, for example, two isochores), approach generalized Carnot cycles, which allow heat to be converted into gas with extreme thermodynamic efficiency.
- each gas reservoir corresponds to one liquid reservoir, the pressures of which differ only by a small amount associated with friction when moving the piston separator or with the deformation of the elastic separator.
- the specified fluid flow between such accumulators is created by means of hydromechanical means of interaccumulative fluid transfer (for example, a liquid pump or a hydraulic converter) that overcome the pressure difference between the liquid reservoirs of the accumulators, the gas reservoirs of which communicate through heat exchangers.
- the indicated pressure difference between different parts of the fluid flow between the liquid reservoirs of the batteries, the gas reservoirs of which communicate through heat exchangers, is determined by the resistances of the heat exchangers, communications (gas and liquid), as well as the efficiency of the hydromechanical means of the interaccumulative transfer of fluid. Compared to the total liquid pressure in the battery, this the pressure difference is small (preferably, does not exceed units of bar). Therefore, the losses associated with leaks and friction in hydromechanical means of interaccumulative fluid transfer are small.
- Said hydromechanical means may include a liquid pump driven by electric, hydraulic or other motors through a shaft or other kinematic drive link provided with seals to prevent fluid leakage.
- the specified fluid flow between the accumulators is preferably created by means of a hydraulic converter having at least three fluid ports. To create an interaccumulative fluid flow, its two ports are connected to the fluid ports of the respective batteries and set in motion by another fluid flow flowing through at least one other port thereof.
- a stream is used as this other stream, which is the difference between the stream flowing into the hydraulic converter from the accumulator (s) from which the incoming gas displaces the liquid, and the stream flowing from the hydraulic converter into the accumulator (s), in which the incoming liquid displaces the gas.
- At least one accumulator which combines the functions of a pneumohydraulic accumulator and a hydraulic converter.
- a battery includes at least two liquid reservoirs separated by one common piston separator from one gas reservoir. These liquid tanks have independent liquid ports and are separated from each other, which allows them to maintain different pressures so that the total pressure force of the liquid on the separator balances the pressure of the gas on the separator.
- the interaccumulative fluid flow in at least one fluid reservoir of this accumulator maintains a fluid pressure greater than the gas pressure in the gas reservoir of the same accumulator, and at least one other fluid reservoir of this accumulator maintains a fluid pressure less than the indicated gas pressure.
- At least one of these fluid reservoirs connected to the fluid reservoir of at least one other accumulator, is involved in said interaccumulative fluid flow, while at least one other fluid reservoir of the same accumulator is used to maintain a fluid pressure ratio in accordance with direction of gas transfer.
- the pressure relative to the gas pressure is raised or lowered by an amount sufficient to create a fluid flow. To do this, respectively, lower or raise the pressure in the liquid reservoir that is not involved in the interaccumulative transfer of fluid by the amount necessary to maintain a balance of pressure forces on the piston separator.
- a specified fluid flow to another accumulator is generated from at least one of the liquid reservoirs of this accumulator, maintaining a pressure in this liquid reservoir greater than the gas pressure in this gas reservoir, and in another, at least in one liquid reservoir of the same battery, the pressure is less than the indicated gas pressure.
- a specified fluid flow from another accumulator is generated into at least one of the liquid reservoirs of this accumulator, maintaining a pressure in this liquid reservoir less than the gas pressure in this gas reservoir, and in another, at least , in one liquid reservoir of the same battery, a pressure greater than the indicated gas pressure.
- the invention suggests that a fluid flow is created through a hydraulic converter and the necessary valves, both directly between the liquid reservoirs of different batteries, and through intermediate liquid buffer with the movement of its movable separator or heat insulator.
- liquid supply and reception means are used for receiving the displaced working fluid and forcing it, including a line with a first pressure and a line with a second pressure, Both the first and second pressures are kept high (preferably tens or hundreds of bars), and the second pressure is greater than the first.
- the conversion is carried out in a cycle including the stage of gas compression in an accumulator with a cooler gas reservoir, the stage of gas transfer from it through a hotter heat exchanger to the accumulator with a hotter gas reservoir, the stage of gas expansion in the accumulator with a hotter gas reservoir, as well as the gas transfer stage from it through a cooler heat exchanger to a battery with a cooler gas reservoir.
- Gas is transferred from an accumulator with a hotter gas reservoir to an accumulator with a colder gas reservoir when the working fluid pressure in the accumulators is less than the first pressure.
- the flow of the working fluid from the line with the first pressure to the liquid reservoir of the accumulator with the hotter gas reservoir is directed through the aforementioned hydraulic converter, which creates the above-described flow of the working fluid from the accumulator with the colder gas reservoir to the accumulator with the hotter gas reservoir.
- Gas is transferred from an accumulator with a cooler gas reservoir to an accumulator with a hotter gas reservoir when the working fluid pressure in the accumulators is greater than the second pressure.
- the flow of the working fluid from the liquid reservoir of the accumulator with the hotter gas reservoir to the line with the second pressure is directed through the aforementioned hydraulic converter, which creates the above-described flow of the working fluid from the accumulator of the hotter gas reservoir to the accumulator with the cooler gas reservoir.
- Compression of gas in the accumulator (at least in one) with a cooler gas reservoir is carried out by pumping the working fluid into its fluid reservoir from the hydraulic converter, which is also connected to the lines with the first and second pressures.
- This hydraulic converter is set in motion by directing a fluid flow through it from a line with a second pressure.
- the pressure of the liquid pumped from the hydraulic converter into the specified liquid reservoir is increased by increasing the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of the liquid flowing from the second line to the hydraulic converter to the volumetric velocity of the liquid flowing from the hydraulic converter to the specified liquid reservoir.
- the expansion of gas in the accumulator (at least in one) with a hotter gas reservoir is carried out, creating a flow of liquid displaced from its liquid reservoir into a hydraulic converter, which is also connected to the lines with the first and second pressures. With this stream, the hydraulic converter is set in motion and a stream of working fluid is created from it to the line with the second pressure.
- the pressure of the liquid displaced from the specified liquid reservoir into the hydraulic converter is reduced by reducing the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of the liquid flowing from the hydraulic converter to the second line to the volumetric flow rate of the liquid flowing from the specified liquid reservoir to the hydraulic converter.
- Hydraulic energy obtained by the above transfer of fluid into a line with a second pressure can be used in the load connected between the specified lines with the first and second pressure.
- a hydraulic converter two ports of which are connected to the indicated lines with first and second pressures, and the other two ports are connected to lines with high output and low output pressures.
- a device for converting heat from an external source into hydraulic energy comprising at least two pneumohydraulic accumulators, in each of which the liquid reservoir communicating with the liquid supply and reception means is separated by a movable separator from the gas reservoir communicating with the heating and cooling means made with the possibility of heating and cooling the gas entering them.
- the heating and cooling means comprise at least two gas heat exchangers installed with the possibility of transferring gas through them between the gas tanks of different batteries, the heating and cooling means being configured to keep at least one of these heat exchangers cooler and the other at least one The heat exchanger is hotter.
- At least one heat exchanger is configured to supply heat to the gas from an external heat source. At least one other heat exchanger is configured to remove heat from the gas to the cooling medium. Further, when describing a working device, a heat exchanger of the first type is called a hotter heat exchanger, and a heat exchanger of the second type is called a cooler heat exchanger. A heat exchanger configured to remove heat from a gas and supply heat to a gas is referred to as a regenerating heat exchanger in similar cases.
- the heating and cooling means are configured to keep the walls of the gas reservoir of at least one of the batteries colder and transfer gas into it through a cooler heat exchanger, and to keep the walls of the gas reservoir of the other at least one battery hotter and transfer gas to it through a hotter heat exchanger.
- the heating and cooling means are configured to maintain the walls of the liquid reservoir of at least one of the accumulators and the working fluid therein cooler, and the walls of the liquid reservoir of another at least one accumulator and the working fluid in it is maintained hotter.
- the means for supplying and receiving the liquid include at least one liquid regenerating heat exchanger. It is connected to the liquid reservoir of at least one battery and is configured to remove heat from the liquid when it is displaced through it from this battery and to bring the heat removed to the liquid when it is pumped through it into the battery.
- At least one fluid buffer is included, including two fluid reservoirs separated by a movable heat insulator.
- the means for supplying and receiving liquids include at least one fluid buffer, including two tanks of variable volume separated by a movable separator.
- Each of the fluid reservoirs of the above fluid buffers is arranged to communicate with the fluid reservoir of at least one battery.
- At least one gas heat exchanger is made in the battery housing, for example, as a gas the port of this battery with the ability to supply heat to the gas or to remove heat from the gas (preferably, as a gas port with an increased ratio of the area of the surface of the gas in contact with the gas).
- the gas-dynamic losses during gas transfer through this heat exchanger are also reduced.
- a device that includes at least three batteries, and the heating and cooling means are configured to keep the walls of the gas reservoirs of at least two of the batteries colder and transfer gas between them through a cooler gas heat exchanger.
- a device that includes at least three batteries, and the heating and cooling means are configured to keep the walls of the gas tanks of at least two of the batteries hotter and transfer gas between them through a hotter one gas heat exchanger.
- At least one battery is equipped with heat protection means configured to separate the walls of the gas reservoir from the inlet gas stream.
- the specified battery When heating the gas to less than 150 ° C, to reduce the friction losses of the separator and reduce the cost, the specified battery is made with an elastic separator, and thermal protection means include a flexible porous heat insulator connected to the elastic separator.
- thermal protection means include variable length heat shields installed along the side cylindrical walls of the battery gas reservoir, as well as heat shields mounted opposite the separator and the bottom of the gas reservoir.
- these heat shields are preferably made of metal, and for lower temperatures can be made from polymers, for example, from organosilicon polymers.
- the gas heating and cooling means include at least one gas circulation pump (hereinafter referred to as gas blower for brevity) with the possibility of creating forced gas convection in the gas tank of at least one accumulator.
- gas circulation pump hereinafter referred to as gas blower for brevity
- TM gas tank of at least one accumulator communicates with gas heating and cooling means by at least two gas lines with the possibility of gas extraction by gas blowing from said gas tank through one of said gas lines, transferring the sampled gas through at least one heat exchanger, and returning gas to the same gas tank through another gas line.
- the means for supplying and receiving liquids include at least one hydraulic motor kinematically connected with at least one gas circulation pump, and the hydraulic motor is mounted with the possibility of driving a fluid flow between it and liquid reservoir of at least one battery.
- a device is proposed in which at least one gas heat exchanger is regenerative, i.e. with the ability to remove heat from the gas when pumping gas through it in one direction and to bring the heat removed from the gas to the gas when pumping gas through it in the opposite direction.
- the invention involves the use of heat from various sources. Thermal contact of hot heat exchangers with them is carried out through either heat conduction or heat and mass transfer, including with condensation heat transfer, or radiant heat transfer, as well as their combinations.
- heat conduction or heat and mass transfer including with condensation heat transfer, or radiant heat transfer, as well as their combinations.
- channels for passing an external heat carrier are made in at least one heat exchanger with the ability to supply heat from the heat carrier to the gas.
- At least one heat exchanger is made countercurrent, i.e. channels for passing an external heat carrier are made in it with the ability to supply heat from the heat carrier to the gas so that heat is supplied to the gas entering the heat exchanger from the external heat exiting the heat exchanger, and heat is supplied to the gas exiting the heat exchanger from the external heat entering the heat exchanger.
- at least one additional gas port is arranged in it with the possibility of introducing gas into the heat exchanger, and the heating and cooling means comprise at least one channel connecting the additional gas port to the battery and are configured to block this channel.
- the means for supplying and receiving liquid include inter-accumulator fluid transfer means configured to create a fluid flow between the fluid reservoirs of at least two accumulators so that the pressure difference between any parts of the fluid the flow does not exceed 30% of the liquid pressure in the liquid reservoir into which it is pumped; preferably, the indicated difference does not exceed 5% m of said pressure.
- the interaccumulative fluid transfer means include at least one hydraulic converter with at least three liquid ports, installed with the ability to communicate with its two ports with the liquid reservoirs of at least two batteries and create between them a fluid flow when the fluid flows through at least one other port thereof.
- various hydraulic converters for example, rotary axial-piston hydraulic converters with phase regulation (as in US 61 16138), in which each cylinder part of the revolution works as a motor and the other part as a pump, or multi-chamber linear hydraulic converters with digital regulation (as in US7475538).
- At least one accumulator combines the functions of a pneumatic-hydraulic accumulator and a hydraulic converter (as in US 5971027).
- Such an accumulator includes at least two liquid reservoirs separated by one common piston separator from one gas reservoir, and interaccumulative fluid transfer means are configured to create a fluid flow between at least one of the liquid reservoirs of this accumulator and at least one liquid reservoir of another accumulator .
- the means for supplying and receiving liquids contain the first and second lines with the ability to support the first and second pressures, respectively, as well as a hydraulic converter with at least three ports, installed with the possibility of a fluid exchange between the two indicated lines and the liquid reservoir of at least one accumulator at pressures in this liquid reservoir different from the indicated occurrences in lines.
- a hydraulic converter with at least four ports is installed, installed with the possibility of connecting two ports with the indicated first and second lines, and two other ports with two output lines, and maintaining in the output lines pressures that differ from the specified pressures in the first and second lines.
- FIG. 1 Device with two batteries and two heat exchangers.
- FIG. 2 A device with three batteries, a gas blower, a gas regenerating heat exchanger, liquid heat exchangers and a liquid heat-insulating buffer, as well as hydraulic converters.
- FIG. 3 Gas flow heat exchanger.
- FIG. 4 Integrated design of a liquid regenerating heat exchanger and a liquid heat insulating buffer.
- FIG. 5 Integrated design of the battery and gas flow heat exchanger.
- FIG. 6 Integrated design of the battery, gas flow heat exchanger and gas blower driven by a hydraulic motor.
- FIG. 7 Gas regenerative heat exchanger.
- FIG. 8 Integral design of unregulated hydraulic converter and liquid heat-insulating buffer.
- FIG. 1 The basic principle of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. Improvements to the basic principle are illustrated in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 3 - FIG. 8 shows particular designs of the main elements and parts.
- the device of FIG. 1 includes two pneumohydraulic accumulators 1 and 2, the liquid reservoirs 3 and 4 of which communicate with the means for supplying and receiving liquid 14.
- the liquid reservoirs 3 and 4 are separated by movable separators 5 and 6 from the gas reservoirs 7 and 8, communicating with the heating and cooling means 9.
- these tools contain flowing gas heat exchangers 10 and 1 1 connected to the gas reservoirs 7 and 8 of the batteries 1 and 2 through the gas lines 12 and valves 13.
- the heat exchanger 10 is made with the possibility of thermal contact with an external heat source and with the possibility of supplying heat from it to the gas.
- the heat exchanger 1 1 is made with the possibility of thermal contact with the cooling fluid and with the ability to remove heat from the gas to it.
- the invention involves the use of heat from various sources, including internal or external combustion engines, high temperature fuel cells, the sun, geothermal sources, etc., as well as directly the heat of exothermic reactions conducted in thermal contact with a hot heat exchanger.
- Thermal contact with the heat source is carried out either through heat conduction, or heat and mass transfer using a hot heat carrier, for example, ICE exhaust gases or exhaust steam from a steam turbine, or radiant heat transfer, as well as combinations thereof.
- Heat and mass transfer with condensation heat transfer is also provided, for example, when utilizing heat from exhaust steam of a steam turbine or when using heat pipes.
- the design of the gas heat exchanger 10 (or 1 1), the thermal contact with which is carried out by heat and mass transfer, is shown in FIG. 3. It contains internal slotted gas channels 15 radially diverging from the internal axial channel 16, most of which, with the exception of the collector parts 17, is blocked by a plug 18. Gas is introduced and removed through ports 19 in the flanges 20 (the second flange is not shown). Preferably, the total gas volume in the internal channels 15, 16 of the heat exchangers 10, 1 1 does not exceed 10% of the maximum total gas volume in the gas reservoirs 7, 8 of the batteries.
- the heat exchanger of FIG. 3 contains spiral external channels 21 through which heating fluid circulating between the heat exchanger 10 and the external heat source is pumped through external ports (not shown).
- the heat exchanger 10 is made and installed as countercurrent, with the ability to supply heat from the heating to the gas the heat carrier so that heat is supplied to the gas entering the heat exchanger 10 from the external heat carrier leaving the heat exchanger 10, and heat is supplied to the gas leaving the heat exchanger 10 from the external heat carrier entering the heat exchanger 10.
- a heat exchanger 1 1 is made and installed in a similar manner, through the external channels of which a cooling coolant is pumped.
- the gas heat exchanger 10 heats up from an external heat source and becomes hotter.
- the gas heat exchanger 1 1 is cooled by a cooling medium and becomes colder.
- compression and expansion here and hereinafter refers to a change in gas density (increase or decrease in density, respectively) by changing the volume of the gas reservoir of at least one accumulator.
- the device of FIG. 1 can be used to convert heat into hydraulic energy with the implementation of cycles combining isobaric, isochoric and adiabatic polytropic stages, for example, Otto, Brighton, Diesel or other cycles.
- cycles combining isobaric, isochoric and adiabatic polytropic stages for example, Otto, Brighton, Diesel or other cycles.
- real processes in the gas cycle are approximately described by idealized stages (such as as adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric or isochoric).
- Transferring gas through a heat exchanger (hotter 10 or colder 1 1) without changing the density of the gas (that is, with the same rates of gas displacement from one battery and gas suction in another battery) realize an isochoric change in gas temperature (heating or cooling, respectively).
- gas expansion with heating for example, isobaric
- gas compression with cooling for example, isobaric
- the proposed method of converting heat into hydraulic energy is not limited to cycles with the above idealized stages and extends to all cycles in which the work of gas expansion exceeds the work of gas compression.
- An example of a cycle of converting heat into hydraulic energy includes four stages: the first stage of polytropic gas compression in the gas reservoir of the first battery; the second stage of supplying heat to the gas and heating it when transferring gas to another battery through a hotter heat exchanger 10; the third stage of polytropic expansion of gas in the gas tank of another battery and the fourth stage of heat removal from the gas and its cooling when transferring gas back to the first battery through a cooler heat exchanger 1 1.
- the gas is completely displaced from the gas tank 8 of the battery 2 into the gas the reservoir 7 of the battery 1 through a cooler heat exchanger 1 1, as a result of which the initial gas temperature is close to the temperature of the cooler heat exchanger 1 1.
- a larger amount of the working fluid is displaced from the liquid reservoir 4 of the battery 2 into the liquid supply and reception means 14 than is pumped from them into the liquid reservoir 3 of the battery 1.
- the gas transfer is carried out until the gas is displaced from the gas tank 7 of the battery 1 to the maximum.
- the gas is further expanded in the gas tank 8 of the battery 2 with the liquid being displaced from its liquid tank 4 to the liquid supply and reception means 14. The pressure and temperature gas drop. The polytropic expansion of gas is completed at a gas temperature above the temperature of the colder heat exchanger 10.
- heat is removed from the expanded gas, transferring gas through the cooler heat exchanger 10 and valve 13 from the gas reservoir 8 to the gas reservoir 7 when the working fluid is injected into the liquid reservoir 4 and displacement of the working fluid from the liquid reservoir 3.
- Heat is removed with cooling and gas compression, i.e. with a decrease in the total volume of gas in the gas tanks 8 and 7.
- less working fluid is displaced from the liquid reservoir 3 of the accumulator 1 into the liquid supply and reception means 14 than is pumped from them into the liquid reservoir 4 of the accumulator 2.
- the average temperature and average gas pressure higher during expansion in the second and third stages than during compression in the first and fourth stages. Therefore, the gas expansion work is superior to the gas compression work.
- the fluid supply and reception means 14 receive more hydraulic energy with the working fluid displaced from the batteries than they spend on pumping the working fluid into the batteries in the first and fourth stages.
- part of the heat is converted into additional hydraulic energy, which the means of supplying and receiving liquid 14 is used to perform mechanical work in loads, for example, in hydraulic motors or in hydraulic cylinders.
- the means of supplying and receiving liquids 14 including both individual pumps and hydraulic motors, and hydraulic converters. The basic principle of the invention described above is implemented with greater efficiency using the improvements included in the design of the device of FIG. 2
- the heating and cooling means 9 comprise non-return valves 22 which are installed so that gas is transferred through the cooler heat exchanger 1 1 only to the gas tank 7 of the battery 1 and thus the walls of the gas tank 7 are kept colder.
- the hotter heat exchanger 10 is installed so that gas is transferred through it from the gas reservoir 7 to the gas reservoir 8, and from it to the gas reservoir 23 of the third battery 24, thus maintaining the walls of the gas reservoirs 8 and 23 hotter.
- the heating and cooling means may be configured to keep the walls of the gas reservoirs of at least two of the batteries colder and transfer gas between them through a cooler gas heat exchanger.
- the heating and cooling means 9 also comprise a liquid flow heat exchanger 25 and check valves 26.
- the heat exchanger 25 is heated with heat from an external heat source, for example, by means of a hot heat carrier.
- the working fluid directed into the fluid reservoir 4 of the battery 2 or into the fluid reservoirs 27, 28 of the accumulator 24 is passed through a heated fluid heat exchanger 25, keeping the walls of said fluid reservoirs and the working fluid hotter therein. In this case, the walls of the liquid reservoir 3 of the battery 1 and the liquid in it remain colder.
- batteries 2 and 24 are generally supported hotter, and battery 1 cooler.
- a cooled liquid heat exchanger may be used, through which the working fluid is passed when the accumulator with the cooler walls of the gas reservoir (for example, accumulator 1 of Fig. 1, Fig. 2) is pumped into the liquid reservoir.
- the accumulator with the cooler walls of the gas reservoir for example, accumulator 1 of Fig. 1, Fig. 2
- batteries equipped with heat exchangers for directly heating or cooling the walls of the batteries can be used.
- means for supplying and receiving liquid 14 include a liquid regenerative heat exchanger 29 and a heat insulating buffer 30.
- a liquid regenerative heat exchanger or only a heat insulating buffer can be used.
- the liquid regenerating heat exchanger 29 is connected to the liquid reservoirs 4, 27 and 28 of both hot accumulators 2 and 24 with the ability to remove heat from the liquid when it is forced out of these accumulators from these batteries into the heat-insulating buffer 30 and to bring the heat removed to the liquid during the reverse movement of the liquid from the buffer 30 into these batteries.
- the working fluid directed from the hot batteries 2 or 24 through the heat exchanger 29 is cooled, transferring heat from the liquid to the heat exchanger 29.
- the working fluid sent to the hot batteries 2 or 24 through the same heat exchanger 29 is heated, transferring heat from the heat exchanger 29 to the liquid.
- the temperature of the working fluid directed to the heat-insulating fluid buffer 30 is reduced, including two variable-volume fluid reservoirs 31 and 32 separated by a movable heat insulator 33.
- a high-temperature working fluid for example, organic or organosilicon
- a separate liquid buffer may be used, including two tanks of variable volume separated by a movable separator, or the liquid buffer 30 may be made with a liquid impermeable movable heat insulating separator 33.
- liquid regenerating heat exchanger 29 are supposed, both including regenerating elements installed inside a strong shell, and made as a single element with high heat capacity and low heat transfer from it more hot part to the colder part (for example, in the form of a long tube).
- the liquid regenerative heat exchanger 29 and the liquid heat-insulating buffer 30 of FIG. 4 are made in a common external strong shell 34 with liquid ports 35 and 36 on its flanges.
- Inside the durable shell 34 there is a thin-walled metal sleeve 37, in which the movable heat insulator 33 is mounted with the possibility of sliding in the form of a long hollow piston 38, which separates the high-temperature and low-temperature tanks 31 and 32 of variable volume.
- filler 40 for example, mineral wool or foamed polymer
- this fluid is the working fluid filled through the openings 42 in the sleeve 37 and the openings 43 in the walls of the hollow piston 38. This fluid provides hydrostatic discharge of the thin sleeve 37 and the thin walls of the piston 38.
- a continuous heat-shielding insert of a high-temperature material with low thermal conductivity (preferably less than 1 W / (m * K), for example, of high-temperature, can be used teratonic plastic (for example, a type of polyimide).
- teratonic plastic for example, a type of polyimide.
- the movable heat insulator 33 can also be made of a similar solid material with low thermal conductivity
- the high-temperature tank 32 of variable volume communicates with the flowing part 44 of the liquid regenerating heat exchanger 29, which is filled with regenerating elements 45.
- regenerating elements 45 are made in the form of balls of metal with high thermal conductivity (for example, aluminum).
- To reduce the size of the regenerating elements 45 may contain materials experiencing a phase transition during heat transfer with a flowing liquid (for example, melting during heat removal from a liquid and crystallization during heat transfer to a liquid).
- the gas heat exchanger 10 is made as a separate element and is installed between the accumulators 2 and 24 with the ability to transfer gas through it from the smaller gas reservoir 8 of the accumulator 2 to the larger gas reservoir 23 of the accumulator 24, thereby bringing the gas expansion process closer to isothermal.
- the embodiment of FIG. 5 where the gas heat exchanger 10 is made in one housing with the battery 2 as the gas port of this battery with an increased heat exchange surface area. It contains external channels 21 for the heating medium, a durable shell 46, common with the battery 2, as well as an internal heat exchange section 47 made of metal with high thermal conductivity (preferably copper or aluminum).
- cooler gas heat exchanger 1 1 can be made in one housing with a cooler battery 1.
- the heating and cooling means 9 of FIG. 2 include a gas blower 48 installed with the possibility of creating forced convection in the gas tank 7 of the cooler battery 1.
- the gas tank 7 communicates with heating and cooling means 9 by at least two gas lines 49 and 50 with the possibility of gas extraction by gas blowing 48 from the gas tank 7 through gas line 49, transferring the sampled gas through a cooler flowing gas heat exchanger 1 1 and returning the gas to the same gas tank 7 through another gas line 50.
- a gas blower can be placed in the battery housing and create forced convection without transferring gas through an external heat exchanger, bringing compression or expansion of the gas closer to isothermal only due to heat exchange with the walls of the gas tank.
- the means for supplying and receiving liquid 14 of FIG. 2 include a hydraulic motor 51 kinematically coupled to the blower 48 via a shaft 52.
- the kinematic coupling of the hydraulic motor to the blower may include a gearbox to increase the rotational speed of the blower).
- the hydraulic motor 51 is connected to the liquid line 67 with the possibility of driving a fluid flow between it and the liquid reservoir 3 of the battery 1.
- a flowing gas heat exchanger 1 1 and a centrifugal gas blower 48 are made, which is connected to the hydraulic motor 51 by a shaft 52.
- non-return valves 22 are shown (Fig. 2).
- One of them can be implemented as a disk valve mounted on the end face of the internal heat exchange section 47 with the possibility of overlapping heat-exchange slotted channels 15.
- Another non-return valve can be installed in the axial channel 16.
- the fluid driving the hydraulic motor 51 and the gas pumped by the gas blower 48 have close pressures and close temperature, which contributes to a favorable mode of operation of the shaft seals 52.
- a gas blower can be installed with the possibility of creating forced convection in a gas reservoir of a hotter battery.
- the gas blower can be kinematically coupled to an electric motor located in a high-pressure cavity, preferably filled with a liquid.
- the device of FIG. 2 includes a regenerative flow-through gas heat exchanger 53, to which heat is removed from the gas when gas is transferred through it to a cooler battery 1, and from which heat removed from the gas is fed back to the gas when gas is transferred through it in the opposite direction, i.e. from the colder battery 1 to the hotter battery 2.
- the part into which the gas flows from the colder battery 1 becomes colder, and the opposite part into which the gas flows from the hot batteries 2 or 24 becomes hot.
- heat from the gas is transferred to the regenerating heat exchanger 53, and then to the cooling medium through the cooler heat exchanger 1 1.
- heat is supplied to the gas first from the regenerating heat exchanger 53, and then from an external heat source through the hotter heat exchanger 10.
- the total gas volume in the regenerating heat exchanger 53 does not exceed 10% of the maximum total gas volume in the gas reservoirs of the batteries.
- the heat capacity of the regenerating heat exchanger 53 exceeds the maximum total heat capacity of the gas (preferably not less than 2 times).
- the configuration of the regenerating heat exchanger (length, longitudinal and cross sections) and the thermal conductivity of the material of the regenerating heat exchanger are selected so that the heat transfer from its hotter part to its colder part is less than the heat transfer from gas to the cooling medium in a colder heat exchanger 1 1 (preferably less than 30% of the indicated heat transfer).
- the regenerating heat exchanger 53 includes a strong shell 54 with a heat insulating insert 55, inside which the regenerating element 56 is placed in the form of a sheet 57 folded into a spiral with gaskets 58 defining the gaps between the layers of the spiral. Gas flowing through these gaps exchanges heat with the surfaces of the regenerating element, cooling or heating depending on the direction of transfer.
- a metal sheet is used (preferably from a metal with low thermal conductivity, for example, stainless steel).
- a perforation 59 is made in the metal sheet 57, breaking the regenerating element into several sections with increased thermal resistance between them in the perforation zones 59.
- the regenerating elements can be made of high-temperature plastics without perforation.
- a heat-insulating insert 55 made of high-temperature plastic or ceramic reduces heat loss for heating and cooling the durable shell 54.
- a layer of heat-insulating liquid separated by a thin metal sleeve from the gas part with a regenerating element can be used (similar to a heat-insulating liquid layer in the liquid regenerating heat exchanger 29 of Fig. 4).
- a portion of the heat exchanger 10 may be used as the gas regenerating heat exchanger 53.
- an additional gas port is arranged in such a heat exchanger with the possibility of introducing gas into the heat exchanger, and the heating and cooling means comprise at least one channel connecting the additional gas port to the gas reservoir 23 (or to the gas reservoir 7) and comprise a valve installed with the possibility of lock this channel.
- Heat recovery in combination with the approach of compression and expansion to isothermal provides high thermodynamic the efficiency of the conversion of heat into the work done by the gas during the displacement of liquid from the batteries.
- the means for supplying and receiving liquid 14 of FIG. 2 include a hydraulic converter 60, and valves 61, 62 and 63, which together with the liquid lines 64-67 form interaccumulative liquid transfer means configured to create a liquid flow between the liquid reservoirs of the batteries 1, 2, and 24.
- the hydraulic converter 60 has three liquid ports 68, 69 and 70.
- Port 68 is connected through valves 63 and 103 to the liquid reservoir 3 of accumulator 1, and port 69 through valves 62, 26 and 61, as well as through the liquid heat-insulating buffer 30 and the regenerating liquid heat exchanger 29 connects to the liquid reservoir 4 of the battery 2 or to the liquid reservoirs 27 and 28 of the battery 24.
- the third port 70 of the hydraulic Converter 60 is connected to the liquid line 71. When fluid flows through this third port 70, a fluid flow is created between ports 68 and 69 of the hydraulic converter 60 and, respectively, between the liquid reservoirs of the batteries with which these ports are in communication.
- the battery 24 of FIG. 2 is made as in US5971027 and combines the functions of a pneumatic-hydraulic accumulator and a hydraulic converter. It has 3 ports (gas port 72 and fluid ports 73 and 74) and includes two fluid reservoirs 27 and 28 separated by one common piston separator 75 from one gas reservoir 23.
- the fluid storage media means include a valve 61 and lines 64 and 65 to create the fluid flow between the liquid reservoir 27 of the battery 24 and the liquid reservoir 4 of the battery 2.
- the liquid reservoirs 27 and 28 are separated from each other, which allows them to maintain different pressures so that the total pressure force of the liquid on the separator 75 is equal eshivala force of gas pressure on him.
- the pressure in the liquid reservoir 28 is reduced relative to the gas pressure in the gas reservoir 23.
- a pressure is established that is higher than the gas pressure in the gas tank 23.
- the value of this relative excess of the liquid pressure in the liquid tank 27 over the gas pressure in the gas tank 23 corresponds to the total drop the pressure on the separators 75 and 6, due to friction, and the pressure drop on the resistances of the gas-liquid circuit through which the gas is transferred and STRE ⁇ NO transfer fluid.
- This circuit includes the gas and liquid ports of the batteries 1, 2 and 24, the gas heat exchanger 10, as well as valves and lines. Since the pressure drop on the specified circuit increases with increasing rate of mutual transfer of gas and liquid between the accumulators 2 and 24, to increase the transfer rate increase the indicated excess pressure in the liquid tank 27 relative to the pressure in the gas tank 23, and vice versa, decrease to reduce the speed.
- such a battery with several liquid reservoirs can be used as a second cooler battery (or as the only hotter battery, for example, instead of battery 2 in Fig. 1).
- a second cooler battery or as the only hotter battery, for example, instead of battery 2 in Fig. 1.
- a counter flow of liquid from the liquid reservoir of the smaller accumulator is created into one (or several) of the liquid reservoirs of such an accumulator, maintaining pressure in it less than gas pressure.
- the accumulator support the pressure more than the gas pressure in its gas reservoir, for example, also by means of a hydraulic converter.
- batteries may contain several liquid reservoirs, as well as several gas reservoirs in one housing. From the point of view of the present invention, the number of batteries in such integral versions is equal to the number of independently moving separators between gas and liquid reservoirs.
- Hydraulic converter 60 and valves 62 and 63 are used to create a fluid flow between accumulator 2 and accumulator 1 during gas transfer between them with heat supply from a regenerating gas heat exchanger 53 and a hotter heat exchanger 10, as well as to create a fluid flow between liquid reservoirs 27 and 28 of the accumulator 24 and the liquid reservoir 3 of the battery 1 when transferring gas between the batteries 24 and 1 with the removal of heat from the gas to the regenerating heat exchanger 53 and a cooler gas heat exchanger 1 1.
- the liquid reservoir 3 When transferring gas from the gas reservoir 7 to the gas reservoir 8, the liquid reservoir 3 is connected to the port 68 of the hydraulic converter 60 (via valves 103 and 63), and the liquid reservoir 4 is connected to the port 69 (through the valves 61, 26 and 62, the liquid regenerative heat exchanger 29 and liquid heat insulating buffer 30). Maintaining (with the help of the hydraulic converter 60) the liquid pressure in the liquid tank 3 is greater than the gas pressure in the gas tank 7, the gas is displaced from the accumulator 1 into the battery 2 and a counter flow of liquid is created between the accumulators 2 and 1 through the ports 68 and 69 of the hydraulic converter 60 with displacement a differential fluid flow through its third port 70, line 71 and check valve 97 to line 90.
- both liquid reservoirs 27 and 28 are connected to port 69 of the hydraulic converter 60 (through valves 61 and 62, liquid regenerative heat exchanger 29 and liquid heat insulating buffer 30). Maintaining the pressure of the liquid in these liquid reservoirs by means of a hydraulic converter 60 than the gas pressure in the gas reservoir 23, the gas is displaced from the accumulator 24 into the accumulator 1 and a counter flow of liquid into the liquid reservoirs 27 and 28 from the liquid reservoir 3 of the accumulator 1 through ports 68 and 69 of the hydraulic converter 60 with injection of a differential fluid flow through its third port 70, line 71 and check valve 97 from line 89.
- the hydraulic converter 60 is adjustable, with the ability to change the ratio of the volumetric flow rates through its ports 68, 69, 70 and, therefore, with the ability to maintain different ratios of fluid pressures in these flows.
- the hydraulic converter 60 used for the interaccumulative transfer of fluid may be unregulated, i.e. with a constant ratio of space velocities, the flow through its ports, for example, containing three liquid reservoirs separated by one separator, like a battery 24.
- the integral design of such a hydraulic converter combined with a heat-insulating liquid buffer is shown in FIG. 8. Two of its liquid reservoirs 80 and 81 are separated by one common heat-insulating piston separator 82 from the larger liquid reservoir 83.
- the heat-insulating separator 82 slides along the insulating insert 84 installed inside the sturdy shell 85.
- reservoirs 81 and 83 are used for fluid exchange with liquid reservoirs of batteries between which the fluid is transferred.
- a larger reservoir 83 connects to a hotter battery (e.g., battery 2 or 24, FIG. 2) and exchanges hotter fluid with it.
- Less the reservoir 81 is connected to a colder battery (for example, to the battery 1, Fig. 2) and exchanges a colder liquid with it.
- the ratio of the cross-sectional areas of the tanks 83 and 81 is equal to the degree of change in the gas volume at the stages of gas transfer between the colder and hotter batteries through heat exchangers.
- the third tank 80 has a cross-sectional area equal to the difference in cross-sectional areas of the tanks 83 and 81. Accordingly, the fluid flow through the liquid port 86 is equal to the difference in flows through the port 88 and port 87.
- the third reservoir 80 is used to receive the differential fluid flow into it during gas transfer with compression and to displace the differential fluid flow from it during gas transfer with expansion.
- the heat-insulating piston separator 82 and the insert 84 are made of heat-insulating materials (for example, polyimide or other high-temperature plastic), which reduces heat transfer through them between the hotter liquid in the reservoir 83 and the colder liquid in the reservoirs 80 and 81.
- a long sliding contact between the piston separator 82 and the insert 84 reduces heat loss due to cyclic heating and cooling of that part of the surface of the heat insulating insert 84 that is in contact with the hotter fluid in the reservoir 83.
- both smaller fluid tanks 80 and 81 are connected to each other. Such an integral design improves the compactness of the device and reduces the total hydrodynamic resistance.
- the rate of mutual exchange of gas and liquid between the accumulator is changed by changing the degree of excess of the pressure in the liquid reservoir of the corresponding accumulator over the gas pressure in the gas reservoir of the same accumulator, for example, by regulating the corresponding hydraulic converter or other hydromechanical means.
- the indicated speed can also be changed by changing the degree of change in the temperature of the gas during its transfer (for example, by changing the temperature of the heat exchangers 10 or 1 1).
- Speed the interaccumulative fluid flow is chosen so that the pressure difference between any parts of the fluid in it (due to the resistance of the above circuits and friction in the seals of the hydraulic converters) does not exceed units of bar, preferably does not exceed 1 bar.
- the indicated pressure difference between any parts of the liquid in the inter-accumulator flow does not exceed 30% of the liquid pressure in the liquid reservoir into which it is pumped, preferably, the indicated difference does not exceeds 5% of the specified pressure.
- the means for supplying and receiving liquid 14 of FIG. 3 contain a first line 89 and a second line 90, equipped with accumulators 91 and 92, as well as a make-up pump 93 with valves 94 and 95, with the ability to maintain different pressures in these lines (line 89 is the first pressure that varies in the first specified range, and in line 90 - the second pressure, which varies in the second specified range), as well as the hydraulic converter 76 with three ports 77, 78 and 79. Two of its ports 78 and 79 are connected to lines 89 and 90.
- the third port 77 through valves 63, 62 and 61 connects to the fluid reservoir 3 of the battery 1 and to the fluid reservoirs 27 and 28 a 24.
- kumulyatora hydrostatic machine 76 is adjustable, with the ability to change (continuously or stepwise) the ratio between the flow rate of liquid through its ports and, respectively, the ratio between the pressures in them.
- the transducer 76 allows for the exchange of fluid between the two indicated lines 89 and 90 and the indicated liquid reservoirs of the accumulators 1, 2 or 24 at pressures in these liquid reservoirs other than the first and second pressures in the lines 89 and 90.
- Both the first and second pressures in lines 89 and 90 are kept high (preferably tens or hundreds of bars), the second pressure being greater than the first.
- batteries 91 and 92 with a working volume greater than the total working volume of batteries 1, 2 and 24.
- the conversion is carried out in a cycle including the stage of gas compression in the accumulator 1 with a cooler gas tank 7, the stage of gas transfer from it through the hot heat exchanger 10 to the accumulator 2, the stage with its transfer from the accumulator 2 to the accumulator 24 and gas expansion into them, more hot gas tanks 8 and 23, as well as the stage of transferring gas from the battery 24 through a cooler heat exchanger 1 1 to the battery 1.
- the gas in the accumulator 1 is compressed from a pressure less than the pressure in line 89 to a pressure greater than in line 90 by pumping the working fluid into its fluid reservoir 3 using a hydraulic converter 76, which is driven by a fluid flow through its port 79 from line 90.
- a hydraulic converter 76 By adjusting the hydraulic transducer 76, namely, increasing the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of the fluid pumped into the hydraulic transducer 76 through port 79 from line 90 to the volumetric flow rate of the fluid displaced from it through port 77 to the accumulator 1, increase the pressure other liquids in the liquid reservoir 3 of the battery 1 during gas compression.
- the hydraulic motor 51 drives the gas blower 48, which pumps the gas through the heat exchanger 1 1, which leads to heat removal from the gas and brings the gas compression process closer to isothermal.
- the flow of the working fluid from the liquid reservoir 4 of the battery 2 to the line 90 (through the check valve 97) sets in motion a hydraulic converter 60, which creates a flow of the working fluid from the battery 2 to the battery 1, as a result of which the gas It is displaced from the gas tank 7 to the gas tank 8.
- the gas is transferred through a check valve 22, a gas regenerating heat exchanger 53 and a hotter gas heat exchanger 10.
- the hydraulic converter 76 By adjusting the hydraulic converter 76, namely, by increasing the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of the liquid pumped into the hydraulic converter 76 through port 77 from the liquid reservoir 28 of the battery 24, to the volumetric flow rate of the liquid displaced from it through port 79 to line 90, the liquid pressure in the liquid reservoirs is reduced 28, 27 and 4 batteries 24 and 2 in the process of gas expansion.
- a pressure lower than the gas pressure in the gas reservoir 23 is maintained.
- a pressure greater than the gas pressure is created, and the fluid from the liquid reservoir 27 of the battery 24 is transferred to the liquid reservoir 4 of the battery 2.
- the supply of heat to the gas during the transfer of gas through the heat exchanger 10 brings the process of gas expansion closer to isothermal.
- the valves 61, 62 and 63 are switched and go to the stage of transferring gas from the accumulator 24 with the hotter gas reservoir 23 to the accumulator 1 with the colder a gas tank 7, which is produced at a working fluid pressure in the accumulators less than the first pressure.
- the flow of working fluid from line 89 (through the corresponding non-return valve 97) to the liquid reservoirs of the reservoirs 27 and 28 of the battery 24 lead to the movement of the hydraulic Converter 60, which creates a flow of working fluid from the accumulator 1 to the accumulator 24, as a result of which the gas is displaced from the gas reservoir 23 into the gas reservoir 7.
- the gas is transferred through a regenerating gas heat exchanger 53, a cooler heat exchanger 1 1 and the corresponding non-return valve 22. Due to the removal of heat from the gas to the regenerating heat exchanger 53 and a cooler heat exchanger 1 1, gas cooling and compression close to isobaric occur. As a result of each conversion cycle, part of the working fluid is transferred from line 89 with a first pressure to line 90 with a second, higher pressure.
- the approach of compression and expansion to isothermal and the recovery of gas heat between the stages of isobaric compression and expansion brings the gas conversion cycle closer to the Ericsson cycle of the second type (two isotherms and two isobars with heat recovery between isobars). The closer the gas is compressed and expanded, and the closer the degree of heat recovery is to 100%, the closer the thermodynamic efficiency of such a cycle to the thermodynamic limit, i.e. to the efficiency of the Carnot cycle.
- the sliding seals of the hydraulic converters 60 and 76 do not work under full, but only under differential pressures, which reduces leakage and friction losses and increases the hydromechanical conversion efficiency.
- the means for supplying and receiving liquid 14 of FIG. 2 also include a hydraulic converter 98 with four ports 99, 100, 101 and 102. Ports 99 and 100 are connected to the first and second lines 89 and 90, and the other two ports 101 and 102 are connected to two output lines 104 and 105.
- the hydraulic converter 98 is made adjustable, with the possibility of maintaining in the output lines 104 and 105 pressures that differ from the indicated pressures in the first and second lines 89 and 90.
- the pressure isolation is performed, optimizing the efficiency of the gas cycle by selecting the indicated first and second pressures in lines 89, 90, and optimizing the load mode 106 by selecting high and low output pressures in lines 104, 105.
- heat, with small losses, transferred from the heat source to the gas, with high thermodynamic efficiency efficiency is converted into gas work, which with high hydromechanical efficiency is converted into hydraulic energy transmitted to the load.
- thermodynamic efficiency of the gas cycle that converts the heat supplied to the gas into work performed by the gas, especially in combination with the recovery of gas heat, as well as in combination with the approximation of gas compression or expansion to isothermal
- hydromechanical efficiency of converting the gas to hydraulic energy due to interaccumulative transfer of liquid with small pressure drops by means of hydraulic converters especially in combination with isobaric fluid exchange between accumulators and lines at small pressure drops, as well as in combination with using a hydraulic converter for supplying or receiving liquid during compression or expansion of gas, respectively;
- process implementations differing in the type of gas cycle, the choice of working fluids and gases, as well as those differing in the type of external heat source and cooling coolant and the features of thermal contact with them, as well as device versions, differing in the number and complements batteries, gas and liquid heat exchangers, gas blowers, means of supplying and receiving the liquid, including the hydrostatic machine and buffers, and other components of the device, as well as the above-described embodiments are not integral components of the device performance.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
- Supply Devices, Intensifiers, Converters, And Telemotors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| UAA201211901A UA102975C2 (ru) | 2010-03-17 | 2010-12-30 | Способ превращения тепла в гидравлическую энергию и устройство для его осуществления |
| CA2804316A CA2804316C (en) | 2010-03-17 | 2010-12-30 | Method of conversion of heat into fluid power and device for its implementation |
| EP10848072.4A EP2549090B1 (en) | 2010-03-17 | 2010-12-30 | Method for converting heat into hydraulic energy and apparatus for carrying out said method |
| CN201080065439.2A CN102812228B (zh) | 2010-03-17 | 2010-12-30 | 用于将热转换成液能的方法以及用于执行所述方法的装置 |
| US13/577,012 US9140273B2 (en) | 2010-03-17 | 2010-12-30 | Method of conversion of heat into fluid power and device for its implementation |
| AU2010348402A AU2010348402A1 (en) | 2010-03-17 | 2010-12-30 | Method for converting heat into hydraulic energy and apparatus for carrying out said method |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| RU2010111398/06A RU2434159C1 (ru) | 2010-03-17 | 2010-03-17 | Способ преобразования тепла в гидравлическую энергию и устройство для его осуществления |
| RU2010111398 | 2010-03-17 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2011115523A1 true WO2011115523A1 (ru) | 2011-09-22 |
Family
ID=44649438
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/RU2010/000823 Ceased WO2011115523A1 (ru) | 2010-03-17 | 2010-12-30 | Способ преобразования тепла в гидравлическую энергию и устройство для его осуществления |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9140273B2 (ru) |
| EP (1) | EP2549090B1 (ru) |
| CN (1) | CN102812228B (ru) |
| AU (1) | AU2010348402A1 (ru) |
| CA (1) | CA2804316C (ru) |
| RU (1) | RU2434159C1 (ru) |
| UA (1) | UA102975C2 (ru) |
| WO (1) | WO2011115523A1 (ru) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2014000858A1 (de) * | 2012-06-30 | 2014-01-03 | Hoerbiger Automatisierungstechnik Holding Gmbh | Maschinenpresse |
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| US9605694B2 (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2017-03-28 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Energy recapture system for hydraulic elevators |
| CN103807223B (zh) * | 2014-02-10 | 2015-10-28 | 太原理工大学 | 单液压马达双回路控制系统 |
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| FI127612B (fi) | 2014-12-04 | 2018-10-15 | Aalto Korkeakoulusaeaetioe | Mäntäpaineakku |
| WO2016187598A1 (en) | 2015-05-20 | 2016-11-24 | Other Lab, Llc | Membrane heat exchanger system and method |
| CN106321385B (zh) * | 2016-10-14 | 2019-02-19 | 王金文 | 一种动力装置 |
| PL3592671T3 (pl) | 2017-03-09 | 2024-08-12 | Hydrostor Inc. | Urządzenie do magazynowania ciepła do układu magazynowania energii sprężonego gazu |
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| US12584589B2 (en) | 2021-04-29 | 2026-03-24 | Hydrostor Inc. | Inhibiting the champagne effect in hydrostatically compensated CAES systems |
| CN114604397B (zh) * | 2022-03-18 | 2023-09-29 | 天津大学 | 一种海洋温差供蓄能定域剖面穿梭无人平台 |
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- 2010-12-30 UA UAA201211901A patent/UA102975C2/ru unknown
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| US10421246B2 (en) | 2012-06-30 | 2019-09-24 | Hoerbiger Automatisierungtechnik Holding Gmbh | Machine press |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2549090A4 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
| EP2549090A1 (en) | 2013-01-23 |
| RU2434159C1 (ru) | 2011-11-20 |
| UA102975C2 (ru) | 2013-08-27 |
| US20120297761A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
| AU2010348402A1 (en) | 2012-11-08 |
| CA2804316C (en) | 2018-01-02 |
| CN102812228B (zh) | 2015-03-18 |
| EP2549090B1 (en) | 2020-02-05 |
| US9140273B2 (en) | 2015-09-22 |
| RU2010111398A (ru) | 2011-09-27 |
| CN102812228A (zh) | 2012-12-05 |
| CA2804316A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
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