WO2012049230A1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zum betreiben einer brennkraftmaschine - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zum betreiben einer brennkraftmaschine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012049230A1 WO2012049230A1 PCT/EP2011/067850 EP2011067850W WO2012049230A1 WO 2012049230 A1 WO2012049230 A1 WO 2012049230A1 EP 2011067850 W EP2011067850 W EP 2011067850W WO 2012049230 A1 WO2012049230 A1 WO 2012049230A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- exhaust gas
- sensor
- cylinder
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
- F02M25/08—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding fuel vapours drawn from engine fuel reservoir
- F02M25/089—Layout of the fuel vapour installation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0025—Controlling engines characterised by use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
- F02D41/003—Adding fuel vapours, e.g. drawn from engine fuel reservoir
- F02D41/0042—Controlling the combustible mixture as a function of the canister purging, e.g. control of injected fuel to compensate for deviation of air fuel ratio when purging
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1439—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the position of the sensor
- F02D41/144—Sensor in intake manifold
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
- F02D41/1459—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being a hydrocarbon content or concentration
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/22—Safety or indicating devices for abnormal conditions
- F02D41/222—Safety or indicating devices for abnormal conditions relating to the failure of sensors or parameter detection devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
- F02M25/08—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding fuel vapours drawn from engine fuel reservoir
- F02M25/0809—Judging failure of purge control system
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for operating an internal combustion engine in which, depending on a sensor signal, a hydrocarbon content of a gas stream is determined.
- the object underlying the invention is to provide a method and a corresponding device for operating an internal combustion engine, which enables reliable and low-pollutant operation of the internal combustion engine.
- the object is solved by the features of the independent claims.
- Advantageous embodiments of the invention are characterized in the subclaims.
- the invention is characterized by a method and a corresponding device for operating an internal combustion engine.
- the internal combustion engine comprises at least one cylinder, an exhaust gas line with a measuring device and a tank ventilation system with a scavenging air line.
- the scavenging air line is designed for pneumatic communication between the tank venting system and the at least one cylinder.
- the scavenging air line has at least one sensor for determining a hydrocarbon content of a gas stream.
- a hydrocarbon content of a gas flow flowing from the tank ventilation system to the at least one cylinder is determined as a function of a measurement signal of the sensor. Furthermore, a fuel metering is controlled in the at least one cylinder depending on the determined carbon hydrogen content. Furthermore, an exhaust gas characteristic of an exhaust gas flow, which flows in the exhaust gas line, detected by the measuring device and compared with a predetermined setpoint. If the determined difference between the detected exhaust gas parameter and the predetermined desired value exceeds a predetermined limit value, it is checked whether the sensor has a malfunction.
- the checking as to whether the sensor has a malfunction can be carried out, for example, as a function of a predetermined verification routine, which can be carried out by means of a suitably designed engine control unit.
- a measuring device which is already present in today's systems, whereby cost-effective implementation is possible.
- it can be so easily ensured that the sensor functions to detect the hydrocarbon content. This can contribute to ensuring that the fuel metering in the at least one cylinder can be reliably determined as a function of the determined hydrocarbon content.
- Controlling the metering of fuel into the at least one cylinder as a function of the determined hydrocarbon content can, for example, in a gasoline engine, switch over between a homogeneous operation and a stratified operation depending on the determined hydrocarbon content and / or in a hybrid vehicle switching between an electric operation and a combustion operation of Hybrid vehicle depending on the determined hydrocarbon content.
- the checking and / or monitoring of the functionality of the sensor for detecting the hydrocarbon content may, for example, be part of an on-board diagnostic system of a motor vehicle.
- the advantages of controlling the quantity of fuel to be metered, depending on the determined hydrocarbon content can also be used for internal combustion engines in motor vehicles subject to such a requirement. Controlling the fuel metering as a function of the determined hydrocarbon content of the gas stream can take place very quickly in terms of time since a change in the determined hydrocarbon content has a direct influence on the amount of fuel to be added. Compared to a regulation of a fuel metering as a function of the exhaust gas parameter, the control of the fuel metering can therefore take place more quickly depending on the hydrocarbon content of the gas stream. It is advantageous to arrange the sensor in the scavenging air line.
- the sensor may alternatively or, if the system has a plurality of such sensors, additionally be arranged in an intake tract of the internal combustion engine or / and in a tank ventilation line.
- the exhaust gas parameter represents a combustion air ratio. This has the advantage that the exhaust gas characteristic can be detected very easily, for example, with a lambda probe.
- At least one operating parameter of the internal combustion engine is detected and / or detects a state characteristic of the internal combustion engine and the at least one operating parameter and / or the at least one state variable with a respectively predetermined
- Target parameter compared. Further, it is determined depending on a respective result of the comparison of the operating characteristic and / or state characteristic with the respective desired characteristic, whether the sensor has the malfunction. Depending on such an evaluation of one or more operating parameters and / or state characteristics of the internal combustion engine, the malfunction of the sensor can advantageously be at least partially excluded or confirmed.
- the operating variable may represent an injected fuel quantity and / or the state variable may represent an air mass flow in the scavenging air line.
- the hydrocarbon content of the gas stream is determined in a predetermined operating range of the internal combustion engine and the thus determined hydrocarbon content is compared with a predetermined specific hydrocarbon target value. Furthermore, depending on a deviation between the determined hydrocarbon content and the specified hydrocarbon specific desired value, it is determined whether the sensor has the malfunction.
- the hydrocarbon content can be determined if the internal combustion engine has the operating range that is characterized by the fact that a complete flushing of the adsorption container is currently taking place so that a hydrocarbon concentration in the scavenging air line is approximately zero.
- Another operating range of the internal combustion engine can be characterized, for example, in that the internal combustion engine is operated under full load and a purging takes place with a maximum purging air mass flow. In this case, the hydrocarbon concentration can not exceed a predetermined upper limit.
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of an internal combustion engine
- Figure 2 is a flowchart of a program for operating an internal combustion engine.
- FIG. 1 shows an internal combustion engine 100 which has a fuel tank 104, an internal combustion engine 112 and a tank ventilation system 120.
- the internal combustion engine can be arranged for example in a motor vehicle.
- the tank ventilation system 120 includes an adsorption vessel 106 coupled to the fuel tank 104 via a tank vent line 108.
- the adsorption container 106 is coupled via a scavenging air line 109 to the internal combustion engine 112, in particular to an intake tract 118 of the internal combustion engine.
- the internal combustion engine 112 comprises at least one cylinder 119 and the scavenging air line 109 is designed for pneumatic communication between the tank ventilation system 120 and the at least one cylinder 119.
- liquid fuel 105 is stored, for example, gasoline.
- hydrocarbons such as methane, butane or propane volatilize.
- the different hydrocarbon chains have different evaporation temperatures, so that depending on the outside temperature different hydrocarbons from the liquid fuel 105 are triggered. The higher the outside temperature, and thus the temperature of the fuel 105, the more hydrocarbons pass into the gas phase.
- the gaseous hydrocarbons that form in the fuel tank 104 are directed into the adsorption vessel 106 via the tank vent line 108.
- the adsorption vessel 106 includes, for example, an activated carbon filter for temporarily storing the hydrocarbons outgassed from the fuel tank 104.
- an activated carbon filter can only buffer a limited amount of hydrocarbons.
- the activated carbon filter must therefore be regenerated, that is freed from the hydrocarbons absorbed therein.
- the adsorption container 106 therefore has, for example, an air channel in which air from the environment can flow into the adsorption container 106.
- a controllable valve 113 can be arranged in each case both in the air duct and in the tank vent line.
- the adsorption container 106 is connected by means of the scavenging air line 109 to the intake tract 118 of the internal combustion engine 100.
- the purge valve 102 is arranged in the scavenging air line 109.
- a control of the purging air valve 102 by a suitably designed motor control 103, it is possible, for example, to control purging of the adsorption vessel 106.
- an opening degree of the scavenging air valve 102 for scavenging the adsorption vessel 106 may be adjustable depending on a predetermined operating range of the internal combustion engine 100 and / or on a predetermined degree of loading of the adsorption vessel 106 and / or the hydrocarbon concentration of the scavenging air in the scavenging air line 109.
- the internal combustion engine 100 has at least one sensor 101.
- the sensor 101 is designed, for example, to detect a measurement signal that is representative of a hydrocarbon content of a gas stream.
- the sensor 101 may be configured to detect a temperature of the gas stream, which is evaluated as a measure of the hydrocarbon content in the gas stream.
- the sensor may, for example, also be designed to measure a mass flow of the hydrocarbons in the gas stream.
- the internal combustion engine 100 may, for example, also have a plurality of such sensors 101. It is advantageous if the sensor 101 is arranged on the scavenging air line 109. Alternatively or additionally, the sensor 101 may be arranged upstream of the cylinders 119, for example on the adsorption container 106 and / or on the intake tract 118. The sensor 101 may also be arranged on further lines, for example on the tank ventilation line 108.
- the valve 102 is coupled to the engine controller 103 via an electrical line 111.
- the at least one sensor 101 is coupled to the engine controller via an electrical line 110.
- the engine control unit 103 which has an evaluation device 114, controls, for example, the purge air valve 102.
- the fuel 105 may be fed via a fuel delivery unit and via fuel lines 117 to the engine 112, where it is injected via injection valves 115 into the intake tract 118 or into the cylinders 119 and comes into combustion in the internal combustion engine.
- injectors 115 include electromagnetic injectors that are controllable by electrical signals, and other embodiments of injectors 115 may be arranged.
- An evaluation unit 114 which is part of a motor control, evaluates the signals of the sensor 101, so that, for example, the concentration of hydrocarbons and the mass flow of the gas flow through the purge air line 109 are known. This is known how much energy is supplied in the form of gaseous hydrocarbons to the engine.
- fuel metering into the at least one cylinder 119 is controlled.
- the engine controller 103 controls the injectors 115 accordingly so that less fuel is injected as more hydrocarbon is supplied via the intake air.
- the amount of fuel injected into the internal combustion engine via the injectors 115 is determined by the sensors located upstream of the cylinders 119 and the evaluator 114.
- One or more actuators are controlled by this data.
- manufacturing tolerances and aging effects of the actuators, such as the valve 102 or the injection valves 115 can be taken into account in the control.
- the exhaust gases from the combustion process are conveyed away from the engine through an exhaust line.
- an exhaust line In the exhaust system is a
- Measuring device 116 is arranged, which is designed to detect an exhaust gas characteristic of an exhaust gas stream.
- the exhaust gas parameter may be representative of a combustion air ratio ⁇ .
- the measuring device 16 may have a lambda probe by means of which the combustion air ratio ⁇ can be determined.
- the detected by the measuring device 116 exhaust gas characteristic for example, the combustion air ratio ⁇
- the evaluation unit 114 is designed, for example, to compare the exhaust gas characteristic with a predetermined desired value and, if the determined Difference between the detected exhaust gas parameter and the predetermined setpoint exceeds a predetermined threshold, to check whether the sensor 101 has a malfunction.
- FIG. 2 shows a program for operating the internal combustion engine 100 as a flowchart.
- the engine controller is designed, for example, to execute the program.
- the engine controller may also be referred to as a device for operating the internal combustion engine.
- a start of the program which may be close to a start of the internal combustion engine, takes place.
- a second step S2 the hydrocarbon content of the gas stream flowing through the scavenging air line is determined.
- the hydrocarbon content in the intake tract can be determined.
- step S3 the fuel metering to the internal combustion engine is controlled depending on the hydrocarbon content.
- step S3 comprises controlling at least one injection valve depending on the determined hydrocarbon content.
- step S4 an exhaust gas parameter of an exhaust gas flow, which flows in the exhaust gas line, is detected.
- step S5 the exhaust gas parameter is compared with a predetermined desired value.
- step S6 If the ascertained difference between the detected exhaust gas parameter and the predetermined desired value exceeds a predefined limit value, it is checked in a step S6 whether the sensor 101 has a malfunction. For checking whether the sensor 101 is malfunctioning For example, one or more subroutine routines are started.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Supplying Secondary Fuel Or The Like To Fuel, Air Or Fuel-Air Mixtures (AREA)
- Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US13/879,596 US9909540B2 (en) | 2010-10-14 | 2011-10-13 | Method and device for operating an internal combustion engine |
| CN2011800498740A CN103168159A (zh) | 2010-10-14 | 2011-10-13 | 用于运行内燃机的方法和装置 |
| DE112011103454.7T DE112011103454B4 (de) | 2010-10-14 | 2011-10-13 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Betreiben einer Brennkraftmaschine |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102010048311.7 | 2010-10-14 | ||
| DE102010048311A DE102010048311A1 (de) | 2010-10-14 | 2010-10-14 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Betreiben einer Brennkraftmaschine |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2012049230A1 true WO2012049230A1 (de) | 2012-04-19 |
Family
ID=44862966
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2011/067850 Ceased WO2012049230A1 (de) | 2010-10-14 | 2011-10-13 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum betreiben einer brennkraftmaschine |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9909540B2 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN103168159A (de) |
| DE (2) | DE102010048311A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2012049230A1 (de) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102018104622A1 (de) * | 2018-02-28 | 2019-08-29 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Entlüften eines Kraftstofftanksystems einer Brennkraftmaschine basierend auf dem Messsignal eines Lambdasensors |
| DE102018106441A1 (de) | 2018-03-20 | 2019-09-26 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Brennkraftmaschine und Brennkraftmaschine |
Families Citing this family (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102010048311A1 (de) * | 2010-10-14 | 2012-04-19 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Betreiben einer Brennkraftmaschine |
| US9970372B2 (en) * | 2014-02-14 | 2018-05-15 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method of diagnosing an exhaust gas sensor |
| US9797344B2 (en) * | 2014-08-29 | 2017-10-24 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | System and method for diagnosing a dual path purge system using a hydrocarbon sensor and for diagnosing a hydrocarbon sensor in a single path purge system or a dual path purge system |
| DE102016202996A1 (de) * | 2015-03-03 | 2016-09-08 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erkennen eines Fehlers bei der Erfassung einer pulsierenden Sensorgrößen eines Sensors in einem Gasführungssystem eines Verbrennungsmotors |
| US10100771B2 (en) * | 2016-07-20 | 2018-10-16 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and system for sensor rationality check |
| US10378472B2 (en) * | 2017-02-17 | 2019-08-13 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Hydrocarbon sensor diagnostic |
| DE102019214236A1 (de) * | 2019-09-18 | 2021-03-18 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Brennkraftmaschine mit in eine Spülgasleitung integriertem HC-Sensor |
| DE102019215612A1 (de) * | 2019-10-11 | 2021-04-15 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verbrennungsmotor und Verfahren zum Steuern eines Verbrennungsmotors |
| US11828210B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-11-28 | Denso International America, Inc. | Diagnostic systems and methods of vehicles using olfaction |
| US11636870B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-04-25 | Denso International America, Inc. | Smoking cessation systems and methods |
| US12269315B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2025-04-08 | Denso International America, Inc. | Systems and methods for measuring and managing odor brought into rental vehicles |
| US11932080B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2024-03-19 | Denso International America, Inc. | Diagnostic and recirculation control systems and methods |
| US12017506B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2024-06-25 | Denso International America, Inc. | Passenger cabin air control systems and methods |
| US12377711B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2025-08-05 | Denso International America, Inc. | Vehicle feature control systems and methods based on smoking |
| US11760169B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-09-19 | Denso International America, Inc. | Particulate control systems and methods for olfaction sensors |
| US11881093B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2024-01-23 | Denso International America, Inc. | Systems and methods for identifying smoking in vehicles |
| US11760170B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-09-19 | Denso International America, Inc. | Olfaction sensor preservation systems and methods |
| US11813926B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-11-14 | Denso International America, Inc. | Binding agent and olfaction sensor |
| US12251991B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2025-03-18 | Denso International America, Inc. | Humidity control for olfaction sensors |
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-
2010
- 2010-10-14 DE DE102010048311A patent/DE102010048311A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2011
- 2011-10-13 CN CN2011800498740A patent/CN103168159A/zh active Pending
- 2011-10-13 DE DE112011103454.7T patent/DE112011103454B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-10-13 WO PCT/EP2011/067850 patent/WO2012049230A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2011-10-13 US US13/879,596 patent/US9909540B2/en active Active
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| DE102018104622A1 (de) * | 2018-02-28 | 2019-08-29 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Entlüften eines Kraftstofftanksystems einer Brennkraftmaschine basierend auf dem Messsignal eines Lambdasensors |
| EP3533985A1 (de) * | 2018-02-28 | 2019-09-04 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum betreiben einer brennkraftmaschine, brennkraftmaschine und kraftfahrzeug |
| US10913348B2 (en) | 2018-02-28 | 2021-02-09 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Method for operating an internal combustion engine, internal combustion engine, and motor vehicle |
| DE102018106441A1 (de) | 2018-03-20 | 2019-09-26 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Brennkraftmaschine und Brennkraftmaschine |
| US10851723B2 (en) | 2018-03-20 | 2020-12-01 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Method for operating an internal combustion engine, and internal combustion engine |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102010048311A1 (de) | 2012-04-19 |
| DE112011103454A5 (de) | 2013-08-14 |
| US20140144416A1 (en) | 2014-05-29 |
| CN103168159A (zh) | 2013-06-19 |
| US9909540B2 (en) | 2018-03-06 |
| DE112011103454B4 (de) | 2018-07-26 |
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