WO2012107128A2 - Method for operating a control system of an electric machine and system for controlling an electric machine - Google Patents

Method for operating a control system of an electric machine and system for controlling an electric machine Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012107128A2
WO2012107128A2 PCT/EP2011/072090 EP2011072090W WO2012107128A2 WO 2012107128 A2 WO2012107128 A2 WO 2012107128A2 EP 2011072090 W EP2011072090 W EP 2011072090W WO 2012107128 A2 WO2012107128 A2 WO 2012107128A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
energy storage
controllable
output voltage
supply branch
storage cells
Prior art date
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2011/072090
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German (de)
French (fr)
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WO2012107128A3 (en
Inventor
Martin Kessler
Peter Feuerstack
Erik Weissenborn
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Publication of WO2012107128A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012107128A2/en
Publication of WO2012107128A3 publication Critical patent/WO2012107128A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/50—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/575—Parallel/serial switching of connection of batteries to charge or load circuit
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2045—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for optimising the use of energy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
    • B60L50/64—Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/21—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having the same nominal voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/50—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/585—Sequential battery discharge in systems with a plurality of batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/49—Combination of the output voltage waveforms of a plurality of converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2101/00—Supply or distribution of decentralised, dispersed or local electric power generation
    • H02J2101/20—Dispersed power generation using renewable energy sources
    • H02J2101/28—Wind energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2105/00—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2105/30—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load the load networks being external to vehicles, i.e. exchanging power with vehicles
    • H02J2105/33—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load the load networks being external to vehicles, i.e. exchanging power with vehicles exchanging power with road vehicles
    • H02J2105/37—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load the load networks being external to vehicles, i.e. exchanging power with vehicles exchanging power with road vehicles exchanging power with electric vehicles [EV] or with hybrid electric vehicles [HEV]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Details of circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64—Electric machine technologies in electromobility
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for operating a control system for an electric machine and a system for controlling an electric machine.
  • Wind turbines as well as in vehicles such as hybrid or electric vehicles, increasingly electronic systems are used that combine new energy storage technologies with electric drive technology.
  • an electric machine e.g. is designed as a rotating field machine, controlled by a converter in the form of an inverter.
  • Characteristic of such systems is a so-called DC voltage intermediate circuit, via which an energy store, usually a battery, is connected to the DC side of the inverter.
  • an energy store usually a battery
  • multiple battery cells are connected in series. Since the power provided by such an energy store must flow through all the battery cells and a battery cell can only conduct a limited current, battery cells are often additionally connected in parallel in order to increase the maximum current.
  • Wind turbines it may in unfavorable conditions, such as strong Wnd, even come to safety-threatening situations. Therefore, it is always high Reliability of the energy storage, where "reliability" is the ability of a system to work for a given time error-free.
  • Voltage limit so can be made available when the battery is discharged. On the other hand, it must withstand operation at the upper voltage limit, ie with the battery fully charged.
  • the present invention provides a method for operating a control system for an electrical machine, wherein the control system comprises a controllable energy store, a DC link capacitor connected downstream of the controllable energy store, and an inverter connected downstream of the DC link capacitor and connectable to the electrical machine.
  • the controllable energy store comprises a controllable energy store, a DC link capacitor connected downstream of the controllable energy store, and an inverter connected downstream of the DC link capacitor and connectable to the electrical machine.
  • the coupling units bridge the respective
  • At least one coupling unit of the controllable energy store is triggered in such a pulse-shaped manner that the arithmetic mean of the output voltage of the controllable energy store corresponds to a desired output voltage, wherein the energy storage cells assigned to each of the at least one coupling unit during a
  • Pulse duration are switched in the power supply branch and bridged during a pause duration.
  • the invention also provides a system for controlling an electrical machine with a controllable energy storage, a controllable energy storage
  • controllable energy storage for smoothing the output voltage of the controllable energy storage device, a connected to the smoothing link intermediate circuit capacitor and a DC link capacitor downstream inverter, which is connectable to the electrical machine.
  • controllable energy storage has a power supply branch with at least two connected in series
  • Energy storage modules which each have at least one electrical
  • Energy storage cell with an associated controllable coupling unit include. Depending on control signals, the coupling units bridge the respective
  • the electrical machine When using a simple series connection of multiple battery cells, the electrical machine must be designed so that the required power can be made available on the one hand at the lower voltage limit and on the other hand, the operation withstands the upper voltage limit.
  • the regulated output voltage of the controllable energy storage allows the design of the machine for the lower voltage limit. However, this does not necessarily mean that this lower limit corresponds to the level of the lower limit of a conventional series connection of battery cells. So it is with the controllable invention
  • This inverter and electrical machine can be designed for a constant high voltage, resulting in reduced currents and associated reduced losses for greater efficiency and smaller space.
  • the total output voltage of the power supply branch of such a controllable energy store is determined by the respective switching state of the controllable switching elements of the coupling units and thus can be adjusted in stages regardless of the state of charge and the load on the battery cells.
  • operated controllable energy storage it may be particularly small
  • the invention is based on the basic idea of activating at least one coupling unit in pulse form, wherein the at least one coupling unit respectively associated energy storage cells during a pulse duration in the respective
  • Power supply branch are switched and bridged during a pause duration.
  • the arithmetic mean value of the output voltage of the power supply branch can be adjusted in this manner such that it corresponds to a desired output voltage.
  • the output voltage of the power supply branch can thus be adjusted continuously, so that undesirable torque deviations can be reliably avoided.
  • a target output voltage U_Soll an energy supply branch, which between two by permanent switching of energy storage cells in the
  • Energy storage cells is assigned to the case of permanent connection in the Power supply branch would increase the output voltage value of IM to U2, pulse shape with a duty cycle T of
  • the duty cycle indicates the ratio of pulse duration (switch-on time) to pulse cycle duration, whereby the cycle time is the sum of the pulse duration and the pause duration (switch-off time).
  • This type of control has the advantage that intermediate values of the setpoint output voltage of an energy supply branch, which can only be set in stages, can be set by pulsed activation of a single coupling unit. It should be noted, however, that the desired output voltage by pulse-shaped
  • Control of multiple coupling units can be set. All that is decisive is that the arithmetic voltage average of all permanently or temporarily connected energy storage cells in the respective energy supply branch corresponds to the desired setpoint output voltage.
  • the pulse-shaped or clocked control of a coupling unit has the consequence that the output signal of the controllable energy storage must be smoothed before it is supplied to the inverter.
  • This smoothing can in the simplest case by the DC link capacitor in conjunction with an already existing
  • Line inductance are formed in the connecting line between the controllable energy storage and the DC link capacitor.
  • the capacitor essentially serve to buffer or stabilize the output voltage of the controllable energy store and the inductance substantially to limit the current. If the smoothing achieved in this way is not enough, you can choose between the controllable ones
  • the smoothing member according to the invention may comprise an additional capacitor which is connected in parallel with the intermediate circuit capacitor and increases the buffering or stabilizing effect of the intermediate circuit capacitor.
  • the smoothing element may also comprise an inductance, which is connected in the connecting line.
  • the electric machine is designed as an electric alternating current machine, e.g. Synchronous, asynchronous or reluctance machine, and the inverter designed as a pulse inverter.
  • an electric alternating current machine e.g. Synchronous, asynchronous or reluctance machine
  • the inverter designed as a pulse inverter.
  • AC machines is known.
  • the inverter In the case of synchronous or asynchronous machines, the inverter generates from the output voltage of the controllable energy store the sinusoidal voltage curves at the phases of the electrical machine, for example by SVPWM (Space Vector Pulsed Wdth Modulation).
  • SVPWM Space Vector Pulsed Wdth Modulation
  • inverters are operable for other types of machines such as reluctance machines.
  • the coupling units can be designed, for example, as half bridges.
  • Reverse direction of the alternator can in this case by the
  • Pulse inverter can be realized.
  • the coupling units can also be designed as full bridges, so that a reversal of the direction of rotation can also be effected by the controllable energy store.
  • the electric machine can also be designed as a direct current machine.
  • the inverter can be designed as a reversible DC-DC converter, so that in this way again a
  • Reverse direction can be done.
  • the maximum storable energy can be achieved by means of the controllable energy storage according to the invention by the series connection of further energy storage modules, without resulting in the output voltage of the energy storage increases with corresponding consequences for the connected components.
  • DC-DC converter for supplying a low-voltage network, such. 1 of a 14V vehicle electrical system in a motor vehicle, any overhead, such as multi-stage topology or parallelization of power devices, to compensate for the large
  • the supply voltage of the inverter can be adapted to the Polradschreib of the machine.
  • the losses can be drastically reduced.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a control system according to the invention for an electrical machine
  • Fig. 2 is a graphical representation of the adjustable output voltage of a controllable energy storage device according to the invention without pulse-shaped control and
  • Fig. 3 is a graphical representation of the adjustable output voltage of a controllable energy storage device according to the invention with pulse-shaped control.
  • an inverter 2 in the form of a
  • Pulse inverter 3 connected.
  • the pulse inverter 3 comprises a plurality of power components - often referred to as power semiconductors - in the form of power switching elements 20a-20f, which are connected to individual phases U, V, W of the electric machine 1 and the phases U, V, W either against a high supply potential or switch a low supply potential.
  • the pulse inverter 3 further comprises further power components in the form of freewheeling diodes 21 a-21 f, which are arranged in the illustrated embodiment in the form of a six-pulse rectifier bridge circuit. In this case, a respective diode 21 a-21 f is arranged parallel to one of the power switching elements 20 a-20 f.
  • the power switching elements can, for example, as IGBTs
  • the pulse inverter 3 is preceded by an intermediate circuit capacitor 4, which substantially to
  • the controllable energy store 5 comprises a single energy supply branch 6, which has m series-connected energy storage modules 7-1 to 7-m, where m> 2.
  • the energy storage modules 7 each comprise a plurality of series-connected electrical energy storage cells 8-1 to 8-m as well in each case a coupling unit 9-1 to 9-m, which is assigned to the energy storage cells 8 of the respective energy storage module 7.
  • the coupling units 9 are each formed by two controllable switching elements 10-11 and 10-12 to 10-m1 and 10-m2.
  • the switching elements can as Power semiconductor switch, for example in the form of IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) or as MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
  • the coupling units 9 make it possible to interrupt the power supply branch 6 by opening both switching elements 10 of a coupling unit 9. Alternatively, the energy storage cells 8 by closing each one of
  • Switching elements 10 of a coupling unit 9 are either bridged, e.g.
  • the electric machine 1 is designed in the illustrated embodiment as a three-phase three-phase machine, but may also have fewer or more than three phases.
  • the number of half-bridge branches in the pulse-controlled inverter 2 also depends on the number of phases of the electrical machine.
  • the electrical machine 1 can also be designed as a DC machine, the inverter being designed as a reversible DC-DC converter in this case.
  • each energy storage module 7 each has a plurality of energy storage cells 8 connected in series.
  • Energy storage modules 7 may alternatively have only a single energy storage cell or parallel energy storage cells, respectively.
  • the coupling units 9 are each formed by two controllable switching elements 10 in half-bridge circuit.
  • Coupling units 10 can also be controlled by more or less
  • Embodiment an inductor 12 and an additional capacitor 13th includes.
  • the additional capacitor 13 is parallel to
  • the additional Kondenstor 13 essentially serves to increase the buffer or stabilization effect of the DC link capacitor 4 whereas the inductance 12 is used to limit the current. It is also conceivable that the by the
  • the total output voltage of the power supply branch 6 is determined by the respective switching state of the controllable switching elements 10 of
  • Coupling units 9 and can be set in stages. The gradation results depending on the voltage of the individual energy storage modules 7. If one proceeds from the preferred embodiment of similar ausgestalteter
  • This target output voltage U_Soll is now set according to the invention in that the coupling unit 9-1, which is assigned to the energy storage cells 8-1, is controlled by a control unit, not shown, such that the
  • Energy storage cells are 8-1 permanently switched to the power supply branch 6. This is achieved concretely in that the switching element 10-12 is permanently closed, whereas the switching element 10-1 1 is permanently opened. In this way, a first portion of the target output voltage U_Soll with the
  • Energy storage cells 8-m is associated, is pulse-shaped by the control unit, not shown, with a duty cycle of
  • U2 - U1 activated.
  • All other energy storage cells 8-2 to 8- (m-1) in the power supply branch 6 are not required for setting the target output voltage U_Soll.
  • the associated coupling units 9-2 to 9 (m-1) are therefore controlled such that the associated energy storage cells 8-2 to 8- (m-1) are permanently bridged. So he gives himself for the power supply branch 6 and thus for the controllable energy storage 5 of the arithmetic mean U of
  • the method according to the invention allows a stepless adjustment of the output voltage of the controllable energy store 5.
  • FIG. 3 schematically shows the output voltages which can be set with the aid of the method according to the invention on the controllable energy store 5.
  • the continuously adjustable output voltage is identified by the reference numeral 30.
  • a basic representation of the pulse-shaped drive signals is indicated by the reference numeral 31. Analogous to the representation in FIG. 2, the embodiment in FIG. 2 also has a similar design to that of the preferred embodiment
  • the setpoint output voltage U_setpoint can also be set by alternative forms of control.
  • the first portion of the target output voltage U_Soll with the voltage value IM can of course also be supplied by a different energy storage module than the energy storage module 7-1. The only requirement is that the
  • Energy storage cells 8 of the corresponding energy storage module 7 just just the voltage IM can deliver.
  • another coupling unit can be triggered in pulse form as the coupling unit 9-m. It should only be noted that the duty cycle is adjusted accordingly. It is also conceivable, not just one
  • Actuate coupling unit 9 pulse-shaped, but to control a plurality of coupling units 9 with suitable duty cycles.
  • the decisive factor is always that an arithmetic voltage mean of all permanently or temporarily in the
  • Energy supply branch 6 switched energy storage cells 8 results, which corresponds to the desired target output voltage U_Soll.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for operating a control system for an electric machine (1), the control system comprising a controllable energy store (5), an intermediate circuit capacitor (4) located downstream of the controllable energy store (5), and an inverter (2) located downstream of the intermediate circuit capacitor (4), wherein said inverter can be connected to the electric machine (1). The controllable energy store (5) is thereby provided with a power supply branch (6) having at least two series-connected energy storage modules (7), each comprising at least one electrical energy storage cell (8) having an associated controllable coupling unit (9). In dependence on control signals, the coupling units (9) by-pass the respective associated energy storage cells (8), or said coupling units switch the respective associated energy storage cells (8) into the power supply branch (6). At least one coupling unit (9) of the controllable energy store (5) is actuated in a pulsed manner such that the arithmetic average of the output voltage of the controllable energy store (5) corresponds to a nominal output voltage, wherein the energy storage cells (8) respectively associated with the at least one coupling unit (9) are switched into the power supply branch (6) during a pulse duration, and are by-passed during idle time.

Description

Beschreibung Titel  Description title

Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Steuersystems für eine elektrische Maschine und System zum Steuern einer elektrischen Maschine  A method of operating a control system for an electric machine and system for controlling an electric machine

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Steuersystems für eine elektrische Maschine und ein System zum Steuern einer elektrischen Maschine. The invention relates to a method for operating a control system for an electric machine and a system for controlling an electric machine.

Stand der Technik State of the art

Es zeichnet sich ab, dass in Zukunft sowohl bei stationären Anwendungen, wie z.B. It is becoming apparent that in the future both stationary applications, e.g.

Windkraftanlagen, wie auch in Fahrzeugen, wie Hybrid- oder Elektrofahrzeugen, vermehrt elektronische Systeme zum Einsatz kommen, die neue Energiespeichertechnologien mit elektrischer Antriebstechnik kombinieren. In herkömmlichen Anwendungen wird eine elektrische Maschine, welche z.B. als Drehfeldmaschine ausgeführt ist, über einen Umrichter in Form eines Wechselrichters gesteuert. Kennzeichnend für derartige Systeme ist ein sogenannter Gleichspannungszwischenkreis, über welchen ein Energiespeicher, in der Regel eine Batterie, an die Gleichspannungsseite des Wechselrichters angeschlossen ist. Um die für eine jeweilige Anwendung gegebenen Anforderungen an Leistung und Energie erfüllen zu können, werden mehrere Batteriezellen in Serie geschaltet. Da der von einem derartigen Energiespeicher bereitgestellte Strom durch alle Batteriezellen fließen muss und eine Batteriezelle nur einen begrenzten Strom leiten kann, werden oft zusätzlich Batteriezellen parallel geschaltet, um den maximalen Strom zu erhöhen. Wind turbines, as well as in vehicles such as hybrid or electric vehicles, increasingly electronic systems are used that combine new energy storage technologies with electric drive technology. In conventional applications, an electric machine, e.g. is designed as a rotating field machine, controlled by a converter in the form of an inverter. Characteristic of such systems is a so-called DC voltage intermediate circuit, via which an energy store, usually a battery, is connected to the DC side of the inverter. In order to meet the power and energy requirements of each application, multiple battery cells are connected in series. Since the power provided by such an energy store must flow through all the battery cells and a battery cell can only conduct a limited current, battery cells are often additionally connected in parallel in order to increase the maximum current.

Die Serienschaltung mehrerer Batteriezellen bringt neben einer hohen Gesamtspannung das Problem mit sich, dass der gesamte Energiespeicher ausfällt, wenn eine einzige Batteriezelle ausfällt, weil dann kein Batteriestrom mehr fließen kann. Ein solcher Ausfall des Energiespeichers kann zu einem Ausfall des Gesamtsystems führen. Bei einem Fahrzeug kann ein Ausfall der Antriebsbatterie zum "Liegenbleiben" des Fahrzeugs führen. Bei anderen Anwendungen, wie z.B. der Rotorblattverstellung von The series connection of several battery cells in addition to a high total voltage involves the problem that the entire energy storage fails if a single battery cell fails, because then no battery power can flow. Such a failure of the energy storage can lead to a failure of the entire system. In a vehicle, failure of the traction battery can result in the vehicle "stalling". For other applications, such as the rotor blade adjustment of

Windkraftanlagen, kann es bei ungünstigen Rahmenbedingungen, wie z.B. starkem Wnd, sogar zu sicherheitsgefährdenden Situationen kommen. Daher ist stets eine hohe Zuverlässigkeit des Energiespeichers anzustreben, wobei mit "Zuverlässigkeit" die Fähigkeit eines Systems bezeichnet wird, für eine vorgegebene Zeit fehlerfrei zu arbeiten. Wind turbines, it may in unfavorable conditions, such as strong Wnd, even come to safety-threatening situations. Therefore, it is always high Reliability of the energy storage, where "reliability" is the ability of a system to work for a given time error-free.

Bei der einfachen Serienschaltung mehrerer Batteriezellen führt die große Spreizung des Spannungsbereichs über die unterschiedlichen Ladezustände der Batteriezellen außerdem zu Einschränkungen bei der Auslegung der übrigen Systemkomponenten hinsichtlich Wirkungsgrad, Bauraum und Kosten. So muss z.B. die elektrische Maschine derart ausgelegt werden, dass eine geforderte Leistung auch an der unteren In the simple series connection of multiple battery cells, the large spread of the voltage range on the different states of charge of the battery cells also leads to limitations in the design of the other system components in terms of efficiency, space and cost. So, for example, the electric machine are designed such that a required power even at the bottom

Spannungsgrenze, also bei entladener Batterie zur Verfügung gestellt werden kann. Andererseits muss sie dem Betrieb an der oberen Spannungsgrenze, also bei voller Batterie standhalten. Voltage limit, so can be made available when the battery is discharged. On the other hand, it must withstand operation at the upper voltage limit, ie with the battery fully charged.

Aus der US 2002/0175644 A1 ist ein System zum Steuern einer dreiphasigen elektrischen Maschine bekannt, welches einen steuerbaren Energiespeicher mit zu- und From US 2002/0175644 A1 a system for controlling a three-phase electric machine is known, which with a controllable energy storage with and

wegschaltbaren Gleichspannungsquellen sowie einen nachgeschalteten Wechselrichter aufweist. wegschaltbaren DC voltage sources and a downstream inverter.

Offenbarung der Erfindung Die vorliegende Erfindung schafft ein Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Steuersystems für eine elektrische Maschine, wobei das Steuersystem einen steuerbaren Energiespeicher, einen dem steuerbaren Energiespeicher nachgeschalteten Zwischenkreiskondensator und einen dem Zwischenkreiskondensator nachgeschalteten Inverter, welcher mit der elektrischen Maschine verbindbar ist, umfasst. Dabei weist der steuerbare DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method for operating a control system for an electrical machine, wherein the control system comprises a controllable energy store, a DC link capacitor connected downstream of the controllable energy store, and an inverter connected downstream of the DC link capacitor and connectable to the electrical machine. In this case, the controllable

Energiespeicher einen Energieversorgungszweig mit mindestens zwei in Reihe geschalteten Energiespeichermodulen auf, welche jeweils mindestens eine elektrische Energiespeicherzelle mit einer zugeordneten steuerbaren Koppeleinheit umfassen. In Abhängigkeit von Steuersignalen überbrücken die Koppeleinheiten die jeweils Energy storage on a power supply branch with at least two series-connected energy storage modules, which each comprise at least one electrical energy storage cell with an associated controllable coupling unit. Depending on control signals, the coupling units bridge the respective

zugeordneten Energiespeicherzellen oder sie schalten die jeweils zugeordneten associated energy storage cells or they switch the respectively assigned

Energiespeicherzellen in den Energieversorgungszweig. Erfindungsgemäß wird mindestens eine Koppeleinheit des steuerbaren Energiespeichers derart impulsförmig angesteuert, dass der arithmetische Mittelwert der Ausgangsspannung des steuerbaren Energiespeichers einer Soll-Ausgangsspannung entspricht, wobei die der mindestens einen Koppeleinheit jeweils zugeordneten Energiespeicherzellen während einer Energy storage cells in the power supply branch. According to the invention, at least one coupling unit of the controllable energy store is triggered in such a pulse-shaped manner that the arithmetic mean of the output voltage of the controllable energy store corresponds to a desired output voltage, wherein the energy storage cells assigned to each of the at least one coupling unit during a

Impulsdauer in den Energieversorgungszweig geschaltet werden und während einer Pausendauer überbrückt werden. Die Erfindung schafft außerdem ein System zum Steuern einer elektrischen Maschine mit einem steuerbaren Energiespeicher, einem dem steuerbaren Energiespeicher Pulse duration are switched in the power supply branch and bridged during a pause duration. The invention also provides a system for controlling an electrical machine with a controllable energy storage, a controllable energy storage

nachgeschalteten Glättungsglied zum Glätten der Ausgangsspannung des steuerbaren Energiespeichers, einem mit dem Glättungsglied verbundenen Zwischenkreiskondensator und einem dem Zwischenkreiskondensator nachgeschalteten Inverter, welcher mit der elektrischen Maschine verbindbar ist. Dabei weist der steuerbare Energiespeicher einen Energieversorgungszweig mit mindestens zwei in Reihe geschalteten downstream smoothing element for smoothing the output voltage of the controllable energy storage device, a connected to the smoothing link intermediate circuit capacitor and a DC link capacitor downstream inverter, which is connectable to the electrical machine. In this case, the controllable energy storage has a power supply branch with at least two connected in series

Energiespeichermodulen auf, welche jeweils mindestens eine elektrische Energy storage modules, which each have at least one electrical

Energiespeicherzelle mit einer zugeordneten steuerbaren Koppeleinheit umfassen. In Abhängigkeit von Steuersignalen überbrücken die Koppeleinheiten die jeweils Energy storage cell with an associated controllable coupling unit include. Depending on control signals, the coupling units bridge the respective

zugeordneten Energiespeicherzellen oder sie schalten die jeweils zugeordneten associated energy storage cells or they switch the respectively assigned

Energiespeicherzellen in den Energieversorgungszweig. Vorteile der Erfindung Energy storage cells in the power supply branch. Advantages of the invention

Beim Einsatz einer einfachen Serienschaltung mehrerer Batteriezellen muss die elektrische Maschine derart ausgelegt werden, dass die geforderte Leistung einerseits an der unteren Spannungsgrenze zur Verfügung gestellt werden kann und andererseits dem Betrieb an der oberen Spannungsgrenze standhält. Die geregelte Ausgangsspannung des steuerbaren Energiespeichers ermöglicht eine Auslegung der Maschine für die untere Spannungsgrenze. Dies ist jedoch nicht zwangsläufig damit verbunden, dass diese untere Grenze dem Niveau der unteren Grenze einer herkömmlichen Serienschaltung von Batteriezellen entspricht. So ist es mit dem erfindungsgemäßen steuerbaren When using a simple series connection of multiple battery cells, the electrical machine must be designed so that the required power can be made available on the one hand at the lower voltage limit and on the other hand, the operation withstands the upper voltage limit. The regulated output voltage of the controllable energy storage allows the design of the machine for the lower voltage limit. However, this does not necessarily mean that this lower limit corresponds to the level of the lower limit of a conventional series connection of battery cells. So it is with the controllable invention

Energiespeicher möglich, mehrere Energiespeicherzellen, eventuell auch mit geringerer Kapazität für vergleichbare GesamtkostenAenergie, in Reihe zu schalten und damit sowohl die untere als auch die obere Grenze der Gesamt-Ausgangsspannnung zu höheren Werten zu verschieben. Der steuerbare Energiespeicher kann somit Energy storage possible, in series to switch several energy storage cells, possibly also with lower capacity for comparable total costsAenergy and thus to shift both the lower and the upper limit of the total output voltage to higher values. The controllable energy storage can thus

beispielsweise eine Spannung regeln, welche der oberen Grenze einer herkömmlichen Serienschaltung von Batteriezellen entspricht. Die Bauelemente des steuerbaren For example, regulate a voltage which corresponds to the upper limit of a conventional series connection of battery cells. The components of the controllable

Energiespeichers werden dabei weiterhin nur mit der Spannung der einzelnen Energy storage will continue only with the voltage of the individual

Energiespeichermodule belastet. Damit können Inverter und elektrische Maschine für eine konstante hohe Spannung ausgelegt werden, was über reduzierte Ströme und damit verbundene reduzierte Verluste zu höherem Wirkungsgrad und geringerem Bauraum führt. Die Gesamt-Ausgangsspannung des Energieversorgungszweiges eines derartigen steuerbaren Energiespeichers wird bestimmt durch den jeweiligen Schaltzustand der steuerbaren Schaltelemente der Koppeleinheiten und können damit unabhängig vom Ladezustand und der Belastung der Batteriezellen stufig eingestellt werden. Energy storage modules loaded. This inverter and electrical machine can be designed for a constant high voltage, resulting in reduced currents and associated reduced losses for greater efficiency and smaller space. The total output voltage of the power supply branch of such a controllable energy store is determined by the respective switching state of the controllable switching elements of the coupling units and thus can be adjusted in stages regardless of the state of charge and the load on the battery cells.

Die Stufung ergibt sich dabei in Abhängigkeit von der Spannung der einzelnen The grading results depending on the voltage of the individual

Energiespeichermodule. Geht man von einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform Energy storage modules. Starting from a preferred embodiment

gleichartig ausgestalteter Energiespeichermodule aus, so ergibt sich eine maximal mögliche Gesamt-Ausgangsspannung aus der Spannung eines einzelnen from similarly designed energy storage modules, so results in a maximum possible total output voltage from the voltage of a single

Energiespeichermoduls mal der Anzahl m der in Reihe geschalteten Energy storage module times the number m of series connected

Energiespeichermodule. Werden elektrische Maschinen mit einem derartigen Energy storage modules. Are electrical machines with such

steuerbaren Energiespeicher betrieben, so kann es insbesondere bei kleinen operated controllable energy storage, it may be particularly small

Ausgangsspannungen aufgrund der Stufigkeit der Ausgangsspannung zu Output voltages due to the frequency of the output voltage

Drehmomentschwankungen der elektrischen Maschine kommen. Torque fluctuations of the electric machine come.

Die Erfindung basiert auf der Grundidee, mindestens eine Koppeleinheit impulsförmig anzusteuern, wobei die der mindestens einen Koppeleinheit jeweils zugeordneten Energiespeicherzellen während einer Impulsdauer in den jeweiligen The invention is based on the basic idea of activating at least one coupling unit in pulse form, wherein the at least one coupling unit respectively associated energy storage cells during a pulse duration in the respective

Energieversorgungszweig geschaltet werden und während einer Pausendauer überbrückt werden. Durch geeignete Wahl des Tastgrades kann auf diese Weise der arithmetische Mittelwert der Ausgangsspannung des Energieversorgungszweiges derart eingestellt werden, dass er einer Soll-Ausgangsspannung entspricht. Die Ausgangsspannung des Energieversorgungszweiges lässt sich damit stufenlos einstellen, so dass unerwünschte Drehmomentabweichungen sicher vermieden werden können. Power supply branch are switched and bridged during a pause duration. By suitable choice of the duty cycle, the arithmetic mean value of the output voltage of the power supply branch can be adjusted in this manner such that it corresponds to a desired output voltage. The output voltage of the power supply branch can thus be adjusted continuously, so that undesirable torque deviations can be reliably avoided.

Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird eine Soll-Ausgangsspannung U_Soll eines Energieversorgungszweiges, welche zwischen zwei durch dauerhaftes Schalten von Energiespeicherzellen in den According to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention is a target output voltage U_Soll an energy supply branch, which between two by permanent switching of energy storage cells in the

Energieversorgungszweig oder Überbrücken von Energiespeicherzellen erreichbaren Ausgangs-Spannungswerten IM und U2 liegt, dadurch eingestellt, dass Koppeleinheiten von Energiespeichermodulen, welche zu dem Ausgangsspannungswert IM führen, derart gesteuert werden, das die jeweiligen Energiespeicherzellen dauerhaft in den Energieversorgungszweig or bridging of energy storage cell achievable output voltage values IM and U2 is set by the fact that coupling units of energy storage modules, which lead to the output voltage value IM, are controlled so that the respective energy storage cells permanently in the

Energieversorgungszweig geschaltet werden und eine Koppeleinheit, welche Power supply branch to be switched and a coupling unit, which

Energiespeicherzellen zugeordnet ist, die bei dauerhaftem Zuschalten in den Energieversorgungszweig den Ausgangs-Spannungswert von IM auf U2 erhöhen würden, impulsförmig mit einem Tastgrad T von Energy storage cells is assigned to the case of permanent connection in the Power supply branch would increase the output voltage value of IM to U2, pulse shape with a duty cycle T of

U _Soll - U\ U _soll - U \

U2 - U1 angesteuert wird. Der Tastgrad gibt dabei das Verhältnis von Impulsdauer (Einschaltzeit) zu Impulsperiodendauer an, wobei die Periodendauer sich als Summe der Impulsdauer und der Pausendauer (Ausschaltzeit) ergibt. Diese Art der Steuerung hat den Vorteil, dass Zwischenwerte der an sich nur stufig einstellbaren Soll-Ausgangsspannung eines Energieversorgungszweiges durch impulsförmige Ansteuerung einer einzigen Koppeleinheit einstellbar sind. Es sei aber darauf hingewiesen, dass die Soll-Ausgangsspannung auch durch impulsförmige  U2 - U1 is controlled. The duty cycle indicates the ratio of pulse duration (switch-on time) to pulse cycle duration, whereby the cycle time is the sum of the pulse duration and the pause duration (switch-off time). This type of control has the advantage that intermediate values of the setpoint output voltage of an energy supply branch, which can only be set in stages, can be set by pulsed activation of a single coupling unit. It should be noted, however, that the desired output voltage by pulse-shaped

Ansteuerung mehrerer Koppeleinheiten eingestellt werden kann. Entscheidend ist lediglich, dass der arithmetische Spannungs-Mittelwert aller dauerhaft oder zeitweise in den jeweiligen Energieversorgungszweig geschalteten Energiespeicherzellen der gewünschten Soll-Ausgangsspannung entspricht. Control of multiple coupling units can be set. All that is decisive is that the arithmetic voltage average of all permanently or temporarily connected energy storage cells in the respective energy supply branch corresponds to the desired setpoint output voltage.

Die impulsförmige oder getaktete Ansteuerung einer Koppeleinheit hat aber zur Folge, dass das Ausgangssignal des steuerbaren Energiespeichers geglättet werden muss, bevor es dem Inverter zugeführt wird. Diese Glättung kann im einfachsten Fall durch den Zwischenkreiskondensator in Verbindung mit einer ohnehin vorhandenen However, the pulse-shaped or clocked control of a coupling unit has the consequence that the output signal of the controllable energy storage must be smoothed before it is supplied to the inverter. This smoothing can in the simplest case by the DC link capacitor in conjunction with an already existing

Leitungsinduktivität in der Verbindungsleitung zwischen dem steuerbaren Energiespeicher und dem Zwischenkreiskondensator gebildet werden. Dabei dienen der Kondensator im Wesentlichen der Pufferung oder Stabilisierung der Ausgangsspannung des steuerbaren Energiespeichers und die Induktivität im Wesentlichen der Strombegrenzung. Reicht die auf diese Weise erreichte Glättung nicht aus, kann zwischen den steuerbaren Line inductance are formed in the connecting line between the controllable energy storage and the DC link capacitor. The capacitor essentially serve to buffer or stabilize the output voltage of the controllable energy store and the inductance substantially to limit the current. If the smoothing achieved in this way is not enough, you can choose between the controllable ones

Energiespeicher und den Zwischenkreiskondensator ein zusätzliches Glättungsglied geschaltet werden, wie es bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Steuersystem vorgesehen ist. Energy storage and the DC link capacitor, an additional smoothing member are connected, as provided in the control system according to the invention.

Bei einem herkömmlichen System mit einer einfachen Serienschaltung mehrerer In a conventional system with a simple series connection of several

Batteriezellen wird bei schlechtem Ladezustand der Batteriezellen für die Abgabe einer vorgegebenen Leistung ein höherer Strom aus den Batteriezellen benötigt. Dieser höhere Strom schlägt sich auch in Form eines höheren Ripplestroms im Kondensator nieder, was zu einem Design Trade-off zwischen Spannungsfestigkeit und Ripplestrom-Belastung führt. Die Regelung der Spannung durch den steuerbaren Energiespeicher verhindert den Anstieg der Ripplestrombelastung bei schlechtem Ladezustand der Zellen. Battery cells, a poorer state of charge of the battery cells for the delivery of a predetermined power, a higher power from the battery cells is needed. This higher current also translates into a higher ripple current in the capacitor, resulting in a design trade-off between withstand voltage and ripple current loading leads. The regulation of the voltage by the controllable energy storage prevents the increase of the Ripplestrombelastung at poor state of charge of the cells.

Das erfindungsgemäße Glättungsglied kann einen zusätzlichen Kondensator umfassen, welcher parallel zu dem Zwischenkreiskondensator geschaltet ist und die Puffer- oder Stabilisierungswirkung des Zwischenkreiskondensators erhöht. The smoothing member according to the invention may comprise an additional capacitor which is connected in parallel with the intermediate circuit capacitor and increases the buffering or stabilizing effect of the intermediate circuit capacitor.

Sollte die Strombegrenzung durch die Leitungsinduktivität in der Verbindungsleitung zwischen dem steuerbaren Energiespeicher und dem Zwischenkreiskondensator oder dem zusätzlichen Kondensator nicht ausreichen, kann das Glättungsglied auch eine Induktivität umfassen, welche in die Verbindungsleitung geschaltet ist. If the current limitation by the line inductance in the connecting line between the controllable energy store and the intermediate circuit capacitor or the additional capacitor is insufficient, the smoothing element may also comprise an inductance, which is connected in the connecting line.

Gemäß einer Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Systems sind die elektrische Maschine als elektrische Wechselstrommaschine, wie z.B. Synchron-, Asynchron- oder Reluktanz-Maschine, und der Inverter als Pulswechselrichter ausgeführt. Der According to one embodiment of the system according to the invention, the electric machine is designed as an electric alternating current machine, e.g. Synchronous, asynchronous or reluctance machine, and the inverter designed as a pulse inverter. Of the

Pulswechselrichter kann dabei in der Art angesteuert und betrieben werden, wie es aus dem Stand der Technik für herkömmliche pulswechselrichtergesteuerte  Pulse inverters can be controlled and operated in the manner of the prior art for conventional pulse-controlled inverter

Wechselstrommaschinen bekannt ist. Im Fall von Synchron- oder Asynchronmaschinen erzeugt der Inverter aus der Ausgangsspannung des steuerbaren Energiespeichers die sinusförmigen Spannungsverläufe an den Phasen der elektrischen Maschine, beispielsweise durch SVPWM (Space Vector Puls Wdth Modulation). Ebenso sind Inverter für andere Maschinentypen wie Reluktanzmaschinen betreibbar. AC machines is known. In the case of synchronous or asynchronous machines, the inverter generates from the output voltage of the controllable energy store the sinusoidal voltage curves at the phases of the electrical machine, for example by SVPWM (Space Vector Pulsed Wdth Modulation). Similarly, inverters are operable for other types of machines such as reluctance machines.

Zur Minimierung von Verlusten an den Schaltelementen der Koppeleinheiten, können die Koppeleinheiten beispielsweise als Halbbrücken ausgeführt sein. Eine In order to minimize losses on the switching elements of the coupling units, the coupling units can be designed, for example, as half bridges. A

Laufrichtungsumkehr der Wechselstrommaschine kann in diesem Fall durch den  Reverse direction of the alternator can in this case by the

Pulswechselrichter realisiert werden. Beim Einsatz anderer Inverter oder auch aus Gründen der Sicherheit können die Koppeleinheiten aber auch als Vollbrücken ausgestaltete sein, so dass eine Laufrichtungsumkehr auch durch den steuerbaren Energiespeicher bewirkt werden kann. Pulse inverter can be realized. When using other inverters or for reasons of safety, however, the coupling units can also be designed as full bridges, so that a reversal of the direction of rotation can also be effected by the controllable energy store.

Alternativ zu einer Wechselstrommaschine kann die elektrische Maschine auch als Gleichstrommaschine ausgeführt sein. In diesem Fall kann der Inverter als umpolbarer Gleichspannungswandler ausgeführt sein, so dass auf diese Weise wieder eine As an alternative to an alternating current machine, the electric machine can also be designed as a direct current machine. In this case, the inverter can be designed as a reversible DC-DC converter, so that in this way again a

Laufrichtungsumkehr erfolgen kann. Die maximal speicherbare Energie kann mit Hilfe des erfindungsgemäßen steuerbaren Energiespeichers durch die Serienschaltung weiterer Energiespeichermodule erreicht werden, ohne dass daraus resultierend die Ausgangsspannung des Energiespeichers mit entsprechenden Konsequenzen für die angeschlossenen Komponenten ansteigt. Reverse direction can be done. The maximum storable energy can be achieved by means of the controllable energy storage according to the invention by the series connection of further energy storage modules, without resulting in the output voltage of the energy storage increases with corresponding consequences for the connected components.

Auch weitere optionale Komponenten profitieren von der geregelten Ausgangsspannung des steuerbaren Energiespeichers. So kann beispielsweise in einem Other optional components benefit from the regulated output voltage of the controllable energy storage. For example, in one

Gleichspannungswandler zur Versorgung eines Niedervolt-Netzes, wie z.B. 1 eines 14V- Bordnetzes in einem Kraftfahrzeug, jeglicher Zusatzaufwand, wie Mehrstufen-Topologie oder Parallelisieren von Leistungsbauelementen, zur Kompensierung der großen DC-DC converter for supplying a low-voltage network, such. 1 of a 14V vehicle electrical system in a motor vehicle, any overhead, such as multi-stage topology or parallelization of power devices, to compensate for the large

Spannungsspreizung entfallen. There is no voltage spread.

Ein weiterer Vorteil der Erfindung ist die Möglichkeit der Anpassung der Another advantage of the invention is the possibility of adapting the

Ausgangsspannung des steuerbaren Energiespeichers an die Drehzahl der elektrischen Maschine. Bei permanenterregten Maschinen ist die Polradspannung der Maschine proportional zur Drehzahl. Dadurch wird bei geringen Drehzahlen nur eine geringe Phasenspannung benötigt. Der Phasenstrom wird maßgeblich durch das zu Output voltage of the controllable energy storage to the speed of the electric machine. In permanent-magnet machines, the flywheel voltage of the machine is proportional to the speed. As a result, only a small phase voltage is needed at low speeds. The phase current is largely determined by the

erbringende Moment bestimmt. Bei einem herkömmlichen System wird beim Takten bzw. Kommutieren durch die Schaltelemente des Inverters die hohe Spannung des determining moment. In a conventional system, when clocking or commutating by the switching elements of the inverter, the high voltage of the

Energiespeichers geschaltet. Kombiniert mit hohen Phasenströmen der elektrischen Maschine, wie sie in einem Kraftfahrzeug z.B. beim Anfahren oder Beschleunigen am Berg auftreten, ergeben sich daraus hohe Schaltverluste in den Schaltelementen des Inverters. Diese Schaltverluste können bei dem erfindungsgemäßen System mit steuerbarem Energiespeicher stark reduziert werden. Mit Hilfe des steuerbaren Energy storage switched. Combined with high phase currents of the electric machine, as used in a motor vehicle e.g. occur when starting or accelerating on the mountain, resulting in high switching losses in the switching elements of the inverter. These switching losses can be greatly reduced in the inventive system with controllable energy storage. With the help of the controllable

Energiespeichers kann die Versorgungsspannung des Inverters an die Polradspannung der Maschine angepasst werden. Insbesondere in dem beschriebenen Fall von minimaler Drehzahl und hohem Moment, der sehr hohe Anforderungen an die Entwärmung der Schaltelemente stellt, können die Verluste dadurch drastisch reduziert werden. Weitere Merkmale und Vorteile von Ausführungsformen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung mit Bezug auf die beigefügten Zeichnungen. Energy storage, the supply voltage of the inverter can be adapted to the Polradspannung of the machine. In particular, in the described case of minimum speed and high torque, which places very high demands on the cooling of the switching elements, the losses can be drastically reduced. Further features and advantages of embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Kurze Beschreibung der Zeichnungen Es zeigen: Fig. 1 eine schematische Darstellung einer Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Steuersystems für eine elektrische Maschine, Brief description of the drawings In the drawings: 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a control system according to the invention for an electrical machine,

Fig. 2 eine grafische Darstellung der einstellbaren Ausgangsspannung eines erfindungsgemäßen steuerbaren Energiespeichers ohne impulsförmige Ansteuerung und Fig. 2 is a graphical representation of the adjustable output voltage of a controllable energy storage device according to the invention without pulse-shaped control and

Fig. 3 eine grafische Darstellung der einstellbaren Ausgangsspannung eines erfindungsgemäßen steuerbaren Energiespeichers mit impulsförmiger Ansteuerung. Fig. 3 is a graphical representation of the adjustable output voltage of a controllable energy storage device according to the invention with pulse-shaped control.

Ausführungsformen der Erfindung Embodiments of the invention

An eine dreiphasige elektrische Maschine 1 ist ein Inverter 2 in Form eines To a three-phase electric machine 1 is an inverter 2 in the form of a

Pulswechselrichters 3 angeschlossen. Der Pulswechselrichter 3 umfasst mehrere Leistungsbauelemente - häufig auch als Leistungshalbleiter bezeichnet - in Form von Leistungsschaltelementen 20a-20f, welche mit einzelnen Phasen U, V, W der elektrischen Maschine 1 verbunden sind und die Phasen U, V, W entweder gegen ein hohes Versorgungspotential oder ein niedriges Versorgungspotential schalten. Der Pulswechselrichter 3 umfasst ferner weitere Leistungsbauelemente in Form von Freilaufdioden 21 a-21f, die im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel in Form einer sechspulsigen Gleichrichter-Brückenschaltung angeordnet sind. Dabei ist jeweils eine Diode 21 a-21f parallel zu einem der Leistungsschaltelemente 20a-20f angeordnet. Die Leistungsschaltelemente können beispielsweise als IGBTs Pulse inverter 3 connected. The pulse inverter 3 comprises a plurality of power components - often referred to as power semiconductors - in the form of power switching elements 20a-20f, which are connected to individual phases U, V, W of the electric machine 1 and the phases U, V, W either against a high supply potential or switch a low supply potential. The pulse inverter 3 further comprises further power components in the form of freewheeling diodes 21 a-21 f, which are arranged in the illustrated embodiment in the form of a six-pulse rectifier bridge circuit. In this case, a respective diode 21 a-21 f is arranged parallel to one of the power switching elements 20 a-20 f. The power switching elements can, for example, as IGBTs

(Insolated Gate Bipolar Transistors) oder als MOSFETs (Metal Oxide (Insolated Gate Bipolar Transistors) or as MOSFETs (Metal Oxide

Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors) ausgeführt sein. Dem Pulswechselrichter 3 vorgeschaltet ist ein Zwischenkreiskondensator 4, der im Wesentlichen zur  Semiconductor field-effect transistors). The pulse inverter 3 is preceded by an intermediate circuit capacitor 4, which substantially to

Stabilisierung der Ausgangsspannung eines steuerbaren Energiespeichers 5 dient. Der steuerbare Energiespeicher 5 umfasst einen einzigen Energieversorgungszweig 6, welcher m in Reihe geschaltete Energiespeichermodule 7-1 bis 7-m aufweist, wobei m > 2. Die Energiespeichermodule 7 wiederum umfassen jeweils mehrere in Reihe geschaltete elektrische Energiespeicherzellen 8-1 bis 8-m sowie jeweils eine Koppeleinheit 9-1 bis 9-m, welche den Energiespeicherzellen 8 des jeweiligen Energiespeichermoduls 7 zugeordnet ist. In der dargestellten Ausführungsvariante werden die Koppeleinheiten 9 jeweils durch zwei steuerbare Schaltelemente 10-11 und 10-12 bis 10-m1 und 10-m2 gebildet. Die Schaltelemente können dabei als Leistungshalbleiterschalter, z.B. in Form von IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) oder als MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Stabilization of the output voltage of a controllable energy storage device 5 is used. The controllable energy store 5 comprises a single energy supply branch 6, which has m series-connected energy storage modules 7-1 to 7-m, where m> 2. The energy storage modules 7 each comprise a plurality of series-connected electrical energy storage cells 8-1 to 8-m as well in each case a coupling unit 9-1 to 9-m, which is assigned to the energy storage cells 8 of the respective energy storage module 7. In the illustrated embodiment, the coupling units 9 are each formed by two controllable switching elements 10-11 and 10-12 to 10-m1 and 10-m2. The switching elements can as Power semiconductor switch, for example in the form of IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) or as MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect

Transistors), ausgeführt sein. Die Koppeleinheiten 9 ermöglichen es, den Energieversorgungszweig 6, durch Öffnen beider Schaltelemente 10 einer Koppeleinheit 9 zu unterbrechen. Alternativ können die Energiespeicherzellen 8 durch Schließen jeweils eines der Transistors) to be executed. The coupling units 9 make it possible to interrupt the power supply branch 6 by opening both switching elements 10 of a coupling unit 9. Alternatively, the energy storage cells 8 by closing each one of

Schaltelemente 10 einer Koppeleinheit 9 entweder überbrückt werden, z.B. Switching elements 10 of a coupling unit 9 are either bridged, e.g.

Schließen des Schalters 10-11 , oder in den Energieversorgungszweig 6 geschaltet werden, z.B. Schließen des Schalters 10-12. Close the switch 10-11, or be switched into the power supply branch 6, e.g. Close the switch 10-12.

Die elektrische Maschine 1 ist im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel als dreiphasige Drehstrommaschine ausgeführt, kann aber auch weniger oder mehr als drei Phasen aufweisen. Nach der Phasenanzahl der elektrischen Maschine richtet sich natürlich auch die Anzahl der Halbbrückenzweige in dem Pulswechselrichter 2. Insbesondere kann die elektrische Maschine 1 auch als Gleichstrommaschine ausgeführt werden, wobei der Inverter in diesem Fall als umpolbarer Gleichspannungswandler ausgeführt ist. Im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel weist jedes Energiespeichermodul 7 jeweils mehrere in Reihe geschaltete Energiespeicherzellen 8 auf. Die The electric machine 1 is designed in the illustrated embodiment as a three-phase three-phase machine, but may also have fewer or more than three phases. Of course, the number of half-bridge branches in the pulse-controlled inverter 2 also depends on the number of phases of the electrical machine. In particular, the electrical machine 1 can also be designed as a DC machine, the inverter being designed as a reversible DC-DC converter in this case. In the illustrated embodiment, each energy storage module 7 each has a plurality of energy storage cells 8 connected in series. The

Energiespeichermodule 7 können aber alternativ auch jeweils nur eine einzige Energiespeicherzelle oder auch parallel geschaltete Energiespeicherzellen aufweisen. Energy storage modules 7 may alternatively have only a single energy storage cell or parallel energy storage cells, respectively.

Im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel werden die Koppeleinheiten 9 jeweils durch zwei steuerbare Schaltelemente 10 in Halbbrückenschaltung gebildet. Die In the illustrated embodiment, the coupling units 9 are each formed by two controllable switching elements 10 in half-bridge circuit. The

Koppeleinheiten 10 können aber auch durch mehr oder weniger steuerbare Coupling units 10 can also be controlled by more or less

Schaltelemente realisiert sein, solange die notwendigen Funktionen (Überbrücken der Energiespeicherzellen und Schalten der Energiespeicherzellen in den Switching be realized as long as the necessary functions (bridging the energy storage cells and switching the energy storage cells in the

Energieversorgungszweig) realisierbar sind. Darüber hinaus ist es aber auch denkbar, dass die Koppeleinheiten Schaltelemente in Vollbrückenschaltung aufweisen, was die zusätzliche Möglichkeit einer Spannungsumkehr am Ausgang des Energiespeichermoduls bietet. Energieversorgungszweig) can be realized. In addition, it is also conceivable that the coupling units have switching elements in full bridge circuit, which offers the additional possibility of a voltage reversal at the output of the energy storage module.

Zwischen den steuerbaren Energiespeicher 5 und den Zwischenkreiskondensator 4 ist ein Glättungsglied 1 1 geschaltet, welches in der dargestellten Between the controllable energy storage 5 and the DC link capacitor 4, a smoothing member 1 1 is connected, which in the illustrated

Ausführungsvariante eine Induktivität 12 und einen zusätzlichen Kondensator 13 umfasst. Der zusätzliche Kondensator 13 ist dabei parallel zum Embodiment an inductor 12 and an additional capacitor 13th includes. The additional capacitor 13 is parallel to

Zwischenkreiskondensator 4 geschaltet und die Induktivität 12 ist in die DC link capacitor 4 connected and the inductor 12 is in the

Verbindungsleitung zwischen dem steuerbaren Energiespeicher 5 und den Connecting line between the controllable energy storage 5 and the

zusätzlichen Kondensator 13 geschaltet. Notwendig ist das Glättungsglied 11 additional capacitor 13 connected. Necessary is the smoothing member 11th

aufgrund einer impulsförmigen oder getakteten Ansteuerung von zumindest einer der Koppeleinheiten 9, welche nachfolgend noch detailliert erläutert wird. due to a pulse-shaped or clocked control of at least one of the coupling units 9, which will be explained in more detail below.

Der zusätzliche Kondenstor 13 dient dabei im Wesentlichen der Erhöhung der Pufferoder Stabilisierungswirkung des Zwischenkreiskondensators 4 wohingegen die Induktivität 12 der Strombegrenzung dient. Denkbar ist es auch, dass die durch den The additional Kondenstor 13 essentially serves to increase the buffer or stabilization effect of the DC link capacitor 4 whereas the inductance 12 is used to limit the current. It is also conceivable that the by the

Zwischenkreiskondensator 4 bewirkte Pufferung bereits ausreicht, so dass auf den zusätzlichen Kondensator 13 verzichtet werden kann. Ebenso kann auch eine parasitäre Induktivität der Verbindungsleitung zwischen dem steuerbaren Energiespeicher 5 und dem Zwischenkreiskondensator 4 oder dem zusätzlichen Kondensator 13 bereits eine ausreichende Strombegrenzung bewirken, so dass auch auf die Induktivität 12 verzichtet werden kann. Im Extremfall kann folglich eine elektrische Maschine auch durch ein System ohne separates Glättungsglied 1 1 gesteuert werden.  Intermediate circuit capacitor 4 caused buffering is sufficient, so that it is possible to dispense with the additional capacitor 13. Likewise, a parasitic inductance of the connecting line between the controllable energy store 5 and the DC link capacitor 4 or the additional capacitor 13 can already effect a sufficient current limitation, so that it is also possible to dispense with the inductance 12. In extreme cases, consequently, an electric machine can also be controlled by a system without a separate smoothing member 11.

Die Gesamt-Ausgangsspannung des Energieversorgungszweiges 6 wird bestimmt durch den jeweiligen Schaltzustand der steuerbaren Schaltelemente 10 der  The total output voltage of the power supply branch 6 is determined by the respective switching state of the controllable switching elements 10 of

Koppeleinheiten 9 und kann stufig eingestellt werden. Die Stufung ergibt sich dabei in Abhängigkeit von der Spannung der einzelnen Energiespeichermodule 7. Geht man von der bevorzugten Ausführungsform gleichartig ausgestalteter Coupling units 9 and can be set in stages. The gradation results depending on the voltage of the individual energy storage modules 7. If one proceeds from the preferred embodiment of similar ausgestalteter

Energiespeichermodule 7 aus, so ergibt sich eine maximal mögliche Gesamt- Ausgangsspannung U_aus des steuerbaren Energiespeichers 5 aus der Spannung eines einzelnen Energiespeichermoduls 7 mal der Anzahl m in Reihe geschalteten Energiespeichermodule 7. Eine derartige stufig-einstellbare Ausgangsspannung des Energieversorgungszweiges 6 ist in Figur 2 schematisch dargestellt. Energy storage modules 7 off, so there is a maximum possible total output voltage U_aus of the controllable energy storage 5 from the voltage of a single energy storage module 7 times the number m series-connected energy storage modules 7. Such a stage-adjustable output voltage of the power supply branch 6 is shown schematically in Figure 2 ,

Im Folgenden sei nun angenommen, dass die Energiespeicherzellen 8-1 des ersten Energiespeichermoduls 7-1 bei dauerhaftem Schalten in den Energieversorgungszweig 6 eine Ausgangsspannung IM liefern und dass die Energiespeicherzellen 8-m des m-ten Energiespeichermoduls 7-m bei dauerhaftem Schalten in den Energieversorgungszweig 6 eine Ausgangsspannung Um, mit Um = U2-U1 , liefern, so dass ein dauerhaftes In the following it will now be assumed that the energy storage cells 8-1 of the first energy storage module 7-1 deliver an output voltage IM during permanent switching into the energy supply branch 6 and that the energy storage cells 8-m of the mth energy storage module 7-m are permanently switched into the energy supply branch 6 provide an output voltage Um, with Um = U2-U1, so that a permanent

Zuschalten der Energiespeicherzellen beider Energiespeichermodule 7-1 und 7-m eine Ausgangsspannung U2 zur Folge hat. Des Weiteren sei angenommen, dass eine Soll- Ausgangsspannung U_Soll eingestellt werden soll, welche zwischen den Connecting the energy storage cells of both energy storage modules 7-1 and 7-m has an output voltage U2 result. Furthermore, it is assumed that a desired output voltage U_Soll should be set, which is between the

Spannungswerten U1 und U2 liegt. Diese Soll-Ausgangsspannung U_Soll wird nun erfindungsgemäß dadurch eingestellt, dass die Koppeleinheit 9-1 , welche den Energiespeicherzellen 8-1 zugeordnet ist, durch eine nicht dargestellte Steuereinheit derart angesteuert wird, dass die Voltage values U1 and U2 is. This target output voltage U_Soll is now set according to the invention in that the coupling unit 9-1, which is assigned to the energy storage cells 8-1, is controlled by a control unit, not shown, such that the

Energiespeicherzellen 8-1 dauerhaft in den Energieversorgungszweig 6 geschaltet werden. Dies wird konkret dadurch erreicht, dass das Schaltelement 10-12 dauerhaft geschlossen wird, wohingegen das Schaltelement 10-1 1 dauerhaft geöffnet wird. Auf diese Weise wird ein erster Anteil der Soll-Ausgangsspannung U_Soll mit dem Energy storage cells are 8-1 permanently switched to the power supply branch 6. This is achieved concretely in that the switching element 10-12 is permanently closed, whereas the switching element 10-1 1 is permanently opened. In this way, a first portion of the target output voltage U_Soll with the

Spannungswert IM zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Koppeleinheit 9-m, welche den Voltage value IM provided. The coupling unit 9-m, which the

Energiespeicherzellen 8-m zugeordnet ist, wird durch die nicht dargestellte Steuereinheit impulsförmig mit einem Tastverhältnis von Energy storage cells 8-m is associated, is pulse-shaped by the control unit, not shown, with a duty cycle of

U _Soll - U\ U _soll - U \

U2 - U1 angesteuert. Dies heißt konkret, dass während einer Impulsdauer das Schaltelement 10- m2 geschlossen und das Schaltelement 10-m1 geöffnet wird und während einer Pausendauer das Schaltelement 10-m2 geöffnet und das Schaltelement 10-m1 geschlossen wird. Auf diese Weise wird ein zweiter Anteil der Soll-Ausgangsspannung U_Soll zur Verfügung gestellt. Alle übrigen Energiespeicherzellen 8-2 bis 8-(m-1) in dem Energieversorgungszweig 6 werden zur Einstellung der Soll-Ausgangsspannung U_Soll nicht benötigt. Die zugehörigen Koppeleinheiten 9-2 bis 9(m-1) werden daher derart gesteuert, dass die zugeordneten Energiespeicherzellen 8-2 bis 8-(m-1) dauerhaft überbrückt werden. Damit er gibt sich für den Energieversorgungszweig 6 und damit für den steuerbaren Energiespeicher 5 der arithmetische Mittelwert U der  U2 - U1 activated. In concrete terms, this means that during a pulse duration the switching element 10 m2 is closed and the switching element 10-m1 is opened and the switching element 10-m2 is opened during a pause duration and the switching element 10-m1 is closed. In this way, a second portion of the target output voltage U_Soll is provided. All other energy storage cells 8-2 to 8- (m-1) in the power supply branch 6 are not required for setting the target output voltage U_Soll. The associated coupling units 9-2 to 9 (m-1) are therefore controlled such that the associated energy storage cells 8-2 to 8- (m-1) are permanently bridged. So he gives himself for the power supply branch 6 and thus for the controllable energy storage 5 of the arithmetic mean U of

Ausgangsspannung zu Output voltage too

Ü = Ul + T■ Um = Ul + U - SoU Ul■ (U2 - Ul) = U Soll . Ü = Ul + T ■ Um = Ul + U - SoU Ul ■ (U2 - Ul) = U Set.

U2 - U1  U2 - U1

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ermöglicht folglich eine stufenlose Einstellung der Ausgangsspannung des steuerbaren Energiespeichers 5. Consequently, the method according to the invention allows a stepless adjustment of the output voltage of the controllable energy store 5.

Figur 3 zeigt schematisch die mit Hilfe des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens einstellbaren Ausgangsspannungen an dem steuerbaren Energiespeicher 5. Die stufenlos einstellbare Ausgangsspannung ist dabei mit dem Bezugszeichen 30 gekennzeichnet. Eine prinzipielle Darstellung der impulsförmigen Ansteuersignale ist durch das Bezugszeichen 31 gekennzeichnet. Analog zu der Darstellung in Figur 2 wird auch bei der Darstellung in Figur von der bevorzugten Ausführungsform gleichartig ausgestalteter FIG. 3 schematically shows the output voltages which can be set with the aid of the method according to the invention on the controllable energy store 5. The continuously adjustable output voltage is identified by the reference numeral 30. A basic representation of the pulse-shaped drive signals is indicated by the reference numeral 31. Analogous to the representation in FIG. 2, the embodiment in FIG. 2 also has a similar design to that of the preferred embodiment

Energiespeichermodule 4 aus. Für die Anwendbarkeit der Erfindung ist dies aber nicht erforderlich. Energy storage modules 4 off. However, this is not necessary for the applicability of the invention.

Außer durch die konkret beschriebene Form der Ansteuerung der Koppeleinheiten 9 kann die Soll-Ausgangsspannung U_Soll auch durch alternative Formen der Ansteuerung eingestellt werden. So kann der erste Anteil der Soll-Ausgangsspannung U_Soll mit dem Spannungswert IM selbstverständlich auch durch ein anderes Energiespeichermodul als das Energiespeichermodul 7-1 geliefert werden. Voraussetzung ist nur, dass die Apart from the concretely described form of control of the coupling units 9, the setpoint output voltage U_setpoint can also be set by alternative forms of control. Thus, the first portion of the target output voltage U_Soll with the voltage value IM can of course also be supplied by a different energy storage module than the energy storage module 7-1. The only requirement is that the

Energiespeicherzellen 8 des entsprechenden Energiespeichermoduls 7 eben gerade die Spannung IM liefern können. Ebenso kann auch eine andere Koppeleinheit als die Koppeleinheit 9-m impulsförmig angesteuert werden. Dabei ist lediglich zu beachten, dass der Tastgrad entsprechend angepasst wird. Auch ist es denkbar, nicht nur eine Energy storage cells 8 of the corresponding energy storage module 7 just just the voltage IM can deliver. Likewise, another coupling unit can be triggered in pulse form as the coupling unit 9-m. It should only be noted that the duty cycle is adjusted accordingly. It is also conceivable, not just one

Koppeleinheit 9 impulsförmig anzusteuern, sondern mehrere Koppeleinheiten 9 mit geeigneten Tastgraden anzusteuern. Entscheidend ist immer nur, dass sich ein arithmetischer Spannungs-Mittelwert aller dauerhaft oder zeitweise in den  Actuate coupling unit 9 pulse-shaped, but to control a plurality of coupling units 9 with suitable duty cycles. The decisive factor is always that an arithmetic voltage mean of all permanently or temporarily in the

Energieversorgungszweig 6 geschalteten Energiespeicherzellen 8 ergibt, welcher der gewünschten Soll-Ausgangsspannung U_Soll entspricht. Energy supply branch 6 switched energy storage cells 8 results, which corresponds to the desired target output voltage U_Soll.

Claims

Ansprüche 1. Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Steuersystems für eine elektrische Maschine (1), wobei das Steuersystem Claims 1. A method of operating a control system for an electric machine (1), wherein the control system - einen steuerbaren Energiespeicher (5),  a controllable energy store (5), - einen dem steuerbaren Energiespeicher (5) nachgeschalteten  - A downstream of the controllable energy storage (5) Zwischenkreiskondensator (4) und  DC link capacitor (4) and - einen dem Zwischenkreiskondensator (4) nachgeschalteten Inverter (2), welcher mit der elektrischen Maschine (1) verbindbar ist, - an intermediate circuit capacitor (4) downstream inverter (2) which is connectable to the electrical machine (1), umfasst, wobei der steuerbare Energiespeicher (5) einen Energieversorgungszweig (6) mit mindestens zwei in Reihe geschalteten Energiespeichermodulen (7) aufweist, welche jeweils mindestens eine elektrische Energiespeicherzelle (8) mit einer zugeordneten steuerbaren Koppeleinheit (9) umfassen und die Koppeleinheiten (9) in Abhängigkeit von Steuersignalen die jeweils zugeordneten Energiespeicherzellen (8) überbrücken oder die jeweils zugeordneten Energiespeicherzellen (8) in den Energieversorgungszweig (6) schalten, wherein the controllable energy store (5) has an energy supply branch (6) with at least two energy storage modules (7) connected in series, each comprising at least one electrical energy storage cell (8) with an associated controllable coupling unit (9) and the coupling units (9) as a function of control signals, bridge the respective assigned energy storage cells (8) or switch the respectively assigned energy storage cells (8) into the energy supply branch (6), bei dem mindestens eine Koppeleinheit (9) des steuerbaren Energiespeichers (5) derart impulsförmig angesteuert wird, dass der arithmetische Mittelwert der Ausgangsspannung des steuerbaren Energiespeichers (5) einer Soll-Ausgangsspannung entspricht, wobei die der mindestens einen Koppeleinheit (9) jeweils zugeordneten Energiespeicherzellen (8) während einer Impulsdauer in den Energieversorgungszweig (6) geschaltet werden und während einer Pausendauer überbrückt werden. in which at least one coupling unit (9) of the controllable energy store (5) is driven in such a pulse manner that the arithmetic mean of the output voltage of the controllable energy store (5) corresponds to a desired output voltage, wherein the at least one coupling unit (9) respectively assigned energy storage cells ( 8) are switched during a pulse duration in the power supply branch (6) and bridged during a pause duration. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , wobei eine Soll-Ausgangsspannung U_Soll des 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a target output voltage U_Soll des Energieversorgungszweiges, welche zwischen zwei durch dauerhaftes Schalten von Energiespeicherzellen (8) in den Energieversorgungszweig (6) oder Überbrücken von Energiespeicherzellen (8) erreichbaren Ausgangs-Spannungswerten IM und U2 liegt, dadurch eingestellt wird, dass Energy supply branches, which is between two by permanent switching of energy storage cells (8) in the power supply branch (6) or bridging energy storage cells (8) achievable output voltage values IM and U2, is adjusted by - Koppeleinheiten (9-1) von Energiespeichermodulen (7-1), welche zu dem  - Coupling units (9-1) of energy storage modules (7-1), which to the Ausgangsspannungswert IM führen, derart gesteuert werden, das die jeweiligen Energiespeicherzellen (8-1) dauerhaft in den Energieversorgungszweig (6) geschaltet werden und  Output voltage value IM lead to be controlled so that the respective energy storage cells (8-1) are permanently switched into the power supply branch (6) and - eine Koppeleinheit (9-m), welche Energiespeicherzellen (8-m) zugeordnet ist, die bei dauerhaftem Zuschalten in den Energieversorgungszweig (6) den Ausgangs- Spannungswert von IM auf U2 erhöhen würden, impulsförmig mit einem Tastgrad T von - A coupling unit (9-m), which energy storage cells (8-m) is associated with the permanent supply in the power supply branch (6) the output Increase voltage value from IM to U2, pulse-shaped with a duty cycle T of U _Soll - U\ U _soll - U \ U2 - U1 angesteuert wird.  U2 - U1 is controlled. 3. System zum Steuern einer elektrischen Maschine (1) mit 3. System for controlling an electrical machine (1) with - einem steuerbaren Energiespeicher (5),  a controllable energy store (5), - einem dem steuerbaren Energiespeicher (5) nachgeschalteten Glättungsglied (1 1) zum Glätten der Ausgangsspannung des steuerbaren Energiespeichers (5), - a the controllable energy storage (5) downstream smoothing member (1 1) for smoothing the output voltage of the controllable energy store (5), - einem mit dem Glättungsglied (11) verbundenen Zwischenkreiskondensator (4) und - One with the smoothing member (11) connected to the intermediate circuit capacitor (4) and - einem dem Zwischenkreiskondensator (4) nachgeschalteten Inverter (2), welcher mit der elektrischen Maschine (1) verbindbar ist, an inverter (2) which is connected downstream of the intermediate circuit capacitor (4) and which is connectable to the electrical machine (1), wobei der steuerbare Energiespeicher (5) einen Energieversorgungszweig (6) mit mindestens zwei in Reihe geschalteten Energiespeichermodulen (7) aufweist, welche jeweils mindestens eine elektrische Energiespeicherzelle (8) mit einer zugeordneten steuerbaren Koppeleinheit (9) umfasst und die Koppeleinheiten (9) in Abhängigkeit von Steuersignalen die jeweils zugeordneten Energiespeicherzellen (8) überbrücken oder die jeweils zugeordneten Energiespeicherzellen (8) in den Energieversorgungszweig (6) schalten. wherein the controllable energy store (5) has a power supply branch (6) with at least two series-connected energy storage modules (7), each comprising at least one electrical energy storage cell (8) with an associated controllable coupling unit (9) and the coupling units (9) in dependence of control signals to bridge the respective associated energy storage cells (8) or switch the respectively associated energy storage cells (8) in the power supply branch (6). 4. System nach Anspruch 3, wobei das Glättungsglied (11) einen zusätzlichen 4. System according to claim 3, wherein the smoothing member (11) has an additional Kondensator (13) umfasst, welcher parallel zu dem Zwischenkreiskondensator (4) geschaltet ist. Capacitor (13) which is connected in parallel to the intermediate circuit capacitor (4). 5. System nach Anspruch 3, wobei das Glättungsglied (11) eine Induktivität (12) umfasst, welche in eine Verbindungsleitung zwischen den steuerbaren Energiespeicher (5) und den Zwischenkreiskondensator (4) geschaltet ist. 5. System according to claim 3, wherein the smoothing member (11) comprises an inductance (12) which is connected in a connecting line between the controllable energy store (5) and the intermediate circuit capacitor (4). 6. System nach Anspruch 4, wobei das Glättungsglied (11) eine Induktivität (12) umfasst, welche in eine Verbindungsleitung zwischen den steuerbaren Energiespeicher (5) und den zusätzlichen Kondensator (13) geschaltet ist. 6. System according to claim 4, wherein the smoothing member (11) comprises an inductance (12) which is connected in a connecting line between the controllable energy store (5) and the additional capacitor (13). 7. System nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 6, wobei die elektrische Maschine (1) als Wechselstrommaschine und der Inverter (2) als Pulswechselrichter (3) ausgeführt sind. 7. System according to one of claims 3 to 6, wherein the electrical machine (1) as an AC machine and the inverter (2) are designed as a pulse inverter (3). 8. System nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 6, wobei die elektrische Maschine (1) als Gleichstrommaschine und der Inverter (2) als umpolbarer Gleichspannungswandler ausgeführt sind. 8. System according to any one of claims 3 to 6, wherein the electrical machine (1) as a DC machine and the inverter (2) are designed as umpolbarer DC-DC converter.
PCT/EP2011/072090 2011-02-08 2011-12-07 Method for operating a control system of an electric machine and system for controlling an electric machine Ceased WO2012107128A2 (en)

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