WO2012088678A1 - 一种pt-ru纳米合金/石墨烯催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种pt-ru纳米合金/石墨烯催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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WO2012088678A1
WO2012088678A1 PCT/CN2010/080449 CN2010080449W WO2012088678A1 WO 2012088678 A1 WO2012088678 A1 WO 2012088678A1 CN 2010080449 W CN2010080449 W CN 2010080449W WO 2012088678 A1 WO2012088678 A1 WO 2012088678A1
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graphene
nanoalloy
preparation
catalyst
surfactant
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French (fr)
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周明杰
钟玲珑
王要兵
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Oceans King Lighting Science and Technology Co Ltd
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Oceans King Lighting Science and Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to CN2010800696709A priority Critical patent/CN103153457A/zh
Priority to US13/990,129 priority patent/US20130252135A1/en
Priority to JP2013546550A priority patent/JP5715264B2/ja
Priority to PCT/CN2010/080449 priority patent/WO2012088678A1/zh
Priority to EP10861327.4A priority patent/EP2659967B1/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8647Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
    • H01M4/8657Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88Processes of manufacture
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/921Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/86Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/925Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • H01M4/926Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M2008/1095Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of electrochemical energy, in particular to a Pt-Ru nano-alloy / graphene catalyst for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell .
  • the invention also relates to a preparation method and application of a Pt-Ru nanoalloy/graphene catalyst.
  • Proton exchange membrane fuel cell It is a new generation of hydrogen-fired power generation device. Besides the general advantages of fuel cells (high energy conversion efficiency and environmental friendliness, etc.), it also has higher specific power and specific energy, lower operating temperature and can be quickly opened at room temperature. The outstanding advantages of start-up and long life have become the most promising fuel cell.
  • PEMFC electrocatalyst is one of the key factors restricting its commercialization. Therefore, the research on electrocatalyst becomes PEMFC.
  • the preparation method of the catalyst has a great influence on the particle size and crystal state of the Pt particles in the catalyst, and more Pt/C has been reported so far.
  • the catalyst preparation methods mainly include inorganic colloid method, impregnation method, gel sol method and precipitation method.
  • the catalyst prepared by the original method has the problems of poor particle dispersibility, uneven particle size and relatively harsh reaction conditions. Since the preparation process of the catalyst determines its composition and structure, and thus affects its catalytic performance, it is very important to study the preparation method and process of the catalyst.
  • graphene is a carbon material with a layered structure of less than 10 layers of graphite molecules with a high specific surface area (the theoretical specific surface area of single-layer graphene can reach 2620 m 2 /g). Can provide more proud load points.
  • graphene exhibits a strong quantum effect and good electron conductivity. It is found by the first principle that the platinum group can be stably supported on the graphene, and the adsorption of carbon monoxide or hydrogen on the platinum particles is reduced by the presence of graphene, which is more favorable for the reaction in the fuel cell. Therefore, graphene can be used as a good carbon carrier.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a Pt-Ru nanoalloy/graphene catalyst, comprising the following steps:
  • the preparation of the reverse micelle system at room temperature, including surfactants (anionic surfactants or cationic surfactants, such as sodium methylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, aliphatic Sulfate, quaternary ammonium salts, etc., co-surfactants (eg, n-octanol, n-nonanol, n-heptanol, n-hexanol), oil phase (eg, cyclohexane), and chloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl) 6, the molar concentration of 0.04mol / L) and ruthenium chloride (RuCl 3, molar concentration of the mixed system 0.04mol / L) aqueous solution, to form a uniform and stable reverse micelles under ultrasonic irradiation; and the surfactant , the ratio of the co-surfactant and the oil phase is 10:7:1;
  • Demulsification Under ultrasonic vibration, a demulsifier (such as acetone or absolute ethanol) is added to the above emulsion, and the amount of the demulsifier added is the volume of cyclohexane. 20-50%), the Pt-Ru nanoalloy is loaded onto the graphene carrier to prepare a mixed system;
  • a demulsifier such as acetone or absolute ethanol
  • Pt-Ru nano-alloy / graphene catalyst prepared by the above method, graphene as carrier, Pt-Ru The nanoalloy is supported on the graphene.
  • the Pt-Ru nanoalloy/graphene catalyst prepared by the present invention can be applied to the field of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
  • the Pt-Ru nanoalloy/graphene catalyst of the invention adopts graphene as a carrier, and utilizes the ion effect and two-dimensional ductility of graphene to improve the stability of the catalyst.
  • the reverse micelle system provides a microenvironment (water-in-oil microemulsion), which is an ideal place for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles.
  • the particle size of the metal nanoparticles prepared by this method is easy to control and the distribution is relatively uniform.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a process for preparing a Pt-Ru nanoalloy/graphene catalyst of the present invention
  • Example 2 is an EDS test pattern of the Pt-Ru nanoalloy/graphene catalyst obtained in Example 1.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing a Pt-Ru nano-alloy/graphene catalyst for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, wherein the loading of the platinum metal is 5 ⁇ 80w%, this catalyst uses graphene as a carrier, which utilizes the ion effect of graphene and two-dimensional ductility to improve the stability of the catalyst.
  • the preparation process of the above Pt / graphene catalyst includes the steps:
  • Reparation of reverse micelle system at room temperature, including surfactant (anionic surfactant or cationic surfactant, such as sodium methylbenzenesulfonate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, aliphatic sulfuric acid) Salts, quaternary ammonium salts, etc.), co-surfactants (eg, n-octanol, n-nonanol, n-heptanol, n-hexanol), oil phase (eg, cyclohexane), and chloroplatinic acid (molar concentration 0.04) a mixed system of mol/L) and cerium chloride (molar concentration of 0.04 mol/L) in an aqueous solution to form a uniform and stable reverse micelle system; and the surfactant, cosurfactant and oil phase Mass ratio 10:7:1;
  • surfactant anionic surfactant or cationic surfactant, such as sodium methylbenzenesulfon
  • Demulsification Under the ultrasonic vibration, a demulsifier (such as acetone or absolute ethanol) is added to the above emulsion, and the amount of the demulsifier added is the volume of cyclohexane. 20-50%), loading the Pt-Ru nanoalloy onto the graphene carrier to obtain a mixed system;
  • a demulsifier such as acetone or absolute ethanol
  • the method further comprises the following steps:
  • Pt-Ru nano-alloy / graphene catalyst prepared by the above method, graphene as carrier, Pt-Ru The nanoalloy is supported on the graphene.
  • the Pt-Ru nanoalloy/graphene catalyst prepared by the present invention can be applied to the field of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
  • the Pt-Ru nanoalloy/graphene catalyst of the invention adopts graphene as a carrier, and utilizes the ion effect and two-dimensional ductility of graphene to improve the stability of the catalyst.
  • the reverse micelle system provides a microenvironment (water-in-oil microemulsion), which is an ideal place for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles.
  • the particle size of the metal nanoparticles prepared by this method is easy to control and the distribution is relatively uniform.
  • Graphite oxide was prepared by a modified Hummers method. The specific step is to put 20g 50 Add graphite powder, 10 g potassium persulfate and 10 g phosphorus pentoxide to concentrated sulfuric acid at 80 °C, stir evenly, cool for more than 6 h, wash until neutral and dry. Add the dried sample to 0 °C In 230 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid, add 60 g of potassium permanganate, keep the temperature of the mixture below 20 °C for 30 minutes, and then keep it in the oil bath at 35 °C for 2 h. Afterwards, slowly add 920 mL of deionized water.
  • the preparation of graphene oxide solution the prepared 0.5g graphite oxide is added to 200 mL The water was ultrasonically dispersed to form a graphene oxide solution uniformly dispersed in a single sheet.
  • the preparation of the reverse micelle system at room temperature, the aliphatic sulfate, n-hexanol and cyclohexane by mass ratio 100:70:10 The ratio is mixed, then the water is added in a ratio of aliphatic sulfate to water 1:7, ultrasonically shaken for 30 min, and finally 0.04 mol/L chloroplatinic acid solution and 0.04 mol/L are prepared.
  • the cerium chloride solution was slowly added dropwise to the mixed solution, and the ultrasonic vibration was controlled for 30 min to form a transparent reverse micelle system.
  • the formation of the precursor slowly add the prepared graphene oxide solution to the reverse micelle system, ultrasonic vibration for 30min . Control the mass ratio of platinum-rhodium alloy to graphene 1:10.
  • Example 2 shows the Pt-Ru nanoalloy/graphene catalyst obtained in Example 1 for EDS Test the spectrum; it can be seen from the figure that the obtained catalyst mainly contains platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), carbon (C), oxygen (O ) Four elements.
  • Graphite oxide was prepared by a modified Hummers method. The specific step is to put 20g 50 Add graphite powder, 10 g potassium persulfate and 10 g phosphorus pentoxide to concentrated sulfuric acid at 80 °C, stir evenly, cool for more than 6 h, wash until neutral and dry. Add the dried sample to 0 °C Add 200 g of potassium permanganate to 200 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. Keep the temperature of the mixture below 20 °C for 5 minutes, then keep it in the oil bath at 35 °C for 1 h. Afterwards, slowly add 920 mL of deionized water.
  • the preparation of graphene oxide solution the prepared 0.5g graphite oxide is added to 200 mL The water was ultrasonically dispersed to form a graphene oxide solution uniformly dispersed in a single sheet.
  • the preparation of the reverse micelle system at room temperature, sodium toluene sulfonate, n-heptanol and cyclohexane by mass ratio 100:70:10 The ratio is mixed, then the water is added in a ratio of 1:7 molar ratio of sodium toluenesulfonate to water, ultrasonically shaken for 30 min, and finally a 0.04 mol/L chloroplatinic acid solution and 0.04 mol/L are prepared. The cerium chloride solution was slowly added dropwise to the mixed solution, and the ultrasonic vibration was controlled for 30 min to form a transparent reverse micelle system.
  • Demulsification Under ultrasonic vibration, add 20 mL of demulsifier acetone to the above system and let it stand until the system is layered.
  • Graphite oxide was prepared by a modified Hummers method. The specific step is to put 20g 50 Add graphite powder, 10 g potassium persulfate and 10 g phosphorus pentoxide to concentrated sulfuric acid at 80 °C, stir evenly, cool for more than 6 h, wash until neutral and dry. Add the dried sample to 0 °C In 250 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid, add 60 g of potassium permanganate, keep the temperature of the mixture below 20 °C, then keep it in the oil bath at 35 °C for 2 h, then slowly add 920. mL deionized water.
  • the preparation of graphene oxide solution the prepared 0.5g graphite oxide is added to 200 mL The water was ultrasonically dispersed to form a graphene oxide solution uniformly dispersed in a single sheet.
  • the preparation of the reverse micelle system at room temperature, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, n-nonanol and cyclohexane by mass ratio 100:70:10 The ratio is mixed, then the water is added in a ratio of 1:7 molar ratio of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate to water, ultrasonically shaken for 30 min, and finally a 0.04 mol/L chloroplatinic acid solution and A 0.04 mol/L cesium chloride solution was slowly added dropwise to the mixed solution, and ultrasonic vibration was controlled for 30 minutes to form a transparent reverse micelle system.
  • Graphite oxide was prepared by a modified Hummers method. The specific step is to put 20g 50 Add graphite powder, 10 g potassium persulfate and 10 g phosphorus pentoxide to concentrated sulfuric acid at 80 °C, stir evenly, cool for more than 6 h, wash until neutral and dry. Add the dried sample to 0 °C In 240 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid, add 60 g of potassium permanganate, keep the temperature of the mixture below 20 °C, then keep it in the oil bath at 35 °C for 2 h, then slowly add 920. mL deionized water.
  • the preparation of graphene oxide solution the prepared 0.5g graphite oxide is added to 200 mL The water was ultrasonically dispersed to form a graphene oxide solution uniformly dispersed in a single sheet.
  • the preparation of the reverse micelle system at room temperature, the quaternary ammonium salt, n-octanol and cyclohexane by mass ratio 100:80:10
  • the ratio is mixed, then the water is added in a ratio of 1:8 in the molar ratio of quaternary ammonium salt to water, sonicated for 30 min, and finally 0.04 mol/L chloroplatinic acid solution and 0.04 mol/L are prepared.
  • the cerium chloride solution was slowly added dropwise to the mixed solution, and the ultrasonic vibration was controlled for 30 min to form a transparent reverse micelle system.

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Description

一种 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂及其制备方法和应用
技术领域
本发明涉及电化学能源领域,尤其涉及一种质子交换膜燃料电池用 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂 。本发明还涉及一种 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂的制备方法和应用。
背景技术
质子交换膜燃料电池( proton exchange membrane fuel cell , PEMFC )是新一代以氢气为燃料的发电装置,它除具有燃料电池的一般优点(能量转换效率高和环境友好等)外,还具有比功率与比能量高、工作温度低、可在室温下快速启动和寿命长等突出优点,成为最有发展前途的一种燃料电池。
PEMFC 电催化剂是制约其实现商业化的关键因素之一,因而 , 对电催化剂的研究成为 PEMFC 研究的主要内容。正如麻省理工学院化学系主任 Lippard 在评论 20 世纪化学学科发展时所指出的那样: '20 世纪化学的最大遗憾是未能研制出优良的燃料电池催化剂 ' 。
催化剂的制备方法对催化剂中 Pt 颗粒的粒径及晶态都有很大的影响,目前报道较多的 Pt/C 催化剂制备方法主要有无机胶体法、浸渍法、凝胶溶胶法和沉淀法等,这些原有的方法制备的催化剂存在颗粒分散性差,粒径不均匀和反应条件比较苛刻的问题。由于催化剂的制备工艺决定其组成和结构,进而影响其催化性能,研究催化剂的制备方法和工艺显得非常重要。
石墨烯的理论研究已有 60 多年的历史,被广泛用来研究不同结构的碳质材料的性能。 Science 杂志 2009 年 324 卷 1530 页中 Geim 指出,石墨烯是具有少于 10 层石墨分子层状结构的碳材料,比表面积较高(单层石墨烯的理论比表面积可达到 2620m2 /g ) , 可以提供骄傲多的命属负载位。同时,石墨烯表现出很强的量子效应,具有良好的电子传导能力。通过第一原理计算发现,铂族可以稳定的负载于石墨烯上,而一氧化碳或氢在命属铂颗粒上的吸附会因为石墨烯的存在而降低,更有利于燃料电池中的反应。因此,石墨烯可以作为一个很好的碳载体。
发明内容
基于上述问题,本发明提供一种 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
1 、氧化石墨的制备:利用石墨粉,通过改进的 Hummers 法,制备氧化石墨;
2 、氧化石墨烯溶液的制备:将制备出来的氧化石墨加入到水中超声分散,形成以单片层均匀分散的氧化石墨烯溶液;
3 、反胶束体系的配制:在室温下,配制包括表面活性剂(阴离子型表面活性剂或阳离子型表面活性剂,如甲基苯磺酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、脂肪族硫酸盐、季铵盐类等),助表面活性剂(如,正辛醇、正壬醇、正庚醇、正己醇),油相(如,环己烷)以及氯铂酸( H2PtCl6 ,摩尔浓度为 0.04mol/L )和氯化钌( RuCl3 ,摩尔浓度为 0.04mol/L )水溶液的混合体系,在超声波作用下形成均匀稳定的反胶束体系;且所述表面活性剂、助表面活性剂以及油相的质量比 10:7:1 ;
4 、前躯体的形成:将配好的氧化石墨烯溶液缓慢的滴加到反胶束体系中;
5 、前躯体的还原:在 80℃ 水浴中,向上述反胶束体系中加入过量的还原剂(如,水合肼或硼氢化钠,且还原剂的摩尔用量为氯铂酸摩尔用量的 3-10 倍),使氯铂酸、氯化钌和氧化石墨烯分别还原成 Pt 、 Ru 和石墨烯,而 Pt 、 Ru 单质共沉淀的同时获得 Pt-Ru 纳米合金,从而制得 Pt-Ru 纳米合金和石墨烯的乳液;现以 H2PtCl6 、 RuCl3 为例,以 KBH4 为还原剂,反应如下所示:
H2PtCl6+KBH4→Pt+H 2↑+2HCl+KCl+BCl 3
4RuCl3+3KBH4→4Ru+6H2↑+ 3KCl+3BCl3
6 、破乳:在超声波震荡下,向上述乳液中加入破乳剂(如,丙酮或无水乙醇,且破乳剂加入的量为环己烷体积的 20-50% ),使 Pt-Ru 纳米合金负载到石墨烯载体上,制得混合体系;
7 、过滤、洗涤和干燥:真空抽滤上述 破乳后的 混合体系,依次采用乙醇和去离子水洗涤滤多次, 并将过滤后得到的 负载 Pt-Ru 纳米合金的石墨烯干燥后,得到 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂。
上述方法制得的 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂 , 石墨烯为载体, Pt-Ru 纳米合金负载在所述石墨烯上。
本发明制得的Pt-Ru纳米合金/石墨烯催化剂可以应用于质子交换膜燃料电池领域中。
本发明的Pt-Ru纳米合金/石墨烯催化剂,采用石墨烯做载体,利用石墨烯的离子效应和二维延展性,提高催化剂的稳定性。采用的反胶束体系提供了一种微环境(油包水微乳液),是金属纳米颗粒合成的理想场所,采用该法制备的金属纳米颗粒粒径容易控制且分布比较均匀。
附图说明
图 1 是本发明 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂制备工艺流程图;
图 2 为实施例1中得到的Pt-Ru纳米合金/石墨烯催化剂进行EDS测试图谱。
具体实施方式
本发明提供的一种质子交换膜燃料电池用 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂的制备方法,其中铂金属的载量为 5~80w% ,这种催化剂采用石墨烯做载体,利用是石墨烯的离子效应和二维延展性,提高催化剂的稳定性。
上述Pt /石墨烯催化剂的制备工艺,如图1所示,包括步骤:
1 、氧化石墨的制备:利用石墨粉,通过 Hummers 法,制备氧化石墨;
2 、氧化石墨烯溶液的制备:将制备出来的氧化石墨加入到水中超声分散,形成以单片层均匀分散的氧化石墨烯溶液;
3 、反胶束体系的配制:在室温下,配制包括表面活性剂(阴离子型表面活性剂或阳离子型表面活性剂,如甲基苯磺酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、脂肪族硫酸盐、季铵盐类等),助表面活性剂(如,正辛醇、正壬醇、正庚醇、正己醇),油相(如,环己烷)以及氯铂酸(摩尔浓度为0.04mol/L)和氯化钌(摩尔浓度为0.04mol/L)水溶液的混合体系,在超声波作用下形成均匀稳定的反胶束体系;且所述表面活性剂、助表面活性剂以及油相的质量比10:7:1;
4 、前躯体的形成:将配好的氧化石墨烯溶液缓慢的滴加到反胶束体系中;
5 、前躯体的还原:在 80℃ 水浴中,向上述反胶束体系中加入过量的还原剂(如,水合肼或硼氢化钠,且还原剂的摩尔用量为氯铂酸摩尔用量的 3-10 倍),使氯铂酸(如, H2PtCl6 )、氯化钌( RuCl3 )和氧化石墨烯分别还原成 Pt 、 Ru 和石墨烯,制得 Pt-Ru 纳米合金和石墨烯的乳液,且 Pt-Ru 纳米合金与石墨烯的质量比 1:10 ;现以 H2PtCl6 、 RuCl3 为例,以 KBH4 为还原剂,反应如下所示:
H2PtCl6+KBH4→Pt+H 2↑+2HCl+KCl+BCl 3
4RuCl3+3KBH4→4Ru+6H2↑+ 3KCl+3BCl3
6 、破乳:在超声波震荡下,向上述乳液中加入破乳剂(如,丙酮或无水乙醇,破乳剂加入的量为环己烷体积的 20-50% ),使 Pt-Ru 纳米合金负载到石墨烯载体上,得到混合体系;
7 、过滤、洗涤和干燥:真空抽滤上述破乳后的混合体系,依次采用乙醇和去离子水洗涤滤多次,并将过滤后得到的负载 Pt-Ru 纳米合金的石墨烯在 70℃ 下真空干燥 2 h 后,得到 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂。
其中,所述氧化石墨制备步骤中,还包括如下步骤:
① 、将石墨粉、过硫酸钾和五氧化二磷分别加入 80 ℃ 的浓硫酸中,搅拌均匀,冷却 6 h 以上,洗涤至中性,干燥,得到样品;
② 、将干燥后的样品加入 0 ℃ 的 200-250 mL 浓硫酸中,再加入高锰酸钾,并使该在 0-20 ℃ 保温 5-60 分钟,然后在 35 ℃ 的油浴中保持 1-2 h 后,缓慢加入含双氧水的去离子水,得到混合物;
③ 、待上述混合物颜色变为亮黄色,趁热抽滤,再用盐酸进行洗涤、抽滤、在60℃真空干燥48h,即得到氧化石墨。
上述方法制得的 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂 , 石墨烯为载体, Pt-Ru 纳米合金负载在所述石墨烯上。
本发明制得的 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂可以应用于质子交换膜燃料电池领域中。
本发明的Pt-Ru纳米合金/石墨烯催化剂,采用石墨烯做载体,利用石墨烯的离子效应和二维延展性,提高催化剂的稳定性。采用的反胶束体系提供了一种微环境(油包水微乳液),是金属纳米颗粒合成的理想场所,采用该法制备的金属纳米颗粒粒径容易控制且分布比较均匀。
下面结合附图,对本发明的较佳实施例作进一步详细说明。
实施例 1
1 、氧化石墨的制备:通过改进的 Hummers 法制备氧化石墨。其具体步骤为将 20g 50 目石墨粉、 10 g 过硫酸钾和 10 g 五氧化二磷加入 80 ℃ 的浓硫酸中,搅拌均匀,冷却 6 h 以上,洗涤至中性,干燥。将干燥后的样品加入 0 ℃ 、 230 mL 的浓硫酸中,再加入 60 g 高锰酸钾,混合物的温度保持在 20 ℃ 以下保持 30 分钟,然后在 35 ℃ 的油浴中保持 2 h 后,缓慢加入 920 mL 去离子水。 15 min 后,再加入 2.8 L 去离子水 ( 其中含有 50 mL 浓度为 30% 的双氧水 ) ,之后混合物颜色变为亮黄色,趁热抽滤,再用 5 L 浓度为 10% 的盐酸进行洗涤、抽滤、在 60℃ 真空干燥 48h 即得到氧化石墨。
2 、氧化石墨烯溶液的制备:将制备出来的 0.5g 氧化石墨加入到 200 mL 水中超声分散,形成以单片层均匀分散的氧化石墨烯溶液。
3 、反胶束体系的配制:在室温下,将脂肪族硫酸盐、正己醇和环己烷按质量比 100:70:10 的比例混合,然后按脂肪族硫酸盐与水的摩尔比 1:7 的比例加入水,超声振荡 30min ,最后再将配好的 0.04mol/L 氯铂酸溶液和 0.04mol/L 的氯化钌溶液缓慢的滴加到混合溶液中,控制超声振荡 30min ,形成透明的反胶束体系。
4 、前躯体的形成:将配好的氧化石墨烯溶液缓慢的滴加到反胶束体系中,超声振荡 30min 。控制铂钌合金与石墨烯的质量比 1:10 。
5 、前躯体的还原:在 80℃ 水浴中,向反胶束体系中加入过量的硼氢化钠,然后超声振荡 2 小时,使氧化石墨烯、氯铂酸和氯化钌分别得到还原。
6 、破乳:在超声波震荡下,向上述体系中加入破乳剂丙酮 30mL ,静置至体系分层。
7 、过滤、洗涤和干燥:过滤溶液,然后采用乙醇溶液和去离子水洗涤滤饼多次,将所得催化剂在 70℃ 下真空干燥 2 h 后,得到 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂。
图 2 为本实施例 1 中得到的 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂进行 EDS 测试图谱;从图中可以看出,得到的催化剂中主要包含铂( Pt )、钌( Ru )、碳( C )、氧( O )四种元素。图中,峰值所对应的面积代表各元素的百分含量,可以看出碳的含量最多,远远高于其他元素,根据峰面积计算的结果可知复合材料中的质量比为 C:O:Pt:Ru=65:4:22:9 。
实施例 2
1 、氧化石墨的制备:通过改进的 Hummers 法制备氧化石墨。其具体步骤为将 20g 50 目石墨粉、 10 g 过硫酸钾和 10 g 五氧化二磷加入 80 ℃ 的浓硫酸中,搅拌均匀,冷却 6 h 以上,洗涤至中性,干燥。将干燥后的样品加入 0 ℃ 、 200 mL 的浓硫酸中,再加入 60 g 高锰酸钾,混合物的温度保持在 20 ℃ 以下保持 5 分钟,然后在 35 ℃ 的油浴中保持 1 h 后,缓慢加入 920 mL 去离子水。 15 min 后,再加入 2.8 L 去离子水 ( 其中含有 50 mL 浓度为 30% 的双氧水 ) ,之后混合物颜色变为亮黄色,趁热抽滤,再用 5 L 浓度为 10% 的盐酸进行洗涤、抽滤、在 60℃ 真空干燥 48h 即得到氧化石墨。
2 、氧化石墨烯溶液的制备:将制备出来的 0.5g 氧化石墨加入到 200 mL 水中超声分散,形成以单片层均匀分散的氧化石墨烯溶液。
3 、反胶束体系的配制:在室温下,将甲基苯磺酸钠、正庚醇和环己烷按质量比 100:70:10 的比例混合,然后按甲基苯磺酸钠与水的摩尔比 1:7 的比例加入水,超声振荡 30min ,最后再将配好的 0.04mol/L 氯铂酸溶液和 0.04mol/L 的氯化钌溶液缓慢的滴加到混合溶液中,控制超声振荡 30min ,形成透明的反胶束体系。
4 、前躯体的形成: 10%-60% ,将配好的氧化石墨烯溶液缓慢的滴加到反胶束体系中,超声振荡 30min 。控制铂钌合金与石墨烯的质量比 1:10 。
5 、前躯体的还原:在 80℃ 水浴中,向反胶束体系中加入过量的硼氢化钠,然后超声振荡 2 小时,使氧化石墨烯、氯铂酸和氯化钌分别得到还原。
6 、 破乳:在超声波震荡下,向上述体系中加入破乳剂丙酮 20mL ,静置至体系分层。
7 、过滤、洗涤和干燥:过滤溶液,然后采用乙醇溶液和去离子水洗涤滤饼多次,将所得催化剂在 70℃ 下真空干燥 2 h 后,得到 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂。
实施例 3
1 、氧化石墨的制备:通过改进的 Hummers 法制备氧化石墨。其具体步骤为将 20g 50 目石墨粉、 10 g 过硫酸钾和 10 g 五氧化二磷加入 80 ℃ 的浓硫酸中,搅拌均匀,冷却 6 h 以上,洗涤至中性,干燥。将干燥后的样品加入 0 ℃ 、 250 mL 的浓硫酸中,再加入 60 g 高锰酸钾,混合物的温度保持在 20 ℃ 以下,然后在 35 ℃ 的油浴中保持 2 h 后,缓慢加入 920 mL 去离子水。 15 min 后,再加入 2.8 L 去离子水 ( 其中含有 50 mL 浓度为 30% 的双氧水 ) ,之后混合物颜色变为亮黄色,趁热抽滤,再用 5 L 浓度为 10% 的盐酸进行洗涤、抽滤、在 60℃ 真空干燥 48h 即得到氧化石墨。
2 、氧化石墨烯溶液的制备:将制备出来的 0.5g 氧化石墨加入到 200 mL 水中超声分散,形成以单片层均匀分散的氧化石墨烯溶液。
3 、反胶束体系的配制:在室温下,将十二烷基苯磺酸钠、正壬醇和环己烷按质量比 100:70:10 的比例混合,然后按十二烷基苯磺酸钠与水的摩尔比 1:7 的比例加入水,超声振荡 30min ,最后再将配好的 0.04mol/L 氯铂酸溶液和 0.04mol/L 的氯化钌溶液缓慢的滴加到混合溶液中,控制超声振荡 30min ,形成透明的反胶束体系。
4 、前躯体的形成: 10%-60% ,将配好的氧化石墨烯溶液缓慢的滴加到反胶束体系中,超声振荡 30min 。控制铂钌合金与石墨烯的质量比 1:10 。
5 、前躯体的还原:在 80℃ 水浴中,向反胶束体系中加入过量的水合肼溶液,然后超声振荡 2 小时,使氧化石墨烯、氯铂酸和氯化钌分别得到还原。
6 、 破乳:在超声波震荡下,向上述体系中加入破乳剂无水乙醇 50mL ,静置至体系分层。
7 、过滤、洗涤和干燥:过滤溶液,然后采用乙醇溶液和去离子水洗涤滤饼多次,将所得催化剂在 70℃ 下真空干燥 2 h 后,得到 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂。
实施例 4
1 、氧化石墨的制备:通过改进的 Hummers 法制备氧化石墨。其具体步骤为将 20g 50 目石墨粉、 10 g 过硫酸钾和 10 g 五氧化二磷加入 80 ℃ 的浓硫酸中,搅拌均匀,冷却 6 h 以上,洗涤至中性,干燥。将干燥后的样品加入 0 ℃ 、 240 mL 的浓硫酸中,再加入 60 g 高锰酸钾,混合物的温度保持在 20 ℃ 以下,然后在 35 ℃ 的油浴中保持 2 h 后,缓慢加入 920 mL 去离子水。 15 min 后,再加入 2.8 L 去离子水 ( 其中含有 50 mL 浓度为 30% 的双氧水 ) ,之后混合物颜色变为亮黄色,趁热抽滤,再用 5 L 浓度为 10% 的盐酸进行洗涤、抽滤、在 60℃ 真空干燥 48h 即得到氧化石墨。
2 、氧化石墨烯溶液的制备:将制备出来的 0.5g 氧化石墨加入到 200 mL 水中超声分散,形成以单片层均匀分散的氧化石墨烯溶液。
3 、反胶束体系的配制:在室温下,将季铵盐类、正辛醇和环己烷按质量比 100:80:10 的比例混合,然后按季铵盐类与水的摩尔比 1:8 的比例加入水,超声振荡 30min ,最后再将配好的 0.04mol/L 氯铂酸溶液和 0.04mol/L 的氯化钌溶液缓慢的滴加到混合溶液中,控制超声振荡 30min ,形成透明的反胶束体系。
4 、前躯体的形成: 10%-60% ,将配好的氧化石墨烯溶液缓慢的滴加到反胶束体系中,超声振荡 30min 。控制铂钌合金与石墨烯的质量比 1:10 。
5 、前躯体的还原:在 80℃ 水浴中,向反胶束体系中加入过量的硼氢化钠,然后超声振荡 2 小时,使氧化石墨烯、氯铂酸和氯化钌分别得到还原。
6 、 破乳:在超声波震荡下,向上述体系中加入破乳剂丙酮 30mL ,静置至体系分层。
7 、过滤、洗涤和干燥:过滤溶液,然后采用乙醇溶液和去离子水洗涤滤饼多次,将所得催化剂在 70℃ 下真空干燥 2 h 后,得到 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂样品。
应当理解的是,上述针对本发明较佳实施例的表述较为详细,并不能因此而认为是对本发明专利保护范围的限制,本发明的专利保护范围应以所附权利要求为准。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种 Pt-Ru 纳米合金 / 石墨烯催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
    根据 Hummers 法,将石墨粉进行氧化反应,制得氧化石墨;
    将上述制得的氧化石墨加入水中,超声分散后,形成以单片层均匀分散的氧化石墨烯溶液;
    室温下,配制包括表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、油相以及氯铂酸和氯化钌水溶液的反胶束体系;
    将所述氧化石墨烯溶液滴加到所述反胶束体系中,并在水浴加热状态下,滴加还原剂,进行还原反应,制得 Pt-Ru 纳米合金和石墨烯的乳液;
    往所述乳液中滴加破乳剂,并使 Pt-Ru 纳米合金负载到石墨烯载体上;
    过滤、清洗、干燥负载Pt-Ru纳米合金的石墨烯,得到所述Pt-Ru纳米合金/石墨烯催化剂。
  2. 根据权利要求 1 所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述氧化石墨制备步骤中,还包括如下步骤:
    将石墨粉、过硫酸钾和五氧化二磷分别加入 80 ℃ 的浓硫酸中,搅拌均匀,冷却,洗涤至中性,干燥,得到样品;
    将干燥后的样品加入 0 ℃ 的 200-250 mL 浓硫酸中,再加入高锰酸钾,并在 0-20 ℃ 保温 5-60 分钟,然后在 35 ℃ 的油浴中保持 1-2 h 后,缓慢加入含双氧水的去离子水,得到混合溶液;
    待上述混合物颜色变为亮黄色,趁热抽滤,再用盐酸进行洗涤、抽滤、干燥,即得到氧化石墨。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述石墨粉、过硫酸钾和五氧化二磷的质量比为2:1:1。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述高锰酸钾的加入量为石墨粉质量的3倍;所述双氧水的质量百分比浓度为30%。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述表面活性剂为甲基苯磺酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、脂肪族硫酸盐或季铵盐类中的任一种;所述助表面活性剂为正辛醇、正壬醇、正庚醇或正己醇中的任一种;所述油相为环己烷;所述氯铂酸水溶液的摩尔浓度为0.04mol/L,所述氯化钌水溶液的摩尔浓度为0.04mol/L;所述表面活性剂、助表面活性剂以及油相的质量比10:7:1。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述Pt-Ru纳米合金和石墨烯的乳液中,Pt-Ru纳米合金与石墨烯的质量比1:10。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述还原剂为水合肼或硼氢化钠,还原剂的用量为氯铂酸摩尔用量的3-10倍。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述破乳剂为丙酮或无水乙醇。
  9. 一种Pt-Ru纳米合金/石墨烯催化剂,其特征在于,该Pt-Ru纳米合金/石墨烯催化剂由权利要求1至8任一所述制备方法制得,且石墨烯为载体,Pt-Ru纳米合金负载在所述石墨烯上。
  10. 一种权利要求9所述的Pt-Ru纳米合金/石墨烯催化剂在质子交换膜燃料电池中的应用。
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CN102895966A (zh) * 2012-10-19 2013-01-30 深圳大学 一种PbO/氧化石墨烯复合粉体及其制备方法
CN103816894A (zh) * 2014-02-17 2014-05-28 武汉科技大学 掺杂型石墨烯负载PtRu合金纳米电催化剂及其制备方法
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