WO2011128751A1 - Metodo y sistema para el procesamiento de biomasa - Google Patents
Metodo y sistema para el procesamiento de biomasa Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011128751A1 WO2011128751A1 PCT/IB2011/000770 IB2011000770W WO2011128751A1 WO 2011128751 A1 WO2011128751 A1 WO 2011128751A1 IB 2011000770 W IB2011000770 W IB 2011000770W WO 2011128751 A1 WO2011128751 A1 WO 2011128751A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- rotor
- fluid
- biomass
- projections
- further characterized
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M45/00—Means for pre-treatment of biological substances
- C12M45/04—Phase separators; Separation of non fermentable material; Fractionation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
- A23L5/30—Physical treatment, e.g. electrical or magnetic means, wave energy or irradiation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
- C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
- C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P2201/00—Pretreatment of cellulosic or lignocellulosic material for subsequent enzymatic treatment or hydrolysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P2203/00—Fermentation products obtained from optionally pretreated or hydrolyzed cellulosic or lignocellulosic material as the carbon source
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
Definitions
- the present invention relates in general to a method and system for processing biomass and, more particularly, to a method and system for processing corn.
- bonded components that require separation include grain components, contaminants of pure products, solid biomass juice, as well as starch and biomass protein.
- corn is a grain that is desirable to separate into its individual components without degradation of them.
- Corn's endosperm is rich in starch and protein, where both are valuable as separate components.
- a typical procedure for separating or crushing corn includes fermenting (soaking) the grains in hot water and sulfur dioxide for about 35 to 50 hours.
- the fermentation process softens the corn to achieve an easier separation by mechanical processing, although it also degrades the corn components.
- Some of the grain components are typically dissolved or suspended in acidic water, to later be discarded. Discarding these components produces less profit for the corn miller. Additionally, at the end of the crushing process, the corn requires substantial drying due to the fermentation process.
- trimmer After fermentation, a trimmer separates the germ, the pericarp and the endosperm through the abrasion between the corn and the trimmer, the abrasion between the individual corn grains and the impact between the corn and the trimmer.
- Conventional trimmers often break the germ and do not consistently provide a complete separation of the germ and the endosperm.
- Conventional trimmers also do not separate starch and protein within the endosperm. Therefore, a typical corn crushing procedure is relatively expensive, time consuming and inefficient.
- the invention claimed herein is a method and apparatus for biomass processing.
- the biomass processing method uses a apparatus comprising a housing that has a chamber that has an input, an output and an axis opening. An axis projects through the opening.
- a rotor engages with the shaft inside the chamber.
- a plurality of projections extend from the rotor.
- the method comprises the steps of placing the biomass in a fluid medium, inducing cavitation within the fluid to at least partially separate the biomass, sending the biomass and fluid through the inlet, rotating the rotor to further separate the biomass , and maintain the acidity of the fluid at a pH between about 2 to 6.
- the method preferably comprises the additional steps of maintaining the acidity of the fluid at a pH between about 3.8 to 4.5, as well as maintaining the temperature of the fluid and biomass between about 30 and 52 degrees Celsius.
- the biomass is separated by inducing cavitation within the fluid, inducing abrasion between the biomass, inducing abrasion between the biomass and the fluid, subjecting the biomass to a centrifugal force, as well as subjecting the biomass to the projections.
- the biomass processing method is used to separate the endosperm, germ and pericarp from corn grains in a separate flow of endosperm and a flow of germ and pericarp. Subsequently, the method separates the starch and protein molecules within the endosperm flow, so that it can later be divided into relatively pure separated starch and protein flows.
- the biomass processing system comprises an apparatus for separating the joined components present in a fluid medium.
- the apparatus has a housing that has a chamber comprising an inlet, an outlet and an axis opening.
- a shaft projects through the shaft opening.
- a rotor engages with the shaft inside the chamber.
- a plurality of projections extend from the rotor.
- the projections are approximately equidistant apart from a center of the rotor. Adjacent projections collide with each other.
- the projections comprise a first and second series of alternating projections having a first and second heights, respectively, where the first height is greater than the second height.
- An alternative embodiment of the apparatus has a housing that has first and second end walls and a side wall defining a chamber, an entrance in the first end wall, an outlet in the side wall, as well as an axis opening in the Second end wall.
- a shaft projects through the shaft opening.
- a rotor engages with the shaft inside the chamber.
- the rotor has a front surface facing the entrance and has a plurality of notches formed on the front surface.
- a plurality of notches are formed in the first end wall of the housing as well.
- An alternative embodiment of the apparatus has a housing that has a chamber comprising an inlet, an outlet and an axis opening.
- a shaft projects through the shaft opening.
- a rotor engages with the shaft inside the chamber.
- a plurality of projections extend from the rotor.
- the projections comprise a first row approximately equidistant apart from a center of the rotor, and a second row approximately equidistant apart from the first row.
- the protrusions in the rows are separated no less than approximately 6 millimeters.
- Figure 1 is a perspective view of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention.
- Figure 2 is an elevated front view, with divided portions, of the apparatus of Figure 1;
- Figure 3 is a schematic perspective view of the apparatus of Figure 1;
- Figure 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention, showing a housing having projections;
- Figure 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of another alternative embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention, showing a rotor and a counter-rotor;
- Figure 6 is a perspective view of a portion of a rotor with C-shaped projections
- Figure 7 is a perspective view of a portion of a rotor with J-shaped projections
- Figure 8 is a perspective view of a portion of a rotor having teeth-shaped projections arranged in the manner of an arc;
- Figure 9 is a perspective view of a portion of a rotor having rotating projections
- Figure 10 is an elevated front view of an alternative embodiment of an apparatus according to the present invention, showing a hydrocyclone coupled with the housing outlet;
- Figure 11A is a flow chart of a separation method in accordance with the present invention.
- Figure 11 B is a continuation of the flow chart of Figure 11 A;
- Figure 12 is a flow chart of a purification method in accordance with the present invention.
- Figure 13 is a flow chart of a method for promoting interaction in accordance with the present invention.
- Figure 14 is a flow chart of a method for improving combustion in accordance with the present invention.
- Figure 15 is an elevated front view of a rotor having C-shaped projections
- Figure 16A is an elevated front view of a housing end wall configuration having notches
- Figure 16B is a cross-sectional view taken through line 16B-16B in Figure 16A;
- Figure 17A is an elevated front view of a rotor having three rows of cylindrical projections
- Figure 17B is an elevated front view of a rotor having three rows of cylindrical projections with holes between some of the projections;
- Figure 18A is an elevated front view of a rotor having three rows of cylindrical projections with some adjacent projections;
- Figure 18B is a cross-sectional view taken through line 18B-18B in Figure 18A;
- Figure 19 is a perspective view of a closed rotor
- Figure 20A is an elevated front view of a rotor that has notches
- Figure 20B is an elevated side view of a portion of the notches in the rotor in Figure 20A;
- Figure 21 is an elevated front view of a housing end wall configuration having notches
- Figure 22 is a perspective view of a closed rotor with helical blades for increasing suction
- Figure 23 is an elevated front view of a housing end wall configuration having two rows of cylindrical projections;
- Figure 24 is an elevated front view of a rotor having five rows of projections, each having a polygonal cross section;
- Figure 25 is an elevated front view of a housing end wall configuration having four rows of projections, each having a polygonal cross section;
- Figure 26 is an elevated front view of a rotor having two rows of cylindrical projections
- Figure 27 is an elevated front view of a housing end wall configuration having a row of cylindrical projections
- Figure 28A is a schematic view of a sulfur tower or tank in accordance with the present invention.
- Figure 28B is a perspective view of a sulfur tank rotor shown in Figure 28A; Y
- Figures 29A-29D are a flow chart of a preferred method for biomass processing in accordance with the present invention.
- Figures 1-3 show an apparatus 10 adapted to separate joined components located in a fluid medium, purify liquid, promote interaction between two or more components located in a fluid medium, as well as improve combustion of a liquid fuel.
- Figure 2 shows the apparatus that separates the joined components. The attached components shown are the endosperm, the germ and the pericarp of corn kernels 12. Although Figure 2 shows the apparatus 10 separating corn, any joined component could be separated by the apparatus. In addition, although Figure 2 shows the apparatus operating as a separator, the apparatus also purifies liquid, promotes interaction between two or more components, as well as improves combustion of a liquid fuel.
- Figures 1-3 show the apparatus with a housing 14, a shaft 16, a circular rotor 18, projections 20 extending from the rotor 18 and a motor 22 coupled with the shaft 16.
- Figures 2 and 3 show the housing 14 with a first end wall 24, a second end wall 26 and a side wall 28 defining an inner cavitation chamber 30.
- Figures 1 to 3 show the housing 14 with an inlet 32 in the first end wall 24 adapted to allow fluid and components to enter chamber 30, as well as an outlet 34 in side wall 28 adapted to allow fluid and components to exit chamber 30. Inlet 32 It could be coupled with a hopper (not shown) containing components, liquid or both.
- Figure 3 shows a shaft opening 36 in the second wall of end 26. The shaft 16 projects in the chamber 30 through the shaft opening 36.
- Figures 1 to 3 show a flange 38 extending from the side wall 28.
- Figure 3 shows the openings 40 in the flange 38 which are aligned with the openings 42 in the second end wall 26.
- Figure 1 shows the bolts 44 that fix the flange 38 with the second end wall 26.
- a seal (not shown) is preferably located between the flange 38 and the second end wall 26, as well as a seal 46, shown in Figure 3, is located between the axis 16 and the second end wall 26, to prevent fluid from leaking out of the chamber 30.
- Figure 2 shows the rotor 18 coupled with the shaft 16 inside the chamber 30.
- the rotor 18 has a front surface 48 facing the entrance 32.
- the cylindrical projections 20 extend from the front surface 48 towards the entrance 32. All the projections 20 are equidistant from the center of the rotor 18 adjacent to the peripheral edge of the front surface 48.
- the separation between the adjacent projections 20 determines the length of time that the components are held within the chamber 30.
- the projections separated closely with each other they will keep the components inside the chamber for a longer period of time than the protrusions with a greater separation. The longer the components are kept inside the chamber, the greater the likelihood that the components will separate or interact, whether one or the other is preferred.
- the projections are separated by a distance that is sufficient to keep the components inside the housing or the chamber until the components separate or interact.
- Figure 2 shows the adjacent projections 20 separated a sufficient distance to keep the corn kernels 12 inside the chamber 30 until the germ, pericarp and endosperm are separated.
- the space between adjacent projections 20 is approximately 6 to 12 millimeters.
- the separation between the projections also affects the number of impacts between the components and the projections. More impacts occur between the components and the projections as the projections are separated more closely. Therefore, if fewer impacts are desired, the distance between the projections must be increased.
- cylindrical projections 20 mounted equidistant from the center of the rotor are shown, any type of projections mounted in any pattern on the rotor are within the scope of the invention.
- Figure 2 shows the separation of the endosperm, the germ and the pericarp of the corn kernels 12 that were placed in a fluid medium.
- Motor 22, shown in Figures 1 and 3, rotates shaft 16 and rotor 18 at a speed sufficient to cause cavitation within the fluid.
- the endosperm, germ and pericarp are separated by the combined effects of implosion and rapid bubble creation. cavitation formed within the fluid, the abrasion between the fluid and the corn components, the abrasion between the corn components, the impacts between the corn components and the projections 20, as well as the centrifugal force. Before separation, the corn is kept inside the housing 14 by the protrusions 20.
- FIG. 2 shows the separated components 50 leaving the outlet 34.
- any type of joined component can be separated with the apparatus 10 and the apparatus could also be used to purify liquid, promote the interaction between two or more components in a fluid medium and improve the combustion of a liquid fuel.
- FIG 4 shows an alternative embodiment of an apparatus 110 in accordance with the present invention.
- the apparatus 110 is basically the same as the apparatus 10 described above in relation to Figures 1 to 3, except that the apparatus 110 has projections 112 extending from first end wall 114 of the housing 116 towards the rotor 118. Three circular rows of projections 112 extend from the first end wall 114. There are gaps 120 between adjacent rows.
- the rotor 118 has four rows of projections 122 that are separated by a distance from the center of the rotor, so that the rows align with the gaps 120.
- FIG. 5 shows another alternative embodiment of an apparatus 210 in accordance with the present invention.
- the apparatus 210 is basically the same as the apparatus 10 described above in relation to Figures 1 to 3, except that the apparatus 210 has a tube 212 and a counter-rotor 214 coupled with the tube 212 inside the inner chamber 216.
- counter-rotor 214 has a front surface that faces the front surface of the rotor 218.
- the tube 212 is received by the inlet 220 and extends into the chamber 216.
- Three circular rows of projections 222 extend from the front surface of the counter -rotor 214 towards rotor 218. There are gaps 224 between adjacent rows.
- the rotor 218 has four rows of projections 226 that are separated by a distance from the center of the rotor, so that the rows align with the gaps 224.
- a seal 228 is located between the tube 212 and the inlet 220 to avoid that the fluid out of the chamber 216.
- a control mechanism (not shown), such as a band, could be coupled with the tube 212 outside the chamber 216 to rotate the tube 212 and the counter-rotor 214.
- the devices 110 and 210 are shown in Figures 4 and 5 with circular rows of projections, the rows in the housing, the rotor and the counter-rotor could have any configuration that allows the rotor to rotate inside the housing.
- Figures 6 to 9 show examples of protrusions that could be used with any of the apparatus 10, 110 and 210 described above in relation to Figures 1-5.
- Figure 6 shows the projections 310 having a superior C-shaped profile. The projections are hollow and are arranged in two rows on the rotor. The C 310-shaped projections are preferably used when it is desirable to induce high levels of cavitation in the fluid.
- Figure 7 shows the projections 312 having a J-shaped side profile. The J-shaped projections 312 are located adjacent to the peripheral edge of the front surface of the rotor.
- Figure 8 shows four rows of protrusions of separate teeth 314. The rows are located in a compensation relationship, so that the protrusions 314 form a radial curved pattern.
- Figure 9 shows the rotating projections 316.
- the projections 316 have a free end 318 and a fixed end 320 rotatably mounted on the front surface of the rotor.
- the fixed end 320 has an opening that receives a pin 322 extending from the rotor.
- the invention described herein is not limited to any particular type of projections, nor to any particular pattern of projections. All projections and patterns shown herein are examples only.
- FIG 10 shows an alternative embodiment of an apparatus 410 in accordance with the present invention.
- the apparatus 410 is basically identical to the apparatus 10, 110 and 210 described in relation to the modalities shown in Figures 1 to 5, except that the outlet 412 of the housing 414 is coupled with a hydrocyclone 416 or centrifugal.
- Hydrocyclone 416 has the general shape of an inverted cone with a cylinder extending upward from the base of the cone.
- the hydrocyclone 416 has an upper outlet 418, a lower outlet 420 and an inlet 422 coupled with the outlet of the housing 412.
- the inlet 422 is located near the top of the hydrocyclone 416.
- the engine 22 of the apparatus 10, shown in Figures 1 to 3, is started.
- Inlet 32 receives the joined components placed in fluid, unpurified liquid, two or more components placed in fluid, or liquid fuel.
- the joined components placed in fluid, unpurified liquid, two or more components placed in fluid, or liquid fuel, are introduced into the chamber 30.
- the motor 22 rotates the shaft 16 and the rotor 18 at a speed sufficient to cause the cavitation of the fluid inside the chamber 30, as the projections 20 move through the fluid.
- the rotation speed of the shaft is preferably between 500 and 10,000 revolutions per minute.
- the fluid cavitates due to the reduction in fluid pressure behind the projections 20, as the projections move through the fluid.
- the fluid cavitates from a liquid to a gas when the pressure of the fluid behind the projections 20 is reduced below the vapor pressure of the liquid.
- a plurality of gas bubbles form within the fluid due to cavitation. These gas bubbles move from the low pressure forming area to an area of the chamber 30 with a higher fluid pressure. When entering a region with fluid pressure greater than the vapor pressure of the liquid, the gas bubbles collapse. This creation and collapse, or implosion, of the gas bubbles creates ultrasonic waves within the chamber 30.
- the power of the ultrasonic waves has been measured outside the housing 14 as being between about 40 dB and about 60 dB at through a well-known cavitation implosion measuring device sold under the VibrotipD brand.
- Ultrasonic waves are a primary factor for the separation of bound components within a fluid medium, in the purification of liquid by killing undesirable organisms within the liquid, in promoting the interaction between two or more components, as well as in improving the combustion of liquid fuel by vaporizing liquid fuel.
- the additional forces within the chamber 30 contribute to separate the joined components within a fluid medium, to purify liquid, to promote the interaction between two or more components in a fluid medium, as well as to improve the combustion of a liquid fuel.
- These forces include the centrifugal force resulting from the rotating rotor 18 within the fluid, the abrasion between the fluid and the components, the abrasion between the components, as well as the impacts between the components and the projections 20.
- the combined effects of these factors contribute to separating the united components placed inside a fluid, to purify liquid, to promote the interaction between two or more components placed within a fluid, as well as to improve the combustion of a liquid fuel.
- the fluid and the separated components, purified liquid, fluid and interacting components, or liquid fuel leave the chamber 30 through the outlet 34.
- the apparatus 110 shown in Figure 4 operates in the same manner as that described above for the apparatus 10 shown in Figures 1 to 3.
- the apparatus 210 shown in Figure 5 operates basically in the same manner as the apparatus 10 shown in the Figures 1 to 3, except that the apparatus 210 has a rotating tube 212 and the counter-rotor 214.
- a control mechanism (not shown) coupled with the tube 212 rotates the tube 212 and the counter-rotor 214.
- the tube 212 and counter-rotor 214 preferably rotate in a direction opposite to the direction of rotation of rotor 218, although it is within the scope of the invention that rotor 218 and counter-rotor 214 rotate in the same direction.
- the components and fluid are introduced into the chamber 216 through the tube 212.
- the apparatus 410 shown in Figure 10 has a housing 414 with a rotor operating in the same manner as any of the apparatus 10, 110 and 210 described in Figures 1 to 5. However, after the fluid and the components leave the outlet 412, these are introduced into a hydrocyclone 416.
- the fluid and the components that leave the outlet 412 and which are introduced into the hydrocyclone 416 revolve around the inner wall of the hydrocyclone 416.
- the rotation subjects the fluid and the components at a centrifugal force that divides the components based on density.
- the heavier components move outward towards the inner wall of the hydrocyclone 416 and spirally move along the wall to the lower outlet 420.
- the lighter components move towards the central axis of the hydrocyclone 416 and exit through the outlet upper 418. Therefore, hydrocyclone 416 divides the components with different densities.
- Hydrocyclone 416 adapts particularly well to divide the gas from the liquid. A slight vacuum can be introduced in the upper outlet 418 to induce the lighter components to exit through the upper outlet 4
- Figures 11A and 11B show a method for separating joined components. If necessary, the joined components are stripped in 510, washed in 512 and / or crushed in 514 during the start of the separation procedure, as shown in Figure 11 A. The joined components are then placed in a fluid medium and they send to a first separator 516.
- the first separator 516 has a cavitation chamber 518, a fluid frictor 520, a component frictor 522, a centrifuge 524 and an impactor 526.
- the separator could have a structure like any of the apparatus. 10, 110 and 210 described above and it should be understood that the same structure could perform steps 518 to 526 simultaneously.
- cavitation is induced in the fluid as described above in relation to the apparatus 10 shown in Figures 1 to 3.
- the ultrasonic waves resulting from the creation and implosion of cavitation bubbles into the fluid It is one factor in the separation of the joined components.
- the other steps in separator 516 are also factors in the separation of the joined components.
- the fluid frictor 520 induces abrasion between the fluid and the joined components
- the component frictor 522 induces abrasion between the joined components to separate the components.
- the abrasion between the joined components could be the abrasion between the individual components, or it could be the abrasion between discrete units of joined components.
- the centrifuge 524 subjects the attached components to a centrifugal force and the 526 impactor subjects the attached components to impact forces to separate the components. After separation, the components are located throughout the fluid medium.
- the separated components leave the separator 516 and pass to the liquid-solid divider 528 which divides relatively large solid components from the fluid medium.
- the fine granulometry solid components form a suspension with the fluid and are not divided from the fluid by the liquid-solid divider 528.
- the liquid-solid divider 528 could be a sieve or any other suitable apparatus for dividing liquid solids.
- the solid components divided from the fluid medium are dried by a dryer 530 which also has the ability to further separate the solid components. The solid components are then crushed in a 532 mill to a desired size.
- the solid components leaving the liquid-solid divider 528 are placed in a fluid medium and sent to the separator 534, where the same steps are performed as in the separator 516.
- the separator 534 further separates the solid components in the manner described above with respect to separator 516.
- the fluid and the separated solid components pass to the liquid-solid divider 536, wherein the relatively large solid components are divided from the fluid and sent to a manifold 538.
- the solid granulometry components fine form a suspension with the fluid and are not divided from the fluid by means of the liquid-solid divider 536.
- the fluid suspensions and the fine granulometry solid components leaving the liquid-solid divisor 528 and 536 are combined in the separator 540
- the separator 540 performs the same steps as the separator 516 and also separates the components attached within the fluid.
- the fluid and the components leaving the separator 540 flow into the separator 542 which performs the same steps as the separator 516.
- the separator 542 further separates the components attached within the fluid.
- the fluid and the components leaving the separator 542 flow in the centrifuge 544, which can have a structure such as the hydrocyclone described above in relation to Figure 10.
- the centrifuge 544 subjects the fluid and the components to a centrifugal force to divide the components based on density.
- the heavier components leaving the centrifuge 544 pass to the separator 546, while the lighter components leaving the centrifuge 544 pass to the collector 548.
- the heavier components are introduced into the centrifuge 550 which divide the components based on density again.
- the heavier components leaving the centrifuge 550 pass to a dryer 552, while the lighter components pass to the collector 548.
- Either the heavy or light components can be further processed to achieve a desired final product.
- the resulting heavier components are starch or sugar, then instead of going to dryer 552, they can be subjected to a alternative procedure shown in Figure 11 B, to convert the starch or sugar into ethanol.
- the starch leaving the centrifuge 550 shown in Figure 11 A, follows a path B to be subjected to hydrolysis, or liquefaction, at station 554, shown in Figure 11 B.
- Sugar leaving centrifuge 550, shown in Figure 11A follows path A to undergo fermentation at station 558, shown in Figure 11 B.
- For starch, at station 554 it is heated and bound with enzymes to Promote hydrolysis.
- hydrolyzed starch is then bound with enzymes and subjected to saccharization at station 556, where the hydrolyzed starch is converted into syrup.
- hydrolysis at station 554 and the saccharization at station 556 could be performed by any of the apparatus 10, 110 and 210 shown in Figures 1 to 5 and in accordance with the method to promote the interaction shown in Figure 13 and described below in relation to Figure 13.
- the syrup that leaves station 556 binds with yeast and is fermented in station 558 (the step in which sugar leaving centrifuge 550 begins).
- the fermentation of syrup produces liquid ethanol.
- a heat exchanger (not shown) could be coupled with the apparatus that performs the fermentation step 558 to remove heat from the apparatus.
- the liquid ethanol passes to the liquid-solid divisor 560.
- the solids that remain in the liquid ethanol are divided from the ethanol and subjected to enzymatic treatment in step 562 to hydrolyze and saccharize the solids that convert them into syrup. .
- This sugar is subjected to fermentation at station 558.
- Step 562 could be performed in a manner basically similar to steps 554 and 556.
- Liquid ethanol leaving the liquid-solid divider 560 begins a distillation process in a separator 564, which has basically the same configuration as the separator 516.
- a heater (not shown) could be coupled with the separator 564 to heat the liquid. Preferably, the heater heats the liquid ethanol to approximately 80 degrees Celsius.
- Liquid ethanol could be heated before being introduced into separator 564 by passing it through a copper coil immersed in solar-heated water. Separator 564 induces cavitation within liquid ethanol. The rapid creation and implosion of cavitation bubbles inside the liquid ethanol converts it to ethanol vapor, however, some liquid could leave the separator 564 with the ethanol vapor.
- the remaining liquid could be liquid ethanol and / or liquid added in an earlier step that could not be converted to ethanol.
- the liquid and the ethanol vapor leave the separator 564 and pass to the centrifuge 566, which could have a structure similar to the hydrocyclone shown in Figure 10.
- the centrifuge 566 subjects the liquid and the ethanol vapor to a centrifugal force that divides the ethanol vapor of the liquid.
- the liquid leaving the centrifuge 566 is collected by the collector 572 where it is discarded or sent to be subjected to a second distillation procedure to recover any remaining ethanol within the liquid.
- the ethanol vapor leaving the centrifuge 566 passes to a condenser 568 that condenses the vapor into a liquid. Liquid ethanol is collected by collector 570.
- the joined components that are separated by the procedure shown in Figures 11 A and 11 B could be solids, liquids, gases or any combination of the three.
- the percentage of solids in the fluid medium is preferably from about 10 to 40% by volume.
- the separation procedure could be affected by varying the percentage of solids placed inside the fluid medium. A higher percentage of solids in the fluid medium produces an increased abrasion between the solid components, while a lower percentage of solids in the fluid medium produces a reduced abrasion between the solid components.
- Components that are larger than the gaps between the adjacent projections will impact the projections a number of times more than the components that are smaller than the gaps between the adjacent projections, until the larger components are fractionated and become more Small than the gaps.
- the fractionated components may exit the apparatus through the gaps.
- the volume percentage of solids in the fluid medium could vary as necessary for optimal separation the type of components that are being separated. Additionally, the dimensions of the rotors and counter-rotors, including the gap size between adjacent projections, as well as the size and type of projections, could vary to achieve optimum separation.
- the separation method shown in Figures 1 A and 11 B could be used to separate the bonded components of a corn grain, in particular, the endosperm, pericarp and germ.
- the corn deviates from the peeler 510 and is washed in the washer 512. After washing, the corn is diverted from the crusher 514 and is sent to the separator 516.
- the separator 516 separates the endosperm, the germ and the pericarp through of the method described above.
- the floury part of the endosperm has fine granuiometry and, therefore, forms a suspension with the fluid after separation.
- the rest of the endosperm that is, the semolina
- the mixture of fluid and corn kernels that is introduced into separator 516 has about 10 to 20% corn kernels by volume.
- the separator 516 preferably has a construction like that of the apparatus 10 shown in Figures 1 to 3.
- the rotor preferably has a row of projections. The diameter of the row is preferably about 124 millimeters, while the diameter of the projections is about 9.5 millimeters.
- the height of the projections is about 15 millimeters, while the thickness of the rotor is about 10 millimeters. There is a distance of about 10 millimeters between the projections.
- the rotor rotates at a speed of between about 600 and 4500 revolutions per minute and, in a more preferred embodiment, at a speed of any of about 1100 or 1800 revolutions per minute.
- the separation procedure of the endosperm, the germ and the pericarp occurs within a period of about two minutes. In addition, it is not necessary to soak the corn kernels in water or in an acid solution before separation, as is customary in conventional separation procedures.
- the separator 516 could be replaced by a plurality of separators coupled to each other, each having a structure similar to the apparatus 10. In this configuration, each Subsequent separator in the series has a gradually reduced distance between the projections. There could be eight coupled separators that replace the 516 separator, where the distance between the protrusions is gradually reduced from 10 millimeters to 7.5 millimeters.
- the liquid-solid divider 528 divides the germ and pericarp of the fluid and endosperm suspension after separation of the endosperm, the germ and the pericarp.
- the germ and the pericarp pass to the dryer 530 which, preferably, is a hot air drying system at 60 degrees Celsius of pneumatic type that has the ability to divide the pericarp of the germ.
- the pericarp and germ can then be crushed separately in mill 532 to meet market requirements.
- the fluid and endosperm suspension passes to separator 540.
- the endosperm suspension leaving the liquid-solid divider 528 deviates from the starch separation process / protein described below and go directly to the hydrolysis, saccharization, fermentation and distillation steps shown in Figure 11 B.
- Separator 540 induces cavitation within the fluid and endosperm suspension, abrasion between the fluid and the endosperm, the impacts between the endosperm and the projections, as well as the centrifugal force to separate the starch and protein from the endosperm cells .
- separator 540 sprays the endosperm as described below in relation to the digestion reactors shown in Figures 29A to 29D, so that sulfur dioxide within the sulfur towers described below can quickly interact with Endosperm molecules.
- the separator 540 has a structure similar to the apparatus 10, except that it has a rotor with two rows of projections. Each of the separators 542 and 546 separates the starch and the protein that are bound together.
- Centrifuges 544 and 550 divide the starch and protein apart. Centrifuges are preferably centrifugal decanters, although they could also be similar or have the same structure as the hydrocyclone shown in Figure 10. Centrifuges 544 and 550 subject the separated starch and proteins to a centrifugal force that divides starch and protein. Starch, which is heavier than protein, travels around the inner wall of centrifuges 544 and 550 and exits at the bottom of the centrifuges with the fluid. Protein exits through the top of centrifuges 544 and 550 and passes to manifold 548.
- the starch can pass either to dryer 552, or it could be hydrolyzed, saccharized, fermented and distilled to produce ethanol in accordance with the steps described above and shown in Figure 11 B.
- the starch is of higher quality than the starch produced with conventional crushing procedures, since corn is not soaked for 35 to 50 hours in an acidic environment as in conventional procedures. Endosperm and starch paste produced in accordance with the process described herein generally produces more alcohol per unit weight than similar products produced in accordance with conventional crushing procedures.
- the separation method shown in Figure 11A could also be used to produce corn atole.
- the corn is placed in water and sent through separator 516, which separates the germ, pericarp and endosperm.
- the 528 liquid-solid divider divides the germ and pericarp of the fluid and endosperm suspension.
- the germ and pericarp pass to dryer 530 and mill 532.
- the endosperm is processed and dried producing atole powder.
- Atole produced in accordance with conventional methods contains sulfur because the corn is soaked in a sulfur solution.
- Atole produced in accordance with the method described herein does not contain sulfur because the corn is not soaked in a sulfur solution. Therefore, the atole produced in accordance with the present method is healthier and tastes better than the atole produced in accordance with conventional methods.
- the separation method shown in Figure 11A could also be used as part of a corn nixtamalization procedure.
- the different components of the grains that is, the semolina, the fiber and the pericarp
- the separation process can be used to produce nixtamalized cornmeal that has a different proportion of fiber, semolina, and pericarp to the natural proportion of those components in corn.
- the process of the present invention could produce nixtamalized cornmeal in a few minutes, compared to the approximately 2 to 4 hours required for a conventional procedure.
- the fruits of coffee could also be separated according to the method shown in Figure 11 A.
- the joined components of a coffee fruit are the skin, pulp, mucilage, parchment and grain.
- Conventional procedures to separate the components of a coffee fruit require the steps of pulping the fruit, fermenting the grain to loosen the mucilage, washing the grain to remove the mucilage, drying the grain and peeling the grain to remove the parchment. It usually takes about 1 to 7 days to complete these steps.
- the separator 516 of the method shown in Figure 11A separates the components of a coffee fruit in only 7 to 10 seconds.
- the present method also produces higher quality coffee beans, since they are not subjected to crushing or pulping ground, nor to a typical fermentation process.
- the present method for processing coffee costs about 30% less than conventional methods due to the increase in efficiency.
- the mixture of fluid with coffee fruits is about 15 to 22% of coffee fruits by volume.
- the first separator is an apparatus like that shown in Figures 1 to 3 with a rotor like that described below and a distance between the projections of about 50% more than the longest coffee bean, to ensure that no any grain is damaged.
- a type of rotor has three rows of projections, where each row has a respective diameter of 20 centimeters, 30 centimeters and 40 centimeters.
- the projections are cylindrical, with a diameter of about 10 millimeters.
- a second type of rotor has 19 cylindrical projections, where each of them has a diameter of about 9.52 millimeters. The projections are adjacent to the peripheral edge of a rotor having a diameter of about 124 millimeters. There is a distance between projections of about 9 millimeters.
- a third type of rotor has 21 cylindrical projections, where each of them has a diameter of about 9.52 millimeters. The projections are adjacent to the peripheral edge of a rotor having a diameter of about 124 millimeters. There is a distance between projections of about 7.5 millimeters.
- a fourth type of rotor has 20 projections with a C-shaped upper profile, as shown in Figure 6, each having a diameter of about 9.5 millimeters. The projections are adjacent to the peripheral edge of a rotor having a diameter of about 124 millimeters. There is a distance between projections of about 7.5 millimeters.
- a fifth type of rotor has 14 projections with a superior C-shaped profile, as shown in Figure 6, each having a diameter of about 12.7 millimeters. The projections are adjacent to the peripheral edge of a rotor having a diameter of about 124 millimeters. There is a distance between projections of about 16 millimeters.
- a sixth type of rotor has 20 conical projections, where each of them has a base diameter of about 12 millimeters and a cup diameter of about 4 millimeters. The projections are adjacent to the peripheral edge of a rotor having a diameter of about 125 millimeters.
- a seventh type of rotor has 24 conical projections, where each of them has a base diameter of about 9.5 millimeters and a cup diameter of about 4 millimeters. The projections are adjacent to the peripheral edge of a rotor having a diameter of about 124 millimeters.
- the grains are divided into the pulp, mucilage, pericarp and parchment through a divider.
- the divider could be a sifter, or a series of sifters designed to divide the different components based on their size.
- the coffee beans are then dried, sorted and packaged for shipment.
- the pulp, mucilage, pericarp and parchment are sent to another separator that preferably has a structure similar to that of the apparatus 10 shown in Figures 1 to 3.
- the separated components then pass to a divider that divides the pulp and the mucilage. of parchment and pericarp.
- Pulp and mucilage could be fermented for ethanol production, as described above in relation to Figure 11 B, which is used to produce methane gas, or gums could be obtained from mucilage.
- the parchment and pericarp are preferably subjected to an extraction procedure that extracts nutraceutical substances and / or fibers from the components.
- Cassava root is preferably peeled with peeler 510, washed in washer 512 and crushed in crusher 514 before being put into water.
- the proportion of water and crushed cassava root is about 25 to 35% cassava root by volume.
- Cassava root is sent through separator 516 which preferably has a structure similar to apparatus 10 shown in Figures 1 to 3. After separator 516, starch separated from solid cassava biomass forms a suspension with water. .
- the solid cassava, water and starch biomass pass to the 528 liquid-solid divider when the starch and water suspension is divided from the solid cassava biomass.
- the suspension of starch and water passes to separator 540.
- the solid cassava biomass is put in water and passes to separator 534 for an additional separation of the solid cassava biomass and starch.
- the liquid-solid divider 536 divides the starch and water suspension leaving the separator 534 from the solid cassava biomass.
- the solid cassava biomass passes to the collector 538 and the starch and water suspension passes to the separator 540 where the starch and water suspension joins from the divider 528. From the separator 540, the process continues as described above with respect to the separation of corn.
- the spacers have rotors with protrusions having a diameter of about 9.5 millimeters and a distance between protrusions of about 10 millimeters.
- any of the separators could also have a dual-row rotor with a counter-rotor to improve root separation.
- the method shown in Figures 11A and 11 B could be used to separate sugarcane from sugarcane juice.
- the conventional method for recovering sugarcane juice from sugarcane comprises crushing or grinding the sugarcane to extract the juice from the cane. Then, the cane is either discarded or recycled, where any cane juice that is still found is lost in the cane.
- the method shown in Figures 11A and 11B recovers about 9.5% of the sugarcane juice by weight of the solid sugarcane that is discarded after the conventional cane juice extraction procedure.
- the sugarcane is crushed in the crusher 514 and any sugarcane juice extracted during crushing is collected.
- the crushed sugar cane is put in water and sent through separator 516, which can have a structure similar to the apparatus 10 shown in Figures 1 to 3.
- the mixture of water and sugar cane is of around 25 to 35% sugarcane by volume.
- Separator 516 separates sugarcane juice from sugarcane through the factors described above.
- the 528 liquid-solid divider divides the solid sugarcane from the water and cane juice.
- the solid sugarcane is put back into water and sent through separator 534, which further separates the sugarcane juice from the sugarcane.
- the liquid-solid divider 536 divides the sugarcane juice and the sugarcane leaving the separator 534.
- the solid sugarcane passes to the collector 538, where it can be used as an aggregate or in paper production.
- the sugarcane juice could be processed in refined sugar, or it could be fermented or distilled to produce ethanol, as described above with respect to steps 558 to 572.
- the sugar beet juice could be separated from the sugar beet from in the same way as described above to separate sugarcane juice from sugarcane.
- the method shown in Figure 11A could also be used to separate gaseous impurities from liquids.
- the method could be used to separate sulfur dioxide or other gaseous impurities from liquid fuel.
- Sulfur dioxide is a compound that is present in the fuel that is released into the atmosphere upon combustion and is harmful to both health and the environment.
- the fuel containing sulfur dioxide is sent directly to a separator coupled with a centrifuge such as 542 and 544.
- the apparatus 410 which shown in Figure 10 is used for the separation of sulfur dioxide and fuel.
- the separator induces cavitation inside the liquid fuel. Cavitation improves the formation of sulfur dioxide gas bubbles within the fuel.
- the centrifuge subjects the fuel to a centrifugal force that divides the sulfur dioxide gas from the liquid fuel.
- the sulfur dioxide gas exits through the upper part of the centrifuge and the purified fuel exits through the lower part of the centrifuge.
- Both gas and fuel could be collected in a collector.
- the method shown in Figure 11A could also be used to separate soil and dust from grain.
- the grain covered with dirt or dust is put in water and sent through the separator 516.
- the separator separates the grain and the earth or dust.
- the 528 liquid-solid divider divides the clean grain from the earth or dust, which remains suspended in the water.
- the liquid-solid divider 528 could be a sieve.
- the clean grain is dried in the 530 dryer and processed as desired.
- the method shown in Figure 11A could also be used to separate any component of plant or animal tissue.
- Plant or animal tissue is processed and selected, placed in water and sent through separator 516 for separation of tissue components.
- the tissue components are then divided, preferably, by any method, washed, dried and packed.
- Soy can also be separated in accordance with the method shown in Figure 11 A.
- the method of separating soybeans described herein considerably reduces the number of steps and equipment required by traditional methods.
- the united components of soybeans are the cover, the germ and the endosperm.
- the soybeans are put in water and sent through the separator 516.
- the separator 516 separates the cover, the germ and the endosperm.
- the liquid-solid divider 528 could be used to divide the cover, the germ and the endosperm.
- the liquid-solid divider 528 could be a sifter or a series of sifters having a size that allows the components to be divided.
- the method could also be used to separate the joined components from other beans, grains such as sorghum, pineapple juice from pineapple fibers, as well as potato starch.
- Figure 12 shows a method for purifying liquid in accordance with the present invention. If there are solids suspended in the liquid, the liquid is preferably subjected to the pretreatment method of steps 610 to 614. If there are no solids suspended in the liquid, then the liquid could pass directly to the cavitation chamber 616. In accordance with the pretreatment method, the liquid passes into a hydrocyclone 610 which helps to divide the liquid from the solids as described above in relation to the apparatus shown in Figure 10. Subsequently, the liquid is subjected to chemical treatment 612 which, preferably, it includes adding coagulation chemicals that bind to the sediment in the liquid and promotes sedimentation sedimentation.
- chemical treatment 612 which, preferably, it includes adding coagulation chemicals that bind to the sediment in the liquid and promotes sedimentation sedimentation.
- Sedimentation tank 614 maintains the liquid for a sufficient amount of time to allow chemicals and sediment to settle in the lower part of the tank.
- the liquid in the settling tank 614 then passes to the cavitation chamber 616, where the cavitation is induced into the liquid to kill undesirable organisms in the liquid.
- Undesirable organisms are killed by the rapid creation and implosion of bubbles of cavitation formed inside the liquid.
- the cavitation chamber 616 could have a structure similar to any of the apparatuses 10, 110 and 210 described in connection with Figures 1 to 5. Cavitation could kill the organisms by cell lysis. If the liquid to be purified is water, the cavitation and high temperature generated by the cavitation preferably promotes water ozonation. Ozone kills undesirable organisms within the liquid. After the undesirable organisms within the liquid are killed, the liquid is filtered into the filter 618 by removing any fine particles that remain in the liquid before the liquid leaves tap 620.
- the cavitation chamber of the process shown in Figure 12 has a structure like that of any of the apparatus shown in Figures 1 to 5.
- an apparatus used in the procedure of Figure 12 has protrusions with a upper C-shaped profile, as shown in Figure 6, to maximize cavitation within the liquid.
- An apparatus such as that shown in Figures 1 to 5 could be installed inside a house or office to purify the water entering the building from a public water line.
- an apparatus installed for the purification of water from the house or office will have an input smaller than 12.7 millimeters and an output of around 19.05 millimeters.
- An apparatus such as that shown in Figures 1 to 5 could also be installed within a water distribution line to purify water from that site.
- the liquid that is purified using the method shown in Figure 12 could be water, juice or any other liquid that requires purification.
- this purification procedure could be used instead or in addition to pasteurization to purify juice or milk.
- the purification process described herein is advantageous, since the liquid does not heat up and, therefore, the taste of the liquid does not change.
- the purification procedure shown in Figure 12 could also be used to purify wastewater.
- the purification method of Figure 12 could be used to purify the liquid used for thermal transfer. Undesirable organisms may develop in water or other liquids used for thermal transfer. It is desirable to kill these undesirable organisms to avoid diseases among individuals who may come into contact with the liquid.
- a cavitation chamber and centrifuge could receive liquid from a heat exchanger, purify the liquid, and then send the liquid to a heater. The liquid then passes from the heater to the heat exchanger and again to the cavitation chamber.
- a cavitation chamber could receive liquid from a heat exchanger, purify the liquid, and then send the liquid to a cooling tower. The liquid then passes from the cooling tower to the exchanger thermal and back to the cavitation chamber.
- the purification of the liquid could increase the efficiency of the thermal transfer process by raising the specific thermal capacity of the liquid.
- Figure 13 shows a method to promote interaction between two or more components in accordance with the present invention.
- the components are placed in a fluid medium and sent to an interaction promoter 710.
- the interaction promoter 710 has a cavitation chamber 712, a fluid frictor 714, a component frictor 716, a centrifuge 718 and an impactor 720
- the interaction promoter could have a structure like any of the apparatus 10, 110 and 210 described above in relation to Figures 1 to 5 and it should be noted that a single structure could simultaneously perform steps 712 to 720.
- the cavitation chamber 712 induces cavitation in the fluid to promote interaction between components.
- the fluid frictor 714 induces abrasion between the fluid and the components, while the component frictor 716 induces abrasion between the components to promote interaction between the components.
- the centrifuge 718 subjects the components to a centrifugal force that promotes interaction between the components, and the impactor 720 subjects the components to an impact force to promote the interaction between the components.
- the interacting components Upon exiting the interaction promoter 710, the interacting components are collected in a collector 722.
- the interacting components could be solid, liquid, gaseous or any combination of the three.
- the method of Figure 13 could be used to promote any chemical or physical reaction, such as a hydrolysis reaction.
- the method could be used to promote the interaction of enzymes and starch for the purpose of hydrolyzing starch.
- the method could be used for biomass processing to obtain cellulosic ethanol.
- the starch and enzymes are placed in a fluid medium and sent through the interaction promoter 710. Cavitation, abrasion and other forces generated within the interaction promoter promote the interaction of starch and the enzymes resulting in the hydrolyzing of starch.
- the method of Figure 13 could be further employed to promote saccharization of hydrolyzed starch to create a syrup.
- Hydrolyzed starch and enzymes are placed in a fluid medium and sent through interaction promoter 710, which promotes the interaction of enzymes and hydrolyzed starch. Cavitation, abrasion and other forces generated within the interaction promoter promote the interaction of hydrolyzed starch and enzymes, to create a syrup. The syrup is then collected in collector 722. It is also possible to emulsify and homogenize the substances in accordance with the method to promote the interaction shown in Figure 13. For example, the method could be used to produce mashed bananas from bananas, coconut cream from coconut, as well. as beef broth from meat. The method could be used to emulsify fruit juices, ice cream, sauces, pharmaceutical pastes, chemical pastes and sausage meat.
- the method could be used to promote the interaction of milk, fruit juices or fruit pulp with additional products before packing.
- the method could also be used to accelerate a physical or chemical reaction that occurs as a result of the interaction of two or more components.
- the method could be used to expedite the conversion of wood into pulp in which the components of the interaction comprise wood and one or more chemicals.
- Figure 14 shows a method to improve the combustion of liquid fuel by vaporizing the liquid fuel.
- the vaporization of the liquid fuel improves combustion because the proportion of fuel with respect to the air is distributed more evenly throughout a combustion chamber 814.
- the fuel is sent through a cavitation chamber 810 where cavitation is induced in the fuel.
- the rapid creation and implosion of cavitation bubbles inside the fuel vaporizes the fuel.
- a centrifuge 812 subjects the combination of vaporized fuel and liquid fuel to a centrifugal force that divides the vaporized fuel from the liquid fuel.
- the centrifuge 812 could have a structure similar to the hydrocyclone shown in Figure 10.
- the vaporized fuel is mixed with oxygen and is then subjected to combustion in a combustion chamber 814 and the liquid fuel is recycled back to the cavitation chamber 810.
- Any apparatus shown in Figures 1 to 10 could be used to improve the combustion of liquid fuel in accordance with the method shown in Figure 14.
- FIG. 15 to 29D A method and system for biomass processing is described herein with reference to Figures 15 to 29D.
- Figures 15 to 28B show the apparatus that is used in the biomass processing method
- Figures 29A to 29D show a flow chart for the biomass processing method.
- the biomass processing system and method could be used to process any type of biomass that includes, but is not limited to, grains such as corn, sorghum and oats, beans such as soybeans and coffee fruits, cassava root, sugarcane , sugar beet and seaweed.
- the procedure and system can be used as steps for the production or refining of any type of material derived from biomass, such as oil, fiber, starch, protein and sugars.
- the process is used to process any type of grain that has starch to obtain relatively pure production flows of the grain components, which typically include oil, fiber, starch, protein and sugars.
- the procedure is used to separate the endosperm, pericarp and germ from corn kernels in a flow of endosperm paste and a flow of pericarp and germ.
- the procedure then separates the starch and protein contained within the endosperm paste.
- conventional procedures and equipment could be used to divide and filter the separated starch and the protein contained within the endosperm paste into separate streams, as well as to filter any endosperm fiber contained within the paste in a separate flow.
- Conventional equipment could also be used to divide the pericarp and germ flow into separate pericarp and germ flows, as well as to process the pericarp and germ into desired end products.
- the procedure could also be used to process sorghum grains similar to corn kernels.
- the process and system described herein are advantageous over conventional systems and methods of biomass processing, since the process and system of the present invention produce higher quality products in less time. For example, with the procedure and system of the present application, it takes between about 5 minutes and 2 hours to separate the pericarp, the germ and the endosperm from the corn kernels in an endosperm flow and a pericarp and germ flow, as well as Separate protein and starch molecules in the endosperm flow.
- the process and system of the present application when used to process corn, produces higher quality products than conventional corn processing methods. It is thought that the process and system of the present application produces higher quality products because it does not require soaking corn kernels for approximately 35 to 50 hours in sulfur dioxide and water, as is done in conventional corn processing methods . It is thought that soaking the corn for 35 to 50 hours in sulfur dioxide degrades the quality of the pericarp fiber, oil and starch produced.
- Figures 15 to 27 show a whole series of alternative rotor modes, which can be used with any of the devices 10, 110 and 210 ( Figures 1 to 5), instead of the rotors 18, 118 and 218, respectively, as well as a whole series of alternative modes of configuration of the end wall of housings that can be used with the apparatus 110 ( Figure 4), instead of the end wall 114 and the projections 112 extending from that site. It is also within the scope of the present invention to incorporate the housing end wall configuration shown in Figures 16A, 16B, 21, 23, 25 and 27 in a counter-rotor such as counter-rotor 214 shown in Figure 5. Although preferred combinations of rotors and housing end wall configuration for use with the method and system of the present invention are described in detail below, any combination of rotors and end wall configurations in an apparatus 10, 110 or 210 is within the scope of the present invention.
- Figure 15 shows a portion of a rotor 1500 having a front surface 1502 facing the end wall 24 when used with the apparatus 10 of Figure 1, the end wall 114 when used with the apparatus 110 of Figure 4 , or the counter-rotor 214 when used with the apparatus 210 of Figure 5.
- the rotor 1500 is circular and has an opening 1503 with a center 1504, as well as an outer peripheral edge 1506.
- the opening 1503 is configured to receive an axis such as axis 16 in Figure 1 to mount and rotate the rotor inside an apparatus.
- the front surface 1502 comprises an elevated flat surface 1507a surrounding the opening 1503, an angled surface 1507b adjacent to the surface 1507a, as well as a flat surface 1507c located below the surface 1507a and between the surfaces 1507b and the edge 1506.
- the rotor portion 1500 not shown in Figure 15 has the same configuration and pattern of protrusions as those in the rotor portion 1500 shown in Figure 15.
- first, second and third rows 1508, 1510 and 1512 of projections that extend outside the front surface 1502.
- One of the projections is indicated with the number 1514.
- Each of the projections 1514 has a superior profile generally in the form of C or a cross-section, such as protrusions 310 in Figure 6, with a leading edge 1516 and a trailing edge 1518.
- the rotor 1500 preferably rotates counterclockwise in the direction of leading edge 1516 so that, when the rotor rotates, the fluid flows around the projections 1514 from the leading edge 1516 towards the trailing edge 1518.
- Each projection 1514 has a base that joins the front surface 1502 and an upper surface 1520.
- the height of each of the projections is defined as the distance from the base of the projection to the upper surface 1520.
- the projection has a surface external 1522, which incorporates the leading edge 1516, an internal surface 1524 that is concentric with respect to the external surface 1522, as well as a pair of rear surfaces 1526a and 1526b, each extending between the external surface 1522 and the internal surface 1524 and each forming the rear edge 1518 of the projection.
- Each of the surfaces 1522, 1524 and 1526a, b extends from the front surface 1502 of the rotor 1500 to the upper surface 1520 of the projection 1514. It is thought that this design, turning counterclockwise, generates significant cavitation near the rear edge 1518, due to the reduction in pressure in that region as the rotor rotates.
- the rotor 1500 has a radius A1 measured from the center 1504 to the outer peripheral edge 1506.
- the first row 1508 of projections has a radius A2
- the second row 1510 of projections has a radius A3
- the Third row 1512 of projections has an A4 radius.
- Radios A2, A3, and A4 are measured from center 1504 to the center of projections 1514 in rows 1508, 1510, and 1512, respectively.
- Each of the projections 1514 has a diameter A5.
- the distance between adjacent projections is A6. The distance A6 could vary between the projections in the same row and / or between rows 1508, 1510 and 1512.
- Figures 17A, 17B, 18A, 18B, 19, 20A, 20B, 22, 24 and 26 also show the front surface of the rotors facing the end walls 24, 114 or the counter- rotor 214 of apparatus 10, 110, and 210, respectively.
- each of the rotors shown in Figures 17A-20B, 22, 24 and 26 is circular and the portions of the rotors not shown in the drawings have the same configuration and pattern of the projections as the portions of the rotors shown in the drawings.
- Figures 16A and 16B show a portion of a housing end wall configuration that can be used with the apparatus 110 ( Figure 4) instead of the end wall 114. As described above, this end wall, as well as Any of the end walls described herein could also be used in the apparatus 210 ( Figure 5) instead of the counter-rotor 214.
- a housing 1600 has an end wall 1602 and a opening 1604 to allow fluid and biomass to be introduced into the housing.
- the end wall 1602 of the housing 1600 can be replaced by the end wall 114 shown in Figure 4.
- the rest of the housing 1600 is basically similar to the housing 116 of Figure 4.
- the end wall 1602 extends from the opening 1604 to a side wall 1606 of the housing, which is similar to, for example, the side wall 28 of the housing shown in Figure 1.
- the end wall 1602 has a flat section 1608 adjacent to the opening 1604, a grooved section 1610 adjacent to section 1608 and a flat section 1612 between section 1610 and wall 1606.
- slotted section 1610 has alternating notches 1614 and raised sections 1616. Elevated sections 1616 are coplanar with respect to sections 1608 and 1612. Notches 1614 are shaped rectangular; however, any form of notch, such as triangular, is within the scope of the invention.
- the notches 1614 have a depth B1, which is the distance from an upper surface of the raised sections 1616 to a lower surface of the notches 1614, as well as a width B2.
- the width B2 of each notch 1614 could be variable, so that the width increases slightly along the length of the notch from section 1608 to section 1612.
- slotted section 1610 has a internal radius B3 and an external radius B4, which are measured from the center of the opening 1604.
- the notches 1614 are located at an angle B5 with respect to an imaginary radial line that is perpendicular with respect to the side wall 1606 and passing through the center of the opening 1604.
- Figure 17A shows an alternative embodiment of the rotor 1700 having a front surface 1702, an opening 1704, which is configured to receive an axis, as well as an external peripheral edge 1706.
- the opening 1704 has a center 1708.
- the front surface 1702. it comprises a raised flat surface 1709a surrounding the opening 1704, an angled surface 1709b adjacent to the surface 1709a, as well as a flat surface 1709c located below the surface 1709a and between the surfaces 1709b and the edge 1706.
- One of the projections is indicated by the number 1716.
- Each of the projections 1716 is cylindrical with a base that joins the front surface 1702, a side wall 1718 extending outward from surface 1702 and an upper surface 1720.
- the height of each projection 1716 is defined as the distance of from the base of the projection to the upper surface 1720.
- the rotor 1700 has a radius C1 measured from the center 1708 to the outer peripheral edge 1706.
- the first row 1710 of projections has a radius C2
- the second row 1712 of projections has a radius C3
- the third row 1714 of projections has a radius C4
- the radii C2, C3 and C4 are measured from the center 1708 to the center of the projections 1716 in rows 1710, 1712 and 1714, respectively.
- Each of the projections has a diameter C5.
- the distance between adjacent projections is C6.
- the distance C6 could vary between projections in the same row and / or between rows 1710, 1712 and 1714.
- FIG 17B shows an alternative embodiment of rotor 1750, which is basically similar to rotor 1700. Therefore, only the differences between rotors 1700 and 1750 are discussed herein.
- the rotor 1750 has a first, second and third rows 1752, 1754 and 1756 of projections. One of the projections is indicated by the number 1758.
- the rotor 1750 has a front surface 1760 having the openings 1762 at that site, which are located between adjacent projections 1758 of the second and third rows 1754 and 1756.
- Figures 18A and 18B show another embodiment of the rotor 1800 having a front surface 1802, an opening 1804, which is configured to receive an axis, as well as an outer peripheral edge 1806.
- the opening 1804 has a center 1808.
- the front surface 1802 comprises a raised flat surface 1809a surrounding the opening 1804, an angled surface 1809b adjacent to the surface 1809a and a flat surface 1809c located below the surface 1809a and between the surfaces 1809b and the edge 1806.
- One of the projections is indicated by the number 1816.
- Each of the projections 1816 is cylindrical with a base that joins the front surface 1802, a side wall 1818 extending outward from the surface 1802 and an upper surface 1820.
- the height of each projection 1816 is defined as the distance from the base from the ledge to the upper surface 1820.
- the side walls 1818 of adjacent projections 1816 in the second and third rows 1812 and 1814 adjoins so that there is no space between the projections in those rows.
- the projections 1816 in the second and third rows 1812 and 1814 have alternating heights.
- a set of projections 1822 has a height D2 that is less than the height D3 of an alternating set of projections 1824.
- the rotor 1800 has a radius D4 measured from the center 1808 to the outer peripheral edge 1806.
- the first row 1810 of projections has a radius D5
- the second row 1812 of projections has a radius D6
- the third row 1814 of projections has a radius D7
- Radios D5, D6 and D7 are measured from center 1808 to the center of projections 1816 in rows 1810, 1812 and 1814, respectively.
- Each of the projections has a diameter D8.
- Figure 19 shows a closed rotor 1900 that has a central core 1902 with an opening that is configured to receive a threaded bolt 1904 that engages with a shaft and motor such as shaft 16 and motor 22 shown in Figure 3
- a nut 1906 secures rotor 1900 to bolt 1904.
- the rotors shown in those embodiments are also preferably joined with a shaft and motor similar to those shown in Figure 19.
- the rotor 1900 has opposite circular plates front and rear 1908 and 1910 and a plurality of curved blades 1912 located in the middle.
- the 1908 faceplate has a opening 1914 that allows the fluid and the biomass to pass through that site into the empty space between the plates 1908 and 1910, where the vanes 1912 can act on the fluid and the biomass.
- the fluid is introduced into the opening of the rotor 1914 through the inlet 32 where the vanes 1912 increase the pressure and / or the velocity of the fluid.
- the fluid leaves the rotor and the apparatus through the outlet 34 ( Figure 1).
- Each of the 1908 and 1910 plates of the 1900 rotor has a diameter that is preferably approximately 300 millimeters.
- Figures 20A and 20B show an alternative embodiment of the rotor 2000.
- the rotor 2000 has a front surface 2002, an opening 2004, which is configured to receive an axis, as well as an external peripheral edge 2006.
- the opening 2004 has a center 2008.
- the front surface 2002 comprises a raised flat surface 2010a surrounding the opening 2004a, an angled surface 2010b surrounding the surface 2010a, a flat surface 2010c located below the surface 2010a and surrounding the surface 2010b, an angled surface 201 Od that surrounds the surface 2010c, a flat surface 201 Oe located below the surface 2010c and that surrounds the surface 201 Od, as well as a grooved section 2012.
- the grooved section 2012 has a plurality of notches of alternating lengths extending from the flat section 201 Oe to the edge 2006.
- a first set of notches 2014 has a first length that is shorter than the length of a second set of notches 2016
- the lengths of the notches 2014 and 2016 are defined as the distance of the notches from the edge 2006 to the end of the notches near the section 2010e.
- the 2014 and 2016 notch assemblies alternate around the 2000 rotor.
- the 2014 and 2016 notches are triangular in shape, as shown in Figure 20B, each having opposite walls 2017a and 2017b that join with a bottom edge of the notch 2017c . However, any form of notch, such as rectangular, is within the scope of the invention.
- the elevated sections 2018 are located between each pair of adjacent notches 2014 and 2016.
- the elevated sections 2018 have an upper surface 2019 ( Figure 20B) which is coplanar with respect to section 201 Oe.
- a plurality of 2020 blades are milled or drilled in the raised sections 2018.
- the 2020 blades help to move the liquid and fluid through an apparatus that It contains the 2000 rotor and to create more pressure at the outlet of the apparatus.
- the 2020 blades consist of an outer surface 2022, which forms an edge portion 2006, as well as a curved surface 2024, which extends from the outer surface 2022 to the bottom edge 2017c of one of the notches 2014 and 2016.
- a plurality of blades 2028 also extends outwardly from the 2006 edge of the rotor.
- the eight or twelve blades are preferably separated in the same circumferential manner around the rotor.
- the structure of the blade 2028 improves the ability of the rotor to pump the incoming fluid out of the apparatus into which the rotor 2000 is installed.
- the 2014 and 2016 notches have a depth, which is the distance from the upper surface 2019 to the lower surface 2026, as well as a width, which is the distance along a notch.
- the widths of the notches could be variable between sets of notches 2014 and 2016 and / or within a set of notches 2014 and 2016. Additionally, the width of any individual notch could be variable, so that it is increased or reduced from the section 201 Oe to the edge 2006.
- the grooved section has an internal radius E1, measured from the center 2008, and the complete rotor has an radius E2.
- the notches 2014 and 2016 are located at an angle E3 with respect to an imaginary radial line that is perpendicular with respect to the edge 2006 and passing through the center 2008.
- the distance between the two notches in the second set 2016 of longer notches It is E4.
- the blade 2028 has a length E5, a width E6, as well as a height that is approximately equal to the thickness of the rotor.
- the 2020 blades have a height E7 and a width E8, as shown in Figure 20B.
- Figure 21 shows a portion of a housing end wall configuration that can be used with the apparatus 110 ( Figure 4) instead of the end wall 114.
- a housing 2100 has a wall. end 2102 and an opening 2104 to allow fluid and biomass to enter the housing.
- the end wall 2102 of the housing 2100 may be replaced by the end wall 114 shown in Figure 4.
- the end wall 2102 extends from the opening 2104 to a side wall 2106 of the housing, which is similar to, for example, the side wall 28 of the housing shown in Figure 1.
- the end wall 2102 has a flat section 2108 adjacent to the side wall 2106, a grooved section 2110 adjacent to section 2108 and an angled surface 2112 extending downwardly from the grooved section 2110 to a flat surface 2114 adjacent to the opening 2104.
- a first set of notches 2116 has a first length that is shorter than the length of a second set of notches 2118
- the lengths of the notches 2116 and 2118 are defined as the distance of the notches between sections 2108 and 2112.
- the assemblies of notches 2116 and 2118 alternate around rotor 2100.
- Elevated sections 2120 are located between each pair of adjacent notches 2116 and 2118. Elevated sections 2120 have an upper surface that is coplanar with respect to section 2108.
- the notches 2116 and 2118 have a triangular shape like the notches in the rotor in Figures 20A and 20B, however, any notch shape, such as rectangular, is within the scope of the invention.
- the notches 2116 and 2118 have a depth, which is the distance from the upper surface of the raised sections to the lower surfaces of the notches, as well as a width, which is the distance through of a notch.
- the widths of the notches could be variable between the sets of notches 2116 and 2118 and / or within a set of notches 2116 and 2118. Additionally, the width of any individual notch could be variable, so as to increase or reduce as along the length of the notch between sections 2108 and 2112.
- the grooved section has an internal radius F1 and an external radius F2, which are measured from the center of the opening 2104.
- the notches 2116 and 2118 are located in a angle F3 with respect to an imaginary radial line that is perpendicular to the wall 2106 and that passes through the center of the opening 2104.
- the distance between two notches in the second set 2118 of the longest notches is F4.
- Figure 22 shows an alternative embodiment of the rotor 2200 that is designed to provide greater amounts of suction at the entrance of the apparatus, such as the apparatus 10 ( Figure 1), than the rotor where it is installed.
- the rotor 2200 is basically similar to the rotor 1900 shown in Figure 19. Accordingly, only the differences between the two are discussed herein.
- the rotor 2200 has a pair of opposite circular plates 2202 and 2204 with vanes 2206 located between the plates. Plate 2202 has an opening 2208 for receiving fluid and biomass. Extending through the opening 2208 is a shaft 2210 with three helical blades, one of which is identified with the number 2212, which joins it.
- Each of the blades 2212 extends from a concentric ring 2214 with an axis 2210 to approximately the position in which the axis 2210 extends through the opening 2208.
- the blades 2212 increase the suction of the material passing through the input of the device containing the rotor.
- Figure 23 shows a portion of a housing end wall configuration that can be used with the apparatus 110 ( Figure 4) instead of the end wall 114.
- a housing 2300 has a wall. end 2302 and an opening 2304 to allow fluid and biomass to enter the housing.
- the end wall 2302 of the housing 2300 can replaced by the end wall 114 shown in Figure 4.
- the end wall 2302 extends from the opening 2304 to a side wall 2306 of the housing, which is similar to, for example, the side wall 28 of the housing shown in the Figure 1.
- the end wall 2302 comprises a flat surface 2308 between the opening 2304 and the side wall 2306 and a plurality of projections, one of which is identified with the number 2310, which extends outward from the surface 2308.
- Each of the projections 2310 is cylindrical with a base that joins the surface 2308, a side wall 2316 extending outward from the surface 2308 and an upper surface 2318.
- the height of each projection 2310 is defined as the distance from the base of the projection to the upper surface 2318.
- the first row 2312 of projections has a radius G1 and the second row 2314 of projections has a G2 radio. Radii G1 and G2 are measured from the center of the opening 2304 to the center of the projections 2310 in rows 2312 and 2314, respectively.
- Each of the projections has a diameter G3.
- the distance between adjacent projections is G4.
- the distance G4 could vary between projections in the same row and / or between rows 2312 and 2314.
- the radius from the center of the opening 2304 to the side wall 2306 is G5.
- each of the first and second rows 2312 and 2314 of projections is located between a pair of concentric rows of projections in a rotor when in use, in a similar manner as shown in Figure 4 where the projections 112 are located in the spaces 120 between the rows of projections 122 in the rotor 118.
- row 2312 would be located between rows 1508 and 1510 in rotor 1500
- row 2314 would be located between rows 1510 and 1512.
- Figure 24 shows an alternative embodiment of the rotor 2400 which has a front surface 2402, an opening 2404, which is configured to receive an axis, as well as an outer peripheral edge 2406.
- the opening 2404 has a center 2408.
- the front surface 2402 comprises a raised flat surface 2409a surrounding opening 2404, an angled surface 2409b adjacent to surface 2409a and a flat surface 2409c located below surface 2409a and between surfaces 2409b and edge 2406.
- the rotor has four rows of projections.
- the protrusions in row 2410 are indicated by the number 2420.
- Each of the protrusions 2420 in each of the rows 2410, 2412, 2414, 2416 and 2418 is a polyhedron. Therefore, the projections have a polygonal top profile or cross section.
- Each projection 2420 has a leading edge 2422 and a trailing edge 2424.
- the rotor 2400 preferably rotates counterclockwise in the direction of the leading edge 2422 of the projections 2420 so that, when the rotor rotates, the fluid flows around the projections 2420 from the leading edge 2422 to the trailing edge 2424.
- Each of the projections comprises four side walls 2426, 2428, 2430 and 2432 extending upward from the front surface 2402, as well as a upper surface 2434 that joins the side walls. As shown in Figure 24, the relative dimensions of the side walls of the protrusions 2426, 2428, 2430, and 2432 preferably vary from one row to another.
- the distance between adjacent projections 2420 is shown as H1. This distance between adjacent projections may also vary from one row to another, or within a single row.
- Figure 25 shows a portion of a housing end wall configuration that can be used with the apparatus 110 ( Figure 4) instead of the end wall 114.
- a housing 2500 has a wall. end 2502 and an opening 2504 to allow fluid and biomass to enter the housing.
- the end wall 2502 of the housing 2500 may be replaced by the end wall 114 shown in Figure 4.
- the end wall 2502 extends from the opening 2504 to a side wall 2506 of the housing, which is similar to, for example, the side wall 28 of the housing shown in Figure 1.
- the end wall 2502 comprises an angled surface 2507 adjacent to the opening 2504, a flat surface 2508 between the angled surface 2507 and the side wall 2506, as well as a plurality of projections, one of which is identified with the number 2510, which extends out of the surface 2508.
- first, second, third and fourth rows 2512, 2514, 2516, and 2518 of projections extending outwardly from surface 2508. It is within the scope of the invention that there are more or less than four rows. For example, in one mode, there are three rows of projections.
- Each of the protrusions 2510 is a polyhedron and most of it is preferably a rectangular prism. Therefore, each projection 2510 has four side walls 2520, 2522, 2524 and 2526 that extend outward from the surface 2508, as well as an upper surface 2528 that joins with each of the side walls.
- the distance between adjacent projections 2510 is shown as H2. This distance between adjacent projections may vary from row to row, or within the same row.
- each of the rows of projections 2512, 2514, 2516 and 2518 is located between a pair of concentric rows of projections in a rotor when in use, in a manner similar to that shown in Figure 4, wherein the projections 112 are located in the spaces 120 between the rows of projections 122 in the rotor 118.
- row 2512 would be located between rows 2410 and 2412 in rotor 2400
- row 2514 would be located between rows 2412 and 2414
- row 2526 would be located between rows 2414 and 2416
- row 2518 would be located between rows 2416 and 2418.
- Figure 26 shows an alternative embodiment of the rotor 2600 which has a front surface 2602, an opening 2604, which is configured to receive an axis, as well as an outer peripheral edge 2606.
- the opening 2604 has a center 2608. Between the opening 2604 and edge 2606, there is a raised flat surface 2609a that surrounds opening 2604, an angled cone-shaped surface 2609b adjacent to surface 2609a and a flat surface 2609c between surface 2609b and edge 2606.
- Each of the projections 2614 is cylindrical with a base that joins the front surface 2602, a side wall 2616 extending outward from the surface 2602 and an upper surface 2618.
- the height of each projection 2614 is defined as the distance from the base of the projection to the upper surface 2618.
- a flap 2620 extends outwardly from one of the projections 2614 in the second row 2612. Preferably, there are approximately four fins extending outwardly from the projections in the second row 2612; The four fins are preferably equally circumferentially centered around the rotor.
- the flap 2620 has a length J1, a width J2 and a height that is approximately the same as that of the projection from which it extends.
- the flap 2620 extends radially outwardly, on the peripheral edge 2606 of the rotor 2600.
- the fin structure 2620 improves the ability of the rotor to pump the incoming fluid out of the apparatus into which the rotor 2600 is installed.
- the rotor 2600 has a radius J3 measured from the center 2608 to the outer peripheral edge 2606.
- the first row 2610 of protrusions has a radius J4 and the second row 2616 of protrusions has a radius J5.
- Radios J4 and J5 are measured from center 2608 to the center of projections 2614 in rows 2610 and 2612, respectively.
- Each of the projections has a diameter J6.
- the distance between adjacent projections is J7. The distance J7 could vary between projections in the same row and / or between rows 2610 and 2612.
- Figure 27 shows a portion of a housing end wall configuration that can be used with the apparatus 110 ( Figure 4) instead of the end wall 114.
- a housing 2700 has a wall. end 2702 and an opening 2704 to allow fluid and biomass to enter the housing.
- the end wall 2702 of the housing 2700 may be replaced by the end wall 114 shown in Figure 4.
- the end wall 2702 extends from the opening 2704 to a side wall 2706 of the housing, which is similar to, for example, the side wall 28 of the housing shown in Figure 1.
- the end wall 2702 comprises an angled surface 2707 adjacent to the opening 2704, a flat surface 2708 between the surface 2707 and the side wall 2706, as well as a plurality of projections, a of which it is identified with the number 2710, which extends outward from the surface 2708.
- Each of the projections 2710 is cylindrical with a base that joins the surface 2708, a side wall 2714 extending outward from the surface 2708 and an upper surface 2716.
- the height of each projection 2710 is defined as the distance from the base of the projection to the upper surface 2716.
- Row 2712 of projections has a radius K1, which is measured from the center of the opening 2704 to the center of the projections 2710.
- Each of the projections has a diameter K2.
- the distance between adjacent projections is K3.
- the distance K3 could vary between adjacent projections in row 2712.
- the radius from the center of the opening 2704 to the side wall 2706 is K4.
- row 2712 of projections extends towards the rotor.
- Figure 4 shows an example of projections 112 in an end wall 114 extending towards a rotor 118.
- row 2712 of projections is located between a pair of concentric rows of projections in a rotor when in use, in a manner similar to that shown in Figure 4 where the protrusions 112 are located in the spaces 120 between the rows of protrusions 122 in the rotor 118.
- row 2712 would be located between rows 2610 and 2612 in rotor 2600.
- FIGS 28A and 28B show a sulfur tank 2800 and a rotor 2802 in accordance with the present invention.
- Tank 2800 has a chamber 2804 that contains four of the rotors 2802.
- Chamber 2804 has an inlet 2806 at the top of the chamber to receive fluid and biomass and an outlet 2808 in the part bottom of the chamber to discharge the fluid and biomass.
- the lower part of the chamber 2804 is inclined to facilitate the discharge of the fluid and biomass through the outlet 2808.
- a gas / fluid supply line 2810 is in fluid communication with chamber 2804 to supply gas or fluid into the chamber.
- Figure 28A shows the pipeline 2810 that has four connections with the chamber 2804, although it is more or less within the scope of the invention.
- the pipe 2810 supplies an acid gas to the chamber 2804 and, more preferably, sulfur dioxide.
- the supply of acid gas to chamber 2804 increases the acidity of the fluid contained within the chamber, to facilitate separation of the biomass contained within the chamber.
- biomass separation occurs at the molecular level.
- tank 2800 is designed to separate the starch and protein molecules within the corn endosperm.
- Each of the rotors 2802 within the chamber 2804 has the same structure as the rotor shown in Figure 28B.
- the rotor 2802 has a first and second plates 2806 and 2808 that are separated by a plurality of identical cylindrical projections, one of which is shown in 2810, which are joined with the plates.
- the first plate 2806 has an outer peripheral edge 2812 and an opening 2814 in its center that is in fluid communication with a vacuum 2815 located between the plates.
- the second plate 2808 has an outer peripheral edge 2816.
- each of the rotors 2802 joins with an axis 2818 for rotation therethrough.
- chamber 2804 is divided into five sections 2820, 2822, 2824, 2826 and 2828.
- a rotor 2802 and deflection structure 2830 are located between each adjacent section 2820, 2822, 2824, 2826 and 2828.
- Bypass structure 2830 preferably comprises a funnel that deflects the fluid and biomass that are introduced into one of the sections 2820, 2822, 2824 and 2826 towards the opening 2814 of the rotor 2802 located below the bypass structure 2830. In this way, the fluid and biomass contained within one section cannot move by gravity to the next lower section of the chamber 2804 without passing through the opening 2814 of the rotor 2802.
- the rotors 2802 rotate with the shaft 2818, the fluid and biomass that are introduced into the opening 2814 of the rotors 2802 propagate on a thin sheet along the upper surface of the second plate 2808 due to the force centrifuge The force causes the fluid and the biomass to move radially outward, along the upper surface of the second plate 2808 towards the projections 2810.
- the rotors 2802 are preferably rotated with a relatively rotating speed high, so that the fluid and the bjomass on the upper surface of the second plate move rapidly towards the projections 2810 and are impacted with the projections 2810 at a high rate of speed.
- the projections 2810 are cylindrical, have a diameter that is preferably about 9.52 millimeters and a height that is preferably about 35 millimeters. Therefore, the distance between the first and second plates 2806 and 2808 is preferably approximately 35 millimeters.
- the separation or spaces between adjacent projections 2810 is shown as L1 and, preferably, is approximately 4 millimeters.
- the separation between adjacent projections 2810 is designed to spray the biomass to a desired size for interaction with the acid gas inside the chamber.
- the diameters of the first and second plates 2806 and 2808 are preferably approximately 400 millimeters.
- Figures 29A-29D show a method for processing biomass and, more preferably, a method for processing corn kernels.
- the method shown in Figures 29A-29D preferably uses part or all of the apparatus shown in Figures 1 to 10 and 15 to 28B and described above. The preferred structure of these devices within the method is described in detail after the following description of the flow chart of Figures 29A-29D.
- Prefraction reactors, fraction reactors, germ and fiber reactors, processing reactors and recirculation pumps described below and shown in Figures 29A-29D preferably comprise one of the apparatus 10, 110 and 210 shown in Figures 1 to 5, which has one of the rotors shown in Figures 1 to 9, 15, 17A to 20B, 22, 24 and 26, as well as one of the end wall configurations of housings or counter-rotors shown in the Figures 1 to 5, 16A to 16B, 21, 23, 25 and 27.
- the lines that are introduced into these reactors in the flowchart of Figures 29A to 29D indicate the material that is introduced at input 32 ( Figure 1) of the reactor, as well as the lines leaving the reactors indicate the material leaving the outlet 34.
- the hydrocyclones described below and shown in Figures 29A to 29D preferably comprise a structure similar to hydrocyclone 416 shown in the Figure 10.
- the lines that are introduced on the sides of the hydrocyclones in the flowchart of Figures 29A to 29D indicate the material that is introduced at the inlet 422 ( Figure 10) of the hydrocyclones, the lines that leave the part upper of the hydrocyclones indicate the light material leaving the upper outlet 418 and the lines leaving the lower part of the hydrocyclones indicate the heavy material leaving the lower outlet 420.
- the sulfur tanks or towers described below and shown in Figures 29A to 29D they preferably comprise a structure similar to the sulfur tank shown in Figures 28A to 28B.
- the corn kernels to be processed in accordance with the method of the present invention are first washed in a 2900 washer to remove impurities. Water is then added to the corn before being introduced into a series of four pre-fractional reactors 2901, 2902, 2903 and 2904 that are designed to encapsulate or at least partially separate the pericarp of the endosperm grains. Reactors 2901 to 2904 are designed to perform this separation by generating the forces described above in relation to the apparatus 10, from the rotation of the rotors within the reactors.
- the pericarp is at least partially separated from the endosperm through the combined effects of the rapid creation and implosion of cavitation bubbles formed within the fluid, the abrasion between the fluid and corn kernels, the abrasion between the grains of corn, the impacts between corn grains and protrusions inside the reactors, as well as the centrifugal force generated by the reactors.
- Pre-fractional reactors 2901 to 2904 are specially designed to induce cavitation within the fluid medium.
- sanitizer 2905 cleans corn with pressurized water. Subsequently, sanitizer 2905 cleans corn with ozonated water. From sanitizer 2905, corn passes a fractionation system 2906, generally shown with dashed lines.
- the fractionation system 2906 consists of a fractionation vessel containing water and suspended corn particles, which receives it from other steps in the method described below.
- a fluid level detector monitors the fluid level inside the container. If the fluid level is below a certain desired level, then water is added to the container and if the fluid level is above a certain desired level, then the water leaves the container through the path B in Figure 29A or through a sump in the container.
- the fractionation system has a plurality of fractionation reactors 2907, 2908 and 2909 arranged in series, as well as a plurality of hydrocyclones 2910, 2911 and 2912 which They are in fluid communication with the outputs of fractional reactors 2907, 2908 and 2909, respectively.
- Each of the fractional reactors 2907, 2908 and 2909 is designed to separate the germ, pericarp and endosperm from the corn that leaves sanitizer 2905.
- Reactors 2907 to 2909 perform this separation by generating the forces described above in relation to the apparatus 10, from the rotation of the rotors inside the reactors.
- the pericarp, the germ, and the endosperm are separated through the combined effects of the rapid creation and implosion of cavitation bubbles formed within the fluid, the abrasion between the fluid and the corn kernels, the abrasion between the corn grains, the impacts between corn grains and protrusions inside the reactors, as well as the centrifugal force generated by the reactors.
- the inlet of the fractioning reactor 2907 is in fluid communication with a pipe that extends upwardly, towards the fractionation vessel and having an open end within the fractionation vessel.
- Reactor 2907 receives water from the fractionation vessel through the open end of this pipe.
- the outlet of sanitizer 2905 is in fluid communication with a pipe that runs from sanitizer 2905 to the fractionation vessel and has an open end that is located above the open end of the pipe that joins the inlet of the reactor 2907.
- reactor 2907 receives the corn and water from sanitizer 2905, along with water from inside the fractionation vessel.
- the outlet of reactor 2907 is in fluid communication with hydrocyclone 2910, which discharges a light flow of material, preferably pericarp, germ and water to a germ and fiber collector 2913, as well as a heavy flow of material, preferably non-separated grains and endosperm, towards the entrance of fractional reactor 2908 to perform an additional separation.
- the inlet of fractioning reactor 2908 is in fluid communication with a pipe that extends to the fractionation vessel and has an open end within the fractionation vessel to receive water from the vessel.
- the heavy flow of material exiting the hydrocyclone 2910 exits through a pipe that has an open end located above the pipe that joins the inlet of the reactor 2908. Therefore, the reactor 2908 receives the heavy flow of 2910 hydrocyclone material along with the water inside the fractionation vessel.
- the reactor outlet 2908 is in fluid communication with a hydrocyclone 2911, which discharges a light flow of material in eg germ and fiber collector 2913, as well as a heavy flow of material to the fraction reactor 2909.
- the fractioning reactor 2909 represents a plurality of fractionation reactors, each having an inlet pipe such as reactors 2907 and 2908, as well as an outlet that is in fluid communication with a hydrocyclone 2912.
- a hydrocyclone 2912 Preferably, there are five reactors of fractioned 2909, so that there are a total of seven fractionation reactors within fractionation system 2906, as well as seven hydrocyclones, each of which is coupled to the output of one of the reactors.
- the last hydrocyclone 2912 within the system discharges a light flow of material to the germ and fiber collector 2913, as well as a heavy flow of material (primarily endosperm) that follows path A in Figure 29A.
- the germ, pericarp (fiber) and water inside the germ and fiber collector 2913 are pumped out of the collector with the germ and fiber reactor 2914. These components are then passed through a hydrocyclone 2915 that discharges a light flow of germ, pericarp and water in a germ and fiber filter 2916 and a heavy flow of material, preferably endosperm, which follows the path A.
- the germ and fiber filter 2916 filters the germ water and the pericarp (fiber) and Discharge the filtered germ and pericarp in a germ and fiber separation procedure 2917 and the water back to the fractionation vessel of fractionation system 2906.
- the discharged water may contain a certain endosperm that can be recovered within fractionation system 2906, a as it is sucked into reactors 2907 to 2909 or as it follows the path B described below.
- the germ and fiber separation procedure 2917 dries the germ and fiber and separates them into separate outflows of germ and fiber using conventional procedures.
- a digestion reactor 2918 discharges the material into a hydrocyclone 2919.
- Hydrocyclone 2919 discharges a flow Light material back into the fractionation vessel through path C and a heavy flow of material to a pair of digestion reactors 2920 and 2921, which also receive the corn endosperm from hydrocyclones 2912 and 2915 in the system fractioned 2906.
- the endosperm paste and water leaving hydrocyclones 2912, 2915 and 2919 starts a digestion step that is designed to separate the starch, protein and fiber contained within of the endosperm at the molecular level.
- the digestion process includes an optional mill and a number of digestion reactors that are designed to reduce the size of the endosperm solids suspended within the Endosperm / water paste, so that the acid gas introduced to the paste inside the sulfur tanks acts on a larger surface area of the endosperm molecules.
- the digestion reactors also generate the forces described above in relation to the apparatus 10, from the rotation of the rotors within the reactors.
- the endosperm paste also passes through the heat exchangers that are designed to heat the pasta to a temperature just below the temperature at which the starch is gelatinized within the pasta.
- the heat exchangers are located and designed to keep the paste at a temperature between about 30 and 52 degrees Celsius and, more preferably, at a temperature of about 51 degrees Celsius.
- the endosperm paste leaving hydrocyclones 2912, 2915 and 2919 passes to a mill 2919a before entering digestion reactors 2920 and 2921.
- Mill 2919a crushes the endosperm paste in order to quickly reduce the size of the endosperm solids suspended inside the endosperm paste. This crushing maximizes the surface area of the endosperm solids that is exposed to the acid gas introduced into the pulp within the sulfur tanks described below. Crushing also maximizes the effectiveness of the forces that are generated by the digestion reactors described in relation to the apparatus 10. Maximize the surface area of the endosperm solids for improved exposure to the acid gas and forces of the reactor reactors digestion, facilitates the separation of starch molecules from the matrix of protein molecules within the endosperm.
- mill 2919a is a mill that causes the minimum amount of damage to starch molecules within the endosperm. More preferably, the 2919a mill is a double disc mill that is produced by Andritz, Inc. Although the 2919a mill is an optional step in the digestion process, it is believed that the use of the 2919a mill reduces the time needed to carry Perform the process of the present invention within one hour.
- the digestion reactors 2920 and 2921 are designed to spray the corn endosperm into the endosperm paste leaving hydrocyclones 2912, 2915 and 2919.
- the endosperm paste leaving the digestion reactor 2921 is introduced into a hydrocyclone 2922 , which discharges a light flow of material, preferably any remaining germ and pericarp in the endosperm paste, of again to the fractionation vessel, along a path C, as well as a heavy flow of material, preferably endosperm to a pre-digestion storage tank 2923.
- Pre-digestion tank 2923 has two optional feedback circuits that could be activated depending on the characteristics of the endosperm paste contained within the tank.
- a valve could be opened to allow the paste to pass into a digestion reactor 2924, which further pulverizes the paste, as well as a heat exchanger 2925, which heats the pasta, before it returns to the tank 2923.
- the paste is introduced into a recirculation pump 2926, which sends the paste to a hydrocyclone 2927.
- Hydrocyclone 2927 passes the light material back to the pre-digestion tank 2923 and the heavy material into a mill of fraction 2929 that crushes the endosperm paste even more before unloading it again to tank 2923.
- Tank 2923 discharges the endosperm paste through path D in Figure 29B to a digestion reactor 2929 in Figure 29C, which further pulverizes the paste.
- the paste travels from the reactor 2929 to a heat exchanger 2930 which, preferably, heats the pasta to a temperature that is just below the temperature at which the starch is gelatinized in the paste which is preferably between about 30 and 52 degrees Celsius and, more preferably, about 51 degrees Celsius.
- the pulp travels to another digestion reactor 2931, which further pulverizes the pulp and discharges it into a hydrocyclone 2932.
- Hydrocyclone 2932 discharges a light flow of material into the digestion tank 2923 along the path E and a heavy flow of material to the sulfur tower 2933.
- the paste leaving the reactor 2931 is directed along the path E to tank 2923.
- the sulfur tower 2933 preferably has a structure like that described above in relation to the sulfur tank 2800 shown in Figure 28.
- the sulfur tower 2933 is designed to increase and / or maintain the acidity and temperature of the Endosperm paste and water contained within the tower.
- the sulfur tower 2933 is also designed to spray the endosperm paste to form a fine mist to increase the surface area of the paste.
- the acidic environment, temperature and spraying of the endosperm paste within the sulfur tower 2933 facilitates the separation of the starch and protein molecules contained within the endosperm paste.
- the sulfur tower 2933 maintains the acidity of the endosperm paste at a pH between about 2 and 6, more preferably at a pH between about 3.8 and 4.5 and, more preference still, at a pH of about 3.8.
- the target pH level is designed to facilitate the separation of starch and protein molecules without reducing the quality of the final product produced by the method.
- the sulfur tower 2933 preferably receives sulfur dioxide gas to maintain the acidity of the endosperm paste at a certain desired level.
- the paste inside tower 2933 is preferably constituted by approximately 80% water and 20% suspended solids.
- the paste leaves the sulfur tower 2933 and is introduced into a digestion reactor 2934, a heat exchanger 2935 and a digestion reactor 2936, which are designed to further pulverize the paste and maintain its temperature at the desired scale.
- the paste then travels from the digestion reactor 2936 to the digestion tank 2937.
- the digestion tank 2937 In the digestion tank 2937, the starch and protein molecules within the acidified and heated pulp continue to separate.
- the digestion tank 2937 maintains the heat of the paste at the desired scale specified above.
- tank 2937 has a hot water jacket to maintain the temperature of the paste.
- the digestion tank 2937 also contains four optional feedback circuits that could be activated depending on the characteristics of the pulp contained within the tank.
- First, the pulp could be pumped from one level of the tank to another through a recirculation pump 2938.
- Second, the pulp inside the tank could be pumped through a recirculation pump 2939 into a hydrocyclone 2940.
- the paste could be pumped back to tank 2937 with pump 2939.
- Hydrocyclone 2940 discharges the light material back into the processing tank 2937 and the material Weighed in a fractioning mill 2941, which further pulverizes the paste before sending it back to the digestion tank 2937.
- the paste inside the tank 2937 is pumped through a recirculation pump 2942 into a hydrocyclone 2943
- the paste could be pumped back to the tank 2937 with the pump 2942.
- the hydrocyclone 2943 unloads light material back to the digestion tank 2937 and heavy material to the fraction mill 2944, which further pulverizes the paste before sending it back to the 2937 tank.
- the paste is pumped from a level of the 2937 tank through of the digestion reactor 2944a and the heat exchanger 2944b and back to another level of the tank.
- the endosperm paste leaves the digestion tank to a digestion reactor 2945, which further pulverizes the paste and sends it to a 2946 hydrocyclone.
- a valve located between the 2945 reactor and the hydrocyclone 2946 the paste could be pumped back to tank 2937 with reactor 2945.
- Hydrocyclone 2946 discharges a light flow of material back to tank 2937 and a heavy flow of material through path F to a second sulfur tower 2947 shown in Figure 29D.
- the sulfur tower 2947 preferably has a structure and functions similar to those of the sulfur tower 2933 in Figure 29C. Accordingly, sulfur tower 2947 will not be described in more detail herein.
- the paste travels from the sulfur tower 2947 through a digestion reactor 2948 to a heat exchanger 2949. From the heat exchanger 2949, the paste passes through a processing reactor 2949a on its way to a second digestion tank 2950 , which maintains the temperature of the paste in a similar manner as the digestion tank 2937.
- the digestion tank 2950 has two optional feedback circuits. Two recirculation pumps 2951 and 2952 could pump the paste from one level of the tank to another level.
- the paste then leaves the digestion tank 2950 and then travels through a digestion reactor 2953 to a heat exchanger 2954. From the heat exchanger 2954, the pulp is pumped through a digestion reactor 2955 to a hydrocyclone 2956.
- the hydrocyclone 2956 Discharge lighter processed pulp on top of a 2957 storage tank and unprocessed heavy pulp back to the first sulfur tower 2933 (Figure 29C) along the G path for greater digestion.
- Storage tank 2957 maintains the temperature of the paste within the desired range specified above in a similar manner as tanks 2937 and 2950.
- Tank 2957 also has an optional feedback circuit of a recirculation pump 2958 that pumps the paste between the 2957 tank levels.
- the pulp leaves tank 2957 through a digestion reactor 2959 which pumps the pulp into a 2960 protein / fiber / starch separation process.
- a valve located between the 2959 reactor and the 2960 processing The paste is returned to storage tank 2957 from reactor 2959.
- the 2960 protein / fiber / starch separation process divides the protein, starch and fiber separated from the endosperm into the endosperm paste into separate flows of protein, starch and fiber using conventional equipment and procedures.
- the process of the present invention it takes between approximately 5 minutes and 2 hours to separate the pericarp, the germ and the endosperm from the corn kernels in an endosperm flow and a pericarp and germ flow, as well as separate the starch molecules. and protein in the endosperm flow.
- the procedure of prefracted to pass the corn kernels through the pre-fractionated reactors 2901, 2902, 2903 and 2904 takes between about 2 and 4 seconds and, more preferably, about 3 seconds.
- the fractionation procedure of fractionation system 2906 takes between about 6 and 17 seconds and, more preferably, about 7 seconds, to separate the germ, pericarp and endosperm from the corn kernels in an endosperm flow that is introduced into the digestion procedure in the 2920 reactor and a flow of pericarp and germ that is introduced into the germ and fiber separation procedure 2917.
- the digestion process of the 2920 digestion reactor to the 2960 protein / fiber / starch separation procedure takes between approximately 5 minutes and 3 hours depending on the type of corn being processed and, more preferably, between 5 minutes and 2 hours. The harder the endosperm is, the longer it takes to perform the digestion processing. After centrifugation or settlement of the endosperm flow during the 2960 protein / fiber / starch separation process, the process can produce a relatively pure starch flow containing only about 0.35% protein or less.
- each of the rotors in the reactors preferably rotates counterclockwise.
- the dimensions provided below are only the preferred dimensions and may vary somewhat. For example, the dimensions could vary between 0 and 50%. In addition, the dimensions could vary by 25%, 15%, 10% or 5%.
- Pre-fractional reactor 2901 preferably has a rotor 1500, as shown in Figure 15, as well as a housing end wall configuration 1600, as shown in Figure 16.
- the rotor 1500 in The reactor 2901 preferably has the following dimensions: A5 - 9.52 mm and A6 - 11 mm.
- the height of the projections 1514 is preferably about 10 millimeters.
- the dimensions B1-B4 for the end wall 1600 are preferably approximately the following: B1 - 1.5 millimeters, B2 - 3 millimeters in the adjacent section 1612 to 2 millimeters in the adjacent section 1608, B3 - 79 millimeters and B4 - 161 mm.
- Pre-fractional reactor 2902 preferably has a rotor 1500, as shown in Figure 15, as well as a housing end wall configuration with a flat surface.
- the dimensions A5-A6 for rotor 1500 in reactor 2902 are preferably approximately the following: A5 - 9.52 millimeters and A6 - 9.5 millimeters.
- the height of the projections 1514 is preferably about 10 millimeters.
- Pre-fractional reactor 2903 preferably has a rotor 1500, as shown in Figure 15, as well as a housing end wall configuration 1600, as shown in Figure 16.
- Dimensions A5-A6 for rotor 1500 in reactor 2903 they are preferably approximately the following: A5 - 9.52 millimeters and A6 - 11 millimeters.
- the height of the projections 1514 is preferably about 10 millimeters.
- the dimensions B1-B4 for the end wall 1600 are preferably approximately the following: B1 - 1.5 millimeters, B2 - 2 millimeters, B3 - 70 millimeters and B4 - 160 millimeters.
- Pre-fractional reactor 2904 preferably has a rotor 1700, as shown in Figure 17A, as well as a housing end wall configuration with a flat surface.
- the dimensions C5-C6 for rotor 1700 in reactor 2904 are preferably approximately the following: C5-12.7 millimeters and C6-12 millimeters.
- the height of the projections 1514 is preferably approximately 7.5 millimeters.
- the fractioning reactor 2907 preferably has a rotor 1800, as shown in Figures 18A to 18B, as well as a housing end wall configuration with a flat surface.
- the dimensions for the first row 1810 of projections for rotor 1800 in reactor 2907 are preferably approximately the following: D1-13.5 millimeters, D3-8 millimeters and D8-12.7 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the second row 1812 of protrusions are preferably approximately the following: D2 - 6.5 millimeters, D3 - 17 millimeters and D8 - 12.7 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the third row 1814 of protrusions are preferably approximately the following: D2-7 millimeters, D3-19 millimeters and D8-12.7 millimeters.
- the fractioning reactor 2908 preferably has a rotor 1800, as shown in Figures 18A to 18B, as well as a housing end wall configuration with a flat surface.
- the dimensions for the first row 1810 of projections for rotor 1800 in reactor 2908 are preferably approximately the following: D1-17 millimeters, D3-9 millimeters and D8-9.52 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the second row 1812 of protrusions are preferably approximately the following: D2-9 millimeters, D3-17 millimeters and D8-12.7 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the third row 1814 of protrusions are preferably approximately the following: D2 - 9 millimeters, D3 - 17.5 millimeters and D8 - 12.7 millimeters.
- the fractioning reactor 2909 preferably comprises a series of five reactors, as indicated above.
- the first of these reactors preferably has a rotor 1750, as shown in Figure 17B, as well as a Housing end wall configuration with a flat surface.
- the dimensions for the first row 1752 of protrusions are preferably approximately the following, referring to similar dimensions in Figure 17A: C5-12.7 millimeters, C6-14 millimeters and a protrusion height of 8 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the second row 1754 of protrusions are preferably approximately the following: C5-12.7 millimeters, C6-12.5 millimeters and a protrusion height of 8 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the third row 1756 of protrusions are preferably approximately the following: C5-12.7 millimeters, C6-12 millimeters and a protrusion height of 8 millimeters.
- the dimensions C1-C4 for each of the five reactors 2909 are preferably approximately the following: C1-177 millimeters, C2-90 millimeters, C3-130 millimeters and C4-170 millimeters.
- the second of the reactors 2909 preferably has a rotor 1700, as shown in Figure 17A, as well as a housing end wall configuration with a flat surface.
- the dimensions for the first row 1710 of projections are preferably approximately the following: C5-12.7 mm, C6
- the dimensions for the second row 1712 of protrusions are preferably approximately the following: C5-12.7 millimeters, C6-9 millimeters and a protrusion height of 8.5 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the third row 1714 of projections are preferably approximately the following: C5-12.7 millimeters, C6-8 millimeters and a projection height of 9.5 millimeters.
- the third of reactors 2909 preferably has a rotor 1700, as shown in Figure 17A, as well as a housing end wall configuration with a flat surface.
- the dimensions for the first row 1710 of projections are preferably approximately the following: C5-12.7 mm, C6
- the dimensions for the second row 1712 of projections are preferably approximately the following: C5-12.7 millimeters, C6-9 millimeters and a protrusion height of 8 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the third row 1714 of protrusions are preferably approximately the following: C5-12.7 millimeters, C6-1.5 millimeters and a protrusion height of 8 millimeters.
- the fourth of the reactors 2909 preferably has a rotor 1700, as shown in Figure 17A, as well as a housing end wall configuration with a flat surface.
- the dimensions for the first row 1710 of projections are preferably approximately the following: C5-12.7 mm, C6
- the dimensions for the second row 1712 of projections are preferably approximately the following: C5 - 12.7 mm, C6 - 7 mm and a protrusion height of 8.5 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the third row 1714 of protrusions are preferably approximately the following: C5-12.7 millimeters, C6 7.5 millimeters and a protrusion height of 8.5 millimeters.
- the fifth of the reactors 2909 preferably has a rotor 1700, as shown in Figure 17A, as well as a housing end wall configuration with a flat surface.
- the dimensions for the first, second and third rows 1710 of projections are preferably approximately the following: C5-12.7 mm, C6-6.5 mm and a projection height of 8 mm.
- the germ and fiber reactor 2914 preferably has a rotor 1900, as shown in Figure 19, as well as a housing end wall configuration with a flat surface.
- the 1900 rotor preferably has an external diameter of approximately 300 millimeters.
- the digestion reactor 2920 preferably has a rotor 2000, as shown in Figures 20A to 20B, as well as a housing end wall configuration 2100, as shown in Figure 21.
- the dimensions for the The 2000 rotor is preferably approximately the following: E2 - 151 mm, E4 - 20 mm, E5 - 10 to 11 mm, E6 - 3 mm, E7 - 3 mm and E8 - 3 mm.
- the distance between the 2020 blades is preferably about 11 millimeters.
- the blades 2028 preferably have a height of approximately 8 millimeters.
- the width of the notches 2014 and 2016 is preferably about 6 millimeters and 5.5 millimeters, respectively.
- the length of the notches 2014 is preferably about 64 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the end wall 2100 are preferably approximately the following: F1 - 78 mm, F2 - 155 mm and F4 - 31.5 mm.
- the width of each of the notches 2116 and 2118 is preferably approximately 9 millimeters.
- the length of the notches 2116 and 2118 is preferably approximately 75.5 and 99 millimeters, respectively.
- the digestion reactor 2921 preferably has a rotor 2000, as shown in Figures 20A to 20B, except that there are no 2020 vanes and 8 vanes 2028, as well as a housing end wall configuration 2100, as shown in Figure 21.
- the dimensions for the rotor 2000 are preferably approximately the following: E2-147 millimeters, E4-30 millimeters, E5-10 millimeters and E6-3 millimeters.
- the 2028 blades preferably have a height of approximately 7.5 millimeters.
- the width of each of the notches 20 4 and 20 6 is preferably approximately 8 millimeters.
- the length of the notches 2014 is preferably about 65 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the wall of 2100 end are preferably approximately the following: F1 - 70 mm, F2 - 155 mm and F4 - 35 mm.
- the width of each of the notches 2116 and 2118 is preferably approximately 7.5 millimeters.
- the length of the notches 2116 and 2118 is preferably approximately 82 and 96 millimeters, respectively.
- the digestion reactor 2918 preferably has a rotor 2200, as shown in Figure 22.
- the rotor 2200 preferably has an external diameter of approximately 295 millimeters.
- the digestion reactor 2924 preferably has a rotor 2000, as shown in Figures 20A to 20B, except that there are no 2020 blades, as well as a housing end wall configuration 2100, as shown in Figure 21.
- the dimensions for rotor 2000 in reactor 2924 are preferably approximately the following: E2-147 millimeters, E4-32 millimeters, E5-9 millimeters and E6-3 millimeters.
- the 2028 blades preferably have a height of approximately 7.5 millimeters.
- the width of the notches 2014 is preferably about 6 millimeters, while the width of the notches 2016 is preferably about 5.5 millimeters.
- the length of the notches 2014 is preferably about 54 millimeters, while the length of the notches 2016 is preferably about 124 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the end wall 2100 are preferably approximately: F2-159 millimeters.
- the width of the notches 2116 is preferably about 4.5 millimeters, while the width of the notches 2118 is preferably about 5.3 millimeters.
- Each of the digestion reactors 2929, 2931, 2945 and 2944a preferably has a rotor 1500, as shown in Figure 15, as well as with a housing end wall configuration 2300, as shown in Figure 23. Rows 2312 and 2314 in end wall 2300 are located between rows 1508 and 1510 and rows 1510 and 1512, respectively.
- the rotor 1500 preferably has approximately the following dimensions: A1 - 200 millimeters, A2 - 113 millimeters, A3 - 152 millimeters, A4 - 190 millimeters, A5 - 17 millimeters, A6 - 15 millimeters for row 1508, 14 millimeters for row 1510, as well as 16 millimeters for row 1512, and A7 -
- the height of the projections is preferably about 8 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the end wall 2300 are preferably approximately: G1-132 millimeters, G2-170 millimeters, G3-13 millimeters, G4-
- the rotor 1500 preferably has the following dimensions: A1 - 199 millimeters, A2 - 114 millimeters, A3 - 152 millimeters, A4 - 190 millimeters, A5 - 17 millimeters, A6 - 15 millimeters for rows 1508 and 1510 and 16 millimeters for row 1512, as well as A7 - 12 millimeters.
- the height of the projections is preferably about 7 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the 2300 end wall are preferably approximately: G1-133 millimeters, G2-171 millimeters, G3-13 millimeters, G4-13 millimeters and G5-192 millimeters.
- the height of the projections 2310 is preferably about 9 millimeters.
- the dimensions for rotor 1500 are preferably approximately the following: A5-17 millimeters, A6-15 millimeters for rows 1508 and 1510 and 16 millimeters for row 1512, and A7- 12 mm
- the height of the projections 1514 is preferably approximately 7.5 millimeters.
- the dimensions for the end wall 2300 are preferably approximately: G3-12.7 millimeters and G4-8 millimeters for row 2312 and 7 millimeters for row 2314.
- the height of the projections 2310 is preferably approximately 7.5 mm
- the digestion reactor 2934 preferably has a rotor 2400, as shown in Figure 24, as well as a housing end wall configuration 2500, as shown in Figure 25. Rows 2512, 2514, 2516 and 2518 in the end wall 2500 are located between the rows at 2410, 2412, 2414, 2416 and 2418 in the rotor 2400, as indicated above.
- the distance H1 between adjacent projections 2420 in the rotor 2400 is preferably approximately 6.5 or 8 millimeters.
- the distance H2 between adjacent projections 2510 in the end wall 2500 is preferably approximately 6.5 or 8 millimeters.
- the digestion reactor 2936 preferably has a rotor 2400, as shown in Figure 24, as well as a housing end wall configuration 2500, as shown in Figure 25, with the exceptions that the rotor 2400 has only four rows of projections and the end wall 2500 has only three rows of projections.
- the rows in the end wall 2500 are located between the rows in the rotor 2400 as described above.
- the distance H1 between adjacent projections 2420 in the rotor 2400 is preferably approximately 13 millimeters.
- the distance H2 between adjacent projections 2510 in the end wall 2500 is preferably approximately 13 millimeters.
- the digestion reactor 2948 preferably has a rotor 1500, as shown in Figure 15, as well as a housing end wall configuration 2300, as shown in Figure 23. Row 2312 in the wall end 2300 is located between rows 1508 and 1510 in rotor 1500, while row 2314 is it is located between rows 1510 and 1512.
- the dimensions A1-A6 for the rotor 1500 are preferably approximately: A1 - 200 mm, A2 - 114 mm, A3 - 152 mm, A4 - 190 mm, A5 - 17 mm and A6 - 16.5 mm.
- the height of the projections 1514 is preferably about 8.8 millimeters.
- the dimensions G1-G5 for the end wall 2300 are preferably approximately: G1-133 millimeters, G2-175 millimeters, G3-12.7 millimeters, G4-13 millimeters and G5-201 millimeters.
- the height of the projections 2310 is preferably about 7.6 millimeters.
- the digestion reactor 2949a preferably has a rotor 1700 as shown in Figure 17A, as well as a housing end wall configuration 2300, as shown in Figure 23. Row 2312 in the wall of end 2300 is located between rows 1710 and 1712 in rotor 1500, while row 2314 is located between rows 1712 and 1714.
- Dimensions C1-C6 for rotor 1700 are preferably approximately: C1 - 190 millimeters , C2 - 140 mm, C3 - 163 mm, C4 - 185 mm, C5 - 11.2 mm and C6 - 8.5 mm for row 1714 and 7.8 mm for rows 1710 and 1712.
- the height of the projections 1716 is preferably , approximately 7.8 mm.
- Six of the projections 1716 in row 1714 also preferably have a flap 2620 (Figure 26) with a length J1 of 9.5 millimeters, a thickness J2 of 4 millimeters and a height of 16.2 millimeters.
- the dimensions G1-G5 for the end wall 2300 are preferably approximately: G1 - 152 millimeters, G2 - 174 millimeters, G3 - 7.8 millimeters, G4 - 11.8 millimeters for row 2314 and 11.6 millimeters for row 2312 and G5-201 mm.
- the height of the projections 2310 is preferably approximately 7.3 millimeters.
- the digestion reactor 2953 preferably has a rotor 1700 as shown in Figure 17A, as well as a housing end wall configuration 2300, as shown in Figure 23. Row 2312 in the wall of end 2300 is located between rows 1710 and 1712 in rotor 1500, while row 2314 is located between rows 1712 and 1714. Dimensions C1-C6 for rotor 1700 are preferably approximately: C1-191 millimeters , C2 - 141 mm, C3 - 163 mm, C4 - 185 mm, C5 - 10 mm and C6 - 9.7 mm for row 1714 and 9.0 mm for rows 1710 and 1712. The height of the projections 1716 is preferably , approximately 7.4 mm.
- Six of the projections 1716 in row 1714 also preferably have a flap 2620 (Figure 26) with a length J1 of 9 millimeters, a thickness J2 of 4 millimeters and a height of 13 millimeters.
- the dimensions G1-G5 for the end wall 2300 are preferably approximately: G1 - 152 mm, G2 - 174 mm, G3 - 9.5 mm, G4 - 10.2 mm and G5 - 201 mm.
- the height of the projections 2310 is preferably approximately 7.5 millimeters.
- the digestion reactor 2955 preferably has a rotor 1700 as shown in Figure 17A, as well as a housing end wall configuration 2300, as shown in Figure 23. Row 2312 in the wall of end 2300 is located between rows 1710 and 1712 in rotor 1500, while row 2314 is located between rows 1712 and 1714. Dimensions C1-C6 for rotor 1700 are preferably approximately: C1-191 millimeters , C2 - 141 mm, C3 - 163 mm, C4 - 185 mm, C5 - 9.5 mm and C6 - 10.2 mm for row 1714 and 9.5 mm for rows 1710 and 1712. The height of the projections 1716 is preferably , approximately 7.2 mm.
- Six of the projections 1716 in row 1714 also preferably have a flap 2620 (Figure 26) with a length J1 of 9 millimeters, a thickness J2 of 4 millimeters and a height of 15 millimeters.
- the dimensions G1-G5 for the end wall 2300 are preferably approximately: G1 - 152 millimeters, G2 - 174 millimeters, G3 - 9.6 millimeters, G4 - 10.1 millimeters for row 2314 and 9.4 millimeters for row 2312 , and G5-201 mm.
- the height of the projections 2310 is preferably approximately 7.2 millimeters.
- the digestion reactor 2959 preferably has a rotor 1500, as shown in Figure 15, as well as a housing end wall configuration 2300, as shown in Figure 23.
- the rotor 1500 You have approximately the following dimensions: A1 - 178 mm, A2 - 91 mm, A3 - 129 mm, A4 - 169 mm, A5 - 9.52 mm and A6 - 8 mm.
- the height of the projections 1514 is preferably about 11 millimeters.
- the end wall 2300 has approximately the following dimensions: G1-110 mm, G2-149 mm, G3-122 mm, G4-11 mm and G5-190 mm.
- the height of the projections 2310 is, preferably, approximately 11 millimeters.
- the recirculation pumps 2926, 2938, 2939, 2942, 2951, 2952 and 2958 preferably have a rotor 2600, as shown in Figure 26, as well as with a housing end wall configuration 2700, as shown in Figure 27.
- the 2600 rotor has approximately the following dimensions: J1 - 10.3 millimeters, J2 - 2.2 millimeters, J3 - 88 millimeters, J4 - 56 millimeters, J5 - 79 millimeters, J6 - 9.7 millimeters, J7 - 11.3 millimeters
- the protrusions 2610 preferably have a height of approximately 19.6 millimeters.
- the 2620 blades preferably have a height of approximately 27 millimeters.
- the end wall 2700 has the following dimensions: K1-68 millimeters, K2-9.6 millimeters, K3 - 14.2 mm and K4 - 94 mm.
- the projections 2710 preferably have a height of approximately 20.6 millimeters.
- the feed rate for the procedure shown in Figures 29A to 29D starting at the 2900 washer is approximately 14.5 metric tons of corn per hour with a humidity of 12%, which is approximately equivalent to 12.76 metric tons in matter dry
- the minimum preferred feed rate for the process is approximately 8 metric tons per hour with a humidity of 12%.
- the percentage of corn that is transferred to the sulfur tower 2933 is between approximately 75 and 84%, the majority of the remainder going on to the germ and fiber separation procedure 2917.
- the heat exchangers 2930, 2935, 2944b, 2949 and 2954 and the hot water tanks of the digestion tanks 2937 and 2950 preferably receive hot water at approximately 52 degrees Celsius to maintain and / or increase the temperature of the paste to the levels described above which are preferably between 30 and 52 degrees Celsius.
- the proportion of water with respect to the solid material in the endosperm paste throughout the digestion stage of the procedure that begins in the sulfur tower 2933 to the digestion tank 2950 is approximately between 5: 1 and 7: 1 and, more preferably, about 6: 1.
- the ratio of water to solid of the pulp that is introduced into the 2960 protein / fiber / starch separation process is preferably about 8: 1 and 12: 1 and, more preferably, about 10: one.
- Sulfur towers 2933 and 2947 preferably process approximately 11.6 metric tons of endosperm per hour.
- the heat exchangers preferably have a capacity of approximately 105 cubic meters per hour.
- the digestion tanks 2937 and 2950 preferably have capacities of 124 and 58.5 cubic meters, respectively.
- the storage tank 2957 preferably has a capacity of approximately 58.5 cubic meters.
- Hydrocyclones 2932, 2946 and 2956 preferably have a capacity of approximately 105 cubic meters per hour.
- the rotors within the pre-fractional reactors 2901 to 2904 and the digestion reactor 2934 rotate, preferably, with a rotation speed of approximately 1100 revolutions per minute.
- the rotors inside the fractional reactors 2907, 2908 and 2909, the germ and fiber reactor 2914, the digestion reactors 2918, 2920, 2921, 2924, 2929, 2931, 2936, 2944a and 2945, as well as the recirculation pumps 2926, 2938, 2939 and 2942 rotate, preferably, with a rotation speed of approximately 1800 revolutions per minute.
- Pre-fractional reactors 2901 to 2904 preferably have a flow rate of approximately 155 tons per hour.
- the fractional reactors 2907 to 2909 and the germ and fiber reactor 2914 preferably have a flow rate of approximately 160 tons per hour.
- the digestion reactors 2920 and 2921 preferably have a flow rate of approximately 30 tons per hour.
- the digestion reactor 2918 preferably has a flow rate of approximately 105 tons per hour.
- Digestion reactors 2929 and 2931 preferably have a flow rate of approximately 102 tons per hour.
- Digestion reactors 2934, 2936, 2945, 2944a, 2948, 2949a, 2953, 2955 and 2959 preferably have a flow rate of approximately 105 cubic meters per hour.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| RU2012147827/13A RU2568470C2 (ru) | 2010-04-12 | 2011-04-08 | Способ и система для обработки биомассы |
| KR1020127029660A KR20130115079A (ko) | 2010-04-12 | 2011-04-08 | 바이오매스 처리 방법 및 장치 |
| MX2012011789A MX341920B (es) | 2010-04-12 | 2011-04-08 | Metodo y sistema para el procesamiento de biomasa. |
| EP11768520.6A EP2559344A4 (en) | 2010-04-12 | 2011-04-08 | Method and system for processing biomass |
| CN201180028945.9A CN102939016B (zh) | 2010-04-12 | 2011-04-08 | 用于处理生物体的方法和系统 |
| CA2796209A CA2796209A1 (en) | 2010-04-12 | 2011-04-08 | Method and system for processing biomass |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US12/758,291 | 2010-04-12 | ||
| US12/758,291 US9546351B2 (en) | 2010-04-12 | 2010-04-12 | Method and system for processing biomass |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2011128751A1 true WO2011128751A1 (es) | 2011-10-20 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2011/000770 Ceased WO2011128751A1 (es) | 2010-04-12 | 2011-04-08 | Metodo y sistema para el procesamiento de biomasa |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9546351B2 (es) |
| EP (1) | EP2559344A4 (es) |
| KR (1) | KR20130115079A (es) |
| CN (1) | CN102939016B (es) |
| AR (1) | AR082088A1 (es) |
| CA (1) | CA2796209A1 (es) |
| CO (1) | CO6640219A2 (es) |
| MX (1) | MX341920B (es) |
| RU (1) | RU2568470C2 (es) |
| WO (1) | WO2011128751A1 (es) |
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| US8851741B2 (en) * | 2009-04-28 | 2014-10-07 | Shmuel Ganmor | Emulsifier with two shear stages |
| SE536795C2 (sv) * | 2012-09-28 | 2014-08-19 | Cassandra Oil Technology Ab | Reaktor, metod för att öka verkningsgraden i en reaktor ochanvändning av reaktorn |
| US9850512B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2017-12-26 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Hydrolysis of cellulosic fines in primary clarified sludge of paper mills and the addition of a surfactant to increase the yield |
| US20160312258A1 (en) * | 2013-12-06 | 2016-10-27 | Jgc Corporation | Method for producing fermentation-raw-material sugar solution and method for producing chemical obtained by fermenting the fermentation-raw-material sugar solution |
| US9951363B2 (en) | 2014-03-14 | 2018-04-24 | The Research Foundation for the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry | Enzymatic hydrolysis of old corrugated cardboard (OCC) fines from recycled linerboard mill waste rejects |
| US9770014B2 (en) * | 2014-07-09 | 2017-09-26 | Zoetis Services Llc | Sanitization system for an egg processing apparatus, and associated method |
| DE102017215244A1 (de) * | 2017-08-31 | 2019-02-28 | Südzucker AG | Verfahren zur Reduktion des Zuckerverlustes bei der Abtrennung eines Koagulats aus Vorkalkungssaft und zur Eindickung des Koagulats |
| CO2018005205A1 (es) * | 2018-05-18 | 2018-06-20 | Penagos Hermanos Y Cia S A S | Hidrolavadora ecológica de eje horizontal para café fermentado |
| CN108822955A (zh) * | 2018-07-19 | 2018-11-16 | 宁德职业技术学院 | 一种用于虾油提取的虾副产品的清洗干燥粉碎设备 |
| CN112302945A (zh) * | 2020-11-25 | 2021-02-02 | 辽宁德蒙特科技有限公司 | 超临界氧化减泥泵 |
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- 2011-04-08 CN CN201180028945.9A patent/CN102939016B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-04-08 MX MX2012011789A patent/MX341920B/es active IP Right Grant
- 2011-04-08 CA CA2796209A patent/CA2796209A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-04-08 KR KR1020127029660A patent/KR20130115079A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-04-08 EP EP11768520.6A patent/EP2559344A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-04-08 WO PCT/IB2011/000770 patent/WO2011128751A1/es not_active Ceased
- 2011-04-12 AR ARP110101240A patent/AR082088A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
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2012
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RU2568470C2 (ru) | 2015-11-20 |
| AR082088A1 (es) | 2012-11-14 |
| MX341920B (es) | 2016-09-07 |
| EP2559344A1 (en) | 2013-02-20 |
| US20110250635A1 (en) | 2011-10-13 |
| CO6640219A2 (es) | 2013-03-22 |
| CN102939016A (zh) | 2013-02-20 |
| KR20130115079A (ko) | 2013-10-21 |
| US9546351B2 (en) | 2017-01-17 |
| EP2559344A4 (en) | 2017-04-05 |
| RU2012147827A (ru) | 2014-05-20 |
| MX2012011789A (es) | 2013-01-22 |
| CN102939016B (zh) | 2016-01-13 |
| CA2796209A1 (en) | 2011-10-20 |
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